7. Fertilizers: 1. Ammonia, 2. Urea, 3. Ammonium chloride, 4. Ammonium nitrate, 5. Ammonium phosphate, 6. Ammonium sulfate, 7. DAP.

(Diammonium Phospahate)

Fertilizers
Fertilizers fall into three general categories; 1. Nitrogen (N) based, 2. Phosphorus (P) based, 3. Combined nitrogen-phosphorus (N-P) based. The majority of nitrogen based fertilizers are derived from ammonia. Generally, over 95% of all commercial nitrogen fertilizer are derived from synthetic ammonia.

Production of Ammonia,
Modern ammonia-producing plants A typical modern ammonia-producing plant first converts natural gas (i.e., methane) or LPG (liquified petroleum gases such as propane and butane) or petroleum naphtha into gaseous hydrogen. The method for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons is referred to as "Steam Reforming". The hydrogen is then combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia.

Starting with a natural gas feedstock, the processes used in producing the hydrogen are: 1. The first step in the process is to remove sulphur compounds from the feedstock because sulphur deactivates the catalysts used in subsequent steps. Sulphur removal requires catalytic hydrogenation to convert sulphur compounds in the feed-stocks to gaseous hydrogen sulphide: H2 + RSH RH + H2S (gas) 2. The gaseous hydrogen sulphide is then absorbed and removed by passing it through beds of zinc oxide where it is converted to solid zinc sulphide: H2S + ZnO ZnS + H2O 3. Catalytic steam reforming of the sulphur-free feedstock is then used to form hydrogen plus carbon monoxide: CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 4. The next step then uses catalytic shift conversion to convert the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and more hydrogen: CO + H2O CO2 + H2 5. The carbon dioxide is then removed either by absorption in aqueous ethanolamine solutions or by adsorption in pressure swing adsorbers (PSA) using proprietary solid adsorption media. 6. The final step in producing the hydrogen is to use catalytic methanation to remove any small residual amounts of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide from the hydrogen: CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O CO2 + 4H2 CH4 +2H2O

Steps in the manufacturing of NH3 1. To produce the desired end-product ammonia, the hydrogen is then catalytically reacted with nitrogen (derived from process air) to form anhydrous liquid ammonia. This step is known as the ammonia synthesis loop (also referred to as the HaberBosch process): 3H2 + N2 2NH3 Discuss the effect of pressure

The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal and methanation steps each operate at absolute pressures of about 25 to 35 bar, and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at absolute pressures ranging from 60 to 180 bar .

7. Urea,
Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. The molecule has two NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.

Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is solid, colourless, and odorless (although the ammonia that it gives off in the presence of water, including water vapour in the air, has a strong odour). It is highly soluble in water and practically non-toxic . Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, the most notable one being nitrogen excretion. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a convenient source of nitrogen. Urea is also an important raw material for the chemical industry. The synthesis of this organic compound by Friedrich Whler in 1828 from an inorganic precursor was an important milestone in the development of organic chemistry, as it showed for the first time that a molecule found in living organisms could be synthesized in the lab without biological starting materials (thus contradicting a theory widely prevalent at one time, called vitalism).

Urea production
Urea (NH2CONH2) is produced from ammonia (NH3) and gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2)at high pressure and relatively high temperature. Both reactants are obtained from ammonia synthesis.. The production of urea involves the formation of ammonium carbamate

(NH2COONH4),which is dehydrated to form urea. For all practical purposes, these two reactions take place simultaneously

2 NH3 + CO2 NH2COONH4 + heat NH2COONH4 + heat NH2CONH2 + H2O Both of these reactions are reversible, and therefore ammonia and carbon dioxide exit the reactor along with ammonium carbamate and urea. The components of this mixture are then separated, usually by stripping off gaseous ammonia followed by carbon dioxide, to yield urea.

Uses Of Ammonia Agriculture More than 90% of world production of urea is destined for use as a nitrogenrelease fertilizer. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use. Many soil bacteria possess the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea molecule to two ammonia molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule, thus urea fertilizers are very rapidly transformed to the ammonium form in soils. Among soil bacteria known to carry urease, some ammoniaoxidizing bacteria such as species of Nitrosomonas are also able to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make biomass via the Calvin Cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite, a process termed nitrification.Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, especially Nitrobacter, oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which is extremely mobile in soils and is

a major cause of water pollution from agriculture. Ammonia and nitrate are readily absorbed by plants, and are the dominant sources of nitrogen for plant growth. Urea is also used in many multi-component solid fertilizer formulations. Urea is highly soluble in water and is, therefore, also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: e.g., in 'foliar feed' fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an advantage for mechanical application. The most common impurity of synthetic urea is biuret1, which impairs plant growth. In foliar sprays, urea concentrations of 0.5% 2.0% are often used in horticultural crops. Urea absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and therefore is typically stored either in closed/sealed bags on pallets or, if stored in bulk, under cover with a tarpaulin. As with most solid fertilizers, storage in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area is recommended. Chemical industry Urea is a raw material for the manufacture of many important chemical compounds, such as resins. Various adhesives, such as urea-formaldehyde or the urea-melamineformaldehyde used in marine plywood. Potassium cyanate, another industrial feedstock. Various plastics, especially the urea-formaldehyde

Biuret

is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2NC(O)NHC(O)NH2. It is the result of

condensation of two molecules of urea and is a problematic impurity in urea-based fertilizers. This white solid is soluble in hot water. The term "biuret" also describes a family of organic compounds with the functional group -(HN-CO-)2N-. Thus dimethyl biuret is CH3HN-CO-NR'-CO-NHCH3. A variety of organic derivatives are possible.

Explosive Urea can be used to make urea nitrate, a high explosive that is used industrially and as part of some improvised explosive devices. Automobile systems Urea is used in SNCR and SCR reactions to reduce the NOx pollutants in exhaust gases from combustion from diesel, dual fuel, and lean-burn natural gas engines.

Ammonium chloride Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Odor NH4Cl 53.491 g/mol White solid /hygroscopic odorless

Ammonium chloride, an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl, is a white crystalline salt, highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. It is used as a flavouring agent in some types of liquorice. It is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.

Sources It is a product of the Solvay process used to produce sodium carbonate. CO2 + 2 NH3 + 2 NaCl + H2O 2 NH4Cl + Na2CO3 In addition to being the principal method for the manufacture of ammonium chloride, this method is used to minimize ammonia release in some industrial operations. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by combining ammonia (NH3) with either hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water solution): NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

Reactions Ammonium chloride appears to sublime upon heating. However, this process is actually decomposition into ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas. NH4Cl NH3 + HCl Ammonium chloride reacts with a strong base, e.g. sodium hydroxide, to release ammonia gas: NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + NaCl + H2O Similarly, ammonium chloride also reacts with alkali metal carbonates at elevated temperatures, giving ammonia and alkali metal chloride: 2 NH4Cl + Na2CO3 2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O + 2 NH3 Applications Ammonium chloride crystal(s) The main application of ammonium chloride is as a nitrogen source in fertilizers, e.g. chloroammonium phosphate. The main crops are rice and wheat in Asia. Pyrotechnics Ammonium chloride is an ingredient in fireworks and safety and contact explosives. Metalwork Ammonium chloride is used as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or soldered. It works as a flux by cleaning the surface of workpieces by reacting with the metal oxides at the surface to form a volatile metal chloride. For this purpose, it is sold in blocks at hardware stores for use in cleaning the tip of a soldering iron and can also be included in solder as flux. .

In several countries, ammonium chloride, known as sal ammoniac, is used as food additive under the E number E510, commonly as a yeast nutrient in breadmaking. It is a feed supplement for cattle and an ingredient in nutritive media for yeasts and many microorganisms.

Ammonium chloride is used to spice up dark sweets called salty liquorice, in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture, and in the flavouring for vodkas. In India and Pakistan, it is used to improve the crispiness of snacks such as samosas and jalebi. In the laboratory Ammonium chloride is used to produce low temperatures in cooling baths. Ammonium chloride solutions with ammonia are used as buffer solutions. Other applications Ammonium chloride is used in a ~5% aqueous solution to work on oil wells with clay swelling problems. It is also used as electrolyte in zinccarbon batteries. Other uses include in hair shampoo, in the glue that bonds plywood, and in cleaning products. In hair shampoo, it is used as a thickening agent in ammonium-based surfactant systems, such as ammonium lauryl sulfate. Ammonium chloride is used in the textile and leather industry in dyeing, tanning, textile printing and to luster cotton.

Ammonium Nitrate The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate of ammonia with the chemical formula NH4NO3, is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and standard pressure. It is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer, and it has also been used as an oxidizing agent in explosives, including improvised explosive devices. It is used in instant cold packs, as hydrating the salt is an endothermic process. Diammonium phosphate (DAP)

(chemical formula (NH4)2HPO4, is one of a series of water-soluble ammonium phosphate salts which can be produced when ammonia reacts with phosphoric acid. Solid diammonium phosphate shows a dissociation pressure of ammonia as given by the following expression and equation:[2]

(NH4)2HPO4(s) is in equilibrium with NH3(g) + NH4H2PO4(s) Uses DAP is used as a fertilizer. When applied as plant food, it temporarily increases the soil pH, but over a long term the treated ground becomes more acidic than before upon nitrification of the ammonium. It is incompatible with alkaline chemicals because its ammonium ion is more likely to convert to ammonia in a high-pH environment. DAP can be used as a fire retardant. It lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char.[4] These are important effects in fighting wildfires as

lowering the pyrolysis temperature and increasing the amount of char formed reduces that amount of available fuel and can lead to the formation of a firebreak. It is the largest component of some popular commercial firefighting products.[5]

DAP is also used as a yeast nutrient in winemaking and brewing mead; as an additive in some brands of cigarettes purportedly as a nicotine enhancer; to prevent afterglow in matches, in purifying sugar; as a Flux for soldering tin, copper, zinc and brass; and to control precipitation of alkali-soluble and acid-insoluble colloidal dyes on wool.