Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MC LC
Phn I: TM HIU V NC THI XI M................................................................ 3
I.
2.
3.
c tnh ca Crm....................................................................................................... 7
IV. Hin trng nhim mi trng do cng nghip xi m ti Vit Nam: ............ 8
Phn 2: LA CHN V XUT PHNG PHP V CNG NGH X L..... 9
I. Gii thiu cc phng php v cng ngh x l nc thi xi m: ..................... 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
Nhim v .................................................................................................................... 13
b.
B iu ho .......................................................................................................... 14
2.
a.
Nhim v .................................................................................................................... 14
b.
c.
Thit b vt du m .................................................................................................... 15
3.
a.
Nhim v .................................................................................................................... 15
b.
M t .......................................................................................................................... 15
c.
d.
X l nc thi xi m
e.
Sn cng tc ............................................................................................................... 18
f.
ng x bn ................................................................................................................. 18
g.
Van x nc ............................................................................................................... 19
h.
i.
ng bm ha cht ...................................................................................................... 21
4.
Nhim v .................................................................................................................... 22
b.
Ct trao i ion................................................................................................... 23
5.
a.
b.
6.
Sn phi bn ........................................................................................................ 24
a.
Nhim v .................................................................................................................... 24
b.
X l nc thi xi m
Phn I
TM HIU V
NC THI XI M
I. Cng ngh x l b mt (xi m):
Cng ngh x l b mt (xi m) thng bao gm cc cng on sau:
-
Giai on m c tin hnh sau , dung dch m ngoi mui kim loi cn
cha axit hoc kim i vi trng hp m c cha xianua.
X l nc thi xi m
Vt cn m
Lm sch c hc
Dung mi
Mi nhn, nh bng
Bi, g
Bi kim loi
Hi dung mi
Ty du, m
Nc thi cha du
m
NaOH, HCl,
H2SO4
M crm
Cr6+
Cht lm
bng
NiSO4
H BO
M Niken
Ni2+, axit
Hi, axit
Lm sch bng ho
hc v in ho
Zn(CN)2
ZnCl2
ZnO
NaCN
NaOH
H3BO3
Axit, kim
H2SO4
NaCN
CuSO4
Cu(CN)2
Axit
Mui Au
Mui Ag
M km
M ng
M vng
CN-, Zn2+,
axit
Cu2+, axit
CN-, axit
X l nc thi xi m
Dy chuyn m
L m
B m
X l nc thi xi m
L c cht i vi c v thc vt nc
X l nc thi xi m
3. c tnh ca Crm:
Mc d Crm tn ti nhiu trng thi khc nhau, ch c Cr(III) v Cr(VI) gy nh
hng ln n sinh vt v con ngi.
a. ng xm nhp v o thi:
Crm xm nhp vo c th theo 3 ng: h hp, tiu ha v qua da. Cr(VI) c
c th hp thu d dng hn Cr(III) nhng khi vo c th Cr(VI) s chuyn thnh
dng Cr(III). D xm nhp vo c th theo bt c ng no, Crm cng c ha
tan trong mu nng 0.001mg/ml, sau c chuyn vo hng cu v s ha
tan hng cu nhanh hn 10-20 ln. T hng cu, Crm c chuyn vo cc t
chc v ph tng. Crm gn vi Sidero filing albumin v c gi li phi,
xng, thn, gan, phn cn li th qua phn v nc tiu. T cc c quan ph tng,
Crm li c ha tan dn vo mu, ri c o thi qua nc tiu t vi thng
n vi nm. Do nng Crm trong mu v nc tiu bin i nhiu v ko
di.
b. Tc ng n sc kho:
Qua ngin cu ngi ta thy Crm c vai tr sinh hc nh chuyn ha glucose,
protein, cht bo ng vt hu nh. Du hiu ca thiu ht Crm ngi gm c
gim cn, c th khng th loi ng ra khi mu, thn kinh khng n nh. Tuy
nhin vi hm lng cao Crm lm gim protein, axit nucleic v c ch h thng
men c bn.
Cr(VI) c hn Cr(III). IARC xp Cr(VI) vo nhm 1, Cr(III) vo nhm 3 i
vi cc cht gy ung th. Ht th khng kh c nng Crm (v d axit crmic hay
Cr(III) trioxit) cao (>2g/m3) gy kch thch mi lm chy nc mi, hen suyn d
ng, ung th (khi tip xc vi Crm c nng cao hn 100-1000 ln nng
trong mi trng t nhin). Ngoi ra Cr(VI) cn c tnh n mn, gy d ng, l lot
khi tip xc vi da.
c. Nng gii hn:
US. EPA gii hn nng ti a cho php ca Cr(VI) v Cr(III) trong nc
ung l 100 g/l.
Quy nh ca SHA v nng ca Crm trong khng kh ti ni lm vic l:
o Gii hn tip xc ngh nghip cho ngy lm vic 8 gi, tun lm vic 40
gi l 500 g/m3 i vi Crm tan trong nc v 1000 g/m3 i vi Crm
7
X l nc thi xi m
X l nc thi xi m
Phn 2
LA CHN V XUT
PHNG PHP V CNG NGH
X L
I. Gii thiu cc phng php v cng ngh x l
nc thi xi m:
Phng php x l nc thi xi m ph bin nht l dng phng php ho hc ri
n trao i ion, phng php chng ct, phng php in thm tch. Chn
phng php no l tu ch tiu kinh t - k thut cho php, iu kin mi trng a
phng, yu cu, mc ch dng li hoc thi thng ra mi trng Chn phng
php no cng phi bo m cht lng mi trng theo TCVN 5945- 1995.
X l nc thi xi m
X l nc thi xi m
php ny cho php tch cc ion kim loi ra khi nc m khng cn cho thm ho
cht, tuy nhin thch hp cho nc thi c nng kim loi cao (> 1g/l)
N V
NC THI
Lu lng
pH
Oil
Cr3+
Cr6+
m3/ngy
30
4
34-65
55-73
40-52
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
NC THI SAU
X L
30
6-9
Vt
<1.0
<0.1
2. S cng ngh:
H thu gom
B iu ha
B phn ng+
lng kt hp
B cha
trung gian
Sn phi bn
Thit b trao
i ion
Nc sch
11
X l nc thi xi m
12
X l nc thi xi m
Phn 3:
1.
THNG S
N V
NC THI
Lu lng
pH
Oil
Cr3+
Cr6+
m3/ngy
30
4
34-65
55-73
40-52
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
NC THI
SAU X L
30
6-9
Vt
<1.0
<0.1
H thu gom:
-1.00
-2.80
a. Nhim v:
Mc ch l ni thu gom nc thi v mt ni tin cho vic x l, gip cc cng
trnh sau khng phi thit k m su di t.
b. Hnh dng-kch thc:
H thu gom c thit k hnh ch nht, t m di t, ming h cch mt t
khong 1m.
13
X l nc thi xi m
20
= 0.417(m3)
60 x 24
Cao: H = 1.5m
Chiu cao bo v: Hbv = 0.3m
Tng chiu cao: 1.8m
Di: L = 0.56m
Rng: B = 0.5m
Th tch thc ca h:
2.
V = 1.8*0.56*0.5 = 0.5(m3)
B iu ho:
May thoi kh
+1.2
+0.00
-1.00
a. Nhim v:
Nc thi thng c lu lng v thnh phn cc cht bn khng n nh theo thi
gian trong mt ngy m. S dao ng ny nu khng c iu ho s nh hng
n ch cng tc ca trm x l nc thi, ng thi gy tn km nhiu v xy
dng c bn v qun l. Do vy, lu lng nc thi a vo x l cn thit phi
iu ho nhm to cho dng nc thi vo h thng x l gn nh khng i, khc
phc nhng kh khn cho ch cng tc do lu lng nc thi dao ng gy ra
v ng thi nng cao hiu sut x l cho ton b dy chuyn.
14
X l nc thi xi m
5
= 6.25(m3)
24
Cao: H = 1.9m
Chiu cao bo v: Hbv = 0.3m
T ng chi u cao 2.2m
Cnh y: B = 1.8m
Th tch thc:
V = 2.2*1.8*1.8 = 8.7(m3)
c. Thit b vt du m:
Du m thng nh hn nc v ni ln trn mt nc. Nc thi sau x l khng
c ln du m mi c php cho chy vo cc thu vc. Hn na, nu x l sinh
hc, nc thi ln du m khi vo x l sinh hc s lm bt cc l hng vt liu
lc, phin lc sinh hc v cn lm hng cu trc bn hot tnh trong aeroten. Do
vy ngi ta cn n thit b vt du m.
y b iu ha ta b tr h thng thi kh tuyn ni du m, vt du bng
dng c th cng.
3.
X l nc thi xi m
chm dung dch NaOH to kt ta Cr(OH)3, khuy trong 5-10 pht, tc khuy
nh khi chm FeSO4, sau gim tc khuy cn 20 vng/gi thc hin lng.
Qu trnh lng xy ra trong vng 4 gi.
B c thit k dng tr trn, y nghing v tm gc 600. Trong b b tr h
thng cnh khuy thc hin qu trnh phn ng v lng. y b c ng x bn, trn
thn b thit k 3 van x nc. B c bng chn ng trn mt t.
Vt liu xy dng: thp khng r, thn b dy 5mm.
+3.450
Thep khon g g 5
+0.600
0.000
V
7 .5
2
=
= 3.75 (m )
H
2
ng knh b:
4*S
D=
4 * 3.75
= 2.185(m)
Ly ng knh b l D = 2.2m
y b nghing v tm 600 so vi phng thng ng.
Chiu cao ca phn chp nghing:
Hc =
D
2 .2 1
0
* cos60 =
* = 0.55(m)
2
2 2
X l nc thi xi m
3
4
2
3
3
4
D k 1 .5
=
= 0.3(m)
5
5
D k 1 .5
=
= 0.375(m)
4
4
B dy cnh khuy:
s = 0.5cm pha u v nh dn n 0.2cm phn ui cnh.
Mt khuy t tm b, trn gin lm vic.
Trc khuy t trng vi trc tm ca b, cnh khuy cch y b mt on bng
17
X l nc thi xi m
f.
ng x bn:
Lm bng thp khng r 140, c van iu chnh lu lng theo lng bn x ra.
ng c hn ni vi phn ui chp nghing ca b, c hn dnh tm thp tng
cng. ng b tr ngang chy thng ra sn phi bn. Cui ng ni vi on ng mm
d phn phi bn ra b mt sn phi bn.
18
X l nc thi xi m
T h e p ta n g c n g 5
H a n d n h
V a n x a b u n
g. Van x nc:
Van x nc lm bng thp khng r, 49.
Gm 3 van b tr trn thn b, van c hn dnh vo thn, c ming thp m tng
cng. Khi thc hin x nc, m van trn cng trc, khi mt nc h xung dn,
m ln lt van th 2 v th 3.
o Van 1: cch mt nc 0.6m
o Van 2: cch van 1 khong 0.7m
o Van 3: cch van 2 khong 0.7m
3 van ny x nc ra b cha trung gian.
19
X l nc thi xi m
3Fe2+
0.003
Cr3+
0.001
3Fe3+
0.003
H=90%
Cr3+
0.0023
0.00207
3OH-
0.0069
0.00622
Cr(OH)3
0.0023
0.00207
3+
X l nc thi xi m
H=90%
Fe3+
0.00046
0.00414
3OH-
0.00138
0.001242
Fe(OH)3
0.00046
0.000414
7.72
= 258 (kg/ngy)
3%
Th tch bn sinh ra l:
258
= 0.215 (m3/ngy)
1200
i. ng bm ha cht:
X l nc thi xi m
4.
+0.90
-1.40
Kch thc b:
o
o
o
o
Cao: H = 2m
Chiu cao an ton trn mt thong: Hat = 0.3m
Tng chiu cao b l 2.3m
Cnh y vung: B = 1.94m
Th tch thc ca b:
V = 2.3*1.94*1.94 = 8.66(m3)
Vt liu xy dng: b tng ct thp.
22
X l nc thi xi m
5.
Ct trao i ion:
a. Gii thiu:
Trao i ion l 1 qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion vi
ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc
ionit (cht trao i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc. Cc cht trao i
ion c th l cc cht v c hoc hu c c ngun gc t nhin hay tng hp nhn
to.
Qu trnh trao i ion gm 4 giai on: trao i ion, ra ionit khi cc tp cht, ti
sinh ionit (dung dch axit/kim) v ra ionit khi dung dch ti sinh.
K thut trao i ion ng dng x l ngun nc thi cha ion vi mc ch:
phc hi nc s dng, thu hi cc ion kim loi, ti s dng cc thnh phn quan
tm.
b. Tnh ton:
Hu ht qu trnh trao i ion xy ra trong ct trao i ion.
Ct trao i ion t ngay sau b cha nhm hon thin qu trnh x l nc.
+4.00
7 .5
= 1.5(m3/gi)
5
tR l thi gian tip xc theo tng rng (empty bed contact time), tR thng nm trong
khong 1.5-7.5 pht.
Tc dng chy vF l gi tr nghch o ca tR.
23
X l nc thi xi m
Chn tR = 3 pht
Th tch tng nha l:
VR = Q*tR = 1.5*3 = 4.5(m3)
Chu k hot ng c tnh theo cng thc:
t=
aR * vR
Q * aS
aR: l dung lng hot ng ca nha (l/l), aR = 0.9-1.4 (cationit), chn aR = 1.2l/l
aS l dung lng trao i ca ion trong dung dch (l/l), aS = 1.8-2.0, chn aS = 1.8
l/l
t = 2 (h)
Kch thc ct
Chiu cao ct thng bng 1.4 n 2 ln so vi chiu cao tng nha. Chn gi tr
1,5
Chn chiu cao tng nha l 1.5m, vy chiu cao ct l
1.5*1.5 = 2.25 (m)
ng knh ct: d = 1.95m
6.
Sn phi bn:
a. Nhim v:
Bn cn ca nh my x l c a sang thit b lm kh cn nhm mc ch:
-
X l nc thi xi m
Tng din tch sn phi tnh c din tch ng bao quanh, h thu nc, trm
bm a nc v khu x l:
5.07*150% = 7.6 m2
25
X l nc thi xi m
26
X l nc thi xi m
Phn 4:
X l nc thi xi m
X l nc thi xi m
29
X l nc thi xi m
Phn 5:
30
X l nc thi xi m
31