27 December 1999

Physics Letters A 264 1999. 265269 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterphysleta

Statistical properties of photon-added and photon-subtracted two-mode squeezed vacuum state

Lu Hong
) Department of Physics, Uniersity of Science and Technology of Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China Received 4 June 1999; received in revised form 9 November 1999; accepted 12 November 1999 Communicated by P.R. Holland

Abstract We introduce photon-added and photon-subtracted two-mode squeezed vacuum states and examine the quantum statistical properties of these states by analytic calculating. Because of the entanglement between the modes of the field in a two-mode squeezed state, photon adding or subtracting. for one of the modes results in interesting outcome. q 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction There is currently much interest in the production and properties of states of quantized electromagnetic field that exhibit various nonclassical properties. The most familiar examples include squeezed states w1x, even and odd coherent states w2x, correlated two-mode states w3,4x. Several years ago, Agarwal and Tara introduced photon-added coherent states aqm < a : w5x and demonstrated that such states were nonclassical states, they can exhibit phase squeezing and sub-Poissonian character of the field. These authors also suggested a scheme to generate such states by passing excited atoms through a cavity containing pre-existing coherent states. Similarly, Zhang, Dodonov, and Jones et al. have studied the properties of photon-added squeezed vacuum states w6x, photon-added evenrodd coherent states w7x and photon-added thermal states w8x, respectively. Recently Dacna et al. proposed preparing single-mode photon-added states by conditional output measurement on a beam splitter w9x. Present author have already studied the statistical properties of photon-added pair coherent states and suggested a possible scheme to generate two-mode photon-added states aqm bqm < ,q : by the nondegenerate two-photon interaction between atom and cavity field w10x. It has been realized that adding photons to a state is an important method of obtain new quantum states. Correlated two-mode states, for example, two-mode squeezed vacuum state w3x TMSVS. and pair coherent state w4x are of interest because they display strong nonclassical properties. In this Letter, we introduce photon-added and photon-subtracted TMSVS and examine the influence of photon adding or subtracting on the

E-mail: hlu@163.net

0375-9601r99r$ - see front matter q 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 7 5 - 9 6 0 1 9 9 . 0 0 8 0 2 - 6

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properties of the field in the TMSVS. It is well known that the TMSVS is important nonclassical state and has been realized in the laboratory w11x. Recently TMSVS was used as entangled EinsteinPodolskyRosen state in a teleportation experiment w12x. We show that because of its strong correlation, photon adding or subtracting. for one of modes of the field in the TMSVS results in interesting outcome. For TMSVS, the effect of annihilation of m a-photon is just the same as creation of m b-photon. Annihilation of photons of mode a or mode b . actually increases the mean number of photons of mode a and mode b. We also calculate Mandel Q parameter, cross-correlation function and squeezing of the field.

2. Photon-added and photon-subtracted TMSVS The TMSVS is obtained by acting squeezing operator on a two-mode vacuum. In its number-state representation, it takes the form < z : s S <0 a ,0 b : s where S s exp z ) ab y z aqbq . , 1
=

cosh r ns 0

ye i u tanh r . < n,n: ,

1.

2.

there a, b are annihilation operators, s re i u is complex squeeze parameter. We define photon-added two-mode squeezed vacuum state PATMSVS. as < z ,m:a s aqm < z : z < a m aqm < z :1r2 or < ,m: b s bqm <: < b m bqm < :1r2 ,

3.

where m is an integer. Using the operator identity Sy1a m S s Sy1 aS . s acosh r y bq e i u sinh r . , we find that z < a naqm < z : s 0 a ,0 b < Sy1 a n SSy1 aqm S <0 a ,0 b : s cosh m rcosh n r'm!n! dm , n . Thus we obtain the normalization constant z < a m aqm < z : s m!cosh2 m r . So the state < z ,m:a can be expressed as < z ,m:a s aqm < z : 1 s r
= mq1 m m

4. 5. 6.

'm! cosh

'm! cosh

r ns 0

ye i u tanh r .

m q n. !
n!

< m q n,n: .

7.

Obviously, for m s 0 the state reduce to the TMSVS. Similarly, we may define the photon-subtracted two-mode squeezed vacuum state PSTMSVS. < z ,y m:a s am < z : z < aqm a m < z :1r2 .

8.

The normalization constant is given by z < aqm a m < z : s m!sinh2 m r .

9.

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267

Thus, Eq. 8. reduces to < z ,y m:a s 1

= m

'm! cosh r sinh

1

r ns m

ye i u tanh r .
n

n!

n y m. !

< n y m,n:

= mq 1

'm! cosh

r ns 0

ye i u tanh r .

m q n. !
n!

< n,m q n: .

10 .

In Eq. 10., a phase factor y1. m e i m u has been neglected. Comparing Eqs. 3., 7. and 10., one can find < z ,y m:a s < z ,m: b .

11 .

Namely, for a TMSVS, the effect of annihilation of m a-photons is just the same as creation of m b-photons! So in the following we only discuss the properties of PATMSVS.

3. Nonclassical properties of PATMSVS For the state < z ,m:a , mean numbers of photons Na and Nb are given, respectively, by Na s aa and Nb s bbq : y 1 s Thus Na y Nb s m . 0 a ,0 b < Sy1 a m SSy1 bbq SSy1 aqm S <0 a ,0 b : m!cosh2 m r y 1 s m q 1 . sinh2 r .
q:

y1s

z < a mq1 aq . mq 1 < z : m!cosh2 m r

y 1 s m q 1 . cosh2 r y 1 ,

12 .

13 .

14 .

From Eq. 13., we see that when photons are added to the mode a, the photon number of mode b increases too. Furthermore, when we add one a-photon to TMSVS, Nb increases to twice of its original values, and add two a-photons, Nb increases to three times; etc. Combining Eqs. 11. 13., we see that annihilation of photons of mode a or mode b . only increase the mean number of photons of mode a and mode b! This is seemingly beyond ones comprehension, but it is not surprising if we bear in mind that there is no conservation of the mean energy. For instance, photon subtracting for a coherent state would not reduce its mean number of photons owing to coherent state is the eigenstate of annihilation operator. Then, we examine the statistical properties of photons in the individual modes by calculating the Mandel Q parameter. For mode a, this parameter is defined as w13x Qa s aq a . 2 : y aq a:2 aq a: .

15 .

It can easily be calculated by expressing aq a and aq a. 2 in the antinormally ordered form Qa s a 2 aq2 : y aaq:2 y aaq: aaq : y 1 s

m q 1 . cosh2 r cosh2 r y 1 . . m q 1 . cosh2 r y 1

16 .

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Sub-Poissonian photon statistics exist whenever Q a - 1. From 16. we see that for m s 0, have Q a s cosh2 r?1, so the statistics of mode a is always super-Poissonian. For m ) 0, the statistics may be sub-Poissonian, if sinh2 r - 1 and m q 1 ) wcosh2 r 1 y sinh2 r .xy1 . For mode b, Qb s b 2 bq2 : y bbq:2 y bbq: bbq : y 1 2cosh4 r q msinh2 2 r q m m y 1 . sinh4 r y cosh2 r q msinh2 r . y cosh2 r y msinh2 r
2

m q 1 . sinh2 r

s cosh2 r?1 .

17 .
Therefore, in spite of Nb been associated with m, Q b is not. The statistics of mode b is always super-Poissonian. The normalized cross-correlation function of a two-mode field is defined as w14x
2. g 12 s

aq bq ab : aq a: bq b :

18 .

2. If g 12 is more than unity, we say that the photons of mode a and mode b are correlated. For the PATMSVS, we find the result

aq abq b : s m,0 < Sy1 aq SSy1 bq SSy1 aSSy1 bS < m,0: s m q 1 . 2 sinh2 rcosh2 r q m q 1 . sinh4 r .

19 .
Hence
2. g 12 s 1 q

cosh2 r

m q 1 . cosh2 r y 1

)1 .

20 .

2. As m increases, g 12 decreases, so photon adding or subtracting. weakens the correlation of mode a and mode b. Finally, we examine the squeezing associated with the two-mode quadrature operator w15x

Xs

1 2
3r2

a q aqq b q bq . ,

21 .

where squeezing exists for D X 2 - 1 . 4 For the state < z ,m:a , one can easily prove that a: s a2 : s b : s b 2 : s abq: s 0 , ab : s ye m q 1 . sinh rcosh r ,
iu

22 . 23 . 24 . 25 .

D X 2 s X 2 : y X :2 s 1 m q 1 . cosh2 r y sinh2 rcos u . . 4

Let u s 0, we have

D X 2 s 1 m q 1 . ey2 r . 4

As a result, photon adding or subtracting. decreases the squeezing of the field. In conclusion, we have introduced PATMSVS and PSTMSVS, and have discussed their statistical properties by analytic derivation. It is of interest to note that, for a TMSVS, the effect of adding m a-photon is just the same as subtracting m b-photon. This result reflects strong entanglement of photons between the modes of the field. We are studding whether the result hold for else correlation two-mode field. Finally, we indicate such states can be generated by the method of similar to Ref. w5x.

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Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Professor G.C. Guo for valuable discussions.

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