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T in l mt linh kin th ng v c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t , c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun , lc nhiu mch truyn tn hiu mch xoay chiu, mch dao ng.. 1: Khi nim: T in l linh kin dng cn tr v phng np khi cn thit v c c trng bi dung khng ph thuc vo tn s in p:

K hiu ca t in trong s nguyn l l:

T khng phn cc l t c 2 cc c vai tr nh nhau v gi tr thng nh (pF) T phn cc l t c 2 cc tnh m v dng v khng th dng ln ln nhau c. C gi tr ln hn so vi t khng phn cc 2: Cu to: Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song , gia c 1 lp cch in gi l in mi nh t giy , t ho , t gm.

Cu to t gm.

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Cu to t ho Hnh dng ca t trong thc t:

T gm

T ho: 3: Cch c gi tr ca in tr

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+ Vi T Ho : Th gi tr c nghi trc tip ln thn t T ho c phn cc v lun c hnh tr T ho c phn cc m dng , cc m c nghi ngay trn v t . T ho c tr s nm trong(0,47uF-4700uF) v c s dng nhiu trong mch c tn s thp v dng lc ngun. v d: T nghi: 185uF 320V ngha l: in dung ca t l 185uF in p cc i a vo t l 320V.

+T giy , T gm: c gi tr nghi bng tr s v l t khng phn cc

Cch c : Ly 2 ch s u nhn vi 10 m s th 3 v d : Trn hnh nh t nghi l 470K 220V ngha l gi tr = 47 x 10^4 = 470000pF in p cc i l 220V ch J hoc K l ch sai s 5% hay 10% ngoi ra trn t cn nghi ra tr cc i ca in p a vo. +T xoay : Dng thay i gi tr in dung v c dng trong cch

mch d
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III: Cun Cm L linh kin to ra t trng 1: Cu to Cun cm c cu to bi dy dn di qun nhiu vng ,dy dn c sn cch in , li c th l khng kh , thp k thut , li Ferit.

Cun dy qun li khng kh.

Cun dy qun li Ferit K hiu cun cm trong mch nguyn l:

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L1 l li khng kh L2 l li Ferit L3 l li iu chnh c L4 li thp k thut 2: Cc i lng c trng cho cun dy: a) H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng cm ng khi c dng bin thin chy qua. V k hiu l L L = ( r.4.3,14.n2.S.10-7 ) / l r l h s t them ca vt liu lm li l l s vng dy trong 1 m chiu di S l din tch ca li n l s vng dy b)Cm khng l i lng c trng cho s cn tr ca cun dy khi c dng in ZL = 2.3,14.f.L ZL l cm khng. L l h s t cm f l tn s(Hz) c) in tr thun : l in tr trong lng cun dy. tiu th in nng sinh ra nhit in tr ny c th o bng ng h . n v l H(henri)

d)

Nng lung t trung: Cun dy c th tch lu nng lung t trng W = Li^2/2

13

(w)

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v d: Cc b n lm th nghim nh trn hnh v: u tin cc bn ng kho K1 n sng 1 lc sau bn m kho k1 v ng ngay K2 th ta vn thy n sng.

IV: Transitor 1 Khi nim : l linh kin in t c cu to t cc cht bn dn dung khuych i tn hiu 2 Cu to: *Gm 3 lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N . Nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transitor thun , Nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transitor nghich . V phung din cu to th Transitor tng ng vi hai iode c du ngc chiu nhau

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Ba lp c ni thnh 3 cc : Lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B (Base), cn hai lp bn ngoi ni thnh cc pht E (Emitter) v cc thu l C (Collector). Cc B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp , cn vng bn dn E v C c bn dn cng loi (N hay P) nhng c nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v c. *Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transitor: i vi NPN ta xt hot ng ca N theo hnh v sau

Ta cp ngun mt chiu U cn cc E ni (-) nh hnh v.

CE

vo hai cc C v E trong cc C ni vi (+)

Ta cp ngun i qua cng tc v hn tr dng vo hai cc B v E trong (+) vo chn B U BE cn (-) vo chn E . Khi ta m cng tc ta thy rng khi hai cc C v E c dng in nhng n li khng sng lc ny dng qua C =0 Khi cng tc ng mi P_N c phn cc thun do c dng in chy t (+) ngun U BE qua

cng tc ri qua mi BE v cc m to thnh dng baso .Khi dng baz

xut hin th ngay lp tc cng c dng C lm cho bng n sng v dng C mnh hn gp nhiu ln dng B. Do dng C ph thuc hon ton vo dng B c tnh theo cng thc :
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Vi

l h s khuych i

Cn i vi Transitor PNP l Thun th ta lm ngc li v phi i li cc tnh Qua ta thy : Transitor nh l mt kho in t trong B l cc iu khin . Dng EC ph thuc hon ton vo in p a vo B. * Hnh dng v k hiu ca Transitor K hiu ca Transitor trong cc mch s nguyn l l:

Trong cc mch in t th Tran c hnh dng sau

Transitor Cng sut ln

Tran cng sut nh

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Hin nay trn th trng ph bin vi 3 loi Transitor vi 3 hng sn sut : Nht Bn , Trung Quc , M. + Nht Bn th trn Transitor ch u tin Thng l cc ch ci A, B, C, D. sau au l cc s .nh D846 , A 564 , C1815, B7333 .Transitor no c bt u l ch ci A , B l transitor thun PNP cn Transitor no c bt u bng ch ci C, D l Transitor nghch NPN . Tran c ch ci l A , C l Tran c cng sut ln. Cn B,D l tran c cng sut nh v tn s lm vic thp hn. + M th khc cc Tran sitor thung c bt u bng 2N v d nh : 2N 2222 ; 2N3904 Tran no c 2 s sau ch 2N l cng chn hoc cng l th l NPN. Cn ngc li hai s m cng chn l khc nhau th l Transitor PNP. Cn mt s loi khc 2N th cch xc nh li l khc + Trung Quc th trn Transitor c bt u bng s 3 sau l cc ch ci . Trong A,B l PNP, cn C,D l NPN . cn sau cc ch ci A, B, C ,D nu l X,P cho bit Transitor cng sut nh cn sau l A, G l Transitor cng sut ln nh 3CP25, 3AP20 Qua th ta thy Transitor cng sut nh thng b hn Transitor cng sut ln. +Phto Transitor l mt loi Transitor c bit khi chiu nh sng vo th Transitor m . Khi in p gia BE l 0,6 V , CE l 0,2 V * Cch xc nh chn cho Transitor: Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi transitor v chng loi ca chng th v cng phong ph sau y mnh s hng dn cch xc nh chn ca tng loi :

i vi ca Nht Bn sn xut th cch xc nh chn nh sau: Transitor cng sut nh th cc bazo thuong o bn Phi sau mi n C v E nh hnh v Mnh phi Tran nh hnh v nh

17

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Cn i vi Tran Cng sut ln Th cc bazo thung bn tri, v C gia , E bn phi theo hnh v

Cn i vi Trung Quc th khc chn B gia cn C bn tri , E bn phi nu ta t Transitor nh trn Cn i vi M th ngc li so vi Trung Quc , Chn B gia , Chn E bn tri , C bn phi , nu mnh t transitor nh trn Ni chung l Tran th n a dng nn vic xc nh chn l rt kh khn cc bn pha dng ng h th mi bit c trn mnh ch gii thiu cch xc nh chn ca mt s Transito thng dng m chng ta hay gp trn thc t. Nhng hin nay trn t trng c 1 s Tran c lm nhi nn cc chn khng theo qui nh m phi dng ng H vn nng o.

MosF et

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Mosfet l Transitor c hiu ng trng l mt con in t c cu to v hot ng khc so vi loi Transitor thng thung c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng trng l linh kin c tr khng vo ln dng khuych i tn hiu yu v c s dng nhiu trong Tivi v ngun my tnh

Transitor hiu ng trng

Mosfet

1)

Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet Trong cc mch in nguyn l Mosfet c k hiu nh sau:

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Qua ta thy Mosfet cng c 3 cc nh Transitor

Cu to ca Mosfet knh N G gi l Gate l cc cng v cng l cc iu khin D l Drain l cc mng S l Source l cc ngun
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Mosfet c in tr Gia cc G v S v gia cc G v D l v cng ln Cn in tr gia cc D v S cn ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia G v S Khi in p UGS =0 th in tr gia D v S l rt ln . Khi in p UGS >0 do hiu ng t trng lm cho in tr DS gim , cn in p GS m cng ln th in tr DS cng nh. 2) Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet

Mnh xt th nghim nh s thy c nguyn tc hot ng ca n

Ta cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D vo 2 cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc thun cho Mosfet ngc ) Ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in chy qua DS Khi cng tc K1 ng nguon UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p GS >0 th n sng sng ca dn cn ph thuc vo mc in p a vo cc G i vi knh P th in p a vo G l in p (-) i vi knh N th in p a vo G l in p dng 2Cch xc nh chn ca Mosfet Khng ging nh Transitor chn ca Mosfet c quy nh chung l G l bn tri, D l gia , S l bn phi theo hnh v

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Trn th trung Mosfet cng c nhiu loi vi mi loi in p v cng sut khc nhau. v d: IRF 540 chi c in p 15A v cng sut 40W IODE iot l c cu to t hai lp bn dn tip xc nhau . Diode c hai cc l Anot v Ktot . N ch cho dng i theo 1 chiu t Ant(A) sang Katot(K) v n c coi nh l van 1 chiu trong mch in v c ng dng rng ri trong cc my thu thanh thu hnh , cc mch chnh lu , n nh in p.

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Hnh dng cc loi Diot trong thc t. K hiu it trong cc mch nguyn l:

Nguyn tc hot ng ca Dit: iot ch cho dng chy t A n K ch khng cho dng chy ngc li 3) Phn Loi cc loi Dit.

Theo chc nng th iot c nhiu loi chun . Nhng cc loi Diot thng gp trong thc t

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Cc Diot thng dng trong thc t: 4001, 4007. + Led l loi iot pht sng c cc Led nh 7 mu , 1mu .. Led 7 thanh dng hin s Cn led ma trn dng hin th bt k ca g m mnh mun

+ Zenner l Diot hot ng trong ch phn cc ngc (KA) trong mch in th Zenner c mc ngc so vi Diot tc l cc dng c ni vi K v cc m c ni vi A . Trong thc t th Zenner cng c nhiu loi ng vi nhng dng khc nhau. + Photo Diode l loi iot thng khi chiu nh sng vo . Khi thng th in p gia AK l 1,4 V

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Cch xc nh Cc Anot v Ktot ca Diode trong thc t.

i vi iot bnh thng th Katot l u sn trng cn li l Anot

i vi Zenner th u sn en l Katot cn li Ant

OPTO
OpTo hay cn gi l cch ly quang l linh kin tch hp c cu to gm 1 Led v 1 photo Diode hay mt Phto Transitor . c s ng cch ly gia cc khi chnh lch nhau v in hay cng sut nh khi cng sut nh (dng nh , in p 5V ) vi khi in p ln c hng ampe hoc vi chc ampe. Trn mch nguyn l n c k hiu nh sau

25

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* Nguyn l hot ng: Khi c dng nh i qua hai u ca Led c trong opto lm cho Led pht sng . Khi led pht sng th lm thng 2 cc ca Photo Transitor hay Photo iode m cho dng in chy qua *Cc Opto thng dng hin nay: a) Opto P512: L linh kin c 4 chn v c k hiu

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Cch xc nh chn ca opto P251 : Chn 1 l chn gn du chm trn mt opto( du chm nh lm xung) , gn chn 1 l chn 2 , i din vi chn 1 l chn 3 , cnh chn 3 l chn4 b) OpTo 4N35: L loi Opto c 6 chn c k hiu nh sau

Cch xc nh chn nay n cng tng t nh P512

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ROLE
Role l mt thit b bo v h thng hot ng trn nguyn l ng ct. N c vai tr nh l mt kho. K hiu v cu to:

Nguyn tc hot ng : l bin i dng in thnh t trng thng qua cun dy , T trng li to thnh lc c hc thng qua lc ht thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nh ng m cc hnh trnh ca cc thit b t ng. a) Phn Loi C mt s loi RoLe nh sau: + Role in: ng ct bng in + Role t : ng ct bng t + Role nhit : ng ct bng nhit + Role thi gian: sau 1 thi gian th Role s ng ct. b) ng ct Role: ng Rle bng cch cho in vo hai cc ca nam cham in .c tu loi Role m ta a in p vo Role v d nh 5 V , 12 V . Sau y l mch biu th hot ng ca Role.

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IC
loi li c chc nng khc nhau * IC l mt khi gm rt nhiu cc linh kin nh in tr , Transitor, T in.. Cu to thnh mt khi gi 1 chc nng nht nh. Mt s IC thng dng 1) IC khuych i thut ton : c chc nng khuych i tn hiu v d: LM 324 , LM 393, LM386.. K hiu

*Trong thc th IC c rt nhiu loi , mi

2)

IC logic : l thc hin mt php ton logic: (ni n IC ngi ta ch quan tm quan h gia u ra v u vo) k hiu:

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Cng NOR : 7402

Cng NOT: 7404

Cng AND: 7408

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Cng OR:

3)

IC ngun: Dng n nh ngun nh : LM 7805 , LM 7809, 4 )IC c kh nng lp trnh : n c rt nhiu chn v mi chn li c chc nng khc nhau nh CY8C 29466, 8051; AT89C2051.. Ni chung chp lp trnh a dng mi loi li c cu hnh chn v cng khc nhau mun hc c th mnh phi i tm hiu su v n hn.

78xx l dng h in t dng bin i hiu in th t cao n thp tu thuc vo c tnh ca tng loi ca h 78. V d : 7805, 7806 , 7812.. Thc t h 78 c dng: Trong s nguyn l n c k hiu nh hnh v gii . 78 c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch in t iu khin

78X X

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