Han Nom

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Gi60 ..,.LE lRr (ch4 bi&n) Gi60 '" &UC sleu
P.l.S SAN- CHI
npIV
.IIAN I NHirNG LOll vAN 81M CHrr HAN THutNG DiIIC
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TRONG .1 sANG xi HOI VIP NAM THr. PHONG liEN
Chi
'IIAN U- CHli" NOM vA vAN BAN CHir NOM
(P.TS. NgQC San)
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Nha xuat han Giao dt.Ic .1981
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Tae gid CH'
NGQC SAN
Biln va
sua bdll in SUY
Trinh bQ,y bla: vO QU6C vO t
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LO"INOIDAU
Cac i-I!n hvc da tich luy aU{1c m(J' sll vlln biet kh4 day au Ie ngil' vtIn tilng Han c3 qua cae
Tt}.p I, II va Ill. T4-p IV nay g'iJm co hai phan :
Phan Mpt giup cae bq:" ldm quen vui nhung van bdn. chu Han' ma nhtjn. dan ta dl dung r{Jlzg
,.Ii trong Jui s6ng .xcl h{ii cfl, xa hPi phong kitn (do Dljng Chi
P/aan Hai ntu lJn m(lt phuung phcip lIIui de hvc t4-P va roghiln cuu chu Nom, mpt 10,!i chu v;lt
ttl e6 eong to" lUil trong. xay dffng nen van h6a va V(tll hvc dan t{Jc (do Nguy/n Ng!Jc Sail sO(ln).
Van brill chiG i Han trong .xl hDi ta truuc kia III nhung gidy hanh chinh : II, b/Jng, sli.,
eong Vall, dun tir, van kM, cMc thIC, t.han phd v. tl. Ben la eac loq.i van Mn khac th"'erng dUllg
trollg gilt d,nh va trong xii h(Ji lang xom nhlG: gia phd, viln cu"g, vii" 1'6m 11# la nhung
villi bdn rOt edn thi/it Irong vi?c nghien crelS .1:
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l/l;i Vi?t Nam c/). 1'd, dl! xl/ay i'do tremg t4m
vi?c -IIghien CUll .1:a h{ii, chUng to; dl! ra ngoai nhung 10(li vlln bdn ,ir: klroa h!)c "hien nhu : toan
Itve, thilll 1IIJ.ll hvc, Y hl)c ..
MJi. lOll; van bdn ma chung toi ehrn trong t/)p nay deu c6 "hfing .iq.c rieng ve ngon ngu vd
IhlJ threc Irinlt bay, xa It} vui mpt viln ban vtIn h!IC, rna nglGbi 'ighien cuu dill nilm du:erc sau nby c6
tv lvc di vao IIhiG"g elG li?u can thic', vui it kh6 klut/l "hlii.
Nhirn/! dij.c dil!m nOi tren. dij.c bilt la nhfing dijc diem tIC ngoll ngiG, au"c liinh thunh "'pt phan
do yeu call cUa lOfi kinh van bdn (nhu viin hinh chin" Co thlL4-/ ngil: ricng lid e6 cong thuc quy ainh),
nhICIIl( phi'in khac - va lil phiin eAU - do tieng Han cD thdall tuy dl alGI!C Vi?t hOa cao d{J qua mv'
qua trinh Mit dai dIC{f'c su d(tng lam ngon ngfi cria nha nu-uc.
Vi? "'ij.t tic' vi. ngoai nhung tir va thu4t ngii al c6 trong tieng H4n C(J thutin IU,. ma "hung toi thdy
kh611g ctin ban, ,huIIg ta gij.p nhi'eu tir va nhOrn llc, '(tm tic do clra {jllg chun, ta ad sang cht bang
phuullg thu-c.
Co nhung tic Han tllt(1C
-- NglGU
- Lao
_. Dung
- PhiclI
- Cao
dung vui m(it
trau (Han
bo (Han
nghia rna- r{Jng cria Vi?t Nam, nh/( :
b3) ;
chuong sue v4t) ;
thue thUn (Han ti'ln ddn npp cho nhi'i nuuc Ihay cho lao dich) ;
drm vi la chrec cu sO- eua dan trang u liing (Hall : lall, llt",t) ;
sao - dun vi ito dirn tich ru{ing dli', (Han : cay sao cMng thuyen)
Co nMlng tlr, tuy do nhiGng tir Han ghe p thanh, nitltllg khOng' co trong titng H4n eIJ va duV'c
dun. vai W: deh la Ihu{jl ngu U l/i?t Nam. Trollgeac van ban phcp lutjt ,ii, ta thf/ung gllp nhli:ng e(lm
hi loqi nay nhu : .
- Xuy thiit tl {J:. '.t ... : dily tef gai lam u nTla bep
- TIC(mg phu:Zrng binh l Ji;. : IInh giii voi ;
- Nhieu hpc It ':'/: t hgng trai 0- lilng aU'"e miln cae nghia V(I lao ttvng de 4; hvc ;
- V.v.
Va Ilh/eu thuljt ngt? khcic-nhiit Id t'e ki,rn truc-cung ai dlGerc tgo ra theo phuung phap do :
- KUn tAdn il . than d4 ;
- Nam tran
Thanh bl
if) J)"
-t
Nam m(ie tfJ
-- Long hiep cot it
-v.v.
loong boong (trai)
lu'ong. nu-a ;
ki'en k+ (gJ)
don. noc (kien truc) ;
trift tQ.n dv.ng kho tft vi liEng Han, nhieu tu- Han dil du,(Yc mle,,11 philn 12m tilng Vitt
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va dd dILl" gh.:p mt}t caclt '1/ nhie" vui 7th",ng ,tu Han khae nhw m,,' tre Han tllve sv trOffg ell'" tir.
ngay cd 'rollg elie villi bdn phelp lu4' :
___ ." Ttl IMng . "ja -'ien, Hfi,. tI,i dlIflc ,Iu"g di phi':" 4m til 86ng (tlon.g rU(jng) eua lilng Fi{'l
r..o. d,t"'!c dung tr"", 'Ilm tir 116ft:,; IIten J;j]. .1f1 :
- T,l Su-u -it eua tie"g Han dJ. dINe dung d? phien am tir xau (.LaU nu) cua tifn, Vi?t va dw(Ye
.hip tTung cae ml-m tu SlrU dich It, Suusai I , SUII thue tt ,fjL (XtlU va thue);
- Tic Lanh fj oil' tieng Han a,i drrvc diu.g dp. "hien tim tu Linh cua tiiJng Vift va dIL(fc gh,:p
',ong eac tir l.anh binh fj :ft. (bink illlh) ; va kh; dWn, rie,.g, lAnk y6 Tang co nghia - phan bilt
t},yi QU411, , 'Va IJink ft.. tTong cae vlln ban,
Mq.nh dq.n htYn nira la, nhiell ch,; du drl"{Tc dt)t ra, tren err sO- chiC Han. philn 6m nhung tir
Vilt va dli drrl'c ghcp trong eric C(lm t nhw ",vt tir H411 thl/c $1/
- Chu COl/8 JA" trun!! C6ng It -a (cd-a c6ng) (1) ,
..:.. Chu- MJ trunK. Ma nluln i:l. A. ",d) (2) ;
- Chir Xui #I:. t;ollg Xvi nUt ban tl:. - :l (m"t m4mz6i) (3);
- eM: Mua d: trong Mua bang Jt (4) (III6t mua trong II cung tf lcillg
ngay xwa) ;
- tI .. v.
96 la chua noi M'i nlaiCng 'Tllung h"p "/:; kilng huy mOo nhieu lU: phdi mang tkem m6t nghfatrue
II eua V'rt Nam 'hay clio nhu-nE cir kMc phdi tTtink (nhrr 1hrly .a tllay eho l'd .. jt , 1(i8111 1 tlaay
clto Kim -1'-. chiC Than thay cho Thl IIf v. v ,) nhieu tli phd; d9C ch?ek am (nhw T6J&g tiro
tU;;'; _ Tun, Tlrl .ttlve thank Thu; o.v.) va nhi'11t elau- phdi dbi tiq.ng (f,lht.l' Tru -viI' thanh "
-Crlu viet thanh .' v.v.). . \.
Phiii 10 m()t cu'ttn lir di,n Han - Vi,t sorJn trln quail ViII Nam, .ui tang ket Jay 8" Mu-ng
trj,im-g h{T p tIl: vi ,,6i Iren.
Ve mql (Ii phJp, chtic eMn ti(nl Half. ,6, Ihucin luy ding ,t4 b; Vift hoa .; ehleng mve M(ft
dinh Ma, lilc rtllng, cho tlell ntty, chung ton, kit alive. Vi tJt}y, 0- day, mci; c6 f;oi nll.Jn xcI
Ie te. bwt)'c Jail, al? nell va" tIe. '
Itinh nll,i: nhieu ta"g eua tit,.g Han eli dli hi ph", Vt; tli bien thanh nku-tt, dhdn ngu- n6i tiip nhau
tfaeo cau true cdu cuatilng Vift, nhat la .trong cae gi8y vi rltrn, aat,- ilia chung to;' Ie lwu j:bq.n hpe
(} ctic clau thick sau nay.
Mvt $1 hll tir ita elllVc dung theo IIi Virl Nam nnw H"6 nhi M rfO (sao ma ). nn nhw fr
( clJn Ilhu ) , lIu6,.g ho ;JL 1- (chu- kkOn, phdi Hu6ng. .. lao) v.v' .
Nkrcn, ddn c/a,rng trpn, tiN chua tlay du, e6 cho chung la I7J4IM gpi tilng Han co cua
f'iN Nam (mj :c1Ca nay ta quen gpj oom na la <f chir Han koi/c c c/au- nM , cm ten :dung vui
t;nh than eu .. n6 10. Han. chifnl f ChUllg tal nghl, kkong phdi:la voy ma ngo.y zrra, nhan
dan ta COli. g9" mu- tiEng d'y IrS c chir 'a . Qud to. tnu- tienga"y 4. duve Jr;f/ h6a toan:difn
lo.rJgugj Hdn'chJ,.. nlum, nghe khol/g hiiu rna dpc cang kh6 thOng, nen ,cho iii..'" kh6ng Tau" nhu
!MPg Xhdi .'iieu 116i ve tidn CII Phan eMu rna chung ta dd tiln.g:nghf!, Nhwng, kMng phdi den. 'he
il XX. ngwq; Trung Q.dc mO.; giac ngl r. dilu do. Tu truo-c, hI) tt4 tkay TO roi.
mpt b,rc or ,hw trd liTi Qudc vU:(1ng An Narn (lIdm 1657) :Chu ThuJn:'Thuy, m(it nM triel
Apc Truns- QulSc, n6; gllfl"6 gq.o I "Tuy chii- nllhia vlln ttr trong thtl' phlin, theo sach An
(1) Chii- ClSnl( co trong tV' itien Khang Hi, song chi chii danh (mt)t "iet gian It dung.
C.hir .C6111 .. ) , ehu- kMlng co ngir nghia. Vi v"y, chuDI toi5ho-rlng,:chii-:nay do ngU'u-i
Nam ef't ra, _chu- khollg phiii mtl'Q'n.
(2) cO trong tlf- Khalll Hi, 80ng 1& d,ng it dung cua chii- Mai (cAy mai),
(:-1) Chi( cO tV' Khang Hi, song Am 1& Ttl', dung thay tdtehii- Til' *- , _ nghia Iii.
h"t U, hanh nep.
(4) Cht1- Muad: kh6ng cotrongl'l Khalil Hi. Con chii- Bang .'It (Am HaD.li
jil. 11m tum (ooi va cAy co), ..
Nam. Jda6ng !!ilS.g nbu- vln t11 Trull8 Qu& . aODgll1i trU'6-c: saa r"; rins. 11 .... ,61 via 'hi'll d ..
(1)
An Nam cung dich ki 8\1".
(2) Vil't n".m 1699.
(3) T,re 18 Truug Qullc.
(4) Tu-c ngtrtri Nam.
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Vl! chli N&m, chung ta d4biit trong mpt tho-igiatz dCU hang btly, tam tht H. n& dll giii: f)a;
tra tich-Cvc trong lich '"' ddn tpc. Sv tQi ,va phat c'a no la mpt tr01fg nhWng hi?n cUa ddn
tpc ta trong capc (tIlu tranh chdn,r chinlt sach a'lJng hoa cua phong kien Trun,r Qullc. Trang ,uiIt mlly.
trim /lam -lich su, tric may /lam cun /,rreu Jf!,i T4y 8uTI, chwa bao gio- chil: Nom alr,!,c coi Iii, rian iv
chinh thifn,r cun dlin tiic ta nhwng fIIIn Nom vdn khong ngicng phat cdc ,tue phulII j";,, {'" chii No",
vdn ngay IIIve-nhiea. KhongM.thO' Vall cua Han Thuyell, Nguyln Sf Co, Chu An nuy dii IMt truren
thi tic Thien Tong han h"nh, Qullc Am thi gio-i .c6 h3n qulSc ngu- vlln, mot s6 btli thO' cia Le
Thanh Tong ... ' cho' den nhil:ng tac phlim niii tUng nhw Kiiiu, Hoa tih, Chinh ngAm. Cung
oan thO' cua H3 Xudn HwO'ng. Nguyen Khuren ... co tui hai ngan cuon aang dw{J'c
u"inlltric 0- thw vi?n 1'ifn Nghibl. cua IIan Nom. Neu laon hang ngan thac bdn van b,ia co chut/g eich
chil: Nom, cac' cudn sach dich tit- chil: Han nhll: thuyet a"i hAo phI} mlu An trl}ng kinh, Truyen kl
m"n 11}c tang btl giiii Am chu, Thi kinh giiii Am choden cuon tic Han Nom Chi 'lam ngl}c Am,
cae thlin tich, thiln phd, ngpc pita cung nhil:ng tiT truY?1I aem quli1f chung c4ch mv.ng 0- aau
the kl XX, can s6 co the tell tui hilng vrJn.
Cillc quo,;'ng;;: tlly d,i manh nha tic dau the ki j:' II nhwng phai den a(iu the kl . XX. do sv cl}
va clla cac phong trno yfn nwuc va nit-h m,!-n6, n6 mi;'i aW(1c ph'O bien rvng riii. Luc nay chil: Nom coi
nhw ad [,1m tron trach cua minh. Tltt lui khoi f'U itai xa hpi. .
nghien C'L-U, chic N,im mui dwp-c khUi mao tic mdy chv-c "am g(in itiiy. cac nha nghien
cwu chi mui ,juaV(J6 lui ve chil: Nom hay van Nom nhdnnoi ve ne,l van hpc ddn t(ic (Nguyln
Van To, Le pU', lJr.tung QUflng lIam, 'NguyEn ffiing Chi, Hoa BlJng. Tha1fh'Lang), holjc <:6 biin 3d".
h(m lie chil: Nom thl cung chI I/I,;'i d,pt vaa nhiGng tri thwc ve vdn Han (1'r'!n Van Giap, BUll Cam.
CMun, Yamamoto, 1'a/saro, &ilo Duy Anh). LtJ ti! co mpt so ngw;'i chu 1 din nliG am tieng va
tieng Vir' khi cU'u chil: No",. Nhu'ng phdi:den cae mien Biic khoa nllhien CUll ch;;
Nom mui tien len giai aoq.n mui vui mvt l!Cc IU{J'n,r nghien auu mui va plucO'ng phap nghien C.GII mui
(NglZyln Tili Can va N. Xtankcvich / Le Van Quan , Ngltyln N,,)C S,m ). CM m'!-nh cuacaeh
nghien. cwu nay la phdn tlch CIi'1 Irut: chil: N{h" .'ren cO" sO- cua phwO"ng phap ngon ngil: h')c V(l viin bdn
h9c hir-n d(zi,dVa vilo nhil:ng thanh t!l"ll nghien c.Gu ngiG am lich 3U tieng Han, tieng Virt, thr)m chi
ctl IIhil:nK til!Tlg hicu qaan llhw Mwung, Tay Thai v.v. etich nghien cwu nay dd dft dw{J'c nhicng
thanh t!Cu aang ke.
Van de chIC Nom tuy ita aw,!,c ban nhie" U Irong nrcq.c tla ngoQ.i nlluc. song vdn ali cO' btln. ,au
aay vdn chlla awp-c gidi quyet de : Chil: Nom to, mpt fl4n tv thve IIC hay :chl la. mpt cach du",!!
chIC lldn philn am ,ieng ? Lir-u ngwui Nam co sang -t'!-o n(ji mpt van rieng cho minh.
it:hOng f Chu:a tam r(J dieu nay tht v4n chwa thlly, het gia tr; c.sa ch;; 'Nom.
Mpt nha srC hpc ME 10, David Marn, tac gia ,tich Cloti. ngliIa chlSng thvc dAn cua ngll"o-i Nam-
Vielname.,e anticolonialism) va :!hicll sach khap ve Nam, trong mtjLchuyen sling tham nwqc ta,
khi ,ten Virn .'iii: h9t: co noi : Tmng Quoc sau nam 1949 co gdng la tinh hoa vant{c TTllng Qu6c ma
khang aw!>,c, NhtJ-t ciing muon la tinh hoa van t{C Nh(tt va cung khang liun aw,!,c. Trong khi M,
Nom ita La tinh hoa van tIC cua minh va Virt Nam aa congo SO- di nhw vr)y 10, vl Virt Nam co
chil: Nom. ChiC Nom t'!-o aicll kifn eho chil: quoc ngil: xuat tla. aw'!'c cMp nhr)n.
Tiep th(l cae thanh t.ICI: ,lghien cwu cua nhil:ng ngwui ai trwuc, tiep t(lc. ai theo hwung""ghien
cwu mui la hu.yng nghic" cli': dlcn vao van ban h9c hir-n a(li, dICa vao ngil: am lich sii: cac tieng Han,
Vif
t
, . Mwung va cae tri thwc ligon ngil: hpc, trong giao trinh. nay - giao .trlnhchjj Nom aalL tien -:- tac
gia thu' co gang chlcng minh lu(in diem sau : chii' N6m iti thOa min IIJqi yeu diu m{lt thl)ng
vaa tv chu- kh6ng dO'n thuBn I:hl II phap phien Am nhrc xwa nay ngwui ta t/two-ng quan.
th;"i, tren cO' sO- nM-ng t(ip giri:tJ trlnh chil: Han Ita hpc va nhil:ng kien thwc Han hpc, c6
gang trinh My van ae mpt cach h?- thong. Ciao trinh fft,!-nh d'ln ai sau vao hai van ae nong bOng
nMt : van "ae cau truc va van ite tim (t9c cua nhil: Nom, vi nhw co tM thay, haitian ae nay baa quat
g'Ln nhw tat cd nhWng aiel' CO' M, ve chil: Nom, sau ao La philn gidi thich cach a9c va nhiing btli
t(ip J9C
1'rJ,p sach nay la th, ailu tien ve 10'li hillh nghien cwu tieng Han\co IrC d{Lng trong ca':
gidy tu hanh chinh, dan gian cu, La co gang mui ve phap nghien c.G" chiG Nom, cMc cMn co
"hieu eM con thieu SOl, chwa aw!>,c hoan hil(l, chung toi thanh tamaon cho- nhumg lui. chi hilo cua
cac b(tc thlcc gia.
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Ha N(i; 1985 - 1986
B4NG CHi HUYEN - NGUYEN NGQC SAN
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I. KHAI
PHAN MOT
CHUaNG I
VAN BrA
1.- Trong chUng ta gl]i Vlnbia Is lui van khlc tren bia da, n6i 19n9
ra, khlc tren m9t tich bAng da.
Slr di khlc lui van tren da Is cho ml]i ngtro-i dl]c vs ba lui van d6 18. u
dsi kbong phiH Is mai mai nhu- ngtrui thu-ung mong mu<Sn.
Trong ngon ngit' Han - - chUng ta thlro-ng van bia Is Bi 4 Bi vln 4
. bi M 4- 'Ie.. , vs khoa hl]c nghien clru van bia Is Bi kI hpe (epigraphie).
Ngu-o-i Trung Quoc thu-o-ng gl]i la Ri, Bi eM 4- 1it BI ban -.. , va
khoa hl]c nghiencu-u van bia la Bi ban hpe .(1).
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2. - Ngu-o-i xu-a con khlc chit' tren do dong nhu- (Unn, chuong, kh8nb .. Vi ngu-M"
Quoc con gyichung lui van khlc tren do da va do dong la Kim file ..
. Minh vln A (2)', va khoa hl]c nghien cu-u van nay la Kim thiteh hpe
. Minh vln hpe.
van bia nlm trong miDh van.va bi ki hl]c dm trong minh van h9C.
u. CAC VAN BIA Vier NAM
A. Xet hlnh thlrc van tV' : (y nu-6-c ta, con nhit'ng van bia sau d 4y
,
1. Van bia blng ehl1' b9 16-n nMt
.:. 2. Van bia bAng ehl1' Nom thu!n tuy, e6 lu-9'ng it va thu-o-ng c6 nien glo diy.
3. Van bia blng ehl1' Quae ngO', e6 Itr9'ng ciing it va di nhien c6 nien nMt.
4. Van bia blng cac vln tv eMu Au chlc chln 1. so lu-9'ng it nMt vanien d,i
nMt 1& tM ki XVII.
5. Van bia blng ehO' (sanekrit) mia ngu-o-i cae tlnh phia Nam.
8. _ Xet vA nqi dung y ngma:
Cae van bia n6i tren - chit' Han la dOi tu-vng mia sach Day-
xet n9i dung, c6 chia. ra lam hai chinh :
1. Van bia eli tfeh /cien true, m{>t bi) 16n, dvng lr dlnh,,&p.ua,
quan, dai, dinh thi! . lang my, diu, ch9'. ... N{>i dung thu-o-ng D6i lich eu-xay
dVng va eu-a chit'a cua di tich do; dong thui ghi ccong du-c' ( S1l11 ) mia nhii'ng d()'Jl vi
va ea nhan cua nhii'ng ngtro-i da dong gop cong eua. d6, c6 cbn tim tMy
tu- I .. , van hI]C, hl]c ca ton giao). phong t\!o:) thu cling (trong
cac bia h,u va bia thln hl]c, quan 8V, kinh v.v.
2. Van bia Mmh ehfnh ghi cae quan va lang Ir dia phU'O'ng (trOlg d6 c6
khoan \1'o-c).

(1) du y phAn Bi Mn hpc vcSoi Bi hp': Bi hpc chi c1iou. cac chir iUI kMc tr&l bia,
(2) Minh Ita lov-i vlln hqc xU'a .c6 dung tau d'U'O'og ho,c rio dty va Ifroi vln itlJ'Q'c khAo
tren ito aa ito itQng. Xem (y itov.n dlJ'cSoi. .
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III. GIA TRI CVA VAN BIA 061 VOl ClTv VAN HOA c6 CUA
DAN TQC
NQi dung van bia Nam ehu-ng to c Nll'6e ta la van
J(hOng nhfrDg nhfrng 81}' 16il trong Itlng eMt va tinh tMn cua cQng dong - dan
tgc ail all'9'c ghi chep bAng van tl}' tren hia aa nghinthu ma nhfrng IV nM trong Gai
It)ng tf,p cua dong hl,l, x6m lang cling all'C}'c hru cho con eMu. ..
Vi vty, van hia 1a mQt nguou tll' rit phong phd va h'!l leh cho tit cil Dhq,hg ai mut)n
nghien cli'u nll'6c Nam kb6ng phan hI} 10 nha IU: hI}C theo
lieh 8& toan hao gom ca lieh eU'van h6a) hay 1a nha dan tQc h<,lc, xi hl}c. ngon
Dgii' hl}c cii van tV' hQc) v.v. "l
Nguon tll' iy 11}-i cang co gia tri khi chUng ta all'Q'e Thll' khoa hI}C xi h9i
Ha N\\i con gifr all'9'o hoonhai mll'ooi nghin ban r,p hia (1) Clia cac. hia ca nll'6c -rna
ban Han Nom m6i h8nh gi6i mQt n&a - chinh xac la mll'aimQt ngbio eau
mll'O'i hai han theQ thOng bao nam 1976 ella hQ Thll' ml}c van bia - va dich all'9'c chirng
. m9t phln tram (khoing hoon hai tram hili), trong et) nay m6i xuilt hina11'9'c eau mU'O'i ba
bin thu\\c n91 thanh Ha NQi (2) .
Ngoai ra, 0- Thll' con c6 nhieu cong tdoh 8U'U ttp van hia do cac tM trU'6c
ll}-i tir vln tieu I(lc, Van da; ngiJ' (cua Le Quy Bon) Le tr;lu I;ch lehoa
s1 de Janh b; Ie, (1 eao Ling), 8; vln, 8i vln leha; tv tip I(lc, Blc Ninh toa lef, Ha thinh
linh tfch l'Ic, Hoan chu bi Icf v.V. .
Song, qua ev ph8.t coa cac gi&i nghien cu-u gln dAy, tim his: co gi8 trl
0- aill phU'O'ng tir Blc Nam -- va ngay 0-' el Ha N9i - chll'a all'9'c sao chep haC),
va dang du-ng trU"6c nguy cO' hi pba huy nghiemtrl}ng, beYi thien nhieD va con ngll'tri
Dfra - Ie di nhien 1a kbODg y thu-c.
IV. 86. CUC MOrvAN BANBIA VA HiNH TH(rC MOT TAM BIA
A. Thong thll'trng, ,m9t van han gi)m c6 mly phlD :
1. Tieu Je : cho tiDh ("hit clla tim hia : hia chua' gi, bia limh gi, his: h,u
hia h,u ph,t v. v. Tieu ghi hang ngang 0- tran hia Iii tieu chlnh hAng chil.HoD.
Tieu phI] eling c6 D9i dung nhU' tM, long villt hang rhfr oM hO'D 0- dong dlu cua long
hia trU'6c.
2. Vln bia ( hi hin , hi ki }(3) \a phln van xllOi Jai lich Clla di tlch e& myt
Dhan
Ba; minh (. Minh van ) 1a phln van vln theo van hi. c6 D9i dung DgQ'( khen,
ran bio( '>.Song c6 khi yaO hia khOng co Minh.
4. Ph'6n cuoi: nieD ten ngU'<ri 10l}-ovan hiD, ten ngU'o-i va DgU'o-(khlc chfr.
5. Phan: c cong J,;.c , la phitD ph'1 ll}c ghi teD va cua nhfrng doon Vi
ca nhan d6Dg g6p. Trong e6 trU'o-ng h9'P, van his ngio 'gc;m chi g3m c6 dong thl
phln C cOng du-c' thU'o-ng dft trll'6c ph!n euiSi .
(1) Ng\ro-i Trang Qul.lc g9i Iii 'fMc ban 4-6 + Th&p bin :It + ( <#! :f.. )
(2) Tuyen t4p vdn bia Hil Npi. I & II, Nxb khoa h9C xa: Hil 1978.
(3) eM y ph An vdll bdll bia v6-i vdn bia : virn bia DAm trong vatb!n bia .
(4) NhU' di n6i, lJ' Trang Qul.lc, f( Minh vlin, lA mOt vlln hQc co dung ng9'i kh(!n
. hottc rlin bao vA ih'r9'c kh4c tren ho,c do tIa; song lr Nam, ti'r Minh, thll'b-ng tIll'9'
hiliu v6-i ughia nh\!"
8
1
.
,
i
'I
it

J
8. Pbln 16n bia a nll'6c ta hai m,t; ml}t s6 tt co Mn m,t (thU'ung 1& bia ki
XVlII) ho,c tam (bia S6c San) m{lt (do do dU'(}'c tfc vao vach da
hofC I8U gln vao tU'ung) .
. Du hlnh tM oao, thU'o-ng thu-b'ng mQt t1m bia 80m co ba pMn :
1. Diu bia (hi dllu ,4 JA)ho,e bia (hi ngfeh 4 ... ) lit pMo treo cung, hioh
ban dlnh dttn bia trim), biBh chir nhtt dtnh dliu bia blng. co ch6p
boa sen).
2. Than bia va m,t bia : Thin bia 18. hQ phtn chinh ella m{lt t!m hia, gom cac m,t
bia : trlr&c, 88U (1) va eo'khi co them m.t ta. va mft hiru (khong nISi t6i trU'o-ng
h(}'p bia tam it co). Mlii m,t eo long bia 0- chinhgiira va diem bia Go xung quanh.
{J long m,t trU'cTe, khle van bin. {J long san (va cae khae) thU'b'ng ghi co cong
due .. khong c6 ph!n c cong due' thi danb ghi ph in cu(ii ciia van biD (tue nien
va ten ngu-ui 80fn van, ten DgU-Cri viet va ngu-uikhic ehir). C6 khi 88U khOng co ehir
vi t!t ci cae philn cua van bin da dO'(}'c ghi 0- Jl!.ft trO'o-c.
Cting nhO' Cr tran Cr bia tbu-CrDg co boa van, tuy theo phoDg each mT thu.t
cua tirng tbM' dfi. .
Ngu-ui Trung Qu6c g9i tru-6c bia 1. bi , (4 i7 ).t cbn m.t sau la hi Am ,
( 4rt )
Neu Cr "* fan cd m{lt bai VaD DgU'Cri ta g9i m.t lau 1. c h'u hi' ( '.fA. 4) (2)
phln v6i c hi J (.tJ 4) lit tlm bia dl}'ng them b@D cfnh hia chinb thay btu bh.
\
3.,.De bia ho,c Chan bia 1. ml)t pbien na (hinh h{lp) ho'c ml)t con rim na t1m bia.
Toan b{lco kbi d11'9'c it,t trong m9t n,oi nha nbo bknS 'feh g9i bla bay
lihii bia (nguoui Trung Qu6c gC}i la bi dinh' .4 f ). {] DU'cTC ta, it khi bia eo nha.Den
bi khi hiu laID hO' hOng (bia Dgoai trCri qua ba trlm Dam thl chir di khO d'}c, kho tip),
V. MOT $6 VAN clN CHU Y KHI Slr D..,NG VAN BIAlRONG CONG lAC
NGHltN ClrU
Thl}'c ra, van bia, tbeo nghia r9Dg, kbong ph8i I. m{lt lo"i van bin thuln nMt va
cimg khOng phli 1a m{)t lOfi van bqc ; no ban lo,i van ban va tlt nhien nhih
lOfi van Vi vb, khO rna rut ra d1l'9'c nbfrng d,c chung c6 khai quat
dO'Q'c tat ca,cac bia, nhlt lit m,t ngon ngir. Cbo nen 0- dAy. chi neu ra m9t viti kinh
thl}'c tUln trong qua trinh khai thac tu- trong van bia.
1. ngonngii'. yin bt :
a. Trong lo"i van bia di nch, du 1& nhfrng di tich chi c6 gill tri Cr m9t dia phO'O'Dg nM,
cung thO'b'ng g,p it ngon ngO' vI" hpc: trong m{lt van bin bia htu Cr mi)t chua lang
ciing c6 nhic c6 C Phung Huyen thi nghia. it ,. l. (3) hOfc dung chii' trong
Kinh tbO': c Nhi tam ki du-c, :::- .;. Jt.:tt.' V.v.,
(1) {y ta, c6 nguolri g9i II l11'nl bia.
(2) eM y phAn ngir c "'"u bi cua Trung QulSc v60i thutt ngir c bia Nam
( bia cua Nam II 1M n6i tIt cua C ha)., -"t. htu thin bi.).
(3) Ngu+i thlri QuiSe, vcS-i hI' each 18 m6n khAch Clia M,nh ThU"o-ng QuAn. &1 tv y c16t hilt
vlln tll vay ncr cua dAn Slp Tiet, nen khi ThU"o-ng Quan hi vus kMng tin dung. lui ve vU"lrn, dln
mung don, xem 18 an nhAn. .
9
k,
i'
I
!
Ciing thU'c..ng ngon ngO' Ph8t nMt 1. trong bia chua. KhOng thl!! th6ng Mt
nhfrng Hr' vI! IO,!-i nay. Song, d,!-i cu-O'ng, c6 thi!! cbia lam bai. thu- :
- Nhfrng til' goc Han nhu' : tam bao .;E.. 'f , tuan V9 , tam .;E.. It
phUc 1i ,lfJ v.v.
- Nhfrng tir goc t ... (eanekrit) (1) Oll'<}'c pbien am bAng Han:
$- .It (hodhi), da -It (houddha), nat Mn if. ;f. (nirvana), M tat .if- il
(hodhieatha) v.v.
Thillh thoang, chUng ta con tMy dung nhfrug tu- ca cna van ngon nhir: (KO ,,&i
(ql'); .. (Vi) v&i llghia nhll' .Jt (Thi) v.v.
Trong Vall hia, nMt Ia van hia hanh chinh, Iq.i thU'<mg thuQt ngii' Hiin-
Viet Jo Nam siing t{lO (xem Uri n6i dlu) nhll': Mp dlnh man t f ,,(2), Siii vii
, {!- ..kt, Trhm, xeo 1: , v.v. Trong eo nay, c6 nhi'rng ttl' nay _kh6' ro nghia' nhll':
dinh a 1", ChH:m 'xI!- dien .H lfJ v.v.
h. van tlr, trong v8nhia, thll'Crllg tUy nhii'ng tJ,ng chii' co chil' Jan gian
( ty.c tIT) nhU':
it.
-, NAi
7J
-t -
Thi
It

-
Ty (Ti)
ftL
-Iff -
Sang j1

= T\l' V.V.
a tieu cila van hia, trong tCU'Crng h<}'p cln dl!! tang tinh thin ton kinh
c16i vO:i vi dll'g'c tho-cung, ngtro-i ta thll'o-ng dUIlI 10q.1 chl1' Trien/Vi 46i vO:i ngll'o-i
dC}c van hia hitlt chfr cling la, m{it yeu ciiu quan t,gog nhll' hitlt chO' Nom (dl! dC}c
nhfrng ohan danb va, dia danh).
chfr Nom trong van hia, co m{it chitict dang chu y la, am cua nhfrng difr Nom
ten dfit va ten ngll'o-i trong m{it han van hia tuy thu{ic vao phll'O'ng ngir cua
dia phll'O'ng co van bia fiy. TM dy.: chii' H. thll'o-nl d,?c 10. ( 01<iy >, nhU'ng ngll'o-i dia
phll'O'ng ll!-i dC}c Ia Ch6i) (trong (XU- Ch6i 4en) a vung Phung thu{ic SO'll Tay ell); ebir
Ie ra U,?C Ia N98,>, nhu-ng a uong hang a hq. l11'U fong ll!-i d9t; Is (Lya,
(do a vung nay, lIgll'o-i ta phat am phy. am N ra L); ehii' a}I Ie phii dQc I. c Minh "
nhll'Dg 11!-i dC}c Is Muong' (trong uia danh tj JI)3 Bi,' Mll'ng> a Quang Nam). v.v.
i. nqi dung: Trollg qui trlnh til'p ban 'Van bia, thOng thll'<mg ai cling
cM y d9ch4iviin ghi lr trll'fYe. Qua Is b.i Va'!l hia da cung c(p eho chUng fa
tll' bb fch ngoai gia trt van ehll'O'ng ella n6. 4(,i v&i nha nghieri eu-u,
khi nhii'ng dong clur ro-i rl!-c ghi a dll'6i b.i van (tblrCrDg ghi a lll'ng hia ) l
khOng co tf gia tri Vall ehu-O'ng gl ca, II!-i I. nhii'n g tll' vo eung quy bau. 90 la
nhfrng tell limg xom, xU- dfit, phO phU"irng eli (3) ; d6 10. ten nhii'ng chii chli
(1) An DO clI. . t
(2) Rll"O'c mht 8anh hat !llh dinh lang trons nhirng ngay cung Ie 16-n.
(3) Bia Tily chUa (ChUa Hitin) (y thj xii HU'ng c6 ghi (y m"t l11"ng,' hai mll'O"i
pM phlfo-ng han aia eua Phil vI; diu th8 kl X VJlI, aieu ma cbinh sir bi) qua.
10

(1) va nhi'rng ngll'Oi khac da: g6p eong elia vao xay dlJ.'ng chua : d6 18 nhfrng
tll' eM it{> dlt cua tho-i phong kit;n (2); d6 la nhfrng ehfr Nom c6 nien
chinh xac tin nhilt (3), va c6 Ie con hI' nfra c6 khai thtic dll'<}'c
tir nhfrng goc ell} khtic (4).
Kinh tren nhAc nhiY chUng ta kbi dC}c, khi r';p ciing nhll' khi dich m{>t .van him
hia, v6-i my.c dieh nghien cti-u, ph8.i luon luon cM y phltn chfr ghi iY dU'o-i hai van .d 0
3 .. Vi nien : Hau Mt cac van him hia e6 ghi ro ngay. thting, nam.
NhU'og, vln rlc roi la, niendl!-i ghi thea Iich pbtip truyl;n v&i nhfrng n8m
ten theo 16i can - chi. Thll'o-ng thll'o-ng, nhfrng ten d6 di kem thea nien (nhll':
Dll'O'ng Hoa tet; thti- kl mao ffj P- -t ).
chUng ta chi can himh hai hU'&c doi chit;u nam d6 y&i nam dU'O'ng Iich.
_. Tra himg nien cac tril;u Nam trong Nien Nam (V\l Bao
bao tang. NXB khoa hgc xa h9i, Ian thti- hai, Ha Nl}i 1976) xem nien ly tbul}c
khoang nhfrng nam nao cua tM ki naotmng dU'O'ng Ijch ;
- RM tIa bang dol nam am l!ch v&i nam dll'O'ng Itch (cfing cua 8ach tren)
xem nam can chi d6 1& nam nao cua d U'O'ng Iich gian hO'n,. tra bang doi chieu
nam am lich v&i dm dll'O'ng Iich cua giao 8U' Hoang Xuan Han (5),
Kh6 tr..ro-ng h?,p'van bia chi ghi nam can - chi ma khong co llien
khong ghi nicn gi lhrng tnr&e tioh tM nay, chi con co m(it cach Ia t1m xem 8\1'
nhfrng nhlin V}t ghi trong van han thu9c vI;. tho-i nao qua sit' hien nian qua
cac van han kbtic, la cae han hia iY cimg /mqt dia phU'O'ng v&i van hia n6i tren (6).
96 la ehll'a n6i tai hr<}'ng khli rac roi, tuy khOllg ph8.i pht\ 1" nien Ua
mt)t so van hia trong cae han x1-P cua Thll' khoa bilc xii h9i dang ughi nglr vi co
nhfrng ngll'lri hia thue cho Bae Ct'l Vien Song Ph8.p thb-i trU'<Yc, c6 thui
t
ra nhfrng nien dl!-i gil Mng cach nien cua ml}t dim hia nao d6 chAp v80 ml}t
hai van hia khOng co nien co ni9t dl!-i khOng ti-ng dap val yell citu cua cO'
quan thu thip tai'
(1) Bia chUa ;huong tr thi xa HU'ng nn. co ghi sIS chU bu6n va butm Trung
'QulSc lY PM vao ifliu'thtl ki XVIII. Bia Phl) BA 0- nui Ngii HAnh (IHI Nling) co ghi ten
nhfrng chu thllyen va chit buon Ban lY Hgi An ... Ao gifra 1M ,ki XVII, .
. .
(2)" Bia Duy BA Nam Ninh)co ghi sIS rU9ng cUt thu(lc quyen 50- hii'u cUa
chua 0- ifo-i LY. .
(3) Ve hllc, ng,ro-i ts aa pMt nhieu tll1'o-ng hQ'p, tho-i cua 8\1' lich
sir ghi trong vlin bia chb xac hO'n tho-i aillm ghi trong chlnh sir. Holing XuAn Hall illi tirng chu-ng minh
8\1' nAy ve nien Lllng TrU''rng chi13 Buy Vlin (HAilg Hit N9i).
(4) Bang III trong Tuyt;D vlin bia HA quyt;n I (Nxb khoa hQc xii m 1978) ll}oi
lU'Q'c be) mgt sIS chi tillt, tell ngU'o-i, ten {flit." xet ra kMng cln thillt.,
(5) Ji)i1ng 0- chi Khoa hQc (HA NOi) sIS 15 ngay 1 thang 3 nlim 1943 va 0- chi Tri tAn (HaNgi)
8.0 66 ngAy 30 thaDg 9 nlim 1942. Chung tM co sao 11,1c vA'hU'<Yng dAn each su- dy.ng bang nAy
0- lv.c cua each nay.
(6) ChUng tM aa d\l'a vAo tl(m bis Mu 0- xii Xich BAng co ghi nlim va niell tim ra nieD
a{li chinh nc cua bia Bong Bo, Quallg 0- thi xi HU'ng Yen co ghi thu- (lli1m can chi) nhlrng
kMng co Dien t
11
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I. AM
(1)
KIM CHUNG TV' BI Kf
Khoai ChAu phU (2)' Kim 90ng Nhan Dt}c xii. quan hll'O'ng lio. cac giap
thU"9"ng 'e"p fang aii yii (3) tinh phll'O'Dg dAog, vi (vi) l,p hi e".
:. Tli,chbi.,ha vi nhll' tac ? Cai di trilu ki tich nhi t" (4) ki e" dio
TU", nhln ban xi hfru Kim chung t1ft dia chung dU' kbf, tt} eMn bioh' (5): TI,
kh6ng 8O'n thl!Y trilDg di (6) ; hiru, dai (cMi)tbUy (Irao) di {7). SU'aDg thanh,
tir, baa tr9ng qliy mo; It}c dao Mu chlm hU'O'ng thOn' phong' clah.
M thdng mt ; 19 thOng Ii ving lai. Clnh gi6-i ,snh lioh, Hch di huy
tinh liog ; hoa nhlJm (9) kim am vao xim.
Vi thii-, bin: "xi quao vieo, hU'O'og lao, eai vai (10) tang dAng,-olm im
cong (ll), tbi tai tac phuc, tn Thenh tll'9"og, taog truc" dU'o-og, oMt 'di hOBO bi
, quy mO, nMt .(12). di VieD thaoh coog du-c, tang huy oghia' chi ohio coo,
chieu anh lioh h"u, lch bio hoang (13) vioh thieo frll'o-o, aia, cii-u. Ki
(13b) chuc Thaoh chua hU"ng loog, fir phU"O'og thaoh ao to80 xi:pht}khang (14).
Biru chU'O'og. vo du-c Mt btio (15) ; t,o,i til vu thii- di vinh ki
Minh (16)
Kim chung thaoh trang
Ng9c vii (17) 110 :pham trilo.
Hl) cu- : 6O'D trang dim,
Long : thiiy aai (d&i) ngin.
9ia linh, nhan tuan
Thien bao hoa tan.
Caoh (18) phUc thuy v,n c?l,
COog du-c vinh vo ngiin (19).
Tu 11' dinh h9"i nien (20), tac t11'9"o, :chll' thanh dU'o-Dg (21)
hanh lang, ChUDg c(), phong nhj giall. thien Qai (22) 19, tam quan ;
cac xU- CODg du-c 8eY hu'u tiuh danh qua oMn khai trlin vu htu.
:
NUt (24) e6ng du-c quao vien di
. Si 'ch (25) tam .quan ;
Nbieu, tv PhUc Sa; the- Thi Hien, Ilgii quaD;
Ph,m Danh Cao, the 'fhi 'fre ogl1 (IUan ;
v.v. {a}
Ban xi eai viii eoog dIre :
, l'h!].m l Tich. tly PbUc Chan, the Bid Thi a,m. ngii qUaD ;
Xuan, t\f PhUc Nghiem, the Tbi Ruqng , ngii qUaD ;
v.v. (a)
-- NUt congdu-c :
Giao, tv Am, the Thi
quaD nbi (26); . \
Bam. Nguyeo, obi
t
14
Tbi Cbeo, nam til: Nguyf;n Vao Yem, thfp Dhi qUaD obi m!].eh.
'tw. (a)
dr.
- Bin xi. eong c!ti-e :
T Thi Giai Dhi quan;
Nguyen Thi N4'&c nlllt ;
Tbi Tllm l\lc m,ch ;
v.v. (a)
Hoa DO'O"ng tMn Le Van tt}' (27) Phuc TI'U'Ung, the I.e Tbi Lai, I.e Thi
,
Ban chung tt!' tang ,tni ) trl Nguyen Hil!n, tt}' Ph8.p the Ph,m
Thi' ,Cinh;,htrng cOng tt}', tac ,chO' thinh chung cao, tinh th,ch 19,
! tam 'quan cac sO- ;
ChUng'tii- Nguyen Nguyen Nghiem'(b), Nguyen Thi Nang .dAng. ,
Hoaog thlt thti- tan miio (28) nhi qui dong
I
Xii chfoh (cMnh) Dtic" Tril!u, .. sii- (31) Duy cO".
Ha Trung pbii (32),Ho8ng 1i6a Vi xii, quan vien tii- (33) Le PhU, Hfru
ph\lng tl (34).
II. CHO GIAI
(1) 4'--it 1- Kim chung tv: (chua:"' chuong yang) t\lc g9i J.8 chua Chuong, tni'O-C thuOc
xa Nhii.n D\lc'(nay la thOn Nhao D\lc, xii Hitln Nam} Kim DOng, ,Nam, ( .. au
dbi la doh HO'ng Yen va Bay la ttnh Hai HO'ng) ; vi trf tmo-c 0- sat bO- ben 'trai song .Nhi
(song va phia Bitc PM Hiiln 18 trln Ii tran SO"n Nam, Jlay 18 phia Blc thi 'xii
Yen. Tl}c truyl!n rlng, xU'a c6 mOt qua chuong 100n oM 16n gifra don, sOng, dan18Dg'g9i:nhau
keo "chuong vao chUa, nhU'JIg kbOng th8 '. nao lay 4U'q'c. 'VisU' 0- chua cllu xin
giup nSn chi vai ch\lc tin QU'q'C qua 'chuong 16-n vao, nh;l nhtr ron.
Tu- d6, teD chua nay 1& chUa ChuOng (Kim Chung tt}') va chua Chuong nbi tit;ng kMp
DU'ung Ngoai v6i du ca : Chua Chuong PM la nO"i him tinh ' '
Chu y : phan chfr Chung ";;jl (Chuong) v61 chfr Chung n: (chen'rU'g'll, tl} nMm'}.
(2) Jf.t CMu phci : nay la Khoai Chau (tll' dllu Nguyen tro-
vl! trtr6e, phu la dO"D vi hanh chfnh 0- tren cap sau phd chi 1& m(it 1611).
(3) -t- ;lil# ,Kim D{jng huyqn : Kim D9
n
g (glln day v&i Tien Lfr
thanh Kim Tien).
(4) If Tv: -' (nghia cung nhO' Tt}' ).
- Ten van ve, trln (oay t. g9i Is vall tt!
"* ) nhU" bai Dlng',V tl'O"ng <;ac tv Ai..1. If clla V U'O"ng B9t .1. .
(5) J\ti., Dia Ichl,Jia-m,ch, 0- day, la nhfrDg khai
ve dia Ii phong thuy xult phat!tu- cho rAng, 'dlt (lsi dinh
hOBn toan db-i .6ng xa ': nO"i khi dlit thi co.("' chiin long \
hay c long I (hang va dM s6ng elia con ngU'o-i dO'g'e thioh, (1 day
116i chan hinh I tu-c 1a chan long hlnh I (hioh r"Dg
(6) .tf J., "l Khong sCln th",y trung : c Kb6ng sO"o ta DhOm daoh, (c Kh60g I, lam
(a) Bo mQt siS ten
(It) Bo bOot mgt so ten.
]5

"
! '
dihh agrr cbo cwo,) lam cM agu-; c thlJY trung, 1. nh6m (c Tb\1Y ., lam trfD8DgU-
c:ho c)ruog') lAm vi og&
. (7) ... Oi; (J6i) tbUy tr;lu : DIii thOy, 1a nhcSm daob (c 9.(, Jam
dinb ngir cho thuy J ) lam eM of; c clio' (c lit danb ttr lam', tr,ng 0gU-
dvog tlr c ) laDl vi ngir.
(8) -t 't 't Svung thanh J;,n tv: n,hia den!. SU'O'og xaoh, chup tia; oghia
bOng s gll'O'm ang xanh ohll' 8U'O'Dg, 'leSe haa quaog ohU' chup, n6i canh oai nO'i
doaah (vi, Ohll' trong cau co n6i, , mfttrl1'ue chua 1. trlo Ii .cua trlo SO"n Nam, Dl9t tr&t
Jo-n va quaD tr9ng oMt trong b6n trln trong (khac v6'i trln' ngoai) 0- DI1'b'ng Ngoai
thOi I.e).
m!t chii" nghia, dung ra phili noi c Thanh .U'O'ng, tu- vi c Thanh sO'O'ng-' e6
nghY. la I11'00i gl1'O'm (do sRcb fi y Icinh t,p lei '*''''Ie. eo. aoi! GU'O'm eao d@!
chem rio' tring CU- mU'Cri hai nam mai 1,i lin, nen IO'&i sang I,Dh nbU' sU'O'ng tuyetJ,
ngbia 18 .ang x.nb vi sU'O'ng va tu}'ft 111 c Thaoh nii" lam thllo, nen ogU'Cri ta thO'Crng
n6i c thanh sU'O'ng,). COil c Tir 1. ten cua m9t IOfi gll'O'm quy cn. Da'o-c Ngo (.saog
nrc nha' oh&p). '
Trong b8.i Slng V U'O'ng cac it.t' j..,..I.' JJ cua Va'O'f!g Bgt co cau : c Til'
thanh 1U'00ng ! Vll'O'ng tU'o-ng qulri chi vii kb6". -t 't -t 1; .!. ..
,,., nghia 1. : kho vii khi cua ong tU'cmg b9 VU'O'ng fly nh\i'Dg lo,i gll'O'm 'quy .og Dgfyi
nhU' c ch&p if.'t c .U'O'ng xanh,.
(9) 4k , Nhim nhilm : din troi qua (noithOi giaD).
Pban Nh.,c :1- .. c6 ciu thO' :
Nb,m dong. xuio t ..
., ..
11: :M- .. 11
. Han thi'r btlt 1U'u dich.
J. ?t. "
Nghia 18: DIDda mlla dODI va mua xuln tan,
Cii ret va cal Dong bOng thay Dhau.
Chii' , CUDg co 1a NhO'og thU'Crng 11: cO Dghia l8. m,i :
c Nbtm Dhu .f! .& ,f;. (Kin" thi - Dhi), Dghiala : cay mti.
I
(]o) o:lt SI; vI;: Sii 1a dan nng. con trai ct@!n hQc tu 0- chua, V.ii 1. ba, ,con
. '
gii hf,lc tu 0- chua (Say Ja tlr co trong chir Han, DhU'ng am va .trong ti5ng
Han. S; Is hl}c tro, ngU'Cri lam quao ; Vi Iii khong moi. ; cA hai tlr cO
nghia lien quan tu himh).
(ll) ft: 11) Am cong : c6ng du-e ngltm ldn (cbte6 Thin, con ngU'Cri khOng
thiy dO'9'o).
(12) - Nhlt (NMt di hoan hi quy mo, ... Nhit cIT'vieD th&nhcong dlrc): chii' c Nhlh
trong bai trU'Crng hvp nay, c6 y ngbia ke : m9t la, hai la.
(13) a ... i.t 1'-- #.. III Tifnghuy Phit nhit ... Ie" bao Jo:
tu tir hQc. eM ,.. mVt truc cua ciu van Hantrong 40,n nay: Sang Ie, cau'
van xep dijt xuOi chieu thllDh hai vt; d6i DgiU Dha' nay: c Tanghuy Ph,t
16
1'.
)1
I
J
chieu anh liob hQ hl}'U ; oghia chi ohao coo ich bao hoaog :. (xem'b&idich)!
nhlrn". gAy' mOt tac d\1Dg ttl tir, ngU'o-i . ta I,i lily phln dIu cu. vii 8ftU oghia
chi oMo" cO') sap v6i phln I illlu cua v() tnr6c (Tang huy obit) t,o tb8nb vii dilu .
v&-lily philo sau cua vii sau (ich hio hOBDg sap vui phln 8au c'ua trU'uc (chieu xi'n
aoh Hnh hI) h\fU) t,o thanh sau.
Theo phlrO'ng ph9.p do, Dglrui ta co hU!o: - Hai kiit cilu /chu d6iogio thRoh
kiit cilu gom: hai bQ phio : eM + chu / / vi + vi :
Jl
tt
...
(Thien phu
+-+
Bia tii) =
1/ tl ...
(Thien ilia
I!
Phu tii).
- hai Ut cilu dQng tan d(ii nglu thanh mgt cilu. hai hQ
itQng + itgng / / tan + tan :
*
Ji.

(XaD phong n\lC vii)
-
*

"
Ii 'Jl.
(Xan d\lc
\I
Pbong vii)
(13b)
Jt.
K, : i':J day co y nghia ki su- : hay, xin.
(14) -t- J.I Phil khang(khU'ung) : Phil : 160, rlt ;
Khang : yen vui.
(15) BaQ: hao u-ng. Theo cua nha Phit, e6 nhao hay, thi tit nhien
c6 qua t<St : 18m Ilmh thi hay, lam dO- thi g,p xlu {eM y : ehfr Sao
. thu{IC ht J:. , nhlrog chfr H,nh of thu{jc hI} Can .,. )
(16) jt Minh: m{lt VaD ngay xU'a rna van hin khic Iren da tren dl}
(diDh, mam ... ) co oQi dung ca Ilgcri ran hio. CM y : lr day, phao ro phlo van
xuoi lr thu{lc hia. (hi chi hi hin "'" JIlt ) eon philn van vln lr
dlrui muI 1. c minh. A .
(17) .1. 'f Ngpc vO : eung
(18) ..,... Canh : lun : cinh phUc (phUc l&n). canh haoh (ctU'ang lun, c1,0 IUn).
(19) Ngan: ha, ht!n, giui h,n : Vo ngan : khOng her hen, khOng giui. h,n.
(20) 1'" .Sf f)inh hrTi:nien : Nam dioh hcri (nien Vioh Thinh) tu-c I. Dam
1707 (xem chu thich 28).
(2!) "I '.t Tien JU'iTng : nha lun 0- eu-a chfnh di vao eu. chua hOfc
17
(22) Jt .f:. Thien Jai : dai dtSt hU'O'og bl\ng aa dl}'vg 0- ogoai tro-i (trong san chua } .
.
(23) JE.. &, 'Tam quan : Cbilg chua xay hang e6 ba -Illi (elfa) di vao : hai hen va
giii'a ( quao : eu-a Ai ).
(24) - NUt: 0- day la dilu ke do-ng diu dong, khOng co ngii' nghia (0-
dU"6i cling
(25) -J; ClJ tien : Tir thM Le Trinh tril!u 0- 11\1'6c ta, co hai tMng
: cb hay quy n{)p va it tieu dung
thU"(l"Dg) hay gian JVJ (gian: 10,0 N6i chung, ti Mi doai gifra cb
va Slf la: Cau tho- cua Chieu Hb tra Ic)'i Xuao HU"O'og trong giai noi ro
ti Mi dosi nay: c Ring gian thi oam, Quy co ba '.
(26) l' M Qucfn, : tuy nhien hai tMng d6 c6 nhfrng do-n vi
tMng nblt tir nbO 1&0 ohtr aau:
- Van hay i/ij : ;
" ..
- M : (m{)t cb 80 60 con mgt. sUi
chi an 36 ,
- Quan l' : Quan (mgt quan cb = 10 til!o = 600 m9
t
qun aU- til!o = 10 = 360 dong tHin).'
(27) f TV': ten chfr (xem <r p'hlln Huy, tl}', thl}y 0- hai Gia phil}.
(28) .if- .f Vinh Thinh tMt ni& tan mao: Vinh Thinh la
Bien HI' nam 1705 deo 1719 cua Le Dl.'y BU"o-ng, mieu la Dy Toog, lam vua HI'
nam At d4u ]705 aeo' nam Ki d4u 1729 (Tir 1720 1729 nieo 1& Bao Thai). V4y oa m
thO- hay Vinh Thinh tu-c Is oam Tan mAo 1711.
(29) '* Qur Jong : cuoi mua dong dong .i. : dau mua dong, trQng
ctong11 giii'a mila dong).
(30) It a C6c nhit : ( ClIc : thOc, lua) ngay llmh, ngay ttSt (nghia clingnhU"1 *
a Cat [ ).
s *n
CM y : Chfr Coco trir h{1 Hoa , con am can la chi!' Coo- "F'P'-- (vo) c6 mll'o-i net, vi
tren be? Hoa con c6 me}t net ngang f( . Phan v6i ch& Coo".. M{lc
) I. cay dau b11.u.
/
(31) .if. '11 *- Xa chfnh (chcfnh), xa sUo: DU"6i J.k, 'litJ-tr chfnh
cua mgt xa 16n gom dity du c6 ha chu-c VI} :
-Xa chfnh (chcfiJh): dU'ng dau, pbl} tT/lcb chung, eon g?i la xi fIual.
18
-
-- xl so. : giu- sb each, gily to-;
-XI til' .. ghip xii chanh (lam pho).
'j Gil ba cbu-c VI! trong bl} may do g9i 18 xl trU'ung. khai n1l:m xl trU'ung do-i
I.e kb8.c khai /I trU'ung dCri ro-'guylin chi chI chu-c VI! himh chinh dau 0- xi)
(32) "" 1ft Ha Trung phU : XU'a thu{lc Thanh Hoa (nay 1& duh Thanh HcSa)
(33) 1" it 1- Quan vien tv : DU'ai cM dl} phong kitiD, nhfrDg ngU'o-i co
quan tU'ac cao dU'g'C thU'ang quan ham bn it: .' noi theo bong) g(}i Ia lim sinh
i. ' COD con ngU'o-i co quaD tU'o-c thlp dU'g'c thU'ang ham quaD vien tii- (g9i
tlt la tu-).
(34) :i ('!ij ) Ta: (h.IC vitit thU'ong he) cham ellu v.bitiD net pbiy u ph.D
dU'6'i thanh Det ngang) : vitit chii' (chu y phin Tii vai 50,0 .. : 50,0 1& lam bal van:
con til Ia vilSt,vo-i nghia la vi!: nhfrng net thanh chfr).
III. DtCH NGHTA
BAI Ki BIA sA CHUA KIM CHUNG
Til' tren ,xu6ng dU'o-i. quan vien, hU'O'ng' lao ( va dan ) cac pap xi. NhiD Dy.c,
Kim 9gng, phii Khoai Chiu vai SU', sii, VfU cung (kluich) mU'Cri phU'O'ng,
bia da.
TbU'a rlng
gl ma bia dli ? [ 4r bia da ] Ia d8 ph6 bay dlu nch III
"
Nay, nban chua Kim Chung xa ta, dat nhom dU' khl, ty. chan hiob. Ben trai,
nui chAu bao vong ; ben phii, nu'ac dong cul}n song, trU'o-c bI,lc quy mo trlt! 10-n,
gU'O'm giao sang ngo-i ; sau dVa phong canh xom lang. lieu xanh, deo do. BiDh th' t,o
nen ml}t bllu xinh ; 19 dU'o-Dg thong sulSt mUOD d,m l",i qua. Cioh vlt thieng Ii-ng, xU'a
dl tro-i quang sao r",ng ; mua nam thay dM, nay tuyet phii may chf'.
Vi tM. quan vien, hU'O'ng lao cung SU', sai, vai xii ta, lp U liu ngay y mu6n cong du-c
ngllm kin bO cua lam phUc, eUoa Sang tU'g'ng Thanh, xiy thSm nha Mgt la di xong dii quy .
mo, hai Ia da vl/n tron cong du-t', lam cho trCri sang them, to ro linb giup d&; ,
vun dip nghia, mong nban. gifr cho lo-D dai Iiiu {cung vo-i} TrM trU'b-og
cn-u. Xin cllu chUc chUa lhanh'pMn vinh, b6n phU'O'ng phing toan xi yen vui
lam Ianh lt dU'g'c ve vang ; khOng c6 phUc du-c nao chAng bao ung': Cho nen lai tv
vao 4ay mii maio i
Kinh rAng:
Chua Chuang tbaDh to dl/p,
Cung ng(}c hn coi trln,
.
Hb :Ibm : non gam ;
cMu : nU'cYc rAe rigan.
19
et thicng, ngU'M tei gioi,
Triri quy, cO cay xuAn.
PhUc 1&0 muon thUa,
Cong 'do-c mai vo ngln.
Sira Sinh h9'i. lam chfnh cac Thanh, dU'Cmg, hanh
lang, chuang i.rtsbg, .hlli gian phoDg 88U, thien dai, dU'o-ng da, <:1u ngoai va tam quan.
HI} ten rihti'ng ngU'M cong do-c cY cac nO'i, c6 lam nhio, khai bay cY sau
diy.
Ke khai:
(nn) cac quan. vien c6 cong do-c tiro day tro- xu6ng :
Nguyen Vit;t S1 : 60 quan ;
Vi';t Nhieu ; t1]' Pbuc 9a, (cung) V9' (la) Phl}-m Tbi Hien : Dam quan.
Dauh Cao (cung) V9' (1e) Pbl}-m Thi Tre : nam quan.
v.v.
- Cong do-c etta eM vii ,xii nha
Phl}-m Vi(;t Tich, t\l' PhUc (cung) V9' (Ie) Bui Thi DI}-m : nam quan ;
Nguy6n Xuln t\l' Phuc' Nghiem, (e"Dg) vc, (Ie)Phl}-m Thi RU9ng : Dam quan ;
, ! . o
v.v
.. - Co cong dlrc :
Van Giao, fir Phuc Am, (cung) V9' (Ie) Nguy6n Thi Bam nguyen: bai
mll'O'i quan bai ;
Nguy6u Thi Cbeu (cung) con trai (Ie) Nguy6n Van Yem : mU'M hal quan hai
-- Coug do-c cua xii nha :
Thi Giai : hai quan ;
Ngu6n Thi NU'Qoc :. m{it quan ;
Phl}-m Thi Tim : eau
v.v
. Le :Van Di6n cY thOn Hoa t\l' 18 Phtic TfU'i'rng (cung) '-9' (Ia) Le lbi Lai (va)
\
I.e Tbi Dieu : htSn quan sau ;
. Cl Dba SU' tru (tm) trl chua Kim Chung xi nba (Ia) tV' Ie PhRp
(Cling) V9' la Pb"m' Thi DU', Clnh, khiH (long d\l'ng chua, lam cac sO- gac
chuong, gac tr6ng cUa cac.( vi> Thanh, cung dU'o-ng da, va tam quan; [v&i 1 cae COil la
Nguyen Tit;n Nguy6n Nghiem. Nguyen Thi Nilng.
M{it ngay Ilmh cu6i mua dong. tbang chl}-P nam Tan mao, nam thO- bay (nien
:" V1nh Thinh r.iia 16-n.
Xa challh : Die
Xi eu- : Ph,m Duy Coo.
Quan viPIl tii- Le Phu Hiru, (ngll'i'ri) xi Doan Vi,' HoAng H68, phu Ha Trung
yang (hfl'

).
\
sAl II
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23
I AM
PHO 9A SON LlNH riWNG (I).
Kim thU'9'ng hoang dt! vlJ.n vlJ.n tu 1
9IJ.i qu()c, Quang Nam xU- (2), Tinh Gia phu, Nggc Soon (3), Du Xuyen xi
PhlJ.m Van Nhin, tlf BlJ.o Minh thi!!n IU', ki{;n tich pha hiru khuyen
fu thu-e ct}ng phait gia tai, dyng tam cong du-c, trlmg tu khai sang thU'9'ng Jhb 9a 80'n
tan tlJ.o, h, Binh An t1f, nhi canh vien thanh (4).
CU'u cong (5) vAn t(t (6), tro [trti] tri (7) thieu hU'O'ng tv thainh (8), hOi hU'o-ng tam
bio (9), thU'9'ng bao tuan (lO) hlJ. tt! tam (11), ,sinh IlJ.c qulSc (12), Ph,t,
Hch vinh hru truyln. '-

- Nh,t Bin [BbnJ dinh (13) Brnh Tam lang (14), tlf 0 da (15), Thi Chu-c
Til' Quang, ti!!n cung him bio (16) ngo bach quan;
- Dao xi Thi Li, Vii TieD, cUDg ti!!n tam qUaD;
- Tin AD xi Trln Kim Bang, tv Thanh, Han Til' Lan [Lien] ; ,
- Tra Dong xi Hoang l Hnyr b] DlJ.i Du-e, t\1' Phtic [Phll'o-c] Tang, Le Thi C6ng Tir
Thu,n cling ti!!n ngo thlp quan ;
- An PMc [PhU'o-c] xi Phan Tbi XAy (17), Tlo'Tam, cung Dgan tam thfp l'!ng
r 1U'9'ng] (18) ;
- Tra Bang xi Van va, tlf D,!o Kien, Hoang Ba Lieu tlf Huf Dug ;
-- Ba Gian xi, Phtic [PhU'o-e] Tran (19) t\1' PMc [PhU'o-c] ChiDh [ChaDh], e,Dg
Thi Til' Thling, eung tu- th,p ngu qUaD ;
- Nhtt Ban dtnh T()ng' Ngu lang (20) tlf 91J.0 Chin [ChO'nj, cung nhilt bach
qUaD;
- Soon is DfDg Quang Hoa, t .... Nhu,o, e,ng Quang Bio [Biru] t\1'
Hai;
- Tra LQ xi Dug tlf Phtic [PhU'o-c] TU'<rng, til Tbi Xanb Til' VaD eang
tu- tb,p q uan ;
- PMc [PhU'o-c J Hai xi Trln Van NO- (21) t\1' Phtic [PhU'o-c J Thanh, cung thip ngo
quan;
- Cioh D1l'0'ng xi TraD Thi Bi, Til' Du-c, Trln Van GiaDg tlf Chfnh
[chanh] ;
- Tra Dong xii Hoang [Huynh) Ba Lvi, t'1 Phtic [Ph1l'o-c] Lam, Trln Thi Yeu Til'
Ly (22) cung tam th,p ngU quan ;
- Clim PM xii Trln Thi N(i (23), Til' Minh cung thi-p ngii quan ;
- 9,i Minh Quoc Kien (24) Cong, H,!nh cung-lten ngo qUaD
- Nam An xii Van Du-c, tv PMc [Ph1l'o-c] Trang, Tr10 Thi Sv Til' Life
cung tib nhi quan ;
< *
"
"\
_ Tri Vitxa Trinh Tlii Tir An cung til!n thip tam quan ;
-- B9ng (25) xi Bu-c Chinh rChanh],'" thi Canh(26)
Tir Nbln ;
_ H{li An sii Van tl}' Vien An, Thi Du-c Ditu (27)
cung nhi th,p 9uan ;
_ PMc Hli xii Trlln Thi Nt! (28), Ttr Min, cung tam, bio -tu-:h8ch quan-;
- B3 MU'ng xa (29) LU'oong Chulu h,r Hue Van ,Thu (?) it.r PMc
Thing (?) ;
- Nhtt Ban dinh Tuln Mon PO) til Vien Vilm, 6 Thi MU'f,Yn (31) TO- Chiu
cang tu- thip quan ;
- Tung Ban dinh (32) Van Bu-c, Thj ngin, tn- th,p
I,ng;
- H{li An xi Cbu [Chiu] Tbi Tan, Tir Thu-c, cllng tien tMt -quan-;
, - Nhit Ban dinh A Tri Tir (il3) til' VieD Thong, Ngo en Thi Chl1ng Tir Ngbia,
/ cung tien nhi th,p qllan ;
- Dan lDoon] Hli xii Trln Vi(;t Phti, Nguylin Thi Cong, cling ngin tn- th.p
- Clm PhO xi D08n Thi Clo, Tir Thai, cung th,p ngll quan ;
-- PMc Hai xii Hoang Nghia ThOng til Vien Dang, I Trltn Thi L{lc TO- Th\rc
cuog tien thfp Dgliquan ;
- PM phU'o-ng TrllD Van Khoa. h,r Tam, cung Dhi th.p quan ;
.--. Hii Chiu (34) xii Khle 'Minh, fhi Bi8u. eung tieu ngli- qUaD-;
- Tr. Dong xi Hoang Ba Tu' Tri, Hoang Thi Ni ThOug, -cung tien
thlt quau;
- Du Nha (?) :ai Ph,m VHH PM, Vii [Vol 'fbi A (3:") cung tieD trlp ]oiro] tam
quan;
.- PM Triem xa I.e Thi Ba, Ai, cuog tiln ngli quau ;
- Hii Cbiu xii Vii [Vol Coug Bicb, til Phuc ... (36), Thi Tir Dauh,
eUDg ci'ru quan;
_ .. PMc Hii xi I.e Thi .... (37). TO- Binh, eung tieD tMt quau;
Clm PhO xa Trio fhi Glng (38), Tir U, eUDg ngli quao;
--- Bin qutlc (3?) rra 6e True Bio (40), Xuyen ThvCfDg Gia Biuh (41).
Kien Bat Trc;r (42), cung dang ogli bach that th,p can ;
- Hii Chau xi Thi L8nh (43), Tir Que, cUDg th!t qUaD;
- Do Nha xi, Thi Bjeb (44), TO- Tam, cUOI nhi th,p tu- qUaD;
- Clm PhO xii Trlla NgQc L{)c til Trlln Thi H, Tir cung thq.p
quan ;
- MO Hoa xii Thi HaDg, hitu TO- Hao, cuug tien ngil quan;
- Mioh qu8c (45) Li [Lii"] Toog Ngo, cunr tieu ngli th,p qUaD, mM tam hao
(46) ;
25
I -'
An PMc (PhU'&c] xi Trb Van ThBm tt} PMc [PhU'&c) Quang, Ph,m Thi Huag
Til' Sang, that quan;
- Ban dinh Ph,m Thi NU'&c (47) Til' Thanh, quan;
- HOi An xi Thi &c (48), cung ti!!n quan, mii tam
bao;
- Ban xi Binh An tt}' PMc [PhU'&c) LU'oong, I.e Th! GMp (49) Til' Y,cung
tMt qUaD;
Bat Nbi xi Vii [Yo J Thi hip,u Tit (SO), CUDg quan ;
- 9,i Minh qutic DU'oong [Sl], Ngo 0 (S2), Cong, cung ngii quan mai.
(S3) ;
- Nhtt Bin dinb Thi Phti, Til' Nhan, aMt bach t\lo quaD cung
tam hao ;
- Tri Duog (Dong] xii U Van TU'O'Dg [TU'&ng], tt}' cnng ohi
quaD;
__ 4 Ban dinh Thilt Lang Binh (54), Thi Ny DifU Thai, cung nh!
nUt quan;
- Ban dinh H& Ki Thai (SS), t\f Ki (56), eung ngin tn- Dhi thtp DgU I\,Dg;
--. Ban diDh Binh Til. MOD (57), the NguyAD Thi NiY Die-u Quang, cung
nlu quan ;
tht" Canh thin nUm (58), trc;mg dong cat [kit}t] nhit, t\f 9,0 Minh
'U' (51), b'i ki
II. CHU GIAI
(1) ... ft J4 PM Oil sun : mii Phb 9a, nay 1& ntii Ngii Hanh (0- 9a Ning) ma
dan gian thU'(rng ggi la mii Non NU'o-c. Ten Ngu Hanh mo-i co tir tM Itt XIX ( Trieu
chii' tnl'O-C d6, nui Day g?i 18 98 troDg gi&i giao Tam Thai trong
gi&i van hQc.
Phil D. 1. til' tieDg ph,n Potala Potalaka ma ra. D,ng phieD am etlly du 1.
m-da.l,c-gia 1iI ft Bb-dat.llJc-gia 1iI . Potala (nghia den Iii. hoa
trlog nhO) 1& dia danh chi mQt uooi 1. cira tU'ooug I. que cua Thich Ca, va
m9t'Dooi 1& .Dl.ii lIrO'ng truyen 1a flUS cua Quan Am. theo kinh Hoa nghiem, mdat-
l,c-gia 1. nooi m. Til.i dong tir -I- at :t .:r (ttrc tU'Q'ng dli'ng ben trai tU'9'Dg QuaD
Am)roD8 cac chua) nghe QuaD Am giaDg d,o.
& Dinh HAi tiph Giang (Trung QuiSc) cung c6 m(lt hon mii dlo g\li 18
soon; do 1. m(lt trung tam leYD thO- Quan Am, m. pban l&n DgU'ui hilDh hU'oong
lil dan di chU'a ro dia dauh otii 9a cua Nam c6 lien quan gi ve Y Dghia
va lich rio v&i dis danh 9. IO'n ctta Trung QU()C khong. Chi tronl!: mQt bli'c traDh
cUQn (MakimoDo) eiia gia (Unh nb'nh Nakajima (Trung Dao) cat hI} Chaya (Tra 6c) cY
Ban trU'&c kia .co ngU'b'i eti tirng buon ban cY H(li An Iti co ve phong c&uh eli' a
Toron (9a Ning) v&i mgt cym nui da, hen c,nh co eM mly chii' C 9,t Ma tQ& thien
(,
t
f
Ltd
nham il 1k "'" !l (Daruma zazen i wa). Va culSn Kf cna ngU'M
khat: ten IS. Tokubei (9u-c Binh fff cling 0- ki XVII, khi noi dtlo Toroo,
c6 ghi: Til' d(thliy Dl1i cao : do 18 nai .inh cila .Ma).
Ma n6i dly <tii 0- titlng 18 Bodhidharma, Trung QU()C am .:tlt. il
(c6 khi viet Ii ' Jf ) lil Giac Phap PbBp 18 ph8p daDh cua mOt vi
cao tang An 9Q, coo trai cua m{)t ong vua OU'UC Thien 1:., khoang' dau tM ky
thli- VI, eang Trung Quoc truyeo va cUt a d6, BaU dU'vc suy ton la t{)n' dau tien cua phai
Tong Dong. 90 la Quan TM Am tat 1:t -t .$ at ma din gian phU'ang Dong
gl}i tAt la QuaD Am va blnh dung thanh m9t ogU'<ri dim b. tren -tOa sen. Sft di vi
truyen thuytlt rang kiep truuc hoang tir la mgt nang cong chUa bi vua chn sai dU'a di
dim nU'o-c. nhU'ng dU'l}'c cu-u tren toa sen dU'a dao Pb{) 9a. Vi vb ba Quan
Am tro- tbimh vi phUc thaD cu-u ml}i khl> dau' cua, chung sinh, la che cbft cho nhil'ng
DgU'o-i di
Chic bAn vi tM ma ntH Non NU'<yc tra thanb trung tam thO- QuaD Am co vi tri
qutSc ttl hOi thtl kI XVII va do 416 co 1. nui Phb Da.
(2) Jl IJ Jt Quang Nam xv : teD cbir Clla VUDg dlit thu9c quyen cai trl cun
, chUa Nguyen trong hai tM ki XVU-XVIIl rna dan lian gl}i 1a 9U'o-ng Trong (va :,ngtro-i'
chau Au gl}i la Cochinchine, am tbeo dia danh cua ngtro-i 1. Coo-chin-8ina,
tu-c Giao chi chi na Ill:. t.. ) .
(3) ..i. It. Ng(Jc Scm : nay 1a nnh Gia &, Hnh Thanh H6a
(chir la tlit clla chii' I.r , chu- kbOng phiii chii' gia Iii cay ca)
(4) 111 FA. Vien thanh : bom thinh
(5) CIJ'U cong : hvp tbv.
(6) .:;; ... Van tat : I. xong (til' Van ft day co nghia nhU' Vi
O.lU cong van tat: t,p hl}'p thl! la xong (y n6i lam nbanb chong); tb&nb ngii' nay
tbtrCrng dU'Vc dung trong loq,i van ban bia cac cong trinh truc nhtr: dlnh, cbua.
(7) ii- Tru ( tru ) : ngil' nhll Ph,t, ngbia glSe la : yen 8ong'vui =do{d8
giii' d,o chlnh (an tru tr thIS, bao tTl chinh phap 1 * 1:t 'fl .ft .if.. *).
Til'do, dU'vc dllnl cbi chu-e vi oh. 8U' du-ng dlu trong m{lt ngoi chua ( cTru, la am cb).
(8) (l:) Thanh (b{l Nhi }{ ; chU y : b{) C, dtro-i la chir Nham ...t:-.
tl}C tbtrang ,vit;t tbanh vtrang .!.) ngtrb-i trau c1u-c clEn ket qua t{it cung ;
<r day, co ngbia nhtl'
(9) f (3r ) Tam bao : ngir nba chi ba cai quy nhlt d6i vui
ngU'o-i tu hanb :
-- Phtt ngtrM giae ellO,
- Pbap >k d,o ll, giao 11 cua
-- Tang 1t ong Itr, ngU'iTi tu Qung .theo giao Ii cua
27
..
Nghia din' giaD cua Nam co y tbDg hl}'p : chua: ram hio (ru{jDg chua), Tam
bao cua chua).
(10) V9 .tt T cr an :, ngii' nha co hai Dghia :
,a T.r aD bao : O'n cha mit, O'n chUDg sinh, O'n vua, O'D chua;
b- Tu- an bao : O'n cha nit" 0'0 thliy va treo, d\o vua, O'n ngU'o-i!lam phuc.
Hai dinh nghia treo tuy co oillm kh4c nhau, song ooi chung, ohau tren hai
coo bin : m9
t
la, <tli' io, chi chung Dhii'Dg 0'0 do phii dap cua ml}i ngU'Oi treD tM gieu ;
hai la chi rieng O'n clin phii oap cua cae vi 8U'.

(ll) .IE. It- (st> Tam cia: thu,t ngii' nha Ph,t, coo g(}i la .;. JA it Tam ae
chi b. coo dU'o-og a Bia ngl}c ma ngU'o-i co !Iii sau khi<cMt phai oi qua lira
(boa co lira ng;m dot; dU'o-ng mau (huye. co tM dii'don aD thit; OU'O-Dg dao (
do) ({uy dii'va dao gU'O'm ham h,i.
el/'e quae hay el/'e I,c the gia-; : thuit Dgii' oha, Phit, chi xU-
flo-cua Ph,t Adjda FilT ii ft (Amitabha: ph,o nghia la Phit co tff 6c sang 81l0t
khoDg lU'o-ng clU'l}'c ), nO'i Ii tU'o-ng-Thieo oU'o-ng cua d,o Phit-a oay ml}i ogU'oi co sinh,
nhlrng khong c6 chi hU'o-ng 8uog 8U'ang.
(13) .. < "'i ) Dinh (Doanh) : oha a cua quan : ( dioh oug oghe'. CbU y: trong
hia oay, oha a ciia nhii'ng ngU'o-i ng\l t,i H{)i An Mc b'y gill' dCtu -gl}i ' la (dinh);
chi tiet do chu-ng to rling, hI] t\r coi va 01l"I}'C coi la quan : thit thua (Y. cac chUa Nguy6n
giao cho ngU'ai qUaD Ii ogo,i thU'O'ng 0- cing H{li Ao.
(14) .if- .;. lit Blnh tam lang: pbico am la tiDh cua Nhft la Hcizaburo CHe.gia.
hu.roo)
(15) Chfio du-ng trU'ac chii' Da bi dl}C, COD vai net 10- mo- gi(Sng chii' Tir
(16) Chli Y. : a ch6 nay, oung theo cu phap til!ng Han, phai ooi : (Cung tam bio'
cung chua).
(11) Ail : chii' Hin am 1. Tha (mai, diia Dg. voi). tbM co 18 chii' Nom, am
la Xay ; a oay co Ie la chii' Nom.
(18) Theo quy oio
h
oM Le Canh HU'Dg ( 1740 - 1776) thi mlii l!plg b,c blDg m1l"0-i
can, ma mM can b,c gia hai (hai m,ch ) ; v,y mt}t l,ng bl}-c bAng :
,2 x 10 = 20 = 2 quaD cb
(19) tU'l}'ng DaYI ch.rng to rlog nieD d,i ghi cY hi. nay I. nam Caob tbiD 1640,
ch.r khOng phai Canh thin 1700, vi tir 1687 oeo 1691, chUa BU'o-ng Troog teo la Nguyen
Phtic Tran, dan nMt oinh phai kicng ten bUy cua chUa (tuy teo chUa la chii' Trao bf Thuy
i", ahU'ng dong am \rai cbir Tran hI) Chi lr tren )
(20) P... T (Jng NgiJ Lang : Trong hia kMc chii' long nili'M Nhtt
khong co ten hI] 06, ma chi:co Tong 'if. (Xoo). thi phifn am la tinh cua
la S6goro (Xoo..-go-rM). Phai chan, d6 1& em coo cua Araki Sotaro (Ara- ki XoMa-r60)
t :k.. lit (Hoang mgc Tong thai lang), ngU'Cri da tirng clen bu60 ban a H9
i
, An,
2U
l1y vCf Nam, , 4U'l]'c cbua baD quoo Hnh Va 88U vI! cMt nam 1636? Nba
,eir hC}C Nbq,t Ban Matsumoto Nobuhiro *" 'ft Ji gii rAng T6ng Ngu lang trong
bia Day co la To; Ngii. La Ai.. p- g cua CbuT huln-TbUy trong An Nam cung Jich
Ic'i'Sl,r --k IJ 1* .ft , .
(21) .t- NO-
(22) ". LI : d,ng -dan giaD cua chir Iy ...: 1. .
(23) (?) Np: co th8 la cbfr Nom, am la.Nua. c6 I. chfr Tam M. (cay blc)
vi net kbOng ro Ihn. i .
(24) kbOng ro net, co 18 chfr kien ( )
(25) i.Jf i,f- Gieng Bpng : chir Nom (clafr e(m co th:l viet IS.lft ) ; "ia danh
nay nay con tt' 0- thanh phO Da Ning.
(26) Sanh.-: chfr Nom.
(27) ij' : (bl) Huyen ) :' nhtl' chfr b9 Nfr .. ;-
(28) N" : chfr Nom: 'vUlt Iii
.....
(29) an Minh: am dia phU'O'"ug la MU-Dg M1rDg). Co Ie Mu-ng la am HaD cb
(vi the da mU'vn dtl phien am HI' Mil'ng cua a)J iSJ1) .
(30):- it:': " Juan Man : phien am la tinh cua Nhq,t Iii Shun-mon (Sung-mong).
_ l. : ch'ir 'Nom. Co vilt Ia ;jf.
(32) .1ft $. oW- T ban [bbn] Jinh : ChUng tOl doan rAng nha Day co la cua
gin dinh mgt kieu du khong .co hai chfr (Nhq.t Biim, dlrng tru-uc Dhu- cac tru-iYng
hVp khac, vi hai li do : -ml)t la, trong van hia l,1ay, chI co Dhfrng nha kieu :mo-i g?l
Ia Dinh, ; I
-- Hai la, (Tung bin' la ten (dung ra Ia ten h?) cAa m9t a H9i An hie bly
gi{r. (Co dieu Is dang Ie viEt chir Tung la cay tung. a (tay ra chfr Tung .1ft la
theo). :f.. phien am la tiDh cua la ( Ma-txu-.motoJ. M9
ngU'o-i cua oay la Sbichirobee Hideyoshi (Si-chi-rM.bM Hi-de-yo-si) If
* ( That lang binh Vinh cat ) rna thU'cyng dit;m a Hgi An Dam 1631 lly vv
co eon' va 0- luoo di!n ehet (1672), (vi tir 1636 co eua phu elm ngU'<ri ra
t1U'{YC ngoai va dim ngU"iYi da ra tro- vtl nU'o-c). Hideyoshi c6 dVDg m9t ngoi chua 0- H{li An vs
teu la Tung bin tv $. 1" . Cbinh ten chua da gii cho chung toi giii thuyet tren.
Duy co m{)t' vln de con lam cho chung toi han khoan la: a dotn du-o-i elia bia nay
1,i co tCD m9
t
ngtr<ri Nhq.t 18 Shichiroooe ( Thlt lang biDb If ) .
fJ tren chi ghi h? khOng eo ten ; 0- dU'ui chi ghi teD, kb60g e6 hI}. Vty dly Is hai
cu. mgt :ngU"<ri ten cua hai Dhau ?
Chuog toi nghi rlng, diy 18 hai DgtriYi trung ten, ohU'ng co Ie kh8e h9 VI :
- I. mt)t ngU'<ri thi t,i 880 phil ghi ten hai lin a hai mri trong hia '!
2')
I -
.- Ten c6a hai b8 (chic 18 \'Q') fr hai oui kh8.c nhau: treD 18 Nguylo Tbj Sil!u, dU'ui 1.
Thi N\l. J
(33) M" ..,. A tfi tv : philn am la tinh Clla Nh"t 18 Achiko (A-chi-co).
(34) * Jtl Hli eMu: dia danh nay nay con t,i 0- thanh pM sa Nlng.
(35) 4i : a) am Han : A : t5 trong ten phy nii' (Ana 4f ) J ten h}
Trung Qu5c thai xU'a.
b) am Nom: A, ga (ga so- Khanh). g8 (gi cMng). ga (ga b,c), gf (g, gim)
(36) Chii' khong - ro net
(37) Chii' khong ro mSt.
(38) Chii' khOng ro net lAm ; c6 18 chii' GAng Jt .
(39) eM y : 0- day. I,i ghi cNh*t Bln quac' ( a .... ) , ehUo khong ghi fNhf.t
Ban clinh' ( a -t ) nhU' cac trU'irng hQ'p khac. Chi tiet nay chu-ng to nhfrn, ngu-iri
c6 ten sau 46 la nhii'ng ngU'iri tir nui khac HOi An (di nhicn bing thuyl!n) buOn
han hang ng\l !fi Hi}i An khOng cO cdioh.
(40) Ii +t (M,) Tra 6c Truc ciao: phien am la tinh cua 18 Chaya
Takcshima (Cha.ya Ta-ke.si-ma). PhiU chang aay la mi}(nbanh cua hg Chaya gtSc (con nhanh
kbac' 18 Chaya Naki jhna Tra 6c Trung' aaG .&- &. .It, u Nagoya it. &. (Danh
h{1 oc) con giu' nhieu tU' quy c6 lien quan Nam) ?
(41) "I J::. fJtt ;fr.. f4f Xuyen thU'(1ng gia binh : phien 1m la tinh ela Nh"t 18
Kawa Kami Kaheiei (Kha-o
a
Kha-mi Ca-be-e)
(42) Jt JtI.I (Sien Y kien tr(1 ; phien Am la tiob cua
Nh"t 18 Asami .Yaauke (A-xa-mi Ya.xU'-ke).
(43) J$. : a) am Han Linh : ten mgt vai lo,i th\rc v"t dung 18m thutSc nhU'
phyc linh .fJl , linh nhi ;$.. Jf .
h) am N&m : Unh, Unh.
(44) Chii' khOng ro nct ; co khi nang 18 chii' Sich.
(45):Ltlc nay (1640), Man lhanh aa bau btlt lanh cua Trung QutSc va
nha Minh alp vong, chi con rai rac vai vimg nho lYPhUc Quang Tay, Van
Nam thOi, tM ma ngU'm Trung Hoa van c.r giii' thai kieu hanh cn. dan nU'cTc l6-n !
(46) t ,;:. f Mai tam bao : cung chua (thanh ngii' thlraOg dung troDg VaD bi.
Nam).
(47) ,11 : a) 1m Han : NhU't1c : aia danh 0- TruDg Qu5c (NhU'Q'c Khe .1 l&).
CM Y : khOng phili chii' NhU'Q'c troDg NhU'(1c thuy If (NhU'Q'c: kem) ma tir d6 ta
c6 th8nh ngfr Non mruc NhU'9'c (cinb tien).
:w
h) am Nom: NU'uc : nU'o-c ulSng. lOng DU'cYC.
(48) Co III chii' if4f ; va ciing c6 1. chfr lYe
(49) Chii' khong ro net. Co the la :
.
;'
\
,
",
III) c6 cic Us : cap, Cip. C/WJ. '"
- bote: cbii' :(. (Nom) Am IS. qp (nbtr l.. )
- - e:hii' :It. am lit Ban (Han) hOfc Van (Nom)
- hOfC chii' Chr(Han).
(SO) til KhlJn: long thanh. Cung co 1. chiT Min i!Vl viet gian 18 ii*l (thU'O'ng xot).
(51) * DU'ung Cbfr khOng ro net.
(52) M{lt chit hi
(53) Nhii'ng chii' sau hi dvc : co IS. .JE.. rf (Tam bio).
(54) ..\: TMt lang binh : phien am la tinh cua lil Shiehirobee
Xcm thti giiii 32 a tren day.
(55) f.tr -t (?) HiJ ky (eu) thai (?) : phien am la Hoh cua Nh+t la Akiu
hOfc Kakiu. (chii' Th:ii '*- khOng ro net. phOng doan nhU'
(56) -16 Kf eo : pbien am la tinh ella Nh,t 18 Kiko (Ki-co)
(57) .if" .:t If ". Blnh lei man: phien am la tinh dla 18 Heizaemon (He-
gia-e-mong).
(58), {y day, kh6ng g'hi nien vua nao. chi ten 11am theo can chi IS. (Cauh
thin'. Nhtrng. nhU' di u6i (lr chti gili s6 uam Canh thin nay ehl c6 lil 1640. Ngoai
ra, con mc)t 11 do cO' han l& til' nhirng nam cu6i l1Ii. tM ki XVJI, ogU'ai !'Ih,t kbODg con
ct,t thU'O'Dg lr HI)i An nira.
(59) D'l-o Minh thien Slr tu-c lit vi tru tri van Nhan noi a diln bili van bia nay.
II. OICH NGHT /It.
0 NtU PHO &A (I)
[su-c] Hoang nay muon muon dm !
Ph,m Van Nbau [NhO'nJ, t\f {Ia] BU' 9,0 Minh, [ngtriri] xii Du Xuyen,
Ng9c Sun, phu Tioh [Tinhj Cia, tru t,iJ xU- Quang Nam DU'IYC S,i
Nghi thly dllu cua Ph,t (2) qua 8yp mit. khuyen' mo-i nhfrng ngtrlri chung
be) cua I1h8, Mt loog J 8tra chii'a va d\l'og m&i, tren Is [d9ngJ l1ui 90. m&i
xay. dtr&i 1& chita Binh An (3) [lam
Hai clnh de. hoan dumh. r San khi J gQi thQ' [xay d\l'og] xong xu6i ohanh chOng, [nha 8U']
0- l,i r d6t htrO'ug cling hU'&ng tam bio [d6i v&i] tren thi
Mn 0'11 r phii tra], [d6i v&i] dU'6i thi Vlyt ba ctU'ung ae I, cung 85ng lr nU'&c
C\fC l,c.
Diu vflt cua Phtt lU'u truY'lI nisi mli.
(1) eM y : Bang phiii n6i theo tn- phap lieng Han Iii : cPhli Dil linh san trung ph"t. hote
80'n trwng linh _"
(2) Tn-c chull va cu.
fl) Sall illli tan Ii. chua NhAn Binh.
\
31
- BiBh tam la8, t.tt 14 G da [dtDl] NgajL Thj (I.] Ttr
Qulng, [0-] dlnh Ban [Nh"t Bbo] cling t dy d"DI] chua Dam quaD;
- Thi Ly, [laJ Vii TieD [lrJ xi &eo W Cling ba mU'O'i (Iuan :
- Trln Kim Bang, t\1'[laJ Thanh [cilDgrNguyen Thi H4n, [Ia] Tir Un [Lien],
[0-1 xii Tan An.
- Hoang 9,i 9u-c, t\1' [Ia J PhUc IPhU'cTc] Tang [ cung] I.e Thi Coag [I. J Tir Thu,n
[ 0-] xi Tra Dong, cung Dam m11'O'i quan ;
-- Phan Thi X4y, [1e J Tir Tam, (0-J xii AD PhUc [Ph11'cTC] cling hai m11'O'i
lI11'g'ug J, .
- Nguyen Van Vo, tl}" [la] 9,0 Ki6n, (val Hoang [Huynh] Ba Lieu, h,r [Is] Daog,
[0-] xii Tra Dong;
- Nguyen Phlic [PhU'cTC] Tran, t" [la] PhUc [Ph11'o-c] Chloh [CMuh], [cilllgJ D,ng Tbi
Lieu, [la J Tir ThAnl, [0-] xii Ba Gian, cting h6n mu-O'i Jam quan ;
-- T6ng ngil lang (Xoo.go-roo], tl}' [IaJ Chan [ChO'nj, [o-J dinh BAn, cuog
ml)t tram quan ;
- D.ng Quang Hoa [Hup" Ba] ttr [Ia 1 D,o [Nhulln] [v. J Quang Blo [Bu-li] t\1'
[la] Hli, [0-] xii Diem ]50'n ;
- Nguyen:Dang tl,1' [Ia] PhUc [PhU'&c] t11'o-ng [cung] Le Thi Xanh [1a J Tir Van, 0-
xi Tra L{i, cling bOn mU'O'i quan ;
- Trln Van NO., tl, [1.J PhUc [PhU'cTC] thanh lr xi Phuc [Ph11'o-c] Hif, mtriri
lam quan ;
- Trln Thi 81, [Ia] Tir Du-e [va] Trlln Van Giang [1 a] Cbinh [Chmh]
lr xi Canh D11'O'ng ;
- Hoang [HuYnh] Ba Lg-i, hr [la] Phuc [Ph11'cTc] Urn [ding] TrlnThi Yen [Ia] .
Tir Li, 0- xi 'fra. Dong, cling til!n ha mU'O'i lalO quan;
- Trln Thi NI) [Ia] Tir Minh, [0-1 xi Chm PM, cling m11'o-i lIim quan ;
- KUm Cong b,1' Iia I 9,0 ti'r] nl1'&c 91(li Minh, cung lO11'o-i lam quan ;
- Van Du-c tv [lit. J PhUo [Phtr6-c] Trang [eimg j Tran, Thi S\1' lla J 'fir L"e, (jo xii
Naw Au. cling tien hai mll'O'i 'luau ;
- Trinh Thi [Ia./ Tir An [Yen], [i'r] xii Tri DU'O'ng[?J cung mll'o-i ba
quan;
- Nguyen Dire Chinh [ChiDh], t" [la] An, [cung] Thi Ganh [la] Tir
Nhin [ iT J xi G ieng B911g; .
-- Van Trieu [Trieu]. tl,1' [laJ Vien An. [cungJ Thi Du-e [Ia] Ditu
Ng?c, [0-] xi H(ti An, cling hai mU'O'i quan ; .
- Trlln Thi N\I, Ia Ta Miin, [0-J xi PhU'IYC Hii, cung chua bfSn tram quan ;
-- L11'O'ng Chuln ,t\1' [la] Quang [ve] PhfDl VilG"CThu, tl}' [la] PhUc L Ph11'o-c] -
Thlug (?);[o.] xi na Mtrng ; .
_ Tulu Mon [Sung-Moogj, tl}' lie] Vjell VieD [cung] 96 Thi MU'crn [la] Tir Chau
32
I
I
...J
to.] moh Nh,t Bin, cUDg tit!n MD mU'O'i ;
--' Van Du-c [va] ThiDi!!u [00 )'diDh Tung [Tong] Bin
cung h,c neD mU'Ui 1I1-ng [hrQ'Dg] ;
- Chiu [Chu] Thi Tin, [Ia] Tir Thu-c, [0-] xi Hgi An, cling bay quan ;
- A tri tt'r [A-chi-co J tt}' [la J Vien ThODg [cung] Ngo Thi Chung la Tir Nghia, [eY]
dinh Nhf.t Ban, cung hai mtrO'i quan ;
Trln Phu [ciuig] Thi Cong [0-] xi Dan [90'D] Hii, eung htc . nen mtrOi
I,ng ;
- Doan Thi Clo, Tir Thai [0-] xi Clm PhO CUDg mtroi lam quaD;
- Hoang Ngbia ThOng, tt}' [Ia] VieD. SaDg [cung] Trio Thi L9C [la] Tir ThVc[ 0-]
xi PhIlc [Phtr6-c] Hii, cung mtrCri lam quan ;
- Trln VaD Khoa, tt}' [laJ D,o Tim [uJ phU'o-ngPhu cung ti!!n hai mU'O'i
quan ;
- Khlc Minh [cung] Ph,m Thi [0-] xi Hii Chiu, cUng ti!!n nam quan;
- Hoang [Huynh] Ba Tu';, tt}' la Tri (va] Hoang [Huynh] Thi Ni [Ia] Tir TMng,
[ 0-] xi Tra Dong, cung biy quan;
- Ph,m PM [cung] Vii [Va] Tbi A. li xi Du Nha cung hai mU'Cri La
quan ;
- U Tbi Sa, [la] Tir Ai, [0-] xi PM Triem, cung mU'o-i lam quan ;
- Vii [Vol Cong Bich, tt}' [la] PMc [PhU'&c] 0 cimg Thi Mi [Ia]
Tir Danh lo-] xi Hli Chiu cung chin quan ;
- U Thj 0 [laJ TtrDjnh, [0-] xi PMc [Phtr6-c J Bii, biy
quao ;
- Trln Thi Clog, Is Tir lA, [0-] xi Clm .PM, cung mU'o-i lam quan ;
. - Tra 6c True eUo [Chaya Takeeima], X\lyen thU'C}'ng gia binh [Kha-oa Kha-mi
ca-Moe] [va] Bat trC}' [A-xa-mi Ya-xU' [00] nU'o-c Bin [Nhf,t
c.ung nam tram bay mU'O'i can; ,
- Nguyin Thi [Ia] Tit' [0-] xi Hii Chau, cung .biy!quan ; .
- Thi Sich, [Ia] Tir Tim, [0-] xi Do Nha, cung tib btSn quan ;
- Trlln Ng(}c L9c tt}' [la] Quang Trln Thi .[0.] xiClm .
Pha, cung mtrCri quan ;
- [lB.J Tir Hao, [00] xi M{>:Hoa,. ming nam quan ;
- La [tfr J Tong Nso, [0-J DU'o-C D,i Minh, cung chua mtrO'i quan ;
- Trlln Van Tham, tt}' [la J Phuc [Phlt'cYc J Quang [cimg] Ph,m Tbi Hung [18 J Tir
Sang, 00 xi An [Yen] Phuc [Phtr6-c], cuug bay quan ;
-.: thi Ntr6-c, [laHTir Thanh, [<r] dinh quan;
- Th! [la] Tir [0-] xi H9i 'An, ming quan (cung
chua) ; -" .
- Binh An, t\1' .[18 J;Phuc:[Phtro-c] LU'O'\?gl cungJ i.e; 'fhi Gbep (?) Tir Y, [00]
33
xi Bln, cung Iy quan ;
- Vii [Vol Thi [Ia] Tir KMn [0-] d Blt Nhiming mirfTi quan ;
, --. DU'O'ng Ngo 0 Cong (0-] n.rue Minh, cung Dam mlrO'i quan (cung ... )
- Thi [IaLTir Nhan, r 0-] dinh Bin. tram Mn mll'O'i
quan cung chua ;
--- le Van TIl'O'ng l Tll'6ngj. tv [Ia 1 B{) lo-] xi 'fri Dung, rung mlriri ba quan ;
- TMt laug binh lSi-chi roo-he-oj, [cimg] Thi N\l [1al Thai, [0-1
dinh Nh,t Ban. eung hai mll'O'i m6t quan ;
-.- Ha Ky Thai [A-ki-u, Ca-ki-u) t\r In)Ky Co [0-] dinh Ban ,cUng nen
mll'iri lam ll!-ng ;
- Binh ta m&n [He-gia-e-mong] [cung] Vcf [Ia] Nguylln Thi NO- [Ia] QUlll1g,
eung mll'iri lamquan. '
Mgt ngay lanh giir. nam,Canh thin, t\r [la J 811' Minh cdVng
bia ghi .
CHU(JNG Il
THAN TfCH
I. &INH NGHT A V A t NGHTA
1- (y xi h{li Nam thai xU'a. m6i lang deu c6 thO- m{lt yi thitn ehinh ;, dinh
thitn, ehe, cho- cho dan lang all'Cfc binh yen. Vi thitn d6 c6 khi la m(lt thitn dlt ehung chung,
triru tll'Cfng, nhll'ng thU'o-ng Ia vi thin c6 ten tuM, tU'UC \'j ro rang. va do d6 c6 B\r
tich ching nhii'ng dll'CfC truyen ma con d U'cfC ghi cbep va giii' gin nhU' cua bau thicng
lieng cua ca lang.
i-- S\r tich thin dll'CfC ghi ch6p d6 g9i Iii Thin Heh '" it. (A,! tich cua thin) ho.c
Thin phi. "'"if ho.c Thlln h,lc ""'.
(Phi hay Ll.1C deu c6 nghia la ghi ebep). Va frong frU'o-rg hCfP vi thin xult tUn tir gia,
dinh nha vua. ngll'o-i ia g?i thln Hch d61a Ngt;lc phi .i. 'it
II. CAC THAN TicH
A. n6i Jung co thIn Hcb
1. Thin than trui (thien thin) ; tr<ri la nhirng vi tbiln v6n kh6ng phli la
. nhitng nhAn lich Bir. nhirng con ngll'Cri c6 thtt, m.c du c6 khi thuyllt t,o h9
thanh nhii'ng con ngll'o-i c6 thtt (0- dAy. khai tro-j d6i l;p v6i ngll'<ri. chii' kh6ng phil
do')i v6i cUt).
2. Thin Hch thin ngtrui (nhAn tbln): con thila Iii nhirng COil I"gU'iri co
thft. nhirng nhAn vtt Ijch .,'jo, kbi con 86ng 06 vM dan. vo-i mro-I'. nPn AOIl khl cbt:t.
dllq'C thir lam thin.
B. xet Sjt "fnlt ,1i6e. elliS tA tIlA uu lam ui loti :
t Tliintfcb c/o trieu viet ,. be. xu6ng cho lang co thin. Hilu hl!t lo,i Day
. do Npy&1 Sinb. Him lam vif;n Bong cac a,i hge "Ii, so,!-n nam diu diri Hong Phue, tu-c nam
. lS72dlri U. Anh Tong (Duy va, san d6, nam thir hai Vinh tIre nam 1735 dUi
t {Dtiy Thin}. HIl!n lam (luan giam haeh thitn tri eho .ao
2. lban ffeh c/o nhan dan viet : Ngoai 10,i thin tieh n6i trt-n, cal' thln Hch khaG deu
do nhb din dia phtrung khi c6 ten tae gil, nhU'Dg cling eo khi khOng co ten
'" (c6le ttU'o-og hg'p tac gil 18 m{)t ngirm dan thiroog, khong e6 h9C ham, !J uan ttr&e) .
. Thaung thU'irng, nay, nhirng hiln tich co ten tac gil vit=t vao
kholng gin-a (Minh Btl-c). V. nh(rng hln khon{! ten tBc giA, bao
uy tin cua than lang, thlrlfng DlU'g'n ten Binh va Nguy/;n Hien ghi 0- trU'CTC
dong chn- cutSi cilDg : /ilao y c\ru blnl! (Vang 880 Il!i dung nhtr ball eli) va noi la eMp
l,i ;, Hung (?).
III ClIA THAN TICH
A. Vii I!Pi c/ung : Oil la thu{lc ve nao, thlln tich, noi' chullg, eo, it ho,c nhHlu,
nhitng dillm vI> nOi dung nblr sau :
1. Tlnh chat Ii ki eua huyen thoil; th8 (y cae
a) TrlJ'anq hvp ra c1iYi cua than:
Thitn la eon triri sai xuiin)!; (tlden tien nir) Is ngU'fri OIia vua nU'tYc cho len
(tiT tru-ng ran nO- ra, con ciia thuong luong ... ) 90i val nhitng than ngu'iri, khi ra diri thi haq
,quang .Ing fl.re, III it i t bUill mi-c buong v. y.
II) TrlJ'ang hvp hoa : ilian Ii. Con triri thi khi cht:t tro- triri, neu thllnla COD
eua nU'ac thi khi chet tro- ve mro-c. Nhfrng thlln ngtrOi khi chet cling khac
(') KhB nang lei : Nhfrng thIn trOi c6 tiai thlln thOng hi':n hila (11 danh, nhfrng
thlln ngtriri khi chet cling flit Hnh u-ng. Va thin ngu'iri cling nbU' thlln triri, deu dem tai
nang ciia miuh giup diri, elfU dan.
2. Xu hlJ'ung bien huyen thanh sv thQt lich sv bang deh chfnh xac bOa cae
IV /cifn: .[It;han v,t ph8i co hg, co ten, c6 unh, ngay chet ; nui eMn xiiy ra cac SIr
CUDJ! la 'ahfrng dia nftlt dinh cua lli9t dia phtruug, co dia danh ro rimg.
3. Xu hU'ung c/qi hoa lich sv : Trong thll.n tich, xii h9i va con ngU'iri thM x;a xtra
cua lich sir khong khac gi x;ft h{li va ngll'iri eua thiri ngU'iri dang k71 : lr thiYi vua
Hung thtr XVUI rna dii co thuyen huon xu&i ngU'g'c song Hong. ngon I1f,rfr \a tam Ii elia
vua Hung va ct:a Tien Dung gitlng ug&n ngfr va tam Ii cua lllc]t ong vua va cua m{lt bs
eong chua thtri Ii!.
B. H,nh th,;.c trlnh bay: Thlin tich dU'g'c trinh hay dtrai ohieu :
1. Viet tren giay ban 1a Db't. Va trong nay, co pUn
bai 10,i :
a) LOft thlln ttch thl.Te do triltu 'inb vil!t va han xu(Sng (cua Binh va
dU'g'c tren gilly gi6 mon,: khr, 20 x 22 em mau x&m cO' chit rlt be, obO va
nh11' 89'i t6e (tu(jng UbI!' ,iet hAnl! thJ.io roui uh9D Ctrug) va b cu6i co d6ng d5u
II.
It) tlo nhan (lar. th1 dlrQ'c tren gily han va hUt 16nR 111.11' van
35
bin khac.
,
2. Tbantfeh bing : Chu- lo!i nay do tlinh han cho nhu-ng tnro-ng hcrp
(thl1"Ullg Is lang c6 quaD m.t vo-i vua chua).
3. TUn dch khlc tren bia Js : Van ban than tich c6 do ainh han do
nhin din vit;t ; con khic va dlfng bia I. do dan lang slr lam, thl1"o-ng thll"o-ng la 11y
, ngsy cung thin lrun ngay h{)i Icrn cua ci mi)t "ltnl'
C. Ve ngon ngil" :
1. Mpt s6 ngO' trong tban tfcb : Trong Io,i "an nay thl1"lYng m9t st:l thu.t
ngfr sau day:
a) Thin Hcb, than h,lc, tUn pha, ngQc pbi (aa noi uphan dinh nghia).
h) Dauh va huy (xem u hai Gia Phi)
c) cMi t\r) ve tl1"crc phong (um iY hai Sic).
d) Bai vi (Trung Qut:lc la Vi hai 'f;1t ."..) la tilm the g6 tren d6 ghi tll"o-c
thin va dll"C}"C -lr chinh gifra ban thlY, phia h')ug cung. NgulYi ta cung COD gQi n. Thill
ch ii fir i. TUn hai -fit ."..
2. Cong thue ngon ngO': N6i chung, lr lo,i van nay khOng co cong ngon ngfr
nhl1" iY van hanh chinh vi s\r fich mOi vi thltn khac nhau. Chi rieng ve lo,i sl.r tich
tUn frai. co Ie la nbfrng miinh vvn thin con rO'i ro-t I,i-ta thl.l'ang tUy nien dl!i cau
atrC}"c oly lui ve thM vua Hung thn- XVIlI, nen thlln tich ciing thll"ang hlit
dlu hAng ml)t dal : c Hch Nam thien khiii v,nll... cnUt hat tht; chi tll'O'ng
dtr nhi thi!ll Dien chi thinh tri tM phv truyen hi- giai Xll'nl Hung
VU"<J'ng, truc h,ch xa thlf SO'O ha nlilt thong' ... cHung VIl"O'og hat trayen chi
VIl"O'ng, do vu Tri Hl!c giang. qul)c Van Lang, quoc do Pbong
Chau) v.". nay, Ie di nhien, kh6ng git:lng nhau tirog chfr gifra cac thin 'tich, song. d,i
Y khOog khac nhau mly. . '
IV. TAC DVNG CllA THAN TrCH &61 VOl CIJU LICH Slr XA HOI NAM
Doi v6i nghien ClfU l!ch su xii h9i Nam, than tich la m9t nguon til"
pbong phu va quan trQng. .
'1.- LO{Ji sv tieh cae than ngU'ui la m9t nguol! tlr Itch sn- quy gia cho nhfrng nha
tlu- hQc vi fa co tim u day nhfrng tl1" _thong Stl- khong co trong chinh Stl- nhll"ng vln
con chu-ng u DO'I thOo xom heo lanh (Sl! sung nhao T Quang Phl,lc v.o
chinh Stl- Is m{lt tbi dv'hung hoo). 90i vo-i nghien cn-u Iich Stl- dia phll"O'ng, Slf Hch cua
eac thltn Ilgl1"lYi thlfang glln vcri lich tin- thaoh 111111,;.
Song, nhl1" aB. mii lr phan dij:c wii dung eua than Hch, thitn tich chU'a pbli la
nhfrng tl1" Iich Str co tlnh chan xac cao, nen khi dung phili 1& alii
vo-i tmlYug hc,rp nhirng vi tMu tlly ctll"C}"c glli la tMn ngtro-i, ra 1& thin tro-i,
d:u-C}"<: d6n gian MIn thanh uhfrng con ngl1'Cri lich sit (nhl1" nhlrng vi nfr tll"&ng Clia Hai Ba
Trtrl1g e hIlnJ( h,n).
2.- LO{Ji sv tfeb ve than trq; ro rang la thol!i. Song do languon til" quy
cho cac nhs daD t9C hgc, cacnha vao' hQc dan gian tim van hQc dan gian cua dan
t9c tao Ve mij:t nay. y nghia khai 'lUat cua cau "ghip ctto nha oghiell cn-u rut fa
all'Q"c ohfrng v!n lan (nhtr y' oghia cua Thtinh Dong, SO'I1 Tinh Thiiy
Tiuh V.V. ), thi nhfrng chi cua cau (nhtr ngay te thIn, caonghi tit;t C1ia V.v. )
khOng phili 1& nhfrog vo fch. Va nhfrng kh8m pba cua nha dan ti}c hgc qua than Hch co
soi sang cho nha s* h?c, cung nhtr nha khiio hQc, phu:O'ftg htrcrng tim kiilm
gisi thich mt)t e6 vln de quan tr(}ng chl1"a atl"C}"c giii dap trong lich etr tSlc, nhlt la
thiYi ky dan t{lc ehtra co chil' viet.
36
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Hung
eM Bong Tic (1) qp Tien Dung (Doug), Tay cung ohi vi tien nfr ng9C phil (2) (khlm
chi (3) nhi b(I" thU'<!Dg hUt qu(ic te (4) ), quoc trieu U h{i chinb hin.
tich (5) Nam thicn kh8.i boanh D'.rc, ebb (6) chi 1I00n ha, Mc quoc
phiin phons khuo(rc M.i :I:Hiu, NgU'u (7) chi phdn dii, ttl Hong Bang, thira quAo pily phan
phopg chi vi nga de vU'O'ng kt; thOng chi tong, Dbat bat th5 chi tU'O'ng
truyen, dil' nhi thien Dien chi thinh tri, the the ph\! truyen tic giai xU'ng Hung
VU'O'ng, truc (8) xa thU' (9), 1I00n ha IIhlt thOng, thi vi Bach chi yen. ohio
hiru thi vi chu-ng vall :
Hong U}O cung tmung mien,
Thanh tic hien too hat truyen,
Lich nhi thien duo, chi phai quaag,
Chien chieu cong dlfc Sll- tmo-Dg bien.
KhU'lYC thi tri Hung VU'O'llg bat truyen chi Dye VU'O'ng, 06 vu
Tri giang, kien quoc Van Lang, qulSc do Phong chan. vllO'ng' bung
tai lu,<},c, ttl' kiem thanh triet, thira tong b3i th,p that the, cO' thinh
hii'u . Lach VlrO'ng Mu, lyc quy phi. tMp nhi phu nhan, ohi bach I!}c cung
tlin, uhi tMp uam tir, hi- nii' eeing chUa. nhi thien di da ? Nhi nam
hoang tn-.tu- ufr eong ('hila giai thi phieu than thoat Clr<l-C, nUt dan vi thien c<'i chi Dhan.
VU'O'ng dir hoang (hQo/lg Huao Chiill lhrc Quang phlro-ng nb1i.n, daub DU'O'ng Thi
silu trU'o-ng Ilh,t. huyet thi thi.
Hoang hiu nli dil' cung tan th,p nhan loan gia lIieu du giii mu{m. NMt dang
Tam Itiio 80'D. Hoang hi,]8 hU'O'ng hoa k)" dlo YU Qu6c Miu tiro Thi tich, mtjng
kiell hii'll nhilt lao au hao nhat tien hai dl htl-a, phiD hai, clm nhi hii'u d1!Dg. CU' cO'
(10), .. illh 11hilt uii'. trang dao slic BDh M thtiy, nban !5lc phU'O'Dg phi, dung
111' dif)U. V lrO'ng h.nh khanh h/l-. danh vit!t Tian Dung, phong c(lIlgchUa, Dien
hat, bat gia phu. hao hanh du hi. VU'O'ng ai ohi hu-a chi. Ul6i nhi tam
nguy(t tiii thuy(\n !!lrU, phiem du giang hai.
KhU'<l-C thuy!)!, tieD thi tl}l SO'D Nam Khoai 19. Bong Yen (An) Da Hoa
hU'O'ng, hiru Dhit gia HDh Chn-, danh Dbog, the Bid Thi Gia,phu ph\} t(i thi du-c
Dhin, nhat m(mg kil5n hfru nMt lao ong tli- ohlt dong tic. If thi hfru d\rng, c)p siuh hf
nMt JlaUl tif, phong tU'tlin ai. khOi Dg6, ph\! cong osi danh hO
Tn-. Nien 1\lc tuti, hii'u thOng minh chI tll, hfru hillu thanh chi dnh. Nien thip tam. hit
,hl}Dh gia tao truan cu, h'."a vo dun chi: mau thi h1!u hi gia trung thlt bOa (11).
tai llin nhlt dO' khong t;Jn. duy nMt M kho, ph!} tn- xu!t .. hb tU'O'og ph!}r. chi.
, q.p phI! tlrO'ng chung, chUc ky ta vil5t : c Ph\} kim ml)t, ph\1 chi hinh hoi di
hii'u th<; phong vo 1{1, dU'O'ng loa phy than nhi tang, tn- tl,li tran thE. YO If loa thin, tll(: IU'u
thii- .kM Mr tii 01 vi tiS than chi each, thli- vo qui sl,. Chuc nhi vong. fHing f'Qo hao
khlp thien (12). the "ii khl n,i, biio thi nbi than : Ph!} mAli he. flinh
cu 110, 'kim nhi gia Llill, than vo hfru nh't hao di hao, ngil ton tM, lhien nhU' blt
tic y ph\lc do da. Dgil ph\1 tbtl kj tac 'fO ph!}c ,hi nhaD, kim nhi <{uyen trlln, khiYi
hiru loa than chi qui ? " ni di kh6 ky ph\} nhi tang chi. Bong TiT tl,l' thir viI
tt; than nhi d6ng obi C1!(: th{im, thlrfrng trim than vu giang hien, oi thuy vi tl5 tbll chi do ;
kien chU' thlJ'O'ng yang lai chi thuyen, hanh khlt thl.re, povc yet can dieu nglr di
dU'iYng ky thaD.
Thl, TieD Dung thuyt)u chi Chll- gia tiin. Bong Ti'r 'fan ("hinh 0 quail chi nh"c.
12
chUng tinh ky chi tiIinh, Tir klnh CIJ, tlm sOo c1ao d?n ti lin, nii tlu thU'Vng
8& chio. Kil5n sa chau thtrC}'ng hfru 10 vi aMt tung phu 10" (13), tam ngu cbu (chau), n!i
In tung trung, di tbn quyet sa thanh ngga hq., phlJc di 88. phU ky thtrC}'ng Dhi
timg .thinchi. Khoimh gian, Tien Dung thuyen chi, tru vu thir, dang ngq.n hanb do chau
ttiU'f}'Dg" ldf'n ea. cbio xU- cao binh, thanh Hnh, niii thi nir duy ac tTtr&ng mq.n, vi vu
Io tung chi sOo. loa than uhi mOe dlJc, quan thllY (14), thuy hq. lIa Itru, I{I xult Tir
than loa chi. Tien Dung dq.i kinh, tram ngam ItrO"ng ciru, di vi thien chi sir nhien, niii
Tn- kho-i. Tn- kinh, d\IC diu diu thoat. Dung nai chilp ky thit
Dbi : C' Ngii hin hlt d\le gia phu, kim ttrO"Dg ngO khanh, than thl! giai dong loa
tbi thien duyen ebi c1inh lin- chi nhien Dhi. Khanh dip khiYi, dir ngii m(ie dl}c t. dT
y phy.c tli-, nghenh Tn- dong dong hm thl.rc yen lq.e. BODg Tir C\l ky
eO-. d'(nhien chi dS. nen DUDg ta tMb, vi phu ph\l, viet Chir congo
Chua pby. van l.hi, dq.i 110 tt.r tbaD : TieD Dung ngii ofr chi qui, ohtr hfru dong sang
(15) chi tit: D(ii Dgoq.i nbq.c ml}c (16) bach qui (17) thjnh, kH nga dong sang he,
ho Dhi blt kha, niii ban II) t\r thicb bllo eung khiit cai chi Dban, khi (khiYi) dAn ohlr huyen
du-c thang van (18) chi Thuan nhi bq. tan (19) da ? Nga bim th\rc vi "an n8n (20) hi ! t,
ou hlt hli-a cung. TiCn Dung CI} bit cam ({lli, aU- floug Tir m Ir fla Hi,a chi dia.
Tn- nMt tir dfr Tieo Dung h(i rhu du hii II/!:oai, do Irllng phung nhlt
b,ch diu oog, nien khii h8.t Cn-ll tn mi hl!-o than tt?3 phi ho/mg, dhu d.i
(dOO) vien lq.p, thi! tri truc trll'C}'ng, thii hanh tM ca viet:
50"n chi cao he, thuy chi tham,
Trln trung khllng hfru tbli-c ky am,
ThIle ky am he, khi dODg tam.
Khi tam he, kilt giai am.
Ket giai am tuy vq.n Iy tam.
Ky ddo he, d6i dfr 80"n chi eao thuy chi tham.
Dhg Til' van chi, f ky dtic C\1 niH (21) btr&ng lip viet: Tien DUDg trltn
e6t, bfru hq.nh tao phung, thien tii hy ky, tinh anh (22) tri ng{I, vo <1i dU',yog d(it
tir" Lao ong tieu viet : Nga Diii thU'g'ng tbien tieD Oug, khanh di9C phi trlln t\IC
khach, thi tyc nhi tbanb tien phi nan hi: buling phi tlJc nhi thanh tien nhi hfru Dan
M? Khauh khUng dfr nga tung du, tAc bat ci'ru khi thlmh tien hi). Bong Ttr viet: Tien
ong blra til!u tir ttrO"llg tung, thi ky Vq.ll hq.nh). Ngon lao bug nai ttrO"llg Bong Tir
hiii dao trung, tam nh!}.t thl! di thau tien bien hUa chi Tir hit'lu
thl}c, tien ong i, \}'U tli- vieo truc trtrC}'ng dfr than chu nMt dq,o, chUc viet : Qui
truvng vu dia hq., di phu lr trtrC}'ng dliu, khlu t\wg tMll cbti oMt bien,t\}, obien
khi thallh Iau dai thanh tbi, chau bao tai vi}.b. ChUc bq.ch dau ong phl}c dAng khong
nbi khd-.
Tn- phiill hOi dfr Ticn Duug tlic di tam niell hi. tr thi, Dong Tir C\l di thin
tien chi phap truyp.1l Tien Dung. tr thi, "hu phI} thanh dq.o hi. NMt
Wng Tn- dfr Tit:n Dung lich tIu quan Dong Yen dia tM, vang chi Ong Bioh xii dia diu,
h<St. phung nUt nir, nien lhii thi}.p bat cn-u hfru trlhll ngtr nhq,n chi dung, hfru M
tu hoa chi mq.o, tien dao tr Co Xuong ('t) chi tiell. 1'i6n YlJug kien Hoiing
DhtrC}'c Quynh Dao tien nfr, nai chi ihi Bong Tir viet: Thir nfr lang quan dl}c ket vi thu-
that da ? :Bong Tn- vi tieu, TieD Dung tri y, agc b{i banh chi thi'r nfr tien, : Ntrdng ht!.
oU'O"ng he, tieD da ? pham da ? phong ofr ali ? hoa da ? Nga lang quan thien hr cao mq.i, tid
b(i thOng minh, ntrO"ng vi tlr Dhan chi thiep, khi (khiH) bat xlrng Ja '? Ngii. tuy .le nfr uhi 'Y6
d6 kyo vo kieu ciing. ntr()'llg dfr ngii. ket vi ti mu{li Mt lq.o hi) ? ) Thn- nii' I!'p viet:
43
L
. c Nga kbl (kh<ri) (23) di hlnh hai tU'O'og In, ngti chinh thi Tay cung tienni'i', ohinU'O'ng
phu ph\l di h?c tien, kim nhi bat ky nhi ng{l, thien da ? nball da ? , Ticn Dung :
.: Thien da, nhien m11'll Sir uban, thRnh Sl}' thien, ky trung hfru llhall hI'. U'
thi, Ut vi tl muc)i, tU'O'l1g .yeu chi Song Tir t98 su, h/mh tll'O'ng giao, 1m hoan
I:hrO'ug gian, Ong Biuh lp n{li hiru ngii It}C tir thi t11'O'ng bing, Bong Tir nai vi Tien
Dung rdii- Tay cung tien mY : Nga h<,>c die tiiin nang ciii tir hoan slnh, kim kicll
nhan chi tir, 'nga yang hOlm sinh. ch11' n11'O'ng khAng tong phil? ; Tay CUllg tien. JIli: :
c Cu-u noon nai phUc sv, ha nhi blit tong?, U' thi, i70ng Tir dir Ticn Dung, Tay cUllg
d(\ng chi gia nhlin gian. Tii- thi t11'O'ug xuat. Bong Tir tri tnic trll'c;tng, ngam
chU, dI tr11'c;tng chi chi; qua nhien tir tbi pb\lC sinh doan t9a, 1m thl}'c ngon ngii' nhll' c6.
Ky cac chll' nhan hoon hi Mit thang, giai lai bai ph\lc. nghenh Song Tir dfr Tien Dung, Tily
. cung, tam nhan hOi gia Danh Ie chi. Chu nhan h\ru ngon : 'fhiin fip blt
tir bach nhlin', Bong Tir vH;t: c Sai tir ngil cu-u dlc chb Tay cung viet:
cLang quan nang cu-u nhan chi til', bat Dang cu-u Dhio chi hfru nMit
kha eu-p bach v,n nhan chi &ong Tir dfr Tien Dung ciiu chi. Tay cung tien JIll' nai
di I b,ch chi thU' chu (chau) nhlt tV. thieu khOi (hOi), dieu dfr thiiy, hap khi U' tl\Uy,
hu-a cac nhan lm ; Dhan nbat thl giti dii; cu-u dle Ong fHnh lp n{li sl} bach
nhan yen. lY thi, ang Binh xii Dban dan lao lu dong chi hanh h8.i khlt vi tMn tiro
Song Tir v9ng kien ang Binhchi. dia hfru nbat 80- long hoan bao, so-n thuy hfru tioh,
nm trtrc;tng ll' dia, phU l,p U' thU'c;tng, t" nhien thaoh mieu vii lau dai sl} toa, 'gi.ao dfr
Ong Binh nhan dan di vi hU'O'ng bOa yen. S" tam vi dong vang pttam Bong
Yen thll'c;tng giap Tt; Giang h"ghip. Kim D{Jng, Tien Lfr, giai trll'c;tng 11'
dia dI phU c.hi, t\r nhien thanh quynh cung ng9c laucac; chau ng9c, kim
ngtru Ilia, ke pha da. Quan quan khi lai h{Ji gia tbai ban, nhan
danh hO viet 1'1}' Chiu.
D\le VU'O'ng van chi, nghi ky tac b,n, nai tll'o-ngphat binh thao chi.
dfr Tien Dung than viet: c.fir U11-0 an cam khting pb\l .da? Chi ban, Mt thien
khiH phong vii Dhltu,i chang sO- etr u<ing vii, ke khuylln dir D3ngTir, Tien Dung,
Tay cung tien nir nhit ticb thang thien. SO- Cll' chi xU- hoa thanb d{li c6 danh NUt D.
Tr,ch yen (thl Qui mao nien, nMt nMt Tll'lYngsi ph8.n hOi 0\1
di ky 8" tlu vu Dl}e VU'O'ng. VU'O'ng tri ky thanh tien, niii xa gia vling hoan thi'r
tr,ch. Dll'O'ng giant ki6n-tien nfr kYo bfCh tong thien nhi vu Nvi tr{lch, hll'IYug vll'O'ng Hen
lp viet: c Thln nlii Tay cung tien nfr, Tir, Tien Dung chi bai t{l Vll'O'ng ph\l '.
Ngon ngf.t, hl}'u tong tr,ch trung nhi thang. VU'O'Dg cam chi, hi-c sic phong Nvi Tay cung
cing cbua, hu-a dfr Tir, Tien Dung dong ph\lng pMi htrlrng yen ; quan tir
vu Da Hoa xii, hlru cac cb11' ni}i thien h, chU' xi dan, ba dan' hfru tam vi
blnh nbit vang du dli' cung tir t,i gia, giai Da Hoa chfnh tir ph\lng nghenh tam vi
thln Ui (ph\lng cbi. Thir gian ang Sinh xii oban daD hanh hOi Da Hoa
chinh tir, pb\lng nghenh tam vi thln hOi ll' vu ClrU sO- ph\lng chi. DU'O'ng
haoh chi gian, kien IU'O'ng phQng xuy thU'c;tng, van V\l huy hoang, hao quang
xao I,D, hU'O'ng yen phu-c uc, nghenh tj nbi lai. Tt! tlt, do van biru ca quan
chi thanh. Tv tbir di hiu; pham ang Sinh lip ngi bfru ha tai o,n, tic tien bao u-ng yen ;
dao vii, ky tioh, giai hfru liDh C6 ohill dan nghiem gia ph\log tl}', chi a,i
nhi vo cuag yen.
- l'IiUt pbong Chir coog Tir Thll'c;tngdbg d{li v11'O'ng ,Rbi thanh ton thin
- NUt phong. Tien Dung cong chUa Th11'q'ng dAng thien tien ton thltn
- Nblt pOOng Ni}i tr{lch TaYCllag cong. ton tbln.
44
I
I.
,
i
J
Tam vi t\}' thn- nhi vi tien, vi thanh, bOa siDh (24) vi ngii Vift Tu- til' hIt
b\o) (25) chi Dhi yen. Ljch Sinh, Ly, Trln, le, thU'Crng hfru h9 qu6c cuu dan nim tru-
tinh dong, co da hil'u vU'O'ng hao phong my.t\}', xuan thu qu6c tu- thi hU'O'ng 40 .. v,n
p,i .vo cung, dfr thien dja trU'o-ng t,i. Y dU' ! Hau tai 1
Ky bUy t\}' thi(;t Dang Tn-, Tien Dung, NOi tr,ch, nhlt, tli-, Il}.c t\}'o S!c phl}c
elm hoang, tu- nhi Clin chi.
Pbuc nguyen nien (26) m,Db h, nguy.t, coc nb,t, Han lAm Song cac d,i
b9C si tbln Binh phl}.ng so,n.
Hoang Vinh H\}'u nhi nien (27), qui cat 'nh,t, Quin giam hach thln tri
Hung linh thi(;u khanh, tMn tai tuan chinh hin phy.ng sao.
Bat phlm tbU' I,i thlln Ph,m Ng9C Blnh cung tao
II. CHU GIAI
1) . :t .:t Ch';') Dang T';':
Ch,;. :
- Um vii tui .... i hC}c, d\}'ng 80 quln;
('
- !lm vii do phU tren quan tili ;
- it day. thea dung van hin, I. tlm kh6 ,it
C6 thuyllt cho rAng, chiI' cChn-' nen v&i he? thny vi Chu' Song Tn- nghia Is
cc,u be lr hiii lIong). Thuyllt nay nghe ra bvp Ii vi y nghia cna cau nay pbili chang
1a phin )anh hU'eTC dau cua lich su- chinh ph\lC vung d&ng hAng 1U'u v\rc song Hong cua
ngU'(ri L,c ?
'2).i. "It Ngpc pha : - Gia phi cua nha vua
- S\1' Hch clla nhung vi tbln xdt than til' nha vua.
3) Jll !. Kham chi: nhanh Bltc (ohanh dong hilng Bltc BI}), d\1Dg Bat quai{tam
que: tam' tll'vng cua vii trl}) vao TIi- phU'O'Dg (Boo hU'eTng), ngU'(ri xU'a quan rAng:
Nam thu9C Li, Bltc KhAm, Dong thu9C Cbln, Tay tbu9c Doai.
, 4) li1 '.. Quae te : nha nU'eTC rung (Ngay xU'a, nha naeTC chi cling m9t -s6 vi thin
h,ng treD ; Con cac vi than kltac, tuy dU'vc sltc phong, nhU'ng do dan dia phaO'Dg cling).
5) -t- % tfeh : xu'a Illm, hOi xa xll'a (chfr" f- dung thOng VeTi chfr '.i!)
6) j{ Dve eMn : ten hai chom sao trong s6 hai mU'O'i tam chum (Nhi th,p
hat tll) tren hau tro-i (theo I .I'llan cua ngll'o-i Han tho-i d> d,i)
r ,
7) 4- -+ Nglru Dliu: Ten hai chom S80. Sao NgU'u cun g9i la Khien NgU'u t 4-
(dlt trau) va Bao Sliu co Bite Slu va Nam Sliu.
Tho-i xu'a, theo tU' htlrng ha chu D,i Han, khi phong dlt cho cac vua chU' hlu, thieD
tii' can cu vao ngay thl}. phong oioh cho mOi ml'eTC ml}t ehom sao lam chU, M nl8Y iy
cbom sao nao sult thi nU'eTC tbl.l phong thu9c chom sao d6, nhU' nU'eTC Ngo va DU'eTC
Vift thu9C sao Tinh Ky It , DU'eTCn thui}c sao Huyen Hieu v.v.
Theo quan pMn dii .tq- Jf 06 chia cll'O'og Vl,rC theo eic chom sao),
ta thu9C vl! sao D10 VI 114.0 Ngll'u.
45
8) tt True bi)ch (tre va Iva) : Van tv' (chii' eu- each. Khi xU'&, .. pM ta
the tre (giin each Ni .m- ) rOi viet treD (Hem tli At .l:) , sau m6i . J't
gily.
9)'" f' Xa thu" .(xc va each). cxa dong qui, thu' dong van) .... 'f
Ia : xe dmg mr,t cCr hBllh ach cung W(it chfr viet. B6 la hrc;rng trU'Dg eho
tnt thollg nMt crunh va laDh thiJ cua.Iullc gia.
1,0) Jl; 'Jb! Gr cO' : co maDI dung mi}t nam.
- CLf : <r day : co chita, co mang ('( It Suc tang)
- CO' (chfr jfJ1 lr day am Is Coo, ehu- khOng pbii ky) : m{>t nam Chu
nieD) : JIJ! COO phl}c : de tang nll)t Dam.
11) that hoa : do thieu phong (tMt Y)DeD bj D,n chay.
12) l. 4 J;,.. Man thien : triri cao (Min :thie'n khODg :triri eao) Jt t. .. J..:
H:ilo kMp vu min thicn : keu khoc tMu trui cao.
13) itI.i. (It) Pliu So' : canh la um tuin.
14) .f. Qu,jn tMy: Dgi nU'o-c, xlli oU'o-e
15) :t. J1- Bong sang (giU'lYng phia dong) : (chfr Sang .'*- Con lit .
Dotfch ulYi 'fan, hfJ tlai IIgU'iri eang nha hI} V II'O'ng keD .r13 cllo con gai minll ; cae
e,a trai h9 VI.1'O'Jlg ngbe tin lam ra ve nghiem I1gh!, chI co VU'O'ng Hy Chi.!. ...
eu- 'nln! U'o-n hVng tren giti'irng phi. dong rna all nhU' khOng dtl Y dell ai cn; aug 'fl}-'Dghe
v.i rAng: cSu ehiuh la chang ri'l ttSt ! ), roi gn COD gai cho. .
Jo) $.- 4t atoh mii ; myc : eMn gifr) cae quan trau gifr hien gi6i
(tgo l'hiu myc : .ac quaD, col cac chau nui Go Mn phU'O'Dg trong DU'tTC)
17) 1" 8,jch qui : chu-c quan tll tU'tTDg (bach : bach S1}' : W?i ; quI: eto xet}
18) -t fi 4t IV1 Huyen Ju-c thifngvifn : d,o du-e san kin . alI'q"c otHticlIg.
19) -r -it tan: liiy 0- dia vi xi h{.i tMp him (nhU' gia -r .')
20) -Al -Al (86 Xfch it-) N3n nan : bt den dij
21) It 7j C",. nai : him v{li vang : ben;Df!hil1 nhU' . st. J vr,i
ohaDh) .
22) Anh : phAi, ch,m phiL
23) 1. KhI (Khui) : (cNga kho-i. dl hlnh hai tU'O'og lin) : c KhiH ) 0 oay chi, co cang
d'1Dg wQt ngil' khi til', chu- khOng co y nghil1 nghi van.
24) H6a sinh: theo thuyet Tu- Binh Clla nha Phil, la cach tl, nhien .inh ra cda
d.Ong vit, khang do' nbAn t6 vit eMt (sinh It ho,c tlieu thien nhien) mado cai
til' trU'o-c.
25).'1!9 #J It T 6- tu-b't tli- : Bung ra, phli noi : eTd- Mt tir', ngbla Iii Mn vi
(thin ti6n) nhat (llcn\tU'q"o thO- cung msi mJi) cua Dhap dan .ta tbM xU'a : Thin
Tin Vtin(SO'n doh), thin PhD. Chit tir, Til' 9,0 h,nll' .
I '
26) ,,; .. ,Sf- 'Phuc nguyen nien : NaIll dlu dui Lf .Anb TOng ( Duy
46
..
Bang) : 1572.
27} 1ti ;::. $f- Vinh Hvu nhi nien
,.Thin} : InS.
III. DICH NGHTA
Nam thtr hai clui I.e Y T6ng ( Duy
Ng9
c
phs cua Chii- Tii- cung hai vi tien nir (18) TieD Dung (Dong) va Tay cung
vua Hung (b9tblln phath"" hai cua nh&nh Blc, clU'9"c vua phe : cQulSc te) ban chioh
cua h? U; (dang tr! vi) nU'fYc (ta).
Tbui xaxU'a, trbi Nam 'mo- chis ngang song tbugc sao DI!c va 880 Chhn. (phlln)
mr&c phU'o-og Blic chia phong (cho vua O1r&c ta) tbugc pMn da: sao Shu va 'Aao NgU'u.
Tir clui Bang, (vua dllu tien nU'&c ta) vaug chia phong (ciia vua eha), lam t<;
thu- hai eiia cac clo-i vua n6i til!p theo, tU'O'IIg truyl!n mU'iYi him dM , thinh tr! ho-n hai
nghin"nam, dM dui eha COn nISi, g9i I. vua ; the tre ta 11}1l, xc cung cff
cimg chi'r viiSt : nui song m9
t
mtSi. S6 I. cila giong Bach "fy. NgU'Ui clui
sau tho- chu-Ilg minh ritng :
MU'u ke l&u c1a: l'hr(}'c gay d\rng, (cac dui) Kinh chn tiiSp nISi mai ;
Con tMnh, chau nbau mU'M tam do-i,
Trai ho-n nghin Dam, cac ngaah nhanh toa r(jng ra.
'Sii- ach' ghi mai cong lao v. 0-0 dtrc rl.rc ro- (d6).
n6i, Me hly giu, dung VIlO dai thti- mU'Oi tam vua Hung, trl1yl!nden "US Dl}e, dong
do 0- long Vit;t 'fd, ten nU'o-c 1. Van Lang, 00 OU'&C g9i la Phong Cbau. Vua
Hitng,"'tai cao mU'u M'D, trai con cho nlU'iri m9t hien tri cao CR noi thea Sl! hU'nl
thinb cua co- d() DlU'M My dl1'i t<; xay, t6ng I!lip. (Vua) co m(lt tram hoimg htu, RaU qui
phi, IllU'ai bai phil nhln. l!llU mU'o-i cung tin, bai mU'o-i hoang tir (va) Ma cong chua. Sao
rna triri xui khiea hai mU'O'i hoang tir "a h6n cong chUa deu than trbi, chan say. m{,t so-m
lam ngU'ai nghill xU'a 1 Vua va hoang h,u (hoang hiu teo 18 DU'o-ng 'fhi Diem, ngU'ai
phU'irDg Sti-c Quang chau Hoan) ngay ngay rllu, gia giir tbU'o-ng kh6c.
Hoanl htu him cimg vo-i vai ehl}c cung tln (daob) xe loao rong cho-i d! giii
M{)t hOm, len nui Tam 9ao, hoang' h,u sai lim Iii-a boa lam (di) cllu:khao iT den
Qu6c MAu. Sem ly. (boang hfU) mo- thly c6 m{)t ha cl}gia be m9t be tien cho. Kip khi
tro- csm thl} rM c6 thai. Co mang m9t Dam tron, c!e ra m{)t gai, rna dao/"8lic Bnb
nU'&c binh (oggc), nhan slic xinh (tho-m) dung diu dang. Vua lam vui mirng va
ten la Tien Dung, phong lam coni chda. (Cong chUa) mU'iri tam tuM ma kMDg chiu
Illy (chi) tMch chO'i. Vu cUDg cho. nam hai ba thang dan thuycn
rong cho-i Rong .'
noi, trU'&c kia, 0- hll'O'ng Sa Hba, Song Yeo. 1{) Khoai, So-a Nam
nba hQ Chii-, teo la V9" la BUi Thi Gia. V9" cMng v6n la ngU'ai d .... c day,
mo- thay c6 m{lt aDg C\} gia cho m9t ali-a be. Tir (16, (vv) c6:thai va sinh dU'Ve ml)t 'trai,
dang dllp rlt 1" tU'crog kh6i ngo ; 6ng 'cha ten Tu-. T6-) 16D AU
tuM, (da) co to' chllt tbOng minh va dnh biu thao tba. Silo tU&1 inirb-l ba, chang ,may
IIha khan. ht:la khOng dn Ie bi milt, Il,li nb. hi otn ehay, cds cll
btlt A{lch, chi eon m{)t ttim kM vii, eha ('on thay oblu nhrrog lde vao ra. &8p'
kbi aug eh. hi btDh lAp lDiit. d,o con rlall : cCha nay .6 eMt, thi hal cdl oha 0($ ctlt che
kh6ng Ig ra Dgoai, COD DeD thaD eha tdD tr\1i ma CMD. Con BtSng 0- trlD ching
Ie thin tdn trt,d. viY eha kM Day cho con ( lam che thin, ngo hlu khang
tht(D. , XOQg, cha mlt. Tn- keu kh6c tblu trM cao, (nhU'ng) tM chAng lam
IIlO dU'9'c, am thiiy (cha) IDa than rADg : Cba . oi ! mt( oi ! ge con, Duai COD kb6 nbQc, rna
nay nha ngheo: tbAn hen, (con) chlng c6 tf gi bRo dap. (NhU'Dg) con con 8tSDg, ni!u trUi
chAng ph\1 thi ao quito lie c6 Cha t6i, luc 8t)ng, da .lam ogU'o-i khaog c6 quln,
Day bO -coido-i, ha lam ma trlD ? '. Ben Ily tim kbtS cba ma chan.
Tir, tir:d(kMng)6 gi che than, va nhfrDg khi ret d6i ghe gum (cung) thU'o-Dg ngam
minh lr lKr 8ong, OU'UC lam (phU'O'ng che thaD, M) thly nhfrng qua
huon ban thi du-ng len xin an ; giO' citn cau nuoi than .
I
Luc d6, cua Dung dlln Mn hQ Chir. Nghe tillng Clla chieDg. sao,
dan ; tbiy vi; rim cua dam dong co cO- xi, Tirhoang SI}! tim cM 10 nip.
BeD ch,y leo OOi cat,. tMy tren hiii cat mgt h\1i lau siy rim c6 ha h6n gtSc, nip vao
trong h\1i, Ily tay' khoet cat thanh hi) nAm xutSog, Ily ca( phU len tren va gilu minh
lr do. M9t lat, clla Tien Dung diln, do- 0- diy. (Tien Dung) len ho- chO'i treD OOi
tMy:ch6 hii cat cao, hAng pMng va "ling "e, lai ke hau gai Ily maD trU'o-ng viy ch6 h\li
lau, khOa than tnto rira. (Kbi) xt)i DlI'UC, nU'o-e ,db xut)ng, cat troi, 19 Tir:than
miDh cuog trIo tr1}i. Tien Dung oa hoang, tritm Dgam m9t Mi, eho rAng tro-i
ben Dtsng Tir Tir Mt Him, mut)n tim (dU'o-ng) thoat. Tien
tay Tir ma 06i rling : eTa von chlog mut)o Ily cMng, . (DhU'ng) nay ':ng1l'0'i,
than cung loa ; do la doyen trM dlnh khilln nh1l' viy. Ng1l'0'i hay du-ng diY
ngay, cung ta tlim rn-a ! , RM Ai han aoquitn (cho Tir va) r1l'uc Tir cung
xut)ng thuyBn, an ut)ng vui chO'i. Tir ro nguyen ohan vi lao nh1l' viY. Tien Dung
thaD thlr (va) cho lam v9' cMng. g9i la ong Chir. Cba cong chua, (vua) nghe viY. cl
thaa m9t miuh : eCon gai ta, Tien Dung, liang trQog, co y muon chgn cac quap
to trong ngoai quin rat (cbgo) lam rtl ta sao ma cMug d1l'9'c ? Ma (nay) gifra
chirngh.r y di theo ke nghtm khOn an xin ! (ke do) ha d1l'9'c nh1l' vua Thulo nho- co
du-c sau kin (ma sau) nM tiilng (con ta) minh xu6ng Jly lam cMog1l'? Loog ta)hl}'c
11y lam tht(n !., (vua) khOng ebo (cong chUa) cung. Tien Dung cung 89' chAng
dam cuog v(H Tir 0- dlt Sa Hoa.
M9t hOm, Tir tir Tien Dung thenh tbang rong chO'i ngoai hillo. Gifra ,d1l'0-cg
m9t CJ} gia ditu tuM khoang tam chin m1l'0'i, may rau trang xoa, thin minh to heo,
ditu d{li nOD trun, tay cllm giY truc, vira di vira hat ring:
Nui cao a, n1l'0-c slu tMm ;
iJ cui t\1e, co tM c6 ngtro-i am ;
am a, (thi) co long.
Co thl! long a, h9'P thanh giai im ;
H9'P'thaoh giai am a, du muon d,m cuog tllm.
Sii hVp a, xu-og vui nui cao n1l'0-c thAm.
Tir ngbe dU'vc ; cho la minh aa tu 4U'9'c vaog ohio tui' dlng
tr1l'6'c viii chao ma Doi: cNgu-o-i tieo (va) ke tl}c may. mlio nhan : dip hielm trong nghin
oam. LOng (toi) moog xin ch6 vl 411'0-DS d9t. ma tir chOi.) cl} gia c1l'b-i noi : eTa 1& OIlg
48
ti8n u trM tren, ngll'O'i cling khong phai la khach tyc ; va l"i tye thanb tien cUng kh&.g
phii kh6, huting chi khong phii tyc ma thanh tien thi co kh6 gi ? ngll'O'i bang long
cnng ta dq.o ehO'i thi chAng bao liu eo tien dll'crc. II B3ng Tir thO'a: eTien aug
cho .COD theo cnng, do la muon vao may mtn., (93ng Tn-) vira--nOi--xmag! cy. gia
c1O'a Bong Tir vao mgt hon dio lr ha ngayctem, trao cho phep bOa thin ti8n.
mng Tn- thuge tat. Ong tien, l"i cho non tron, g.y true, .a mgt d,o thin chU (va)
rAng : eKhi nha, eMng xu60g dlt, Ily non cbe u diu gfy, d}C thin cM
mgt 1I1'Vt, t\1' ohien thanh liu dai, thaob tbi, chau bau, cua ('.11.. xong, C\l gia dIu b,c
I,i bay len khOnf{ rna cli.
93ng Ti'r ve vo-i Tien Dung thi dil ha nitm r3i. Luec1o,B3ng Tir dem Mt-pheptblln
d,y TieD Dung, Cho nen, vcr cMng h}e d,o tien thailh cOngo M{lt 110m,
Dong Ti'r cilDg Tien Dung d,o xem kMp dja the 99Dg Yeti, den diu xB. Oog Binh, h6ng
mgt co gai cbirng mU'(ri tam, mU'ui cbiD, co 18m eho cacbim, chim rO'i,' c6
dung mq.o lam cho trang che; hoa th\,n,ifang thong tbi d"o chai trU'o-c ( ? ).
Tien Dung xa trong chirng nhO' nang tien ngQc, nlcH bioB3ng Tir ,rlng.: Cbang co mu6n
lay eo gai d6 laID vcr thu- cbang ? ). :Bong TO- mim Cli-ui.Tje
ll
Dung niinh bO'&c
den :tmuc co gai ly (va) n6i : e Nang O'i 1 Nang O'i ! Tien ? Tyc chang? Nang Gi6
chilng ? Nang Hoa chilng ? Chong ta tioh trM 000. thO'Vng, -tai . trlthOng mhlb, nang vCl
thO- cua ngu-ai ay ha chAng xd-ng 8ao ? Ta tuy 1& con gsi VUlt, 80ng khOng ghen gMt, khOJig
kieu cling ; nang cnng ta ket lam chi em,. cil!og vui sao Co gai iY td IM:c Ta lly blnh
hai lin minh thai, (ch&) ta chfnh la tien nil: lr cung ciia Ba Tiy VO'O'ng MAti, c9n .,V
chOng nang da hgc thanh tien, nay ( chUng ta) khOng h\,nma Do TrM chang? -DongaM
. chang ?). TieD Dung nol: cOo Tr<ri dly .. V,y, _lr ngtrai, ( con) Den lr TrM.
(Tuy:nhien), trong TrM cling co ngi'M dly." Lue d6. (hai ngO'Oi )kl!t lam chi em; din
nhau:'i1en cM TO- cung nhau y"n vuivly. 9Ung lucd6, thf(y trong lpOng
nam sau thay. cMt daa di chon. Song T1i' bim Doi vo-i .lien Duug .,a co Tieo; cung
Tay rAng : Ta hClC ctll'VC phep tien c6 lam eho (ngO'o-i) chit s6ng ll}i; (nen) nay tMy
DIO'o-i eMt, ta (hay) df'n lam s6ng Cae co c6dollJ y theo takhOng ?, Co tien cung
1'8y : Cu-u ngO'o-i la lam phUc 16-0, sao l,i chAog theo ?). Bly giu. Tir ,
Ti6n.Dung va C& Tien cung Tay cung I ngaM nM (cua nhttng ngO'o-i dU'a
cac thiy chet ra. Bong Tir tay clm gfy true, mieng thin ehU (va) lays.y chi c'c
thay:cMt. Qui nhien, cac thay chEt 8ting lq.i, ngay ngb, an ulSng, noi nang nh\!' trO'o-c.
ngO'o-i vui mirng kh6ng eung kinh chiu tal (va) rO'o-e don B3ng
Tir. Tien Dung va Co TieD, ha ng\!'ai, nha lam Ie t, 0'0. Mgi ngO'M lq.i Dol: Ap chUng
tOi chAng may bi suyt hO'n tram ng!l'M" B8ng Tir n6i: Chu uu khi cMt ta
co-u cho., Co Tien n6i: Chang gioi ruu Dgu'ai cMt ma khong co-u dll'Vc ng\!'ai
thiep co m{lt ph6p co tM eo-u cho tram vl}-n ngll'ui.:. Ti'r va Tien Dung yeu du
naDg lam. Co Tien cung Tay Ily gi'y tdng viet m{lt chii' Chu ( ), d.6t thmh
Iro, boa vo-i oO'o-c trong eho) tro hut hO'i lr . nO'o-c, rot cho cae ngaai ulSng. MQt
lat,:ngaai deu khOi. (Ca J:ieo) cu-u dll've vai tram ngO'uiu lp Ong 91oh. Cho nen,
nhin din gia tre xii Ong Binh dt!n lam Ie mirog, xin 18m toi to-. 930, Tir xa tMy dit
xii Ong Binb:co mgt thu-a dlit (tbi!) C9P 6m vong. nui sOng xiilh ct\,p, bEm cMng
xutSng cUt, che n6n len treo : tv nhien thap}r mly- toa 1111 dai, millu. Tir) giao
eho nhin dan Ong Sinh ngay sau haO'ng kh6i. xong. ha .j cun, di ci m"n
Song Yen giap vo-i m,n dO'o-i Tt; Giang (va mq.o )giap vO-i Kim BOng, Tien
49
Lii' (va) cMng gq.y lr dlt, I'y 000 che thi tv ohien thanh cung quyoh, oha ng9C",
lliu gac, chiu og9c, chng triu ng.,a, ga eM rit Quao va Hoh be) dt;n tt}
h9P (lr day) qua ntra, vi v,y chog9i (vimg nay) l&. Biii r., Nhiea;
Vua ngbe dU'9'o, ngo- cacvi lam phiin, ben sai tU'IYng dem daoh
Tn- va Dung than rlng : c lam con Bao dam cMng cha 1 'D&! oUoa dem, Mng
trM oM mQt gio mU'a llYn lam s{\p oba cira no'i do; con ga eM clmS Tir, Tieo
Duog va C6 Tieo (troog) m9t dem len trCri ( Mt). CM (cac vi) lr do thaoh m9t cai
. dlm 1&0, vi vb 89i la Slm M?t aem (Luc My gio- la ogay mu-o-i mQt thang mU'o-i ml)t
mua dong nam Qui mao). Tu-&ng va quan treY dem Mt 1y tau v&i vua Vua
cac vi da h9c dlrc;rc va thlnh sai en-a xe cho vua di dllm 'y. Dung
luc do (khi vua t&i), tMy Co Tien cu-Oi trlng tir tren tro-i xut)ng, dli-o, 0- Blim Troog
quay phia trU'6c vua, val chlo (va )ooi : c Tot chinh la Co Tieo cung Tay, thea
cua Tn- va- Tieo Duo, I,y xio 1[: -ua cha.) Noi xong, l,i tir dlim len (trbi). Vua
. cam d90g, . han .c phong (Co lam cong chUa cuog. Tay Bl_m Trong, cho du-Q'c
hJl'lrng vq.t cUDg v6i Tn- va Tieo DuDg ; sai quan d1}'Ilg t6o- cJ xi Ba Hoa, I,i
cho cac cung dio cae xi troo, ot1iS-c, oo-i 080, (tr,u-o-c' kia) ngay thU'o-ng, co ba
V! d'o chO'i va (Do-i 080) co cuog (cua ba vi :),! chioh 0- Da BOa, vAng
ru-IYC thltn cua ba vi thO-. Vao dip d6, ohio diD xi Oog Binh ciing lam
chinh lr Hba, viog rU'IYe thID cUa La Vi oO'i co lam thO- cung. Trong Me
lam Ie, tMy Sio mat thM VIO dl!o, may khoi 001 aob,' haoquang rve rcy, kh6i tho-m 8.,e o.rc
xon. vao: mlii. Cung xoog, ebo nghe illn ca sao Tir d6 sau, hl trong lp Ong
Binh c6' tai gi thi (du-Q'e ba vi) bao trU'6c rlt dung; clu mU'a, clu co li-ng
Cho neo nhin din them Dgbiem tue cuog thO-, ohau muon c!c-i kh6Dg dli-t.
- Phon, ODg Chir mog Tir tu-6e ThU'Q'tIg ding ct.i WO'Dg chi th8nh ton tMn.
-.Phoog cho cong chua Tien Dung tu-o-c Thu-Q'tIg tUDg thien tientoo thin.

- Phong cho c6ng chUa cung Tay IT Db TroDg tU'uc ditu ton tMo.
Ba vi, til' do sau, lam tieD, 18m thanh, h6a sinh khong cMt, dVng nen thO- thli-
hal troog c BlSn thO- blt hi- , ena OU-IYC ta. Trli qua I:Hnh, Lf, Tdn, Le, tblro-Dg co
linh li-ng ro raog (dtSi vIYi giup DU'o-C eli-u dan, vi e6 vaa chUa phong
my t., va Dha OU-IYC hAng nam cung tt:, hu-o-og lti-a Mo mua, muoo lui kh6ng Mt,: cung
/-
vo-i tro-i dllt trll l8ai mii. '0 I Vui thay !
chii' Huy. dtSi clm nhfrng chii' thn- oMt, thli- tU" va thli-' sau (trong sau chii'
reo) DlJng Tir, Tien Dung, Ni)i (va) mau cUa y ph\lC, clm hai mau vang va tfa ..
Nhii'og elm ky',tren ( phil c!U'Vc) kfoh- clo (tuan
(Mi)t) Dgay laohthang dltu mlla he nam dIu c!M toi Binh,
4,i h9C s1 gao dODg han lam, vang 80,0.
( Mi)t) ogay lanh th'ng cutSi Dam thli- hai 4Cri V1nh H'lU LlYn, toi.
50
'\
(chu-c)' QuAD 11 cae tUD, tr6ngcoi cac (ttr6c) HUng Itnh thiSu kbanh, vAng
1&0 l,i thea bln cbinh.
t6i, Ph,m N'9C Binh, (ehu-c) thU' 1.), ( ham) bat pham, eh8p.
CHUO'NG 1lI
sAc
1. Bit\h ngbia : Sic 18 Rilly vua gu.i eho Dic}t hay ngtl'Oi ho,c eho elp dOOD
vi haDh chinh chi bio ctieu gi hoie ban thU'Ooq tll'6c vi.
i. Cae IOl}oi : Do ct6, sic. g()m cO hai lo,i:
1) Silc (cung gl}i la sic chi) la gily vaa ban tll'&C vi cho Dgll'uiciaDg s6q
cti' cMt va eho thln (nhan thin va thien than) .
. 2) Sic tInt Is thU' ,vua gu-i cho mgt npM toi chi blo mOt 'gi.
Trong tip DSY, chung ta chi eM y dEn lo,i tren (18 ale mfnh) rna ta thU'O-Dg Il}i
tit 18 sic.
l. BtS c\le tMog thU'o-ng : N6i chung mOt bin de (sic thll'Ung c6 4
philn chinh :
1. - MOo diu bing 11l9tehii. .. (S4c) 8bi deli ttrvng, gM Dhaa
mgt dUD vi banh ehinh).
2) BaD thll'ang hr&c vi m&i ho,e quyen lQ'i m6t
3) Chl thi cho ct6i tll'Q'ng ctll'Q'c g11-i phli tuan thoo.
4) Nien va (n vua.
4. Df.c :
1. H'inh thue trinh bay:
a) Bin Ilc thll'lrng m,t cia 11l9t to- &l.ly 1\1& diy, kh& eb OlD. 50 X 1
m
, 10
(ho,c 1
m
, 20) mau vang, c6 hoa van mAy mau b,c, xung quanh c6 d6.ng khullg.
b) Ch& :tq (SAc) rna ctlu, thll'ung vi lit rieng Ir dong dIu ho!c cling c6 thl'
chung v6i cae' chii' kh8c a' dong cUu. Trong trll'ung hQ'p rieDg m9t dong thi vitit tryt
xut)ngmgt ehfr d6i v6i cae dong 8au, con trong trll'ung hCfP vi6t ChUDg thi l,i len
m9t chfr d6i v&i cac dong sau.
Trong bin sic neu con c6 chii' nao thuge vua thi pbii villt Bang dong va len, 19i
la Jai (DiI; 1& ning cao len, y ton fr?ng) trir nien Ir chr6i cuug c6 th8 ,.16t try"'xulng,
nhU'ng phAi cach xa cac dong chii' triit vi tri cna Dien nlm vao khoing eu6i Clla
to- giay.
51
c) An dong eM dong nien lly dong nay lam dl}C va c,nh tren eu. 'n n!m
lr cutli eMt' cila Dien (tbi dt}: nien la Tv Bu-o:t thi cl}nh .. tren mia 'n n1m .at lr
dU'(i{chfi' c hu-c :t ).
2. Ngon ngi1':
a) T"uc vi (gl}i 18 mi tv), thU'Ong rlt dAi c6 khi hO'n 150 chtr.
b) Tir (chtr) dUDg thU'o-ng 1. t\1' it dung troDg cae lO'oli
nhitng chii' :
v
van khac nhU'

Jf' (Tu-): chQOoeo (nhU' C6 )
$. (Phi); bco, tbi (nbU' Nii 7J )
:.f.t (Nim): liu (lan nay)
xa (y kioh tl." j) V.v.
e) Mpt $6 ket duo cong thu-c c6 thay. the nhau :

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Phi "ng clnb =
Phi thira clnb (Th\i'a : ving, luan)
. Ph!!ng slf thv cO' than ( Thtfo coo : tai va tanh ) .
- it Khim ta; = 1.t Kbtm thtr (Tbir : nay, nay) .

3. Th" :
a) hin ,Me bao gio- ciing thea J6i cbtr kbOng cbtr tbao. ;
song cua mlii' trieu cO m9t rieng; chii' thai U Trinh thU'Ong c6 net did vut
Lnr6m; chii' trieu tblrirng vuong, ogang ngay thAng, net deu (,ltn nbU'
chii' ill).
b) Ngoai nhfrng ehfr kieog hUy, d'olng mgt .tS chii' trieu Le thU'o-ng dU'9'c khac
chii' lieu chub cua til' : hOfc them, b6t, hote (nhU' tIM h{i . XU'ac i-
ra hg Din )
c) Nien ngar thang, Dam theo .1t!i chii' phu-c ( d6i khODg 'filt ItSi
ehu- giaD ) ; Nhlt t
Nhi :;..:t v.v.
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I
I. PHllN AM
Sic (1)
Suy trung - dife - mU'U - h10 ebfnh - Minh ngh'ia....:... kh .. , '-!uvc ... I:i.
e
l,ltn (2)
Uanh quAa tbng quin cbll' quan 81,1' (3)
n{)i tll' ma biab ehll'O'Dg quan qu6c trgng 81,1' (4)
Tu- kim ngtr dl].i agin phu, thU'C}'Dg tIi, tv (5)
T,ng Th8i uy GicYi qu6c cong (6)
Phyng bao phong trung dAng pMc thlln (7)
Tuy pMc holDg (holmh ) hU'u - an nhin hoa nghia - dt)c khinh hut)ng - quang
trl].ch dlch hrO'ng doln van hung Ill'Vc - vi phong eong - dvc dl].i vll'O'ng (8).
trir tam ngu, xu't bach thien. tai, minh cO', cu-u tlch viob
phu u- Nam cvc; tll'O'ng ktit mfu tham bOa, nhllt du b{t ll' Tay Ity (9). Blio tll'
dye !ong cong; Ifch nhi cai gia (lO).
Vi phyng
Ng\r gia tulin hl].nh (ll) thang ilp (12) d,c chuan gia phong my tv (13) ; khi gia pbong:
Suy trung ,- dong du-c - mll'u - bi:(, ()hinh - minh nghia - kbai qU()C coog thlin,
Hanh quan quin chll' tuan 81,1', n{)i tll' mi hinb chll'O'ng quin qU()C trgng 81,1'.
Tu- kim agtr dl].i ngin phil thll'C}'Dg tIi, t\r.
, '
T,ng Thai uy GicYi qu6c cong,
Bao phong trung dAng phUc thltn,
Tny pMc boling htlu - an nhan hi>. oghia -.d5c kbsnb dien hu6ng- quing trl].ch djeb
ItlO'ng-doan van hung ltlvc-vi phODg cODg-dvc tri (14)-liDh thOng (15)
hvu (16) c1,i VtlO'ug.
C6,
Site.
Clnh Hll'ott'ain nhi Dien (17) tam Dhi thJp tu- nbf-t.
II. CHO GIAI
1. NgU'M oO'C}'c phong 8itC Day la Luu Trung J'J * , m{)t c3ng thlln trong cUQc
khbi nghia Lam SO'n (1418-1428), ChlradtlC}'c 8ir 8ach nhlc tui (khOng phii Ltlu Trung
cba cua Urn Nhin CM I:r Thai Nguyen). Theo gia phi, LU'u Trllng nay, que (T xi Sam Thi
LU'O'ng Giang (nay 18 Thg Xuan, Hoa). la anh em co c,u (con co) cua Le LC}'i, l1i
tham gia cu{tc kho-i oghia tir dltu (c6 I:r hgi tMLiiflg Nbai) va 8au ll}i c6 cong chug
v&i m9t 86 cong thlln khsc phs tan cu{tc diio cbinh ngoi "ua (Nhin T6ng, reD 1.
Bang CO') cua Nghi Din (1459) va t6n Til' Thanh len (tu-c I.e Th8nb T6ng). Sau khi dO'Q'c
l1(t pbong, gia dlnh LO'u Trung I:r thOn An Vii TieD xU- SO'D Nam (hAy gio-
thu9C doh Hiii Hll'ng ).
Nhfrng sO' 11l'C}'c ve sn- tren day Be giup ta ro n9i llung cua ban Nc.
56
1
2) * .fl i4 .. if. .iL l1J1 1 Nt til SI) Ii Suy trung -
Jth:-hifP mu'u-bao chfnh-minh nghia-Ichai qu6c cong than : my tv ttruc phong
clio LO'u Trung khi con 8t1ng.
- Suy trung : ning- eao long trung tbanh (chfr Suy 0- diy c6 nghla nhU' chfr
Suy troJlg Suy ton)
- 'Dong J,;.c P1.f! cimg dti-c (.,&i nhfrng be' toi truog thanh va IO'O"ng)
- HifP mll'u 'f4. '# cimg nhau mO'u kt;;
- Bao chlnh "*.if. bao cai
- Minh nghia SJ) Jl lam 8ang to dieu phii ;
- Khaiqu6c cong than: M 111 11) Ii he toi c6 cong mo- nO'ue
3) 'IT , t if , "* Hanh quan quan chII' quan sv : m{lt chti-c"1]
cao nhlt COa trieu :dinh 0- diyi Le 80".
- Hanh quan IT
coi, chu- khOng phli la di).
dieu khien quin d{li (chfr Hanh c6 nghia 1. trong
- Tling quan if : coi chung, c\l.i huy chung ( chfr Tl'IDC co nghi8 deD la 19P
nhu'Dg 8Vi to' l,i bUQc thanh bO, nen thugc be? mich).
- ChII' quan sv : Cac qUaD de?i ;
00 'A * , til t f
Nhip npi til' ma b,nh chll'ung quan qu6c trpng sv :
Nhip npi til' ma : mQt chti-c quan cao clp trong quan, dM U 80'.
T'-:" ma : TO' : xet, lam cho, Mli: ngt,ra, tieu cho qUaD dQi ;
Nhip npi: NQi : cung vua; nghia deD : dU'(}'c VaG cung .,ua ; ughia bong: quaD trQnl
(Cho Den chti-c D9i to' mli cao hO'D chtrC to' ma).
- Btnh chll'ung quan qu6c trpng sv vi C80 Dhat cb trieu daDb cho nhfrDI
llio thin co dtTC lOon, x"p tren hr&ng .
Btnh chll'ung : binh If v. chO'O"ng bien ( " : giii quytit va lam cho
I
Quan qu6c trong sv : nhfrng tr9ng yt;u ve quan d{li va nha nU'o-c
(5) -t-- .f: .f J:. -If
Kim ngO' d,i, ngan phu c thO'(}'ng tri) tl}' :
Cai tui c6 glin hiDh con ca bAng vanl v&i phu
(mU'u tri, tri cao ).
l,
hlDg b,c c6 .bai chfr c thO'Q'ng tri ,
96 la 8U-C rna vua ban cho nhfrng 'i quan to co cong 16n troDg trieu ( nMt
la 'luaD V6); tui nay cteo lr day tMt IU'ng 1i,Q' chio (trieu phl]c). Til' dO'i 9O'(rDg ve trtr&c,
vtt nay lam Mng hinh con (tU'(}'ng trtrng litre quan 8'!). nc', g?i 1a c hb phu); d<ri
sau dbi hiing cai ttii co hiDb .con ca, nen ''Ii la Dgll' d,i) ; hinh con cs dU'g'c lam hing ngC}c
57
j
(
hay vlmg, tuy theo clip
Thai uy Gi&i quoc cOng: - Tlng : thmYng 8an khi eMt ( khac Thl,l
kbi cop 80ng; Phong -# : th11'iYng cho oog ba, cha mit va VfT con 80ng ).
- Thai uy: chu-c quan db trieu, nh11' tlr6ong.
- Ciui quoc cong ten t11'?,c cua L11'u Trun,. ( qu<Sc cong la Gi&i : ciy eli), QuOc
rong la t11'&e dwng treD c6ng va d11'&i vlfO'ng.
(7) '" !f #, "'" T rung cMng phUc than : phUc tUn gifra.
PMc tMIl von la ng11'o-i co khi co ellng O'nv&i dan, v&i D11'&e, neD, 88U khi
eMt, d11'fTc daD m!}t lang hay nhieu laDg thO- lam thin che cho- eho din ( thlD baD phUc, twc
dieu llmh, cho dan ).
.
.. !. 1, l!t 'f 1fJ m st j-' -k. ..t. .
'. ". .
T uy phUc - hohng ( hoanh ) hrru - an nhan - hba nghfa - Joe khanh - Jien huong-
q uang - J;eh Irrung - JoIn vdn - hung Irrp'c- vi - phong cong -- J",c ";n -.
Te J{li vrrung: T11'&c phong tMD eua LU'U Trung tm&c de phong nay.
- T uy phuc : yen bn va 8ung 811'&ng
- Hohng (hoanh) hrru : vui klUip (Holng : l&n,HU'u : vui) ;
- An nhan : yen bn va Dhan ai ;
- Hba nghTa : hQ'p nhau trong dieu phii,
- Doc khanh : d<Se long v&i 1lmh;
- Dien huong : ban thO'iYDg .iu dai (Huong WL thOng dyng v&i Huong ::JL, nghia
Dh11' Tw U. )
-, Quang aD rai.
- D;ch Irrung: din dieu tot (ehfr dich, ctling ra phii vit;t v&i x11'&e 1- ;
. , cach trong biD khOllg co trong cae tv va tir Trung Qu<Se).
- vdn : van (chinh tr! ) (\n daDg ;
- Hung Irrric : hUDg tli IIfQ'c: co tai cao mO'U gioi tron'g quan, va nO'uc.
- V'i.lift : (thaDh tlch) etc iY diy la danhtir" la
).
" .
Phong ding: nhieu lao ( 't Phons: dly nhieu ; thU!}C h9 ji, c6
deD,la cai bat to dvng thti-e an ; COD h9 pMD beD tren la ehfr SO'n J., va 'o-tropg IODgla
hai chfr rhong ::f. , nhanh la, t11'Q'ng trU:Dg cho khai Difm dao. (eM y: h ph'D beD
treD khOng 'phiii Ie chfr Khlic *' nhO' ta 'thlfo-ng leKhUe thi 8e Ie
ehfr lA 1, nghia 1a 'm!}t ;thw khf minh dUDg trong khi cling, tuy troDI :ehfr I.e nlY,
t6 Klnic cung chi la bit;n cua"h9 ben tren eua chfr Phoa. ; nh11'ng th6iquen
truyen thtlng.da pUn nhO'tM va da dlr,?,ccac cQng
58
- Dvc v$n : giup gifr (cua DU'6c).
- Te vU'CYng : 91,li vll'O'ug cu-u vo-t (din).
(9) t .. :iE..:i. ( ) - Ht It ii
lrir tam ngO ( .. ) nMt du hp U' Tay Ie, : ca dOl,ln nay neu conI lao, thanh dell
cua LU'u Trung:
- Nghiep trd' tam ngO (cM y chfio trong bin e4c ;dung ra chii'
c6 : Trl,lc t b9 M9
c
lr du;o-i = t) ; SV' (coa ngll'o-j) la cho-
(Tm) Tam Vtl'O'ng (ba vua dV'Dg nU'6c: vua Vii nha :t, vua Thanh Than,
A ;t nba ThU'O'ug' if ,va vua Van nha Chu JliJ ) va Ngii he (nam vua chU'
hln : Hoan C6ng 1i. nti'6c ... t Van C6ng nU'o-c Tiln -t ,M\lc . ., C6ng
PU'6c Tlln ,TU'O'Dg 1.. Cong nU'cYc T6ng va Trang l Cong DU'o-e SO- Jl ) . y
n6i : cho- nhii'ng vi vua gioi, cO tsi tri nll'o-c (diy chi cac vua I.e). Cung cOn cO
Tam la Tam chinh (ba cai dung : Tro-i .dung, Olt dung, NgU'o-i dunl) va Ngii hanh
. Ngii thU'Ong : Nam du-c 16n : nhin, ngbIa, tri, tin) v6i quan : Tam chinh, Ngii
la coo hgi cho ke lam vU& su-. sang ( ram cbinb, Ngii hilDh, vU'O'ng gil cii ct"i
chi tt; hi}i do: JE. .iL A ff it tt It ,. t-. T6ng QuAn lfJ
chU giai H,u HaD thU').
- if "f -t xalt thien ( eM y : chii' Xult.
.tUDg ra pbli vl5t hai ehii' Khlui eMn, len v6i m(>t cal xuyen 0- giu-a
chu- kMDg phli hai chii' Sun len B: nhU' ta thl1'o-ng t&i vl1'91 tram nghin
( DgtrOi. .
- Can ta; 4l:t = ff ; = l. - cMnl DI8D tai
hC}a (0- .tay am chi hC}a ngo,i dm va
Difu v;n minh CCT ;:{ .. : kbeo vto dy.ng ml1'u tri cao siu (CO': Co' mU'u,
mU'u trf; Minh: th6Dg u d.t miDh : tb(u lIu6t cM ttSl tam, hi eM y d,Dg cda
chU' Minh: e1tiDg ra l& Cr tren, chii' a 0- giii'ava chii' Lye "f\ l:T dl1'cSi:
nha'Dg trong bin elc, hg Mi6n t>* lr tren, va 0- dU'6i I. chii' Bat: l\. :
- C,}u tlch vinh phii U' Nam cvu lL -II- '1'k. 4k.. itJ :4i. 911'9'c ban thU'o-DI
hfu (vi di) giup ("ua) lau ngay 0- (uiSi phia Nam (chi can cudi- da khlri nghia
Lam SO'D).
- C,}u tlch (chii' Tbh it; d{jDg nghia v&i chii' Tti- ." ): chiD thu- ngay xU'a thien
tlr han thU'o-ng cho vua chll' hit; : Diva xe ( xa rna) ; 80 quaD (y phyc) ; han nh,c ( tAe
.. tJ); en-a -eO'D do (chu h9 -*- r ho!c chu m6n i.. ,,: tl1'9'ng cua quy'
) ; bie lam t\lt ,..0 trong nha et ' vi png tr<,ml kMng bl1'6e
TaO nha bAng lam ngoai tro-i ) ; duog IIi (hb hOn Jt t ; lam . vf si:)';
rl1'9'u quy (cV' 8u'0-01 't ; CtT: lUa den; sl1'6ng : rll'Q'u ; riu Ma (phu
It : hai vii khi), ten (cung thi 5 .
59
_ T lIung Icet : cung Dba. Idt ngbYa, cong nbau doan k5t, cung nhau gliD h6.
- M6u tham huyen hoa It t- . -r : c!i', tham lia vao bin tbo-i
tbinb tr! :
M8u : ( tren eua ebtr Tham 4ung ra phii vOi ba chtr TU' fI.. ..
nhU'ng thOng thU'o-ng 411'9'c blag chii' TU' .J,.. v6i m9t nlang -, .. >C?D bg ben d1l'6i.
chii' Sam j ,thU'o-ng dU'9'c tbay blDg chii' Tam J!E.. : : dong' gop thanh
dch 1&0. tham gia tieh el}'c ( : 8um eue. t6t; Tham : tham dl}', tham gia).
I
Huyen. hoa : (nghia 4en : h6a ; 81}' cam hoa, giao bcSa ditu):
m9t baD nh,c n1l'o-c Ng3 co m1}c dieh d98g Tien nhin dan, n9i dung noi : clp tren et\.a Bang
ehinh trio huKn quan 81}', lam theo trUi, thi du-e nban chiy khAp, thienh, vui
tU'oi. {J ctay, mU<ln noi ban nh,c cUa th'(ri tbjnh trj (tho-i Le 80').' I
- Nhat Ju h(j II' Tay Icy: - 3l. It J!. it-- M9t bi di
theo vua c7 .1& cO- Tay. (chU'a ro LU'u Trung eta co 11ln nao theo:vua U di danh d4(p c7
m,n Tiy- bile c7 vuog hi.en gi6i Lao khGng). d,ng chii', eM y c7 ban phii
coa chii' Kl, daDg Ie phii co, tbem mOt net ph8.y v& netngang ;;;.,.. Qo treD chii' Cin
Ii' : d1}ng v6i chii' Ki )
(10) FI- JfJ 4#,, .A. lJrt .t If. 8ao til'. J"c' long
cong, tfeh n'h1, cai gia hue : ( vln ) giii' nh1l' t:h5, ( nay) mu6n nen cGng 16n (cua NgU'oi j,
ban thU;cYng Npoi. vi han them an
- T u- : ngbYa nhU' Thti- Jlf::, : cai d6, nbU' tM ( eM y phln voo chii' T11' it
nghYa 18 den, hai chii' -r ).
-- Ca;: .t am ehfnh li. H,p (Ha + Blt noi liu l,i, nghia 1& sao ching) nh11'ng th11'o-ng
thay cho chii' cai J. trong Cae van hin hanh chinh tho-i U.
(ll) - T uan h{lnh 'i!!L ... : o6i vua (Ii eho-i (khac Tuln tM " : 4i xem xet)
(12) - Thang Sp !, : (cM-y chfr Tbang trongbin ellc kbODg co net Dgang
tu-e thang m{ie lp 'it !, n6i tat: dlt tl1m gQi c6a vua, que coa vua ( c7 day 1&
Lam Sern ).
(13) _ MT tv ..,l. !f : cM' (tlr) tu-e 1& chii' caD,vi cai tiSt, cai Clia m9
t
ngll'o-i ngii' dung trong eAethin ct8 cbi nhfrng chfr lam tU'o-e phong) .

(14) - Te tr; ,.... iii :tl din trj qu6c: cu-u dan tr! 11U'o-C.
(15) - Linh thong 'f it : linh U-Dg SU<lt ml}i (thOug d .. t).
(16) - hvu {i; : giup ao- ro rang (Hvu {i; ngbia nhU' Hvu : gittp
do- ; troDg van bin silc Nam, thll'o-ng dung chii' 1i; thay cbo chfr *ti ).
(17) Canh hll'ng tam thlp nh; nien 1. .ft. #,.: 1t Canp HU'ng \Cinh : 1&0, HU'ng :
hll'ng thinh,thjnh vU'Vng) la Dien vua trll'o-c eU<li cung cua Le, ten Iii Day Dieu (Oao)
ft lam vua tlr 1740 1786, th1}y la Tong a . NaID tbu- 32 Iii Dam 1772.
60
III. PtCH NGHr A
Sic cho
Bl! t6i c6 c6ng mb nU'ue (di) nang cao loog trung tbanh - enng du-e mltu -
( bao cBi dung lam to dieu phii.
Chti-.c hanh quin ding quan chtr qUiLD I'.f, nh,p n{li hI' ma blnh chU'O'ng quiri- qu6e trl]ng IV,
Dtrvc ban tUi ea vang vui phu hAng bl}-ce6 hai chtr thtrvng tff ,
Sau khi eMt, dtrvc ban chu-c Thai uy, ttr6-c Gi6-i qutSe cOllg (va) 4trve khen thtrong
lam Pbtic thlo hl}-ng gitra v6'j ttr6'e ThOa pMc bdng htru-an ohin hoa nghla - 4tSckhanh
butSng - quang trfilch djch ItrO'ng - doan hung lU'vc - phong cong - dVe v,n
D,i vtrO'ng.
( Vi) 8V Ba vus uam chua, tei can vtrq't tram ke oghio ngtrai ; DIaD eh,n
. tai hl]a. kh60 ';\1ng mU"u cao;
( Vi) chin thti- han cho (hi'ri) lau agar gilipvua c7 Nam cvc (cung) gln h6 tham gia
khuc nhl}-c thai thinh trj ( va )m9t hi m,t theo chUa dtr6-i hi cOO TAy.
.' I. .' I
(Van) giir ( nhtrng ban khen trtr6'c) nhtr tM, (oay) mut)o neil cong 160 (eua Ngu-O'i ),
48 ban thU'o-ng NgU'O'i; VI ban them An
))0 vang vua) trong dip chai dilt thang m9c. cho phoog them my
tv. Phong them :
C60g thin mb ntr6'c (da) nang c,o long trung thaoh -::- eung dd'c, mU'U - bao
cei dung, lam to dil!u phBi.
Cbu-chanh quan tbng quia chtr quAn 8V, nhtp ttr ml, ehU'O'ol quin qa6c
tre;lDg 8V,
9U'vc ban tui eli vang v6i phu hAng h,c c6 co hai chtr Tbtrq'ng tri ,
. ..
Sau kbi Oll'q'c han chu-c Thai liy, ttr6c Gi6-i qut)c coog (va) c!trvc kheo thU'wg
14m PMc thltn h!p1g gitra veTi br6'c ThOa phuc holog hII'D -:-- an nhin hOa nghia - c!tSc khanh
dien hu6ng - trl}-ch djch hrO'ng - doan van hung IIl'Vc - vi phong cOng - dvc "tn
t6 trl-' Linh)hOng hvu _DI}-i vtrO'ng.
ebo Den
. Sic chao
Ngay hai mU'O'i Mn.thang ba Dam thO- ba mU'O'i hai Cinb Hu-Dg.
61
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I. AM
SAC
Tulln hJ'ung bao trung (1) chi thliD,
Vii (2) chi thitn,
Uylmanh (3) chi thltn,
H9 qutSc ti (ti) (4) dAn nAm tru- (trU'o-e) (5) Hnh u-ng.
Tn- (6) kim phi (7) U'ug (8)
Canh (9)
(10) thltn hU'u (II)
Quan (J 2) gia (13)
T uan /U'ung /U'{Tflg twe (14) chi thltn.
NhU'ng chuln Thilt xi y C\fU ph\lng s\1' tbln.
Ky (15) tU'6ng (16) b\ru (17) hao ngli Ie dan !
Kham tai (18)!
tIi (19) Ivc nien nbi tMp hat
II. CHU GIAI
1) it __ .1- T uan /U'cYng bao trung: tU'o-c vi cua thien tbitn 0- dja
pbU'ung (nghla til'ng ehfr IS. : tai va tot, gifr long trung thanb ).
2) l.!t Va : m9t tU'o-c vi tbln (nghia den: thanh tieh, e\1' vii eong).
3) Uy miInh: m9t tlro-e vi thin (ughta den: oai va khOe).
4) fiL ( JtJ.) 11 (tt) : ehe cho-.
5) ::It :f NAm tru-: lau nay ro rang.
6) Jf T u- : cho ocn (nghra nhU' til' Co)
7) 3i Phi: hen, m6i (nghla nhU' til' 7J niii)
8) " Ung: ehiu, tuSn (ughta nhU' ot. thV)
9) lk. ." Canh m?nh : sang, tu-c trai.
10) 1.1 Mien nifm : Mien: xa; Nifm : nhU.
II) it Than hU'u : Mng thlln, un che chu cua (Hvu : Mill ely ; nghla chii'
Am )
12) lV Quin: (eM y: day dung chii' quan' vi nay phong cho ca ha vi thilo
co teo noi tren va ci ha vi dU'Q'c thang len cung m9t },fc).
13) IN Gia flng : them (eM t chii' gia, vitrU'o-c 4i tU'o-c vi r3i )
14) oft __ # 1.. T uan /vung /U'{Tng twe :tU'o-c vi mo-i, nghla til'ag chii' 1. : tai
va tot, 'v. nga y thAng .. .
15) Jt. Ky: DgO hltu, mong rlng.
16) :h1 T U'ung : a:em, trong coi.'
l
17) {ti ( ffi) Hvu : chi 8V giup do' Clia thin (khac ;t; Hfru: IV Biup docua
nglfai ).
18) it Khamtai: Hiy tuln theo! ( Kham : ton kinh vua ; tai : trer tir cQ y nghia
). .
19) Ii ,Vi Thi'u)rj: nien dM vua thli- ba cua ( 1840 - 1847 ),
la Mien T6ng 1$ tby.y (ten sau khi la Tb ::Ut ke, ntH).
III. DICH NGHTA
Slic (cho) :
Thln TulD hl'O'ng bio trung,
Thin V
( va) Tbln Uy minh.
(Cac thitn) -giup nlr6c cbe dan, IAu nay linh vng ra raDg .
. Cho ncn, nay m6i tuan
trai,
Xa nghi den cong fJhe chiY (cua cac) tblD,
them cbo ca (ha thin),
( TU'6c vi) Tbltl1 Tull1 .JU'O'hg IU'9'ng trIFc.
( Va) yin chi) xi DJ!.i Tb,ch Th(t tha cung ( cac) thltn nhU' cu, DgO hlu
( cac thin) tr6ng coi giup do- (va) checbiY daD den tao
H5y tU8n theo!
Ngay mU'M tam thang ch,p Dam thli- lau Tri.
CHUaNG IV

I. KHAI -: (J day, Doi hrc la nU'6c va lang.
Dlr6i eM dl) phong kieu, nU'6e do nha nU'6c ra va thi hanb trong phJ!.m vi ci
nU'6c, COD lang (hU'O'ng U'6c) do dan lilDg ra va chi co tac d1]og trong mOt lang.
Noi nhU' vb, khOng phii la lang eo trai ogU'(}'c, trenean hin, v6i l1U'cYC (1).
vi lang 18 nbu'ng khoan chi ra - nfng phoog t\1c - pbyc VI}- cho
thi banh oU'6c tronjl; nbirng C1] cUa mOt lang. trong van ban
hU'O'ng U'6c, ngU'M ta l\li 1. c c U'Uc) ). Vf tir dai 9u-c ( 1470-
.".-
(1) CAn tl1c Dgu- : "PMp vua thua lan'g. co y nghia cao h{ln qoan Ii Dgll'M din'
it(rn vi hloh ehinh co' sO- dvu-i tho-i phong kien. I
1497), phap da quy dinh che nluyen tiC lang:
- 4 IllDg phiii do nhfrng Dha nho co chu-c quaD 0- trong lang ;
- xong phAi trinh len quan dia phU'O'ng (HlJng Dtre ehfnh thU')
Song, du sao, IrlDg cling eon phiD BDh du,,!c m9t phl1n nhfl'ng taD dU' cua ubfrng
phong t\lc, quaD cua qulin chun, nhan dan tir tho-i xa xU'a. Va dieu nay, nMt diDh co
anh hU'o-n, tro- nU'6oc.
II. GIA TR! ClIA PHAP vA LANG &61 VOl cliu XA HI cO
NAM.
Phap va lang la Dhfrng tU' tr'}'c ti6p, C\l va chfnh xac nMt tim
xi h{>i cli Nam, quaD giai clp va do-i et)ng kinh cua xi h{>i trong thM
phong V6i m\lc tieu do, mr6c va lang co nhfrng tac d\lng b6 trC]' va htl
lung nhau: DU'6c vii leo hirc tranh chun, tosn ciinh thi lang la nhfrng Infc tranh
rieng cua tung dan vi cO' eO- cna xa h{>i. Va, nhU' tren da noi, lang con ehu-a dVng nhfrng
tllD dU' cua phong tye quan (,7\ cua ngU'Oi thM xa xU'a (vi nhU' phong tyc t6D trqng
, nhfrng 16n ton phy Dfr ... ) Den'D6 la mvt tU' quy kbOng Dhfrng cho
cac nhs lir hqc, rna cOn cho cac nh. xa h9i ! .I}C va din t{lc hl}c nfra.
III. cAc vA THlic TRiNH BAY: '
1. - Dan t9c ta viSn c6 tMng' luit lau dO-i. B{. duC]'c eir each noi dt;n
e6m oMt (trong tM ki I) c6 Ie dil xu't tir trU'6c, tir khi thaDh nU'c7c Au L,c ;
long chua ro do la quan hay lu,t thanh van. B{l c Hlnh thU', cua
nha Ly (1042) cMc cMn la thanh van, !lOng chU'a ro vit;t tay hay khlc in. f}oi v6i h{>
Quae hlnh luit) cua Dh. Trlin (1230) cling nhU' Vi nhli'ng lIach lu,t
Nam xU'a nMt ma ta con thily nay la nhftng van han dOi Le, trong do co hi} c Qu6c
trieu hlnh ta thU'o-ng gQi la c f}u-c ) dU'C]'c han h6 dU'6i Le Thanh
Tong (1460 -1497) hay, noi chfnh xac hO'D, trong khoang hien 9u-c ( 1470 -
1497), va da dU'C]'c khdc in (chU'a ro mly llin va no n'rmg nam oao) ; con cac each kh8c chI
con J'!oi dU'ui chep tay.
Ijng, tuy (y day chi n6i thimh van, lIong, tren th,},c 0- nhih DO'i,
laug chi duQ'c truy()n rna nha nghieD cli'n oln lU'u t). DlI'ui d\'Dg thanh van,
lang tbU'o-ng dtrC]'c chep tay ,a d6ng thanh tfp; & mi}t 10 nO'i, dU'C]'c khllc tr8n ilia da,
eong, hia. eta chi dung tron, nhfrng trU'Qong hQ'p do 18m cho dAo lang IU'u y mi}t vln
dq.c nao d6 trong toaD h{> If lang (ohll' : nhii'ng khoan rU{>D' dlt, hQc,
nhfrng khoau cua h{>i tU' van, nhfrog khoao (lua giaophU'o-ng v.v. )
2. - dang cM y nhlt thtrc t"nh bay cua van bi.o va la cach danh
dau cac dieu khoan ke.
Trong van nay, khang tM vit;t (kbOogeang dong) nhll' cac van khac. Vi
cu- Mt m{it khoiin thi phiii eang dODg: Va 0- diu mOi khoiD, khOng danh eo
th{r t'}' nhU' trong van ngay nay. Nhtrng et3 Den ev tach gifta cac khoao, DgU'M
ta dung hai diu hai tru-bong hC]'p :
- Mot la, trong nhfrng chU'O'nl m\1c g3m it khoan (thU'ung la til' mU'o-i tro- xuting),
thi 0- dllu mM khoan ghi m{>t chft NMt) ( - ) kai chfr NMt )
(- . Ngay khi m{it chU'O'ug myc chi c6 m9t khoin thi (y dliu kboa
n
d6, vln ghi NMt) Nhlt ).
- Hai la. trong nhfrng cbU'O'ng rnt}c 'khoin (thll'o-ng la til' mtrOi tro- len ),
0- ditu mOi dieu khoan, kh6ng "hi Nhlt) holjc Nhat nhU' 0- trent ma cbl troi
chfr cUu cua khoan len m{>t chii'; .
thtioc trinh bay d6 kern Hoh khoa hQC. nen rlt hit cho ngu-o-i oghien cu-u rnut)n
ctitlU khoiin ma rninh sir d\lDg thugc thu- mly trong rn9t chtrO'ug m\lc, uhlt la muGu
65
i
i
I
l
Jam k,\ fI;i khoan trong mQt chU'O'ng ml}c tllnglltS dii'iu kboon I'lla
(vI v::1\. nay . ('on IIfl vit f1',ng ,,6 dH\n khoaD cua b(. QIlOC ',ie,,:"'nh * (liri
"hlTa "hM Iri car "ha )
C"1i y: dll1' Nhlt i'r diiu mt,j khOlin ('hi "I) gia tri ('ua m{lt duu hi':lInhlr rai
dIu dimg eiia van ngay nay.
- Tmng m,)t so tmirng h(TP, ta thlly (,a dlinh 80 thl,. ttr Nhut,- nhi V.v. H6 In
h?,p m,!t chmrng mvc kho8n gOut tlr IDU'Cri mU'Q-i di1'lm tr{r
ya thtrfrng U1anl! ti;'\1 de 1'6 chir stS IIhlr : Thtp 8,.I>at thtit xufit, tam hilt khn' khii- V.v.
IV. NG6N NGO' :
Viin Hun 06i chung v<ln di rlit cu rna van .. nhat la la 10,i VaT!
cil nhat trong van Han ci); cho 11Pll, bO sOt dlJe lai m{lt chfl' trollg eilU Be vo
cUllg tai
Ngoni r!i?m do ra. xio llhiln m'.lnh m{lt khl.c dang gay kh6 khan cho cbiDg
ta nf!;ay nay: ,1,; la viin r1f\ ngfr trong viin c3 cua Virt Nam,
Trong' van 11:, co m(lt thiing ttr vo-i mot DghTa rieng khac han nghia thfmg
thU'ung diHlI! vlin hQc. Vi", dl} : (Til' mAu, khong co nghia In mt: dl,li dlog'
khong IIghia la c6ng to-n v.v. LU1!i lIay khs nhip-u, nhlrng khOng rite roi Ihm \1 1:11
tra h'IIng cae tl" ftii'!n, KM II hat la IO,!i Dgfr d" {jog I:ha chung ta sang ehr. bIlng
phlfO'ng thlrc. L"l.Ii nay. I-hu den oay, elms dU'?,t: fling ket va gi8i thicb, Den, 0- day, dlJ
btr,Joc (Un nell Mn vai xtit :
1) h'TP ohl1'ng til' Hall v6i nguyen nghia de thill1h nhirllg ngii' khOnl ",i
trong HSII. nhlf tlTfrng ,phU'irng hinh, xuy that fi. thUDg that tit ohieu lao, Dhiell
h .. ,,'. tii"II, ,,!.lii tii:1I \.v. IIAY dlii:tn m{lt !It; IlIvng Ifrn,
2) llli ,fl)ng nhii'tlg ngir co trnng tir.,,/! Han, nhlTn/! hii\u v,Yj m{itham nghia
Nam:
, .. , Til' Dunq 11 i'r Trung Qutk. 1'0 Dghia 18 kbo81J .1;\0 rna IJgtriYi dan ebo nhe IIITlrc
di'l JJllla lao Iljch nell mlnh kMng di lao dirh nghia VI.'. (''( Vi(f 'NaUJ. Jit thu;; than, ehlr khong
phiii ti(\o mua lau djch nghia VI.I
. Tir Phien It , i'r'Trung Qut'ie. I"() nghia Is Hin. ItrVt ; if Nam, IiI dO'tl vi
cO' S'(', dati (1ioh tr lang. TiT d6, de ra cl,lm til' 'filii phihl 11 -if. bay PhieD tht"1 -1,'-
it ehI ngU'ui chi huy ( dti-ng diiu) m{lt I'hicu v.\.
, ;"1) Mlrvn chiI' phien am Wing f'1 Jlhting tir 1116i Cll m{H n{li dung
Y Dghia trug !lap y6iyctJ dill cua xii h(li Nnlll, 111m:
- 1\hl',!tl ,hii' Bong Ji;]. ilf! phien am tir dong ( \'8 ket h?,p vo-i Bien
\l1 I hilllh dien ). '
MIT?,n ('hu' Isnh . Jj ph;en am tir 1illh (va vo-i hinh iti- thanh Bioh
66
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70
I. PHIEN AM
Ngu
Qu6c TRllu HJNH
NHAT
CHlJONG PHAM TlT CLrU (J)
Xuy hlnh (2) ngu (tlr nhilt chi ngli vi ngii dang gia giam, ph,t biem (3)
rI dO'n d',mg, nam nir dlt hru duy ;lfr :
NhBt
Nh}
Tam .
. - Tu- th,p,
-- Ngil
TrU'qng hinh ngu (tI,r chi nhilt bach vi ngii dang gia giiim ;
Itrll IlI,lOg dO'n cluy nam d\}ug).
- J ,\10
-- That
- Bat
'-.- CO-II tMp,
-- i'ihilt
Db hinh (4) tam (h,t' thul}c dinh chi khao dinh, ph'.l chi that phl,l vi nMt
dlln8; ttrlrng phll'irng binh, xuy thilt ti vi nhilt dii:ng; ChllDg dipu binh, thung thiit ti vi
nhlt dAng, gia giam) :
-.- Dieh Jinh (5) (thu{le dinh (6). qulin dinh (7), xii diuh (8), khao dinh (I); dieh phV
(10), (thtl- pb\} (11). ph\} (12), tang that ph\! (13) ),
Nam .tlnh khinh, tfll'q'ng bat quan thu{lc do han doh (14). thu(,e dinh
. hiin quan dinh, dan han xii diuh, tiuh tr(.mg, /fll'q'ng bat dQ djch tnc, i\ir
tioh khioh. xuy ngii din do thti- ph'.l hO/lll lich (] 5), hiru !!.ac (] 6) do vien ph\1 ;
-tIn h tr99g, xuy ngii th,p, do taug thilt ph\1 dieh,
- T v{J'ng phvung binh (17), xuy tMt ti (18):
tfl1'q'og bat tht-P, thich nhi t\}', do hl'q'ng phll"<rng billh clr tac. Nfl'
xuy ngii thich nhi t\}" dlt xuy thiit ti ell' tac,
._- ChUng Jien binh (19), thung that tl (20) :
Nam tfl1'q'ng bat thich h,ng tu- t\}', chung binh, dai l21) nMt
trim;;!, Chau (22) Cll" tk 1"fr xuy ngii thirh hl!ng tti- h,r, do thung tMt ti
Cll' t8c.
.,
. LU'u (23) tam (h.r chan chi vi tam dAng gia giam) :
Cin eMu: Nam tfl1'q'ng mru (24) thich ll}c tl,r, dai liell Ilhilt trimg.
71
An, H8 Hoa (25) 4!lng xU- giam thn pMi dich. Nil' ph,m, xuyngu th*p, thich
di9D Il}c t\r, vo lieu, CU' tac .. phOng [phU'lrngJ thii-.
- Ngoi;Ji chau tnr;l'Dg cll'U thich hat h.r, dai lielt Ii .. ! ?f( Chillh (27)
dAllg xU- giam thii ph{)idich.
- Vien chau; tfU'Q'llg llhat bach, '. thich bat hr, dai lieu tam trimg, Cao BAng
dang xU- giam thi! phoi dich.
T.r hinh tam (t\r giao, tram, chi lang tri vi tam ding: giio. tram vi nMt ding;
khieu r kieu I; laog tri cac vi ohlh dAog. gia giim) :
Th,p aC
Gilo, tram;
Khiell [kicu J (28)
-- Lang trio (29)
- Nhlt mlJ'u phan (Vi mU'u nguy xii tlic (30;
'-- Nhi viet nllru Ji); nghjch (Vi mU'u bUy tong. mieu (31), 80'0 lang (32) cung
khuyH).
- Tam viet mlJ'u bim (Vi tnU'u bc)i qU()c. tung ngH) :
- '1'& viet ac nghich (Vi lu cfp mtt.:. sat tb ph\} mAu, ph!! mAu, sat b8 phI} mAu (33),
co (34), hUyllh (35), phI} mAu, phu chi tb ph\l mAu. phI} mAu gia) ;
- Ngu viet bat Ji)O (Vi llit Dhat gia phi tii- t{li tam liMn, ctp chi giii nhall thao tac
ct, (36), dc)t:, ap mu{,i (37).
- L\lC viet bat klnh (Vi lang mieu than Ilgl}' chi (38), thka dU' (39) phl}c
(40), ng\}y ngv blo (41), hoa hQ'p ng\r dU''lc Mt nhU' han phU'O'ng, phong
nhll'q'c tl].o ngv thi9n ngg ph"m thvc elm, ng\r hl].uh chu thUYCD ngg blt lao C(), chi
xlch thira dtr tinh ly thiet hl].i, doi trI!-o eM SU- (42) nhi vo nhan than chi Ie).
- That viet bat hieu (Vi cao ngoD tro- ml!- tb ph\l mAu, phI} mAu, vi b{li giao
huan, khuy cung dll'frng ; CII' phI} miu tang, than tlr gia tM. nhU'q'c tac l,!-c, tbich
ph!!c (43) tung cat (44) : van i:lI phI} miu tang (45), bat cn- ai (46). tra xll'ng tb phI}
phI} mAu tii-) ;
- Bat viet bat mvc (Vi mll'U sat m,!-i ti rna (47) di thU'9'ng than ; lu, cao phu,
d,!-i (48) di thll'q'Dg ton trU'o-ng (49) cong (50) ton thui)c (51) ).
- Cuu viet bat nghra (Vi eat ban thu9c phii chil, t,i quail til', thl}
eu', duyen r dien] tot (52) sat bin IIU' quan trU'O-llg ; van phI} tang, bat en- ai, tae
ll}-c, thich phye tung cat cfP cli gia).
- TMp npi IOi)n (Vi gian CODg di thll'c;rng, than pbl}, ttl thiep, dfr hoa
(53) gil).
Bat nghi
- Nhat viet ngh; than (Vi hoang de din (54) di thU'q'ng than. hoang thai
ti ma di thU'Q'Dg than. hoang btu c6ng di thll''lng than) ;
- Nhi viet ngh; co (vi co cvu);
- Tam viet nghi hien (vi hfru d"i dlrc hq.nh) ;
,
72
b
- Tn- viet ngh; nilng (vi hii'u dl1>i tai ;
- Ngii vit;t nghi cong (vl hfru coog buan);
- L\!c viet ngh; qUY (vi ehli-c 8lF quaIl (55) tam ph!m dI tbU'gng, tan quaD (56)
tlr&C (57) obi pblm di thltgDg gil) ;
- TMt viet ngh; can (vi hii'u CaD lao) ;
- Bat vit;t nghj tin (vi thira cbi vi qutSc tao giii).
CbU' bat nghi gil, phq:m tii- t{)j, giai eO- t9a, U'ng nghi chi trl}.ng, tien ph\!ng
thinh nghi, nghi djnh, t!u tai (nghi gia, nguyen Hoh thinh t{>i xU'ng diob hioh cbi Dhi
1I(t chaoh quyet cbi). L,ru t{>i di b" giam nMt dAng. Ki pb,m ae gia, 1I(t d\!ng
tbii- . .
t t. CHU Gt;'t
1) Theo y kien ohi!;u oha l'Ighien ClfU ve lich su' philp che Nam, hi} Qu6c trieu
h'inh luit ra do-i trong khoaog nien fhi'c (1470 1497) va dU'q'C thi himh troog
su6t trieu Le. Tuy maog ten la Hioh h{l ti)ng hgp nay ci hi} (dan
ci co sau quyi;1l v&i 722 la m9t tai qui cho nhii'ng ngU'o-i nghien CtfU Iich sii-
xii h{li Nam. Bo,n trich tren dAy la ha dieu 'ellu trong 49 dieu cua chU'O'ng Danh
(ten va cac hinh ph,t) la ChU'O'Dg dau cna quyl!o thli- nhiit.
2) Jltl Xuy h,nh : (xuy: cai .roj) hinb ph!}t danh hang roi (cM y : chii' Hinh co
8 net, g3m co chii' Kip.n 1t va hI) Sao
3) iii. Biem: giang ChlfC quaIl (agay Day ta noi la: c hI}- tling cong tac . Tt,\i ph,t
Diem Huh theo dO'n vi TU' f (htc): hiem hr, nhi hr v.v.
4) -It lfIl Do h'inb : hiub ph,t giam gifr va bit lao d{mg (chan tay) kh6nh(]c.
i 5) ft.,. DjchJinh: trai (dan oog lao d{lDg phl.IC V\! ngU'o-i khac).
6) .. .,. Thupc Jinh : phu trai ph\!c V\1 0- cae cO' quail uha OU'o-c.
7) ",'" Quin Jinh : phu trai phyc V\! quan d{li.
8) XI Jinh: phu trai ph\!c V\! lang.
9) Khao Jinh : Khao trollg Han, co nghla la lay thli-e an thlro-Ilg
cong cho quan dnh. Viy, 0- day co lit phu trai ph\!c V\! troug oha hep cua quin d9i. C6
nglr<ri c k:tlao dinh la tiI cilt co, uhU'ng khong hiflt la d\ra treu cO' sO- 11110. C6 ngU'M
n6i do la 10'!oi 'iI ma cO" quanquio Ii dlrgc hU'&-ng thue va hrc dich cUa h9' nghia 1.
dU'gc ht} c khat> .
11) ft D;ch ph" : phu gal
(
11) .J.\f. -At Tht1- ph" : theo nghia thOng thU'o-ng 10. vg Ie nang hau. phap
y nghia co Ie nhU' tM. Co ngU'o-i la d/lO ha co t{li hi ph'!ot di ph\!c V\! lang
(Thli- : h'!ong dU'&i).
12) III Vien phI} : phu gai lam vU'o-n (vU'(r11 cua uha uU'&c).
13) .ft. ' -if Tang that ph", : phu gai lam 0- eO- nuoi tAm (cua I1ha nU'&c).
14) fA. Tinh : tir chi cac cO' quan 0- gan vua, c6 y nghia uhU' dai ; sinh
( l\!c tiuh, l\!c )..
15) ii..ti- Hoan t;ch : que qUBn (tich : 8i) h{l
73
" , <t.
16);fj Hl1'u sac: co chu-c sac. Khi Xlra, ba, thy theo phlm him cua
cung CIl ehll-t' slk. Thi th.1 : vv cao quan van vi) 'tir nhi pMm di!n nhat phhm ihrgc g?i lit
pbu llhall ; tir tuol!; tam den ehaDh tam g(}i Ia th\lC nhan. (xembai gia phi).
17) it .Tlr(yng plHrang binI, : Hnh lam i'r voi (ciia nha ntruc).
18) ok.:r that tI : day to- gai lY Dhabtlp (xuy : thM nilu).
19) iI ttl ChUng Jien binI, : Hnh cay (0- eae tlien traDg cull nba mro-c).
20)
(thung : giii.
Thung that t1: 4ay t.' gai lam ('r nhs xay giii Clla Dha ntro-c
21),. lieu: cai cCIOg, .cai xicDg bang 811t.
22) :it ft\ Oien Chau : g(hu vlmg dilt ba phia bl1c An flau lIay : QUYDh
LU'u, Yen Thanh. mfn Chi".
23) it. 1ft1 LlJ'u {,;nh : t9i day (bi dio- l!uTi xa que htrO'ng)
.. 24) C,}u: chin (v6n la chii' citu nhtrng vi kieDg chfr hliy cua Le Den,
theo nguyen tAc, phai vict them bon cai DMp nhay IIhU' Lon chi"r. Nhli.n A.. 0- treD va ;,
dU'o-i b4) trai,.b? .Ng\,c .i., ci'ta chfr sang ben phli).
25) f1f if HOil : m{lt thu9C vc d!h Ha Tinh sau Day; sail dM' 1&
Ky Hoa -t rOi Ky Anh -t -*-\.
,
26) f OJnq: ('f diy, Dgo- trong !iin in khlie chii' Dlng ( f ) ra ehir Vinh
( ) NeDlY phan phicn am va dich nghia, cbung t6i ml1-nh thay chfr Viub blng
chii' Dlng.
27) It 86 Chinh (Chanh) ten m{lt cMu thai (y, 'sau nay 1& dilt QUiD!; Sinh.
28) I: Khieu : chem va beu dau ran 4ulin ebunft)
29) rt il Lang t,,: chii' LBng dung ra phiii viet vo-i b{l Thii; (it) , Dghia la
xAm xuc Tri ; ehtm dan dan. Lang tri 18. m{lt cach hinh pbl].t'Mt ngU'o-i
c6 tvicMt dltn dan bing cach chan tay roi m6i citt c:J. Minh ph!].t nay 0- Trung Qu60
dtrvc ra tir do-i Nguyen (1206 - 1368), chu- trong lu,t d<ri 9tr<rng chi co giiio va tram .

30) it . Xa tac : Xi: thaD diit, thO- than dilt ; : thanhia. millu thO- thin
lua. I'Igay XU'8, lr phU'O'I1g Song, vua thay dan thO- cung. hai vi thllD eto, DeD hai yi
thlln do (va cling tu-c la hai thO- do) tll'vng trU'Dg m{lt DU'o-C (qutSc gia). Do d6,
xii tAc c6 nghia 18 qU()C gia.
31) ',f. iij Tong mieu: (vI kieng ten hU)' cua Tri 18 Mien ',f. nen
chfr Am 18 TQlI, nay nen trlr am dung): thO- oDg h8 (tb
t(lllg ) nha ,ua.
32) ,,4ft Scm lins: nghia den la nui go ; nghia bODg la mo ma Clla nha VUlI.
33) Trong van chi. noi Sa plw mdll) :$(. -lIJ:tti-c lit ooe (anh eha) va
"
vrr ua bac (anh cha). C6 Ie thieu chfr ThUc 0- gifra chii' Ba va cbfr Phl;l (dang Ie phii
'lit anh va em trai eha Cling "(ef ei'ta h? : Ba thUc phi! mAu ).
74
.1
,
J
j
34) Co: duognghia la chi va em gat cha (nhtr cae dnh phia trong con
chu- kMng co nghia nhtr tit Co 'iT cac doh Ilgoai BAr: nay c6 oghilt lil em gal elia eha
va eua m,,). " .
35) )t, *' Huyn" cung co oghia 13 tmh va chj, em trai va em. gai (trong l'Iach
M"nh Tti- di tirng duug vui nghia nay).
. .. . .
36) ii.{i: --l; lac. co : (Thao' I dfln ; Tac cl"J : chM).
37) Jl M. ,4p mup;: gay me, bo thu6c me (ap: Ap 1lU9C'), (:0 dieh lit: dilDg
ma h"i, ngU'i:I'i (L;ch trieu hien chwcmg /II, ell- h!,le l'am, Hs
N?i 1961 )
38) ,;t .., .#7 Than ngV' ch;' vJt : Dil d<ln!!,th(f. thitn : rian;!, ti(in)
. 39) t .. Thira cfl/' ; nghia den 18 di xe, Inghia hOng lil vua (j noi vua xem ea ntrue
Is nha, oeo phii di xe khAp Dlrue Hoh hioh nhin dan, chu- khOng mai trong
cung difn (y kioh do).
40) Il -t .#7 Phl,lc ngV' do dung (phl,lc : NgV': hiJu) ,
41) N9(1' bio ., 'f,' ng(l' . J"fYe #r'" ng(l' u., nqV'
",nh .,. t : Tir (nil"" lam thanh philn ph\1 frong cae nhOm til' tn;n, deu e6 nghia
lit cua nha vua (nghia kh8c vui Ng(I' trong Phl,lc IIg(I' .?r trln)
42) t1 it "(fo eM sUo: chanh eu- elia ,ua ( tri)Q : chanh ; Che : \lIa. rlia
.ua ).
,
43) 4f ... 'Irlch phl,lc : hi} ao quan tang ( dang Ie phii noi : Thich tang phv
c
',
lOng vi 1r trAn di noi mr fang.) roi n&n khOng It;l.i ehi"r tan!!) nfr.).
, I
44) .fl. * T ungeSt (kiet) 80 quan d"p ( cat phvc : ao (IUan dc;p,ao quan theo
thtrfrng, kMDg phii thco tang).
45) &It :til *- V<l'n phl,l mSu tang: dang Ie, tnruc ehfr tang', eon co
hai ehfl' phI, mlu: Van t() ph\l mlu, ph(J mall tang (nghe. tang cua ong hil. eha mt:).
46) ... f.. Cv a;: cat tieng kbOe.
47)" Jtf.. .1; ma (H: viti elta, ma: cay gai) : ten g!,li m{lt d? tang thu!)c
hang ", . o bat troDg nam h,n tang taba thang.l\iim tang (Ngti pb\lc
J..l ) la: Trim thOi -*i' ha Dam ; n thOi mIlt nam ; d,i cling.
. .. ,
c6og, ti ilia. . . .i
48) -k. JIJ DiJi cong: ehe d? tang chinthang (cling : tang) .
49). -k. Ton trU'ung : khOng eo dinh ngbia trong eal' tir (W5D. Song, theo n!)i dung
vanbi1l1a oo.e. tren dong tnrc W;p (tr\t'c. ahu': cha ba lIi}i,Ollg La ngat'i;
ong b8 ell (c\i) v.v.
50) .h Jft eM di) tan,
51) J4- .I Ton thupc : Me '\1ft vtf hac, eM "a VCf chu, ang hit b8c, ong ba chu (hrc .
75
/.
1a tren dong Mn : hang
52) ..it#. Jf- Duren (Dien) tot: quan c'p du-&i va binh Hnh : thuQc quan :
duyen ll}i, duyt;n tbu!)c).
53) Hoa (c,p dii' hoa gii): 0- day la Hba gian noi : bai ben trai gai tinh
thong dam v&i nhau.
54) t. Dan miln : tu-c (<< Ban y, quan) ;it t. nghia la khi
tang, ao d(5 trAn c8uh ta y trai Vto kbOng d9i mii : d6 Ia cM d9 tang clla nhii'ng ngU'ui
co quan h<J hang rll!)t thit cach Dam dui d6i v&i ngl1'ui cMt (cimg chung 0- clui cha ong
cao ; tu-c la cha kX)' j
55) tl .. l' Chu-e SV' quan : quan lam cong th'.rc chu-e VI}.
56) ift l' Tan quan : quan 0- khong (nhan tan), kbOng co congo thv:c theo chu-c
VI}. c6 ham ma khOng c6 thl!c chu-c.
57} T true: 0- day, c6 t11'6-c vi quy t9C :. cong, hllu, ha, tir, nam.
III . DICH NGHTA
HINH COA [&ANG TRI Vi] NlJaC TA
THlr NHAT
CHlJONG TEN VA Le rCAC HINH GOM
BON MlJOI CHiN
Nim hinh ph,t
Hlnh ph,t danh roi c6 nam (tir m9t chl}c Dam chyc tro- xut)ng la nam htc, .
theo t{li rna them b6t. Ph,t CUDI v6i giang chu-c hoijc ph,t ri@ng t.9i nay. Dan ong, dan
ba deu phai cbiu hioh ph,t oay. Hinh ph,t tu va day ma c6 them danh roi, chi ap dyng
cho dan ha);
- M!)t chyc [roi] ;
- Hai chl}c ;
Ba ch\IC ;
Bon ch,!c ;
Nam chl,lC.
HIDh ph,t danh g$V c6 nam (tir sau chyc m9t tram trlr xuong 18 Dam theo
tQi rna them h6-t. Ph,t cung v&i giang chli'e, tu' va day ph:}.t rieng t9i oay. Chi ap dyng
cho . dan oug) :
76
Bay chl}c ;
Tam chyc;
Mgt tram.

ph,t tt. sal CO be (ttl' dinh d"n khao <tinh, thu- phy dgn tang th't
phy lil mt)t ttl'q'ng pbU'o-ng binh va 1UY thit ti lam cLung biDb va thung
thlt ti lam Tn?t thea b}i rna them rot ) :
-- Dieh dinh (thu{ie dinh, quan dinh, xa dinb. khao dinb) ; dieh ph"
(thu- ph\l, vien ph\l, tang thlt ph\l ) :
San ong phl}-m tgi dauh tam ch\lc ; [ co quan ebu-e thi xU- til lam thuge
dinb 0- eO' quan dai nO'i lam ho!c xU- til lam quan dinh 0- dO'n vi elia Minh ; [ u"u
la] din thi xU- til lam xii dinh 0- xii minh ; phl}-m tgi danb tam chyc xU- til lam lao
phyc "t.I. San ba pb,m tgi danh nam ch\lC roi : r n"u la] dan; xU- til lam thu- pht.I ;
cho lang; r co ehu-e slc, xU- tit lam vi&J ph .... ; t9i daDb nam chyc roi, xU- til
lam cong tan!!: thilt ph\l.
-- T U'(J'ng phrrd-ng binh - Xuy that tf :
Ban ong t{li, danh tam cht.Ic tblcb vao gay hai ehfr, xU- til
lam tU'q'ng phU'o-ng binh. Dim ba phl}-m t{li, danh nam chye roi, thleh vao gay hai ehfr, xU-
til lam xuy thit ti.
-- ChUng dien binh - Thung that t/:
Ban ong pbl].m t{li, dauh tam ebye thich vao gay htSn ehfr, xU- tu
lam ehung binb, deo m{it vong xieng,/o- va lam tl}-i Chau. bia phl}-m t{ii, danh
nam cb\lC roi, thich VILO gay b6n' chfr, xU- til lam thung th(t n.
Hinh ph,t day co be (tif cbin gin cbin. xala ba h4c, tbeo t{ii ma thlm oot) :
- CMu gan : San ong pbl}-m danh cMu chyc thfeh vao YU
chfr, <teo m{itvong xieng, giam gifr 'Va p\tan lam 0- cac xU- An va Ha Hoa. Ban
ba ph,m t{ii, danh nam chyc roi, thieb do m!t sau chfr, khOng deo xieng,1r va lam
( nO'i bi day). DU'o-i day ding thea nbU'
- eMu ngoiji: danb chin cbt.Ic gf.y, tbfch ,,1.0 tam chfr, deo bai vong
giam gifr va phan lam (y cae xU- [thugc chau] Bt) Cbinb.
- Chau xa : danb mt)t giY, thieb vao mU'iri cbfr, def) ba vang
xieng, giam gifi' va ph8n lam (, cac xU- Cao BAng.
Hlnh ph,t xli' chiSt CO ba (tif tMt cl), chem, lang tri 18 ba btc ; thit va chem
la m9t chem beu diu va lang tri m6i tM' mt)t theo t9i ma them rot):
- Thlit va chern ;
- Chem beu
- Lang trio
Mtrai ac .'
- Mt)t I. mrr,u ph;;n (n6i mU'l1 lam nlUY h,i gia) ;
- Hai '1. mrru nghjch ( n6i mU'u ph. bUy thO- 6ng ba nha vua, ma nh. vu,;:
clIng cung nhs vua).
71
-. Ba Is mlfu b{ln (nvi, mU'u phao ntro-c, theo ke giaob ogOi vua ),
IH;D nghich (noi dauh CllOg Iluru bllgba, ,.t.a Ini,' eM va ''If bac I"hlj
chi rm gai cua eha, anb ehi till. oug 1,0. ongha va eha mt,' .. hong),
- Nilm 10. bat J<)o (1l6i {(iet ha IIglriri kbOng dauJI; t,!i rMt trong mgt nbs. cilllg
nglriri ra tirng manh de" chet, bO thu(Sc va dal1h thufic me) ;
-:- Sail Is d{l; bat Mnh (n6i liiy tt{lm trong lang mieu. dilllg cua vua
citng lam gii all 'Vua; pha ehC thu'oc vila clungnhtr do-o' g6e, ClIng goi nblm :
bay lam tb(re all cho vua rna nhiim phl}m V80 nhfrng mouan dim; cua vua di 10-
khOog 111l'Q'I'chite ehlio ; elil trieh vua ma Iy xlic phl,lm eitng noivo'j chailh sUo ella
vua ma khong c6 Ui cua M toi ) ;
- Hlv lit bat hiEu (noi to eao.rua mling ong ba, eba ciulg trai d{lY bao. nuoi
nang oug ha. "ha mt,') thieu thoo ; eti tang eha mt.' rna lay, Vf}'. Ily chOng. vui ('hO'i. bO
ao qulin an d;,p ; IIghc taug oog ba, eha lllt,' rna diiu khOog k46e; ooi doi lit
bat lilt,' cla eMt ) ;
- Tam 18 bat (n6inllru gith hay han nJl;lriri h9 bilJlg tU: hllDg tang ba
trir lell, dallh ai ,'ao l'hOlljil; tren dimg tn}'e phiii d(\ tan/! til- cbill
tri',' Irn \a tren oIimg hell phii taDg n,am thling).
- Chin 18 bat nqhia (N6i giet quan du-Il!; IIltu phUminh va quan daog t{li eha-(", tUy
ma 1ll'lIIh dang h!:w : (tllan"dip dU'lyj \8. liub quan t:hr,;g dau i,. dan vi minb ; ciIDg ogbe
dllmg lila dtill k hr))ll I(h(','. \ \I i (' h(ri. hi".' ao !Juan all .:tt,'p va di Hiy chllll:Z khac ) :
...:.. \1U'",j Iii n{i; IOiJll (n,',i gian IJam ".,.i bang tir hiutg nam thang
frf,. len \;\ \(}-i 1l8ng Irliu "lin ,'118. nl1K ;dm:z Mill!! tiob thOng (Jam v!,i nhau
1I)i nay),
Tam dieu ban chieu c'o)
--- M(,t 1& nqhj than (]\jlli Dbli'ng IIgU'irj .. 6 h9 hang ,-,H VU8 tirlJimg xa nMf ]i
chung m.)t oog t(1 Dam diri : IIhi1'llg ngU'iri eo h9 hang 'Hri mt;: ,'ua tir haog dj; taog bathsDg
tri'r li'D : Ilhlml!; ,'(i' h, .. hilng v,ri \\r \ua fir haDg tallg nam thang trir I{>n);
_ "ai 1& ng"i eli (\.,j tM cil hiu ,lI'ri);
- Ba la nghi hii1n ( l\oi uhii'n/! n/l:U'iri eli du-e 1,;'o);
.. Bon 1& nghi nJnq (;\Ilij nhirllK ngll'i:ri ell tai I'YII ) ;
_ Naill 1& nghj cong (Nlii nhil'llg Ilgtriri eo cong hi-n) ;
- Sill Iii nghi quy (i\'ii nhirng quail vien co chu-e vI} tir tam phhm tro- lco. nhfrng quan
viene"hsm khong eo .. hIre ciang nhfrng IIglJ'iri co tU'o-e vi qui t{le tir nhi phIim frO- len},
--, Hay la ngh; c;in (Nui nhil'llg ngll'iri lam "i('" lilian, sieng nani);
-,- Tam 1& ngh; tan (NI',i "Oil ,'1111.11 I'a,' diri \lIa trll'lrc lam khaeb elm ntr&e).
Trnng tain 1 trtriynghl}'l' 1 han 1 c'hii:u "0 I. ,:a tt)i Xli' ellt;t, phii l8.111' ban trlnh
phan .kh t{li tl'l}llg cung ,m ngh! ban nr." ,'hipu cl'i xin vua xlit ; vila x(it djnh rt'H lIl&i
tiu len I kef 'lua I x,:t Xli' (cae I{uan hall X(:t an ehet, eli- theo 81.1' rna xin (11nh t{li eho
dung \'cH .linh blob ph,t,elIlY khOug dlrQ'c f/uyet dioli' chinh thtl-t, ); fir .!sy tro-
xuong, [ hil1\ I'Ili;:1I ";; I gliim '(\long m{.t h:}c ; \c nhil'll{! t{;i m 1I,,'.'j dieu ale, khong
d'.lng dj(:u I t:hi;:u eo I Day, .
78
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79
I. PHIEN AM
BANG XA 1I0C XA DAN CAC
Nhilt dieu. - ni@n, ki phUc chi tinh vien m\IC, xi khan, thOu
tnruug, c{ing hOi dinh trung.
y khai Iich me; thuy thq,p bBt hiru phil Itl'U kinh trinh, xi
(hi.l) giii; me; dlf vieu ml!c, II'og vien ml!c, thti- vi ; qua chi hi';u
(hao) h9C, II'ng y nhieu hl}c, dong oien ky SU'U dich chII' VI! ;
than, vi l1inh dir dan thl! dung, tieD, SII'U dich chII' VI! ;
me; chanh .finh, Mt nhi ban, vo the, vo gia CII', vo dieD SaD gii, vi cuog h'!-nl.
chi thl! dung, chi han ; ky SII'U dich chII' V\I, nhU'ng da- cbanh Qioh
thy, dai tha hiru the, hiru gia Clr, II'ng hOllD trang h,!-ng, dft dan dong thl! dich ; m6 bit
tllDg U'ng vi ki dung, ngo,!-i tien, SII'U dich chU' vy, tuug ughi
ltrvng tM.
Ki ngo,!-i nhan kieu ngl!, / dinh h,!- thl! dicb, lU'vog thu
DieD phai tieD. Mli cU' xa, U'og \o,!-ivi cw, tieD tluh y.
Me; tlf bat chi ng11 th,p hfru phu lU'u trioh, dic JO,!-i Dh,p hltO"ng
lao (h9), nhU'ng hti-a vi lao chi thy duog, ngo,!-i tieu chi han, ky 8U'U dich
cao vy. y ClfU. Mli t\1' ngii tue chi ngii ug11 hiru xoi, trU', tn-u, biD
xii, d4c 10,!-i vi lao trtrc'Yng giii; dung. SU'U dich tiuh mi6o, chi th\l ngo,!-i tien chi hBo.
Mli t\1' ngii ngii tue chi h.IC' tut;, hiru phu Itru kinh trinh, d4c lO,!-i vi lio ohieu.
ngo,!-i tinh Mli dlf quan vieD, van t\r trung trU'O'ng, lich dAng chti-c di
thltvng, vo t\1' quan quan lich thl! ding chu-c di thU'vng, cac vien dung, S\1'U dich tiuh
trir, duy nien qUaD ngo,!-i tien dir dan dg thy., chi ngii toe, vo die tru- mibJ. Ki
th. vien m\lc cac ChlrC nhltng thl! tien chi ngii thip tue ctlie tiah hiru
Thi hiin xa vien ml!e, xa khan, thon trlto-ng, nhU'ng C\1'U, chieu dinh tMp
bat tue chi tti- cu-u tue dAng ohan, o9i trlr hU'O'ng xii tfltung, khBu tM, ly.e phien tM
b,!-ng, hi- thon tnruog dAng; me; vien nhAn han than di dung. Sl1'U dich gil, bu-a
dinh nMt 8urlt vi ohieu, tung trw Ton dlI' thit th\1 dinh can nhAn vi
ll!c phien; me;i phien can nhan IO,!-i khai tioh danh thaoh h,!-, nhU'ng hin phieo nOi
mli hfru tu can, chieu thti- oien xi cao gi!, hiio vi thii di tr,!-ch hiio, vi ogo.! nl].p
Mt kham. kh1to tir khllt hti-a n,!-p tn-u ohilt VO, phu kh1tu nhllt phong, ti-og tai
hiio vi thi'l phien. U'ng hti-a suilt tM phieo dinh dAng I1hiin thfDh tuy xi thOu trU'(mg
thira bao, sti-c dinh lrng hanh, cong hI' nblt .rng s\1' vI!, dang dir xii: thOo tr\J'c'Yng
nh't vo dlic sO' diU. Lai nieo, ky phtic chi dU'O"ng oMt tao ti-ng tr,ch tha
nbao ; ki e\ru tho han phiSo U'ng hOlm dir ban phicn dang th\1 dich.
Bjnh U'o-e.
II .. CHU GIAI
1) l!J.;fl. xiJ : Day thuQC xii Thanh Thanh Tri (Ha N(li).
DU'o-i day la m(lt dieu khoiiD trieh 0- (tieu U'o-c xii: Day. Bieu tl'o-C Day la bin Io-a ehfra
J,i nam tb{r tU' Csoh Thjllh (1796) U'o-c Cll cua xii:.
2), K'i phuc : cung thlln diu nam it lang ngay xU'a lIJollg thin che
chit cho dan lang dltVc yen laob, may m4n."
:-\) it Q Vicn m(IC : D hIi'llg ngU'tri eo rhlre lang, dlrng dltu cae nganh.
80
4.
4) :H.,. Xil "hin : chti-c vy phy trach tulD tra a lang.
5) l. f PM Ivu : ely trllu (ta HaD phieD am tir cb Blu ma Day con deh
b aia dauh chQ' Lu-tti-c ehQ' trlu-a HI. Tiuh), la. phien am cua Nam, ngU'b-i Han
phien Am I. 4l t8 t8 (W = )
6) 'fl, Nhieu hpc: h,og ogu'M U laog 41.1'Q'c mien cac lao 49Dg oghia vy, ct,
. h4}C (Nbieu : tha, Nhom, ta do Nam ct,t (ciing Dhl.l' c Dhieu a dtrOi 4Ay).
7} d.ft SlrU cI;ch : lao oghia vy cua ogU'ui thti- dAD dl.l'6i cM d9 phoDg kilD
r
Saru la m9t tir Vitt Nam holm toan (Ta; saru cMc chin la am tifSn, vi trong
HaD cbii' C S1.1'u khang co y nghia glUeo quan ctfSn kbai lao dich); co do
ta c xiu' COD t3n a cac vuog ngU'M Ml.l'ungva a cac tiDh troag Nam (du DO) rna ra.
Vi v,y, cym tir c 81.1'U thul, c6 ngbia la lao dicb va cbti- khang phii chi la tbu5. .
. 8}a thin: tbti- dan (b,eh : t<:Jlg khOng, khaDg co gi c1: khaDg co kkoa
glap, cbti-c quan).
9) JI Dung: a Trung Qu6c, tbeo d9 nba Ihl'ung, din 'D9P' cho Dba Dl.l'o-C
tbay cho lao ct9u8 Dghia vy; (It}'c dich) khaDg lam; a Nem, dU'o-i U, Ja
thul than. '
10) ill Difu : t,p dich danh vit (Iya, vii) Hnh thea
M, ngoai ru{)ng (to) d8 DM O11'o-e 157 44 thue Dhln c6Dg tuy theo nhu clu.
11) 'I, A Ngo,i tien: khoin pliy, bgp ogoai cac thul to dung va
12) Tang tit: ngl.l'M ta thl.l'uog Doi c Tan t,t Il (f.. (nD: har h,l, thifi.,
khong hOaD toaD). chu- it noi taog tit' (taD, : chu-a, cit, gillu).
13) .1. h,ng hen, khOog phli hl}ng clUDb (ehaDh diD h). Chii' c loti' 0-
dAy khaDI co oghia la gi6Dg IOl}i. 10l}i, nhl.l' a treD, ma la beD CfDh (ta thl.l'Uaf
Doi lo,i tra) chi 10l}i ra' Is vui Dghia Day).
14) ... i; Kieu ngl,l : a 4f.o, a t,m (hai chii' c va c ngy, e6 ngh'e c1n. p6Dg
co nol c hay c ogy el.l". c ki8u dAn' hay eDgY dan) .
15) Phi; tien : Phai la phAD pMi, sai pbai. SODg chl.l'a ro Dghia chfnh xic co.
nh6a\t tir Day; chI cIS dAD np' C1.1' mui phii C paai nel\ c6 Dgl.l'Ui 46 18 khoh
lam chi ph( cho Dhin dl.l'4}'c phai 4i thu a cac lang. (Phi.i chang la c:tih ihn
phai, D6i trool Lich .hien chvCTng /o,i chl-bladich tiP llI, Ha 88
va 89) ?
16} 1.m.1.. Kinh- Mnh : c1a tdoh qua (Kioh ) nghia nhU' Lich, Qua).
17) fA. Xoi: chii' ..do Nam cUI phieD am
18) "J.. Lf kfnh : (klDh) : khoia n9P theo It 4a c1iab (chii' c kfnh
DhU' troag cae nh6m ta c Hi kinh" c kfnl:t )/ ..
19) a ha trU'ung hQ'p : lao, lao tnro-og va lao lihied, cao (;bfr Han
, .
81
t
l
ykhOng chinh laC, ro fang. Nhll'nlnoi chung, ta c6 nhll' thli nay: ngll'o-l nao
. di dlrQ'c vao dinh va. 50 tuM, trlnh uira thi
mcTl. d\tQ'c van lio.; vao hie 50 tuM ai c6' trinh rlU va den 55 l,i co
'trinh nf;'a thi m6i ull'Q'C VaG b.ng lio tfU'cYllg ; vao hie 55 di eo lli triuh r3i va
den 60tuiJi trluh nira thi m6i dll'Q'c vao h.ng lio Dhieu,
20) :ij (If) hli' : v6n la ;hir c Trir vi ki@ng chii' bUy db-i
(teTra, antt diaLe LQ'i) then ngUyeD tic kieng ichir bUy cua dUi Le, phii them lr
. fren bOn nhilp nhay va i'r dll'6i b? ben traj sang ben nhii (xcm chfr Cuu a
trbai
21) :l a! Thi : Ngay d6, tu-c la dll'Q'C sau Ki phUc duyft s:;
diuh haDg Dam' lr xi. .
22)'. Phien': ttrHan (co nghia lit lin, Ill'l}'t) dll'Q'c dung theo nghia Nam dll
ehi m{lt dO'n vi til chu-c dan dinh (y lang (co Ie cac tir ( Phc tron, (Phc giap) va c Phen
trong (Phu Ilheri co lien fluan vc goc tir va nghia tir v6i tir Phil!ll) nay). Phien tbtl
"11. ,bay 1]" thii phien Ia ngl1'iri dlrng dh m?t pbien,
.: 23): 4Pf*,- Htrung trtrcrng : nhirng chti-c lllic 1&n (f lang (KhBc v6i (hU'O'ng lAo
" la nhfrng ngll'iri thl1'irng dan tren nam mll'O'i tuM).
24)11-k Xii ,ttrong : nhirng chtic VI! du-ng dliu b? may hanh chinh lr lang thM
Theo Btl-c, tr m{)t xii 16-0, xi trll'iYng gom co ba chti-c : Xtt chanh a.il. xi sU-
a;:,. va xi hr 11-1-' (nhu' khBi xi ehanb, ,;to-i I.e, con gl}i Is xi quail, m6-i
tll'(rog dll'O'ng v6-i khai Ii trtriYng diri Nguy8n).
25) ,.. 'f . Khan tM : Chlre lam canll giir t\r an ninb trong lang.
26) It 1"" chlra ro nghia, (phi.i ebang 1& dan dinh bi, trir hi '?)
27) 1l * T u can: co. nang h,rc (can) clin theo nhu ciiu (tn) cang
28) Vo: cai vo, cai .hii (mll''}:n chft' 1f, Vu, KhU' cua HOII, co nghia la bfr
rU?Dg, phien am tir ViI cila \ ; trong Han ctl, ehir .:1. Vu m6i chi khii
cui vo).
'29) (..t2 Phii khau trlu (trliu hi clit ra va tern thimh goi nhi) vira bo
vao
30) *. Suat (so,;) tM : din ditu, chi huy ..
31) .;... 11" NMt &ngi' tiit ca nhll' NMt thiet),
32) - ft. (1*) Nhat the : nhll' nhau (nhll' Dhlt - If). iJ dAy co
tracb nbll' nhau.
33);rt (.) .t Sa J3; : 8fY 8ullt, 1fr IS. (trong bin cu, Hili
-It (chir). chUng tOi. xindinb chinb),
82 ..
III. DICH NGHfA
&Ilu lIoe XA BANG lIer.
CAC DAN a LANG.
Mpt Jieu. - Hang nam, AU Ki phtic,eung nhau ch9n ngay, cacehtrc ml}c; xi
khan,. thOn trtraug cung h9P a dlnh.
Theo dung ogay ma lich, nJtrai oao vira mtrlrj tam ciHrinh trllu,dtrC}'c xllp lO,i
vao lang. NglJliYi 1180 co 18m chu-c myc (ir '.!is) dtrC}'c hl].ng vien theu ngM
thti-. NgU'ai nao tbtt co chi ham hvc,dtr<}'c theo xlSp vao ,h,ng nhioo hpc, Cft niimdU'<}'c
cac .trn NgtrM thti- din dtr<}'c xcp vao h,ng dan J;nh, ruugehiu yO-i. dAn
cac khoiin duug, ugol].i va sU'udich. NgU'ai uao v6n la,chanh (nbU'Dg)ch!ng
may ngheo, khOng v<}" khOng uha cu-a, khOng rU9ug d(t, dtrq'c x'p vao hfDg ban cung, chi
chiu nirakhoaia. tbue dung, va ngo,i COil cac IItrU dicb vln chiu ohU' chil1h
ebb- (khi nao) hC} c6 VCf, cO nha cO-a thi dU'<}'c (xep) trc\o h,ng dinh, cung chin,
cac khoan nhtr dan. NgtriYi DaO ching may ttt dtr,!c xcp v&o b,ng lo,i cae
khVftn t!U;lg, ngo,!i va IItru djf)h cua b? xet 11y 880 cho phii. ' . '
I '
Trong d6i vo-i ngtriri Dgoai d.f;n u ngl/, Is cbu 1'80 st, dinh chin .tru. thnf,
la xct thu phai tirn, nam. NgU'ainao von dO. di (r xi khac, dU'<},c xcp VIO hl].ng
bi,t CU' ; cac khoall tieu D9P theo y nbU' tM. .
Ngtriri nBl'J tir mU'ui tam tuM dEn nam inirO'i tuM di co (hai Ilo) tritlh trltu. d.U'Cfc xl5p
VflO lao lang va cho vao "<)ng lao, chi'cbju mcitnira va
;' (oon)c&e sU'u,dich cun hI} ynhtr NgtrMnl" fir nam mU'O'l tubi dllD
Dim mU'o1 18m e6' thr,o It 18 xoi, I<}'Dva rtr/TU (tdDh) Ian I niinh thi dtrCfCxfSp vao
h,ng lao 'triJ.ung ; dung, (cung) 8U'U dich dtrCfC chi, chiu nira kholn
ngo,i Ngtriri nao tir nam mtrO'i lam dt. 8aU mtrO'i toM co triDh tritu, dU'rc xf!p vao
lao nhiEu ; khoiinilgotti dU'l}'c , <
NgU'ui oao d\r' quan bang)vao.tir'tac chti-c c6 d6 d''!:tV8 lam qu.n
tro len ; anI> vij, tir cac ehu-c chi buy binh linhtrV len khoaD thuf!)
(cimg) IIU'II dich dU'<},etrir ;' chi, bang chiu(khOin) ngo,i
tieu ,nam mtrO'i tuM, khOog dU'vc trir; Con I,i cac chu-c vien mlJc cfmg phii chill
(khoiin) ngo,!:i (Jam mtrCy; tuM mo-i ttU'vc (Cac t,ftrang hfllP) dt'-u c6
, "
do (ngay !lau Ie Ki phuc), cacvi'n DlI}C. xi khan, thOn nhU'
cu, xnt nbfrng ngtrui tmng h,!og diin dinh fir, tilU'ai tam den Mn, mU'o-i chfn tugi, troll/!
t,rir cac htrO'Irgtrtro-ng, xs. tnro-ng, khen thu, sau pbien thn ,'a cac thou gntp; ngU'l:ri
oao ban than.til. chiu IIU'lI, ihul! (va ds.) dtr/Tc eho m{lt suat h;u dioh lam nhj,euftlJi cling
(xct) theo trir. Con If}.i hao obieu ngtrai chiu ditih (ci!ia) lam !latl
I'hieu. Mbi phienbao uhien ngU'u-i, ghi tirng hl}ugthimh sjj. roi chc;m ,,P,en do .
ngU'iYi nilO e(; nang 1t.IC (va) din cO- VaG tuM eao nMt, ci'r laDl thn phiep. (Neu) 00
c111 dU'l}'c chvu ell' roi PIa, vi dan kem khOng lam 4\1'l}'c C9 lui fhi{;t tha xiII 'tnibn thi '
cho n{lp 1119t vo rlJ'<}'u va m{it khaytratl inieilg (r3i) cho ciF l,i ng.r<ri khac lam thu'tphien.
cho phep nhfl'llg ngU'tri dtlllg db din dinb cliacae phieri tuan theo thOng
cl1a trU'o-rlg (va) thrm trll'o-ng" strC cho diD dinh phii lam;. (dot -vcH) ill ca ,Ull}i
vi'fc . chung (cua lang x6m) va rieng(cua (tbiiphieo) cungyOi xi trtrlrng (VI)
trU'lrng (c6 trach Dhu-nhau, cha c1U'<}'c 10' 11. Nlim S8U, sau nglY Ki
phiii com{it Iln Chl}D ngtreri' khac (lam thn Tbtiphiao clia phien do phiiitrlrvff
vo-i phien, mlnh clIng, StrU dich.: .' . '
(Nay) 'lily d!llh '"hr.nK 4iithOa ,',',
83
CHtrO'NG V
BANG
I. &INH NGHTA: Dbg hOfC:Blng clp It It hOfe Van blng :t." 1& gily co. qUAIl clp
treD clp cho myt ngll'M eIlp dU'6i d8 chthlg DbtD chu-c vy hOfC phlm ham co Dgm ct6.
II. B6 eve eONG TH(re : Mqt biD blng thu-O-Dg c6 "u phID :
1. -- N"gll'ui clp blng (teD, chu-c vy)
2.- caD CU- eIlp blDg (Dglriri dU'vc clp blDg eli ctU'vc cta b,t leD cbu-c vy bof.c plalm
him d6 dUDg phap IUf.t) . .
3.- Chu-ng Dhf.n chu-c V\I hof.c ham co. DpM 46.
4.- BulD tbi d6i v6i ngll'M clp bbg. _-
5.-- NgU'b-i dU'vc clp blng (tea, cbU>c v\I)
6.- -ThM gian eIlp blag (DieD agay, thang). Cbu y : Duo6i tbM PUp do
lah bU'o-og enl USi trloh bay co. gily tb- huh chia.:. cUa Philp. Dgu'M ta bat 41u d8 Dip
len tren cung. i
III. ellA BANG I
1- thu-c hay
a) BlDg tren myttb- gily hiah cbfio Dhft va cac dong viEt dC}C theo rODg.
b) B6n pbln treD kh6Dg 8&Dg dong.
e) Phlln 5 pbii viEt Bang dong khac v. B\lt 1 cbfio (e6 tb8 vi5t mOt dODg. DhU'ng
eiing e6 t118 tbiDh 2 dong : dong tdD g"m h8 ch& eb&u blng eIlp' vi& B\lt nGng 1 cb&
va dODg dll'6i I. va ch1tc "'1 ngU'M 411'9'c clp, l,t viEt tr.,i leD myt chir, DgaRg v6i cac
dODg khllc. -
d) NilD thU'b-ng 0- dll'6i eong va vi& ngang vOi c8c dong kb8c.
d) AD 16n d6ng 0- dong .ieD lIy dOD, chfio 46 lim tryc va CfDb trea In phii
0- vao vi tri ,til' kbolng chii' Nien ., cb& cu6i CUDg (chfio Nhtt -) tuy tbeo clp
oo..e CIO thlp eua quan elp blng : . . ' , ,
- NlSu clp blng li bO tbi Cfnb trm co. In trum Ian diu chii' eNi&a, (kb6ng' dU'q'C
d6Dg ClO hO'D vi hOOD la In eua vaa); " '
- elp elp. blng 1. tlDb thi cpb Iran ena in Dlm 0- cu6i chii' eNieD';
- eIlp clp blng lA huyto tbi Cfnb tren ena ID nlm '0- diu cbii' v.v
Ngoei . ra, cOD c6 diu I:'ho (diu d6ng 0- Dm treD blng.
2.-- Ngon ngiJ'
a) fI ebO ten quaD clp blng, chi ghi cbu-c vy va hC}. cbu- kb6ng gbi t&a (thf dy: .. , thg
dISc 96 18 bi8u cUa B" t6D kinb.
" .,'
b) BlDg 411'VC;: ,tao dau blng k& uUltil' : eVi (vn Mng cipsl1' hOic eVi cSp hi", 'IT'
hofC cVi vln b.ng I" up blng, van blng)
Trong tmb-Dghvp ngm dU'';c up blng m6i chi li BUDg' (ifm thay), thi c6
t118 D6i 1'0 hO'D blng eIlu eVi quyb pb6 B'1' giao lfni) hofC eVi clp IV.'
clp -blDg). 961& tieu cUa lo,i van bin nay.
c) Sau lb-i d,n do 46i v6i ngu'b-i dU'vc Clp blng, D80cilng c6 cAu :
eTu chi ,blug up gib (BlDg nay pbil dll've dtlD Dooi nglro-i dll've elp) hOfC : Tu cbi
phO gil' (Gilly po nay ctU'c;c DO'inglriri QU'VC nbf.o)
d) CAu cu6i Cling (trtr6c Dieo la Hii'u bhng c$p '" Chap c/'iEu, (BlDg tren dAy elp
cho ... dl! chien theo do rna thi hanh) :
-- cHiru quyen phd ... chuln thir.) (Gilt giao tfm tren day giri cho ... lay lam
. chuln) :
- Hii'u quyen dp ... chap (Giay tfm elp tren c!iy girl cho ... chitlu theo d6
ma thi hanh).
Ngaai ta cUDg c6' t113 thay thu,t ngii'cchlp cchula thih blng : cO- thu..
(lay dAy lam can cO-)
3.- Thll' pltiSp (chii' :
.} 90.,0 teu va cho-c VI} ngll'M elp bAng cUIII nhU' n8l1'lri dU'Q'c elpva dung nien .
phii vi" bAng chii' chin phll'O'ng (khang dll'9'c thio)
. b) Cun, nh1l' tit ci cae giay to- hanh chinh khac, cY day nhii'ng chii' It) cY dbng
phii blng ciaii' pho-c.
e) {J cac pllln khac, thU'ang thea 16i d61 thio (tMo vira).
I. AM
Llnh (1) Soon H ... na Tuv6n (2) t6na d6c (3) Nauvln
Vi blng elp .'},.
TU' cO- Soon Dung cO' (4) quin vien (5) bim (6) x'll'1ll y coo th,p (7) lult (8)
xU'ung .ult nhu nMo (9), liD die (10) '1 .19i lIuog (11) clp MOl .19i
trU'o-ng (12) B,ch Cong Iqi khi sung blJ (lil) ; khln khitclp bAng 8Y' dAng Dgi'r ;
85
thir hvp himh (14) bang 8ung y dgi ,ult dgi xtr6ng 8ult Moh.
tungcai quan viell 8ai phai cOug \f1].. Yeu tu trtr6c [tru-) thua hsoh, nhtr9-c chu-c,
khlt kico (15), hfra quan chinhtl!-i (16).
Tu chi bAng clpgii.
Hfru blDg cap San Duog cO', lung Bult d9i B,ch CODI Lvi chip
chieu (17).
T\l' Du-c th,p ngU DieD (18) hat ohi th,p 1l}C nh,t.
I I. CHU GIAI
(1) linh (Ian/,) : til' dung troag thuit ngii' himh cbiDh, co nghia la thl}'c m{lt
chu-c ham quaD, trai v6i Thl}' I- va Quycn .. c6 nghta obfo (Thl.r dUDg cho
nhfl'Dg chu-c ham quan to: Tb., H{) 1>9 thtr9'Dg fbII', Thl}' d,i h,>c 8i ... ; cOD Quyeo
dung cho nhii'ng ehu-e quan oM nhtr 8Ul{t dl}i).
(2) J".f!!. 'I Scrn-HU'ng-T uyen : ba dnh SO'n Tay, Htrug H6a va Tuyen Quaog.
. .'
(3) TlJng Jfk : chu-e fluan c'lu-ng dltn tlnh 160 dlr6i trieu (bilt
diu co til' naol thu-' ]2 Minh M,ng (1831) (ehu-c quan du-ng dltu fillh nM la tultn phO).
(4) .ll J -tSun DOng ccr: cO' Sun Dung. DlI'ai trieo CO'la dO'D vi 1>9
d{li dia pbll'O'ng lr c'p tinh, rna dlrug diiu la qllpncO', dtr6i cO' co If{li (dO'D vi 50' ngu'(ri),
du-ng dliu la 8ullt d{li. Be} Ife}i dia phtrO'ng g9i id cO' binh, con bl} d{li ehillh qoi cua (trung
1I'00ng) g9i Is kinh binb,kinh bioh chia ra lam dioh (doauh). d{li (m6i dinh Dam
DiM' gCSm 10 dc}i, m6i de}i 50 ngIl'Ui) .
. (5) f. Quan \I;en : vie a quin, tIre 10. quan eO'.
(6) ."$ Blim: (TI.IC thlrang chii' Blm v6i be} Tbi -iF , nhU'Dg dung ra. Iii
1I0a 000 CIO mia clp dtr6i len cap treh (xem bai B1m).
(7) ff. Jp; : d{li 10.
(8) . if. PI- SuSt Jp; : chlrc chI huy m{lt (xem eM thich 4).
(I) 13" SA.. Xrruf'q suat nhu nhJn : ngtrai clin chi huy, dieu
(10) il4fLan Jdc :ch\1I1 dtl'vc (Un: ch,>n h.ra e1n co can ohie, 80 goh) co
Doi : c cn- dll.e" ho,c Ian cir,.
(11) .;t. Quyen sung: t,m vso eM chu-e VI! dm thieu (xem chft' ir
chu thich 1).
(12) ff..-k Dp; 'rU't;ng : chlrc chi huy lllijt c!e}i ir dll'6i Chlloe 8ult dgi, cung IIhtr
pM I!uat dlji).
(13) KhJ leham sungM : co (co khi oaDg thay chti-c co. C6
thay cau Day bAng:
-:- Kham 8ung thir khuytit : co kba nang thay ve.o chu-c
VI! cor t"ng (ltt i9t '{ (0) n
. ,!b lll.illd (]8') (1 i\...:WI1!t 't. iQD 1tl (,2l},pJJh 'kh
1
v
; ,i;':11 ,\iI1Ah nmli;-'(I!'r.) :;;lO B. naug u,
I .
(14) stI:, to-tt h(J'p hii"h : thi haDh dung DhO' thti- :
nhO' T arc: thu- 'p ; HCfP hanh , tbi hanh dung). Ngu-lri ta c6 fhl! bO hai ehir
( tbU) ma chi n6i c HCfP hanh) (phli thi hanh dung). '
(15) ... Nhtr(J'c pMt lien: chti-c do kh6ng tulD theo
dp tren.
Quyet : . d6 (nhu-, Ki .Jt.).
I(ien : KhOng ton tr9DS,kMng tuan theo.
Ngu-lri ta con co thay . dM Ut' elu trcn blDg cac:: Ut cluco y tll"O'ng ttt :
. . ( ,
- Nhtr(J'c sO- 5(1' pMt lien: P1f" Jt cU. ykb6ng
dung nhU' yeu citu); .
- Nhll'(Yc 10- 5(1' pbat din 1Jf 'f 1/1 (Nllu lam mla ykhOngaieng nang) ;
- NhlF(yc gilii Jai pMt kien Jl Y be' khOng tuan theo) ;
. I /'.'
- Nhtr(J'c J:1i Jpa (npa) pMt din i. 1/1 y{U'M nblc:kh6ng 8ienIJ naDg)
(16) ;ff aA. Hrru quan chlnh : Con co phep quia) :
" .
diu nay con co dU'Cfc di&t hAng nhiey each :
- Hfru quan phsp tl!-i =ff' $1:.4.
- Hfru quan t, -It
- HiI'u cODg phip tl!-i. ;k .4.
- HiI'u ciru ( ;ff ) : 8e co 16i, co t9i.
(17) f,\. T (1' D"c : nien cua vuathti- tU' Nguyen. bUy 1a PhUcThi ,;" ..
Hong *' #: ) th1}Y la Dt;rc T6n Anh hoang dl ...... .$..1 t . lam vua tir
1847 1883. Nam thu- 15 Tt;r 9ti-c tu-c 18 nam ]862.'
III. DICH NGHT A
TONG 96c SON HlING TUYEN
1 dip 'bAng.
Nay, can eli' vim bao CRO cua .ien quaD cO' So'o Dung noi ohfrng la [ chu-c lliullt dOi
d9i mu-M eoa cO' y COD ogU'o-i l1ti-ng ra chi huy [ma y] l1i ch9n dU'Cfc vien quyen
l1{1i tru-ung di dU'CfC cllp bbg cna n9i d6 [la] Bl}.ch Cong Lqi co tM 'fRO [cM do 'fa]
khhn khoao xin cllp bAng [cho vien do dil y J Ism ;
Thi banh dUng Dhll' [nay] cap bl\ng [cho VieD do lam lIullt d9i cu. 4Qi d6
[ y ] binh lfnh troog d9i va lam cac oong do VieD quan (Y) phli
Mt 8lfC thira hanh; neu ebu-c do khOog tuan theo. lie co pMp quan.
[Bling dip nay J phsi dU'CfC ogu-o-i dU'CfC dip bAng.
,.
tren day cap ebo Coug Lvi qDyen ,dgi trU'oog dOi 10. cO' SO'n Dung.
thea d6 [nia tbi hanh]. . .. . ,
Ngay hai mU'O'i sau thing tam nam ,thn- is T\1' 9ire.
87
, BAI II
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,i. AM
KHAI SINH TO' NIEN (I) NGUVeT sa BA'
Gia Lim (2) tri Bui.
Vi (Vi) pM Ill}'
Claitiu die Kim SO'n (4) If trtrUDg khuytit.
Cd- y ky ml}C (5) nhiDdlng kiDh diD (6). danh PhtrO'ng M D9i tjch Dhin dinh (7)
gia til' vtt 11}'C. min can, thu-c tl}' ; Dhin (8) khl kham lung dich ; Cl} hfru- Y xi lieD daDh
blo Ut (9), tjDh chanL pM eu- (10) vi blDg;
Hvp hoh, pM vi y xi If trtrbog, clp giao y b, thira hoh etlog vy.
Nbtrvc dii DI}8 phit cln, hfru cu-u.
Tu chi quyh pH6 gii,
Hfru quyl!n ph6 Kim SO'n xi)i trtrung HoaDg Hfru PhtrO'ng chuln thir.
II. CHU GIAI
(1) Khil; Dinh : nien cua vua trtr6c-cu6i cung trilu
la Biru Sio f .... lam .ua tir Dam 1916 1925, thl!y la Holtng Tong (cha
eua Bio S,i). Nam thti- ttr Khii Sinh'la Dam 1920.
(2) .". M- Cia Lam : teD mgt trtr6c thu9c Bic Ninh, Day Dgo,i
thiDh. Ha
(3) +t.. V, (v;) quyen ph6 sv : ve t,m giao dnrc VI! : t,m) de
giao chu-c V\I.
88
(4) -t- Jf Kim StYn : tea m9t xi thu9c Gia Lam apy trll'6-c.
(5) t II Ky ",,,c : nhtrng ngll'ai 16n va co cbu-c vi cao trong 18ag.
(6) At" Kinh Jln : gieSi bio linb,
(7) s*oJ .... A..'" Npi' tich nhan Jinh : din chfnb quao (dlo 00 troog lib M tiob, khac
vcSi dan ngo,i tich la din ngy CII').
(8) JlA.. nhan : ngll'G-i do (cuog nhll' k,. ohio, ohio).
(9) 4..& if. Lien Janh "Ie Icet : d1i1ag teo tf,p bla ra "a cam (bio dim).
DUng ra phii dUDl-cbir UEN ( _) , abU'llg ta thuG-JIg duug chir UEN it thay cho
ehtr UEN
(10) fa ( -t >.. Hi,p c,; : nblt tri ev (olatr -t ,,6a I. d,ug cua ohu- Hlet'.
IJ8U . trOo tb&nh dfDI lila).
. (1i) II Tr/in hi' coa eIlu' "a .& _h.
(12) Biru e,,8 ,: cO 16i, c6 ,t()L
III. OlCH NGHTA
Ng\y mbng 16m th6ng mv.,i nam thCr tv Khai &;nh
Tri Bui Cia LtID
tflll giao chu-c v.y :
- X6t ch1h If tr .. b. xi Kim Sooa ;
. - Can cli' vao ., gicH (bio linh) cOa bc)a Iti myc xily, ten PhuO'Iig vh ..
diD chinh quan, c6 aha cva, eli, ..... , chI'; ngu-o-i d6 c6 khl n8ag ahtn
; lp co xi 1, du-ng tID tf,p blu fa va cam cuog cbanb, pM t&Dg nhlt trl cOo,
1801 bbg;
Thi hanh dUD, (ohU' vf,y, nay) t .. giao (cho teD PhU'O'DI) Wn If tnrbg cOa xi y (va)
giao cho y 000 din (cung) .& .ach y) vlog linn cODI. (y) lU'ai bih .. kh6ug
sieng nin, thi .e co tti.
BAo, t,m giao chu-c vy oay phli .U've 4h (opai ahtn) I
Gily Ifnt giao chu-c vy treo elly gtH eho Hoang Hli'u PhD'O'nl, If tmog xi Kim Sern,
cu- theo ct', ma lam. .
CHU'0'NG VI
TRAT
I. e,NH' NGHTA : Tnt 1& cOn, van ella quari ken gM xu6ng ebo quan cil' dll'vi
ra cbi tbi bGfc thOng tri Dh ... : thn eho trU'ng dlt, cho mOo chV. 8tioc dip
de . v,
B9
"
II. C6NG THI1C : Cong th1.i-c cUa m to- trat gom co h. phltu nhtl' lau :
1.-- l'han mOo Jau neu ChllC vI} 'luan cua cap tren (tlnhh(),c huytn'v.v. ) vatinh chat
ciia cool! van Ie. trat.
2.-- Philo chlnh : Is nQl dung cua cong van, .thtrcrnggotn co hai :
. a) CO' "o-eiia Vall de;. cap dtrai yen ciiu hay do tip trimchii trtrO'ng .
IJ) Y ,kifin,ehii tfU'O'llg cua dip'yitSt CODI D(ji dung'clta chithi tMug tn.
Phancu6i : gom co hai :
'a) !SO'i ci'ta 'cong van : qUan cap riao hOfc xlly.v.)
b) ThOj cua e6ng van: ogay, thaog, nam nao OieD dMvua nao (dU'ai
tho-i Phap do anh htro-ng cua giay to- hauh ('hioh cua Phap, ngtrM ta thU'o-og ,1Ul thM
,ten tren , ' -
III.
1. Ve IiInh thvc tr'inh bay :
a) Lo!}i c6ng van Day gHiy bauthtrangduDg gap theo khuonkhb cu&.
try giay tr.ng mc)t vo- thtro-ng. Nfiu co nhien fir thi dong l,i nhU'mOt mong,
nh IfDg khOng, co hia. . .
h) Culli nhfrng chfrghiehu-c VI,! ,va dip cua quaD giH cong van (0-
trllng m(>t hay hai 6 chfr, ro; rna; viet' tifip. " '
, .
I') Tir do, vij:t khung sang dong du co d1.i-t call hay dIrt m{lt
d) Trirtnro-ng hVp llien (0- ml,1c tho-i 0- cuoi cung) phiH viet thanh mc)t
dong rieng. cach doug chfr trtr&c kc no, bo-i ",9t khoill'lg trong chirrig hai. ba dongvil vie,t
trui len in!)t {, chir 80 ,v&i cae dong khac. Nell dong ,chii' tnro-c ke iii dong euoi' ,
cung cua trang thi dong phili V8:0 chinh gifra trang, sau. ;Vil lieu 0- gifra chung
<:i'mg van co ,nhlie den uao do thicflngphiH sallg dong la a gifra tau .....
Va cflJ\g phiH viet trOi leu m{tt {, chfi' 80 v&ic8.c' dongklulc.
cl} Ngoai ra, tnro-c dong ghi tho-i thuc to-trat, con eo hai dong chfr phai
viH tach thallh hai dong rieng va trtjt chit- 80 veTi cae dong khRc (hay. Xllt)llg
hai chfr 80 vai dong ghi thiri : '
, Dong thtl uhit : Hfrti tnit 8trC' (Trat tren gu.! xu5ng
- .,' Dong thtl- hai: ten van)
c) Chti Y.. :0- eu6i khUng co ten .kictitl: ngU'iri giri cling Vail machi e(l dtlu
(an) eua cO' quan.: " , " , , " , " "
\ ",.: .
2. Ve' ngon 'ngil' : Trat (hU'irng, kH diu tir ,co tioh chatc{,ng
thlre uhll' sau : ' " ,
phai mo- trat slr,c trat su-c)
hay: eVikhln 8trC up (Vi, ve 8trC .
hay : ' Vi Stre!lI,' (Vi, nghieUitfl,lDg)
: Vi., phi 8lrc (Vi, nhanb)
'&6 la ,tieuue cua lo!}i cong
, (
b) theo tien do (chUy: khOtig sang dong va cQng khOllg chira lilt}t khoiing
Je. pMn v'n de. :,. .' ' ,
-- Nt'udo quaD tM : Chit:u dic Dan' giao) (Can dr va-o 8\1'
hIli I (:uu ." ) ,
Nt;u do dip i:hro-i de ogh!, thi : dlic ... blm (Can' ell' vao baC) ... )
c6 hai cln nUt pbii e6:-:-cTuchi trat (Tnit Day phii.i dtl'gc
dt;n no-i)
. - cBfru trat 8n-C; ... (Trat tren xuong cllo .,.). .
d) Tmo-c hai cAu nMt phiii co n6i b-en, con co : Tu nghi nhi,in chin
thita (Phiii chip haRb nghiem chinh) thn- hvphanh' (PhiH lam dung Ilhtl'
tM) cHVP SlfC tri (StfC chung cho biet rna . ' .
d) Ngoai fa, m{lt deehung ciill cM yla, trong van nay, nhleu' tir lIan dU'Q'c
dung thea each Nam, nhU' : -' Bangiao (Han: giao ball) - Quan tr!]ng (HaD: tr!]ng yeu,"
quan kien) - Til nghi (Han :Tu, llghi) - Dung khinh (Han ,: Khinh di, khinb thi) V.v.
3. Ve tv; . Cling nhtl' ci nhfrng giay to- cbinh, nhirllg chfr 80
trong trat deu phiH viet Mng chiI' pM'C, tbi dl}: NMt: f: ( :!:) ; Nhi : l...{ .... v.
Va thU'o-ug, uglrfri ta vii)tthco 16i dui thio) (thiiovira), eM- khOilg viet loi ebiiu
phU'O'lIg.
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91
I. 'HI!N AM
HU'NG YEN TiNH 86 CHrNH (CHANH) sO' QUAN
Vi (vi) mt .doc .., :
dlc nguyen tuln phu (Vii) baD giao sach nOi nblt dO'n, Kim Bfng
Xfch Dlng xi, hll'O'ng trU'ang Dao Danh 9ao Van Gi&m ding ly.c danh dO'D
khlt t\lc trU'ng thfp miu d:.;', cy. hfiou van phe In nhln h. thuy d,t nhf.p,
vi pluii d,c.
TO', di .at I,e, Ii Il'ng giao Mi nba tra kham, th1io hvp hanh. Trat 8UoC
tjnh dinh nguyen dO'D dfio bin. n9i thin huh ty.ou xUo thoi tieu nhf.o
gi6i h"n, tli-e hanh kham d,c, dlc nhU'Vc can, minh b,ch cu-c htng dang an cy. thin,
y kho-i tnrng thu quan,
di.
Gia quan tu nghi nh4n chAn tbua vo dung khinh iiy Iti til', khi
Tu chi trat gii.
Hfru trat 8U-C.
Kim 9t]ng quan.
'Minh Mtnh (M,ng) tu- nien,ciou nhi nbi nh,t.
II. CHO GIAI
1) .... Hung Yen ilnh : dnh Bll'ng Yen, dll'Vc thanh I,p tv nam 1831 Minh
Mtnh), tach tir tdn Soon Nam thll'vng gin day nh,p v6i tlnh Bii DIl'O'ng tMnb dah
Hai Hll'ng.. )
2) :f a it rr 86 ehfnh sri' quan : quan thM do-ng hang
tho- hai trong ba quan dnh, .au dISc (ho,c tuln phU) va trll'6c Ui sat, pby. mch Ti
phien, coi cong tac kinh chinh toan dnh.
3) i!!.4a- ruan phU (Vii) m9t .cho-c quan du-ng diu dnlt nhO (t&n,
dISc iii.... du-ngdlu m9t doh 16n)
4) ll.ff ..... Chilu Jle ... bin g;." :can cO- vao .., ban gilO cia .
Ban gi.o (chfr Ban thll'<rnl giQ 1. it : tra xet chu dao) : giao I,i v6i .., tra xct
chu aao.
Chieu Jdc 1. k& thll'o-ng dung trong. cae van bin h8nh chinh : dtc blm
(can cu- VaG bao cao cua .,. )
5) ".fl. T '1C trung : trll'ng (til' TfU'Dg duu'g trong van alt c6 ngbta 1.
da thimh, ds thanh. COD Trung, trong ctrll'Dg IT hen drii, co ngbla I. thu,
danh
6) T,,: Day (trong van Han tir TO' thll'c,ug dung lam d"i til' chi thi y6i ughia
nay, J6; 'Con khi dung lam phO tv v6i Dghia nay: thi thll'(rog noi : TO' gli, Kim hr, Chi
92
til'; chu- it khi dung rieng re nhU' trong van Han eOa Vift Nam). Phin ven chir TU' it
(bO -t: ) nghia la den, dy.c.
7) alA- SIt h,e: gqp vao thOn xom. thanh than xom (Sat: them vao, 'vAo; Ltc :
oO'i tl} CII' : tMn I,c) , .
8) ( m.) Ly ung : I.e nen, nguyeo tic nen.
9) a /If Huyln nha : cO' quan hanh chinh cAp (Nha : chi chung nO'i Wn "nec
, .
coa quan; ta thU'ung n6i la Nha mono Bung ra phii chir Nha f Ia rang, vi thM xU'a.
quAn d9
i
trong khi di dU'o-ng. deo' d6ng a ch6 n&o th1 II trU'o-c cn-a dinh coa vien tU'o-ng chi
huy c6 elm .. cb' rang cU'a -oha ky- n6n DgI1'O'i ta g9
i
dinh tu'ung la coha mon'. tu-c la
coha ky mon' noi tit. Sau. DgU'o-i ta chi chu1Jl cac dinh quan la cnha mont vi dU'6i dO
phong h10 het cac chlrc quan du-ng dIu cac dia phU'O'ng la quanvo; m,t khac
cling do tinh tbln thU'C}'Dg vo, nlJU'M ta Poi eac CO' quan huh chinh la (nha man' vo-i dy.ng
t' ceo quan van. Do 11\1' dung rOng rii ttr coha mon', niy ra 11\1' ohlm lin chir Nba f
rang ra chirNha /If ding di va IIV ohllm . liD 1&u ngayuv th8nh dl reU. n6i DPy
nay khi lin- dyng tir coba mo.' ta thU'b'ng que. tir nguyen cda n6).
. "
10)' .. j(:," ff . T riE,; ,It,; h{7p Itanlt : phli lam dung nh... pbli theo <I6 ma 18m
(thutt og6' thU'b'og dUDg trong nhirng loti gily to- hanh chinla oh ... : blag, trat . ). HVp,
e6 nghla la : dung, pbli: hVp hmh (lam dung); It lavp (It phii, It nen).
11) ... lot#: ThOi fl : thuc toan tbng va .hfrog xl giBp vUi. tbng do.
96 IA cach n6i tilt dt thU'b'ng riP cUa cAa dlly 4d dung ra phii 18 : cThai y tbng qnh
pap chi xii.
12) 1-'" TiEu nlt;n ti6i h,n : el .. m6c oh;n giui h,o, giui h,n bbg
each elm m6c (tir' cTieu' lam chu-c ... trpg ngii' chi phU'O'ng thti-c cda d9ng ttr cNbf.n,)
13) 111 .. trpng : tir' du.gtheo cUh Na .. (trong Han thuln tuy, chi
noi : Tf9Dg ..... , it ... '0'0 Quan ki& III it v.v.)
14) Il'.t T u nghi : phii. (9ay cling IA each dung cua Viti Nam, chu- tronl tihg Han
thulo tuy, chI dung dO'n dqc Tu ho,c Nghi) .
15) if:.t NIt,n chan: Nghiem tue,dti'D! din.
16) .. II Cafe It,ng : h,ng glp (Cti'c: g(p).
'-.-
17) A" Dung, /thlnh : khi.h thU'o-ng(DaDg: thU'o-Dg;khinh: xem 9Ay cliog
la each dung !iam, chu- trong tHing 8 ... th_ tuy, chi Doi cKhinh .hi' ho,c cKhinh
khaD',
18) t... L,i tu : nhirng vien chu-c clp ,dir6'i coa quan. (l,i : ehu-e ph, thu9c II nha
man; tU' : chu-c giup
19) Ill.. -fL. Tu eM trlt gi.-: to- (MY) dU'v
c
pi nO'i (_pM Dhta)
20) a}!. Minh M,nh : Bien thu- 'hai Nguy!n, con cda Gi&
93
hliy Ia PhUc Bam (Wm) '111". thVY la Thanh lam vua tir;1820 1840. Nihn
fhl" 14 Minh tti-c la nam 1833.
III. DICH NGHiA I
'Qua" b6 chinh tinh H"ng Yen
Ve viAC trat litre :
I
Can CU- vim ho sO' bim giao cua quan tulin phU (vu) tnro-c, trong d6 cd m9
t
Li dO'n
CUll. aau ten Is hVIl 9ilO Danh HieD, 9ao Van Giam ... xii tnro-ng hll'O'ng trll'o-llg (xii)
Xich 9itng Kim E>90g. xin trll'og tiep hO'n dat cd chii' phe
.' . .
va d6ng dau (nhU'og) vi trU'o-c day, Oll'o-C soug trim dilt), (nen) pbai
(ngll'iJ'i) vc do; v:!:,;,
. Nay, (dilt fiy)da gl)p vao thOu(x6m, ve Iy,nfn giao vf:'cho nh. kham xet
(va) pnii then d6 rna lam .. Trat (nay) giH xuong co kern theo nguyen dO'n va. han! do,
nha hay), chieu theo do, than hanh den DO'i, thUe gil!e ca vac4c xii tH;p e.;.n CI}C
gio-i h,n, (roi) di khtim do Dgay, dll'Q'c baq nhie'u dat, h,ng ro rang, ghi .'
. . \.. .
vao II? sach (va) bao cao. dip tr!n) cau cu- bitt ditu Hoh thu thuc (cho)
- .' . . .
nha Dll'iYC ..
Lo,i ru9Dg diit !lay quao trgog. nha) phSi chlp han.h nghiem hie, ch6 coi thll'ung
(0; giao cho btlD (nhO' dll'?,C.
'frat (nay) phiii dll'Q'c (Dgll'o-i'
Tren clay til frat cho
QuaD KiUl 9t)ng
Ngay hai DlU'c'i hal thang chin Dam thti' nllro-i b6n DieD MinhMfo
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I. PHIEN AM
86e Ninhttnh Phi6nly
0(' \
Vi tnit 81.1' : .
ditc cai nha blm tlf()'ng MAn XathOn trinhkMt kbai thi dO'n nbiit;
. Thir ding dan Hnh thUl)c kbii Itlt;tDg, kinh y khiit, thi It;ti dan ich
chi nMt. '
Hl)'p Illre fri
'I'll cbi trat giii.
Hiru tnlt
Yen. Phong nha
TIt .Ihrc It.IC DieD hr sO' Dhi
II. CHU GIAI
1) f -fi. HIe Ninh tinh :tlDh Btic Ninh, tbanh til' Dam 1822, tach tirtdn
Kiilh Bite ra (nay tinhHa Bile). eM y: Chii' thu(lc bl)c. (Thi, T'i) va he)
pMn hen trai mia cbil' khfJlIg phiiLla Cht"l' Tho J:. (vi theo tir nguyen la chii: blnh hai
ngli'iri A.. (iJrnfl,' I[\Iay Itrng veri Dhau) .
:!) 6] Phic" ty : uU'o-i trieu. Nguyen, if'. b? hanh chiuhclp tinh c6 hility ;ty
Phien quan ly caccflrig vi} kinh te, tii chinh, nhU' thu va giil' tMc, tien cho Dha DU'o-C
rna dtrng dau blSchinh, va :tyNiet .f:. (Niet: tieuehulu; p,llap luq.t)ttuin lycong
tll' pbap (toa an doh), Is' quan. 80 saL Con cae cong kbae, co tiDh 'chit
hsnh chung. thu{lc DISc b(1 phcJng dia t()og dCie, 'luaD dau tluh).
'.. L
:1) -u: {If, Ca; (tha : chi xin. mo- cllQ'. Chfr Cai thU'o-ng dilOg trong ,c6\1j.1; viill
ciia cgp tren dll chI ngll'tfi l.rduo-i c(llien' dang n()i, uhll' noi :
tlnk 11 JIj., eai vien V.V... .
4) ,t. Blm : (li{> Hoa ): trioh cU!t clp dtr6i d6i v6-i clp treD CUlt' Ilg1ra
i
Dha d61. v6-i ngU'iri 1&n. (] dAy, dilDgliuu
S) T U'ung (be) Th6n ): dem den, giri
6) ""'f# ThuCk Icha /U'qng:xem cM giiH86 20 0- bsi Bhm).
7) iii K;nh thtrerng : trai qu" ban (saukhl
8) j1 - L9'i dim feh cong chi :UH)t trung nhirnJ' d,icu Itri dan (va)
feh chung.
9) Hp-p sU-C IT; :. 81i'c chung cho bil'lt ma lam (t\1' H9'pif day c() nghia
khac vo-i Hl)'p trung nhom tir Hl}'p hanh)
10) .!Ii:t Yen Phong : (x em cM thich 86 1 bai Bllli)
11) T",. Due:' Dam thu- 16 tu-c 18 Dam 1863)
III. D1CH NGttJA
Ty ttnh SlIc Ninh ..
t nitl\lre
Can elf" '0 -(titp theo) tbo blm cua nha gM it&. m9t tbo dun cua thOn MAn Xai
xia mOo chv,- .
Nguyen vl"mg CD diD do ciing dang xet : JaU khi (floh) beo b,c xin (yeu du) cna
(din) do, (thi (y) cling Ie troog ohfi'ng 19'i dio (va) feh chung;
(Nen tlob) .d-c chung (cbo buyfo va tbOo) bi& ma thi bob.
Tnt (nay) pWi dU'Q'c nO'i.
Trat tren .d-c cho
nha Yeo Phong.
Ngily hai tung ttl' Dim thd- 16 T", Dd-c.
CHUCJNG VII
.,. &,NH NOH'. Blm .. e6ng ftn co. quan elp dU'Oi pi Jaa quaD elp bac,
hOfc 41 nghj pi quytt via oh",: bac, cao tloh hloh thu 2in'mo- chV v.".
Nb", vf.y, dung, 10fi vln biD nay cling 00 phan gUSng 40'n (l8. glly caa clp d",cH
gwi len clp tren) ; .0Dg kb8c 'eo' bin 18 ng",iri 18 quan chd- kh&ng phil ....
n. CONG TH(rC COlli nb", Tait, mtt tbo blm eo be phln:
1) Phan ma. Jiu nea chti-c \'\1 quan cUa clp gUi cang va va tinh cMt cua c&ng
van Ie lo,i blm. '
2) Phan chlnh la dUDg cua; c&lg van, tb",an. eO h8i :
a) CO' .0- cua via : do clp d",Oi yeu du hay do bin tUD c&Og
van .. ult v.v. '
b) Tinh hlnh thvc tp theo nbf.n c!jnh cua minh tbo bam 00 m\lc dicb bio
c&o tioh hi ph) hofc D9i ci .. ,(Ilogh! y6i It Ie cUa minh tbo bam eo myc dfeh
nghi giii quyft m9t vln Rl).
3) Phan cu61 :
, a) Nul c!rn ciia c6ng va : tir blm Day gm len 00' qDan el, DaO ..
b)Thboi di3m cua c6ng viD : Dgay., tbug, nam thu9C nien nao.
e) Ten kf clp c60g viD 0- dm clp burin, cbn' clp caDg van
la clp tra len thi kb6ng cO ten kf ma chi cIn' cO eon diu (Ia). '
III. &,tM 1) VI hinb tbu-c trlnh bay :
a) Lo,i blm tUng viEt trAn gily bin'lh",bong dung va thoo khu60 Dh", hit.
b) CutSi Dhfi'D' eh& gbi chu-c V\I ciia clp pi cong van 'dbng diu) phil trtSng Dl9t
hay hai (; chit r3i mcS-i chii' c Tue) :I I8U d6, phii rai mcTi chfi' Blm
96
c .t . Ttr do villt Iiell cho c;hit cuoi cung. Trong tnrj-rng hg"p ij- clloi clmg, eo
J!}.i hai cbfr Tlie hiim) thi ,au chrr Tlk) cling phiii chira mOt hay hai 0 chu' roi m&i
viet tiel' chfr B!im '.
e) Va tat eii cac dong cbti' cila cong vall deu viet hang dau, trir uien U euoi cimg
pUi viet thanh m{it dong rieng, va tien len chit nhU' thll thu-c cua m{it to- trat.
2. Ve ng6n ngii': a) Trong Io!}.i hlim co m{it 80 ket tir dU'lrc dung tbanh cong
thrrc Je mu Jiiu va ket fhUc van ban:
- (1 phan mn- dau, sau khi ghi cM'c cp quan guj cong van, phili dimg hai ehir
Tue Blim Jl .f.. (Killh thU'a), r(\i tipp theo do dlmg ket diu til' VI (Vi) c\, Bam S\r
fl.;, Jl. f.. .. (ve vil;e trlnh thtra) d8 lam tieu de cho lo!}.i cong van nay.
'- (r phan Ht thtle, khac m{it ti Jo-i mn- dau blng ket dlll Kim Tile Blim
At "" (Nay kinh thtra).
b) dieu dang cbli y nfra la, ngoai tU'g"ng aU- dl}ng tir Han theo each Nam,
ta con thtly xuat trong lo!}.i van 17 , eacb ket hl(p tao b!}.o m{lt tir to v&i m9t tir
to Hall de thanh llll)t til" phli'c nira Han nus nhU' Leu Quan 1- nitro nIl)t
each rilt t.,1' nhiclI trollg van I'snh van ngon Hao, Phiii ehang vi ell' quan viet tif hhm rlo
"trlfl' gall gtli v.yj 'llli\n "hlin/! nhflll Mill' (qua ilO'n) hO'II nen oa sliD tii:p till . ng;m ugfr
ella quan 't
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97
I) PHltN AM:
Yen Phong (1) d.ro-ng(2)
Tuc (3)
Blm
Vi C\l blm 8\r (4);
Ttr, Otl- ti (5) hillt Min Xa (6) thOn dO'n khi(;u (7) cai thOn din Ctr iich nhtrirnl (8), thi
ttl- (9) dao (dieu) cach, nan ttr (10) 8inh y (11), khilt ttrO'ng cao tao U"6c tam mlu, thiet
Ilu quaD (12), yeu hBnh kluich m6i di 80' '\lC, 80' th,p, 1\10, nlm (trip)
nim lyc, t!]op trung vi thi di ttr dicll ; nhtrng khlt di 8\r MOl thtrO'Dg (13)
nien n9i thanh thi, cung thut! dAng Hoh (U) ;
Phi chieu cai xi tong lai If (15) ttrO'ng an (16), duy tri thO clln ngbi{ip;
thu"O'Dg (17) chi eO- bit dao, hiru v6 chi 80- bilt tMng, tIt thii- (18) tinh tir (t
9
) thuC}c .(20)
khi lU"Vng. ; nhtrng ti hillt cao xa thi phien ky, dfr cai xi yeu h{li dAng ky,
thu]c ttrCrng tl (21), phi hfru trung l,iltl-C Iranh tro-chi .i (22).
cam cy (23) ttrO'ng cSinh (24) blm thira thlm
Kim hic.
ll1'illl.
TIt BIrr. ll}c nien d(\ng (25) tMp nh't nMt.
II. CHU GIAI I
'.t Yell phong : ten trtr6c thui}c dnh l'Iinh la dnh Ha B!c)
2) . J:t. '.t. Huy,n Jll'ung : cO' quan henh chiuh cap BU"irng: phong chinh
trong Dba ; nO'i xi'r ki{in )
3) At Tue :cung kiuh
4) Jl- .t .. V, bJm $(1' : Ve trinh bllm.
ty : Cr dAy la d{lng tir, nghia Ie trinh bay ( trln )
Blm : Cr day co 'la danh tir (nhU" bao cao, han tbloh cllu) va lam bi\
ngii' cho di}ng til" Cy ; nhtrng cling co ]a dgng tir, hao cao, thioh cau va tron, trU"iYog
hVp thtl- hai, ha( dl)ng tir cl} nghia di vo-i nhau, thanh m{lt cl}m tir c()
mQt y nghia tbl'g hgpl. bao cao, thinh cau. Va do chioh la dinb IIghia, 1a m,i dung Clia
JOilli Bllm.
5) Ti: dU"6i, thilp, ,hen ml,lD. II Ti eo nghia lil m;m chung t6i (y khiem
. t(in ).
6) rl1 MIn : ten m9t lang! tbui}c Yen Phong tlnh Blic Ninh eli (din
,ian ggi la lang Mia). I
7). -' ct Dun khieu : lam 10'n ke1l xin (keu xin hlng dfYn).
8) 1f .. Tich nhll'(tng (tich : xa xoi, heo lanh, nhU"t'rng: dlt) : nO'i (vung) xa
xlii, heo lanh.
,
9) Jt Thi ta- : chv bUa (ttl- : nguyen co ngbia la Itfu quan 0- chcr).
10) t Til' tu-) : dl.ra vito, nb;r vao. (0- day: 800g lam nghC).
98
11) 4. i: Sinh (sanh) y : hUOD ban ; lam an.
12) i- tr: Leu qualt la Hr
13) .t iii tl"rung : hR" eao len xin (elp haD h,c.
14) o1t Tlnh: y V!}D', yeu diu. "
15) \lJ 1. Die" Iy : ang va lang xom.
16) T U'ung an: yeo bn.
17) 'itj I ThU'ung eli : ngU"Oi lam nghe huon hall (ciillg nhU" c tho-UD, Dhan)
18) -(r-< Tv thti-: tlhU" th( lIhll" thi'r)
19) tt 1;) Tlnh tir : Io-i Ie tha (chi tinh)
20)4 Thu{je (Thugc khi IU"Q"ng) : du, c6 xet. CM y : du c Thu(Jc khi
lU"Q"ng) thU"Crllg dU"lrc dung trong lo,i trat va h1hl).
21) -I J;.. Thu(jc tU'ung ta : - TU"ung ti : trii IIhau, y n6Lcac l\gay phi&n cila
cac chv khOng trimg v&i nhau.
- Thu{jc : ( pM t11') V11'a ml)t each khco, dung lao
22) Jl- c,,: dity dti (pM t11'). Chu y : chii' C1} Jf. Bat) co IIgoai h9.
23) Vi (danh t11') : lam, 8lF
24) "$1 Dlnh: dillh, : dfllh giao 1r J:..
hiim dinh :K. -jr
. ,
25) fl Dong nguy,t : thang ha eua lich phU"uog Bong, do ehii'
co am va Dghia DhU" chii' ThOng it troog c ThOug n,hia 1. cay co ph6.t xanh
ttSt th6.ng cutSi XUaD.
111. DICH NGHfA:
darang Yen Phong.
Kinh.
ThU"a
Vi;} Blm :
Nay, clio cli- vao dun cua thOn, Man Xa (thuQc) h,t chUng, tat keu (dng), , dan thOn
do er oui heo lanh, chc;r bUa xa each,. Kh6 di huon han, (nen) xin dem chtmg ha miu dlt
cao rao (. cua h9) d\l"Dg quan, (va) mo-i kh8.ch mlii th6.ng vao (nhii'ng) ngay 8aU,
mll"o-i, mU"o-i YU" hal mU"ui, npy ham 880, ha mU"ui, (v&o) Ioc han h9P (Jam)
chv titln hanh trao dM (HI?) cOn xin b80 cao (d6 len tren) han oinh
( nam (lIay) thaoh ehcr 't va) dong (n9P) 96 11 V9Il' caa hI).
Vii l,i, x6t xi 'y jUl,. ang lang sam yell lin
lam an cham chi" ( tM'ina ctf' 1a )"lIui (rna) ngU"iri ai huon khOng Qui ( ma) aii khoog f
( cBi thieu ) va cai co kh6ng ,( vcYi llhau ). LiJi Ie nhU" ciing dd ( co tin ( xct ).
Hurt nita,' xet esc ngay phien chQ" Clla cac X8. (trong) chUng toi v&i cac ngay ( me )
xii Ky' mM hgp ( ehv ) dung la trBi nhau, khOllg co 8\1' trimg va tranh gianh trer
ng,i (llhau). '
(Vi eMng toi) lien dalll oem dt,r dinh (eua chUng
yang cho- (elp tren ) giiii quyet,
Nay rung kinh
B1m
"
toi) triuh dly du tren)
Ngey llllru-i Ill{ttthall, La nam thli- mU'o-i 88U T\f fhrc.,
99
/
I. &\NH NGHTA
CHlfO'NG VIII
BIaN TO'
1. Bien ;.1 hay Bien tlr fA la 111{1t gi'y tfr hanh chinh ( rna ngay nay ta
g?i la hin) do m9t ngU'o-i dl!-i cho nha Dll'o-C (quan) du-ng ra lam va co ngU'iri
lam cblrng dl'l xet 111{1t 8\1' 1111)t Vl,l phip, nMm lam cO' 80- cho
giai quyet phsn xii- cua m{lt cO' quaIl hanh phsp til' phsJl.
Trong vi nay, khOng hien ban tom nhfrng dAnoi aA
lam trong tnl'o-ng hvp co Hoh cMt long tr(.>Dg nhU' ta thU'o-ng lam trong cac cu{lc h{H
h?p ngay nay vi IOl}.i hien ban nay chU'a co dU'o-i cht: d{l
2. Bien hay Bien hAng IA 1& giily bien nhfn.
II. BIEN BAN
1. Co hai chinh :
a - Bien bin ve kh8nt do ruqng dlt ;
h - Bien ban khsm an
2. B6cvc CONG THCrC : M{lt bien ban noi chllDg g(\m c6 ha pMn chinh :
a - Phiin meT aiiu : Ghi tho-i c1il'lm, cap <(uan co tnich lam bien han va tiClI
cua giily t(r oay Is bien tlr) hien '.
b - Phan chfnlr neu:
- Li do dla 81,l' ph3.p ;
- Phtr()'ng phap tien hi1l1h xct va ghi cbep hien ban ;
- Kl;t (IUS. xct
(' - Phiin cuo; kct thUc van ban hang m{lt cAu : c Nay l,p hien bin) va chII' ki
ngU'fri eo trach lam bieohan eung nhrrng ogU'o-i lam chu-ng. /
eM y : Troog trlro-ng hvp bien han khall1 do ru{mg dilt, vi ket qua xct thll'iJ'llg
ta dai (do phiii ghi dlly dn tlrllg khoin do d,e ella tlrng khoanh 11ll)ng dilt eo litn quan .Hin
v(n de). DeO nay thll'f.rng dll sau phlin kj:t thtic bien ball ; xcm IlhU' phaD en
'ham khao cua bien ban.
100
III. Bo Cl,IC gom :
l. M6 aiiu : a. Thiri (eHl lr dati nhll' hong hien hin). b. Tieu (hifn MDg)
2. Plran cMnh : a. Ly do thu (l'Iglro-i n?p ticn ciia)
h. Cal: khoan thn
':. Hit xong, lalll giily
3. Phancuo; : Cau cong thu-c : Nay lam giily bien Ngtro-i hieD ki ten.
IV, CHUNG
A. Ve hinh tlrl1'c t"nh bay
1 . Khsc cac gily to- hanh ehinh khac, nien phai ghi l.r dltu van ban.
2. Con ve cac thtre khac, dCll y nhll' lO,!i dO'D
B. Ve ngi;n ngC; :
1. Chung clro cac IO{f; bien: a) iff phan mo- dan, dtl ghi tieu de mia gilly
to' nay. Dglriri fa : Vi bien l!l.r iL IA "* bien bin) hay: Vi
Lien IIr 81}"' .fi:J iL ia} "* (Vi to Lien ban). hay : c Vi bien bil'pg
Itr $, jL Ii "$ lam gi8Y bien nhtu).
b} & pbaD chinh, d/l Dell Ii do cue bien biD, Dgu'O'i ta tbtrO'Dg btt dan blDg til' ( Duyen )
(Nhan yi, nguyen Iii) va di5n blit dau triDh bay pbtro"Dg phap ti&- blnb, ngtro-l ta
dung tir c NhAn' (cho nen, then 06). C6 khi ngll'O'i ta co thl! khoDg dtlng ttl' Iluyen
it tren ma chi dilOg tir NhSn lr dtr(ri.
& hien nen Ii do, thtrO'ng bat dau biing c Ttr cu- .. ,. ([\jay clin cu'
vao ... ).
e) a phan cII6i, d? ket tMc, ngll'(yi ta vii5t : c TU' bien' 1t. i.i1J hay c Ttr bien fir
1t. .fl. f" iaJ (r\ay bien bin ) Nay bien
2. Hicng cho IOl?-i bien ban kham clo (upng clat. c6 'mQt e6 tir dA tro- thanh
n ulur :
- Kh.8m :hJ it (Khsm do);
.-. Trtrng ..f'l. (vo-i khllt trtrng -t .fJ.., h}c trtrng It .ffl:., Nguyen trtrng .fl.):
c Tnrng) eo nghia thOng thtro'ng Is da thanh, etA nfon (ngoai nghia thu : tnrng thnfl) ; nhtrng
trong ng6n ngfr phap Nam thM X\fa khi n6i ru(lng dlt, c Trll'ng co oghia Is
dlfVC nha otrac e<mg de dtr,!C ghi van dia hI}- va dong thue .
. - chi it $ (cam moc chi) tien it (dlm m6c nMn ) ;
._- K inh xich M .. Jt : thtrlYC (cae dO"n vi) do chicu dsi da dung; 116 do et'!-c.
- Phl.lOg .. Ji yang do.
-- phl.lllg dl}-c Y-l *'" .ii : trong do, <lo. d6, c6 nghia )it trong
vi e(j dlt noi (1 trfn).
- Thira toan if. t : Hnb.
J. Rieng cho lop; bien ban kham an m(Jng. ngfr t.htr<rug dung Is tir
dtlng vo-i v nghia lit kham x,it n'h\f:
.. bien tir .1'1. f.i1J iaJ : biq kham xet.
--. KMt t : xin kham xCt.
4. Rieng cbo giiiy bien co nhii'ng cong tbti-c eini :
- hl'O'ng... dang : tem ... trioh lIQp.
-- di thn : da tbu dung (y) nhtr the.
- SI}" thanh, hl}'p bien vi bilng : da thu xong, ghi hVp (cac kholn) lam
Mng dfl ltru chien.
5. eM y : a) Trollg IOl}-i van Day air dl}ng nbirng tir cua og60 ngir dan giao Han (ht;tch
tho'!-i) nhtr Na (do, kia) Gia ii (cai ay, "y) ohu-ng tir do Nam snng t,o

nhtr Cao (BaO). Nhtrog cach air dl}ng nhirng dl?-i tir chi t.hi cung CII khac
v(ri Trun/!: Qllfic nh\f ooi : c Ky g-io "XII') Jt.. i\..' M: ching hl}-D.
h) Vp ell pbap, C(I nhfrog ohien tang dinh ngfl' theo tii5op; II,,, ,ta dtrl}'c ",i'ra l,i theo
(',i phup tij:1I1-( Vi(1.
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I
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I. AM:
Minh (m"ng) ngii nien, nhi nbi blit nbq.t
Kim Di)ng nba.
Vi hien kbam CI"c ttlc tnrng chiu "11':
Duyen khu- nien thq.p nMt nbq.t, thira t6ng Mi nh!t Clan An Tao Xfch DAng,
Bling Chiu nhi xii thOn, dan kh!t t\lC trll'Dg chiu t"i Biii Ngoai xU- 8a ltp tfnh
am 8a vi tbanh thb U'6-c mAu dU' ; IIlrC h, kham dl!-c dang an phtic thio dlog. cu-
tai tbira pM oblt dun Nhin Ul}c xii thiu khat t\lC tfU'ng chiu tl!-i Cvu Thi Trang
( trll'(rng) xU- phil sa ap nhq.p U'6-c Dhi mlu dll'; su-c hI!- kbam 4"c Cl} than ding.
Nhan, nhll'og CU- cai ding( X8. thOo nguyeo trll'og ding danh bao dio tvu cai ding xU-
thoi y tbog ph6 tbng tjnh tit;p giap chi Cao Xa xa dfr Phli Xuyeo Tir DIl'(rog xii
If hll'O"ng djch diog danh, IU-C tieu nh{i.a gi6-i phq.n, hanh kham d,c. Ky gia xU- nc}i
hiru tan Mi tlib ll'6-c tu- cao (8ao) dU' ; Xich DAng, Bl1ng Chiu dlog xii thOu tieu chi Ti cai
xii thOn Cvu Bai Ngoai xU-; Nhan DI}C xi tieu cbi vi cai xii Cvu Tbi Tnr')'Dg xU-. NhU'nl cu-
cai tUng xii thOn SO- tieu, phan khu hI!- d"c, di kinh xjch Hnh thtp xlch vi nhat tl'll'Q'ng,
trll'Q'ng vi aMt tMng; su-c Xich Dl1ng, mng Chau nbi xii thOo Ij tl'll'o-ng D6 Hfru Ty chap
tnrQ'ng ; djch ml}c Le Vaa V Le Ba chap, tMng ; Nhia D\lc xii If trll'o-ng
Duy Un cMp tfU'Q'ng, pho It trll'o-ng Le Dt,r (DIl' ), dicb Viet Ban (Bbn )
chap thAng; oMt h" d"c; Ky m6 xii thi!. a,c Clac 80 nhll'l}'c cao, tr\lc khoan tll'(rng
Tai Hoh dl!-c Xich BI1D" DlIng ChAu, Nhan Dl}c ding xii than tiep giap tll'an, traoh
chi xU-; m6 xii tieu 86 nhll'Q'c can, cl,J hi60 TU tinh do hiD dfr kiob
xich, ding xi cung khai tir ; cac bu-c, tioh tU'ang phI}
Til' bien:
d"c Xich Dilng, Bang Chiu obi xii thOn sa bin thb cai tam miu that cao (sao)
Il}c xich nUt tMn tu- phio tam Iy (n9i, tU'aDg traoh xU- tam cao (s80) obi :dch tu- tbOo
l\lc phao Iy) :
- khu, trung tm(rog tu- ogii trU'Q'og, h, khoit Dbi tam;fiich ; thtra
toan thaoh ohi cao (880) tu- xich ngii tMo.
- Nhltt khu (Bong ll}c ngff tnrQ'Dg, Tay nhlt ngii trll'Q'ng, Nam nhi truQ'ng
tbilt deh, Bltc ohi trU'Q'og tam xjch) thlra toaD thauh tMt cao (sao) tam :deh tam th6n tam
phah tam Iy :
- Nhllt khu (v.v.)
Ph \log dl}c Xich DAng, mug Chau nhi xii thOu am 8a . eai tam mlu uhi cao (8aO )
nMt Itch tam th60 tam phin Dbi Iy.
- Nhllt khu (v. v.)
Ph\log d"c Nhan D\lc xii phil 8a eai DMt miu Iy.c cao ( 8aO ) hat xich tam tMo tUt
pban tu- ly:
- NUt khu (v. v.)
Nl)i ph\log d,c Xich Dlng, &lngCbau uhi xii thOn tieu chI cai xi thoo Ba:i Ngoai
Xlr phil eo dir Nhan D\IC xi tll'O'ng tranb xU- cai tam cao (lIao) nMt xich tam tMn cii-u
phan I\lc ly:
104
- Nblt khu (v.v.)
..
N9
i
phyng dl}-c Nban Dye xa tieu chi v1 cai xa C\fU Thi Trtro-og xU- phu sa thb dir Xich
Blng Chau dAng xi thOn tU'ang franb xU-, cai hl- eao (S80) bU.t dcb:
- Nblt khu (v. v.)
II. CHU GIll
1) if- I.A bien: hay l,"p hien tir fl. -1aJ lam hien hin, lam to- hien bin.
2) A. bay la chii' Nbi :::- pbu-c.
( {.jf ) Tlnh. Tlnh (h{l Can 1"' ciing vitlt Ia jf- ) va T;nh jl
NUt). ciing vitlt Ia itt (hI) 14P ), n6i chung thOng dt;tng vo-i nhau v6i nghia la cung, gi}p
V80. Soog theo thOi quell; troog mi}t eo trU'o-ng hVp mM chii' deu c6 cach dung rieng nhU' :
jl Tiob: jl iL (Tinh jl IT (Tioh hBnh ) ... (pM tir)
#- (1r1) Tiob (d{lng tir): .l.1f- ( kiem tioh).
(thOn Hnh).
Trong van hanh chinh Nam, ngay trong hili nay, cach dung hai chii' do cling co
8" phan
jl Tinh: cung vo-i.
1.jf Tinh: g{lp v6i.
4) -t Dang an: ghi (len) eb each. Co nghia nhU' dang rt .
5) It '1' Phuc than: tnDb hay (hao cO.o ) fra lo-i (phtic, tra 10-1).
6) -f DAng: co nghia nhtr 9il.ng dAng: vim .8.n.
7) Jt. '1' Ct,J than : ho.o co.o. trinh hay (CI} : trinh hay).
8) 1!l Nhan: iY day di v6i chii' )Juyen Cr tren thanh m{lt c!u tir co ngbia la
Do (vi) '" cho oe il ( cau tir nay 18 cong thu-c chi dOl}n van Cr khoang giita hai
tir do la iy do oua bien han va van Cr sau tir Nhin lil qua trinb tit;o hilnh lam conK
theo ehi thi ea fl trco chulo hi lam hien han.
9) Cli-lit dl}-ng thtr{mg vitlt chit Cll- .it
10) 11t Baa thb). B{I ben tmi thU'o-ng la 11t ( :!l )
11) Te (b{) n) thU'o-Dg giiin dan Is :Jf- nghia cling DhU' tal : cling.
toao ci.
I 12) -M cho-. eM y : 8 net trir N ban vi phltn tren cua hi} phii chi
co 2 net, chu- khOng phiii chu' cong :r.. : :::I- (phin v6i chit Hliu).
13) Jt. r!. Ky gia : cM y hai chii' Day (Ii lieD> v6i uhau 18 tU'vng thU'lrog tMy
.
troDg hanh chinh Nam.
H) 't.i Cao: s80, dan vi do n tleh (tiit hlllg 1/10 mall, tie 15 tilltooe \'u{omg
105
r
r
r
I
i
l
(tir Day hOBn tOBn Nam. c6 Ie do chii' Cao nghia la cai 1180 ehtSng ma ra).
15) Jl Kinh xfch: - thU'6c dli dung dll do
(kinh : trai qua) - thU'ac (dO'n vi) 40 d? dSi (kinh : d,?c ), so 40 ( nghia
r?ug, tir nghia thu- nMt rna ra ).
16)
( ) T kh
,."- rile oan : tirng khoiin.
17) Ca; - 96 : Cai xa thOn : cac xii t!lon do.
- tilt. ca la. cii thiiy Iii : Cai tam mAu : tilt ca (ca thiy) 1. ha mAu.
18) I. Ly Ii , Tc" : - etO'n vi do chieu dai xU'a. biing 1/10 phan. 1/100 Uic. 1/1000
thlrac.
- dO'n vi eto trgng IU'9"ng xU'a bAng 1/1000 b].ng.
19) tkJ *" ,Ji. Np; phllng : trong do vang do. c Trong 40) : trong cao xU- do
( cac xli' etat noi 0- tren: (Ky gia xli', npi hfru hin Mi .. ) \
20) CM y ve eu phap cua van: Duyen khu- nien ... Cl} thiln ddng, : Sung
theo ogfr phap tieng HaD thu8.n tuy thi phii viet: c Duyen khu- nien . " nhi xii thoo duo
khat tl}O tmng Ba; Ngoa; xU- sa bo; tip nhQp chilu Hnh am sa ... ) va Nhiln Dyc
xii thOo dO'n kham tyc trU'ng CVII Thf TrU'o-ng xU- phU s .. ap U'ue nh; mJu JU'chau
tM,.
III. DICH NGHTA
NGAY HAl MlIOI TAM THANG HAl NAM THO' NAM MINH
CO' quan hanh chinh Kim B9ng
l*p bien bao kham do. dilt blii dU'l}'c trU'ng :
Do [nguyen] ngay thang mU'o-i m9t nam ngoai, chung toi] vang dU'l}'c giH ira
ve to- dO'o cua hai xii.thOn Xich 9iing va Bing Chau An Tao xin tnrngtil:p dilt
bai 0- xU- Bili Ngoai dU'l}'o cat dU'a vaO,\g9P vai mit ngiim chU'a thanh thb [ cii thiy ] cbirng
hO'n mU'Cri miu ; r va vailg dU'I}'C] su-c xuong kham do len each r roi 1 bao 000 tra lo-i
v . v . ; dong tho-i, can cu- vao m?t to- dO'n ciing vang dll'l}'c giH tra Clia xli Nhiln Dl}c
xin trU'ng tH!p chirng bO'n bai min cUt hlii t!}oi xU- Tnro-ng 'fhi cii do phil sa dU'a vao [ va ciing
i . .
vAng dU'9"c J sQoc xuiSng kham do bao cao V.T !
Cho nen chUng toi J IJ1.i din eu- vao danh each nguyen trU'ng cua nhfrng sa tMn
do bao [cho hg ] dU'a dt;o cac xU- dilt do [ va] thUc g<,>i ca eac ten pM tting d6
ly trU'o-ng va bU'O'ng dich cua xii Cao Xa va xli Tir 9U'o-ng PM Xuyeo lla hai xli ]
giap r vai cae xli thOn sin trll'og dilt 06i tren ] ; ( dong tbo-i chung toi ] e,,"o bio r h<,> den]
moc nhin giai r cua tirng dia phU'O'ng J dll ebb- tien hanh kham do.
Cac xU- do, eo cUt mai ehirng hO'n bOn S80; cae xli thon Xich va DAng
Chio moe chi (et6) la xU- BliiNgoai cii cua hai xii thOn (ve.. xii Nhiln (ciing)
dim mtSc chi (do) fa xU- 'frU'o-ng Thi eii Clia xii tiy. (Chung toi) l,!-i can uu- vao cac khu v'!c
di phan chia bing moc cna cac xi tMn do bAt dltudo ; thU'Ooc dung. m U'o-i thU'ac

(I) Chi 1:0 xii Ttr Blrirng thu';'o rlhu I',i'ln xii Cao Xii Kim Jl'!I1/!.
106
---=-..--
lam tnrgng ( va) mU'ai tru'gng lam m{lt day ; (chUng toi) su-c bai xa tMn Xich !tang
'9'a'Blng ChAu (giao cho) If trU'aog 90 Hfru Ty cam ( va) h9n hltO'ng dich Le Van
VI;mg, I.e sa elm day; (su-c) xii Nhan Dl!c ( giao cho) If trU'o-og Ngu;en Duy Lan
trll'gog, pM If tnrCrng Le D\r (va) hU'O'Dg dich Nguyen Viet Ban ( Dbn ) dlm day; ( tat ei )
eung bic, xUODg do.
( Cu-) xi thOn DaO do dU'gc st) etat labao nhieu tbi ghi ro tirng khoiin. (R3i) 19i do
g9P xU- etat dang tranh chtlp nhau tiep gilip v&i cac xii thOn Xich Blng, Bing Chau va Nbin
DI!C ; So tUt'" do xi nao cAm mlSc etU'gc bao nhieu ghi au dU'&i clay. (Chung toi )
xet cac han do v&i 80 do cilDg 1M cung khai cua cac xi; cac tBi (do deu )
dU'gc cliuh g}p phI! vao (hien hin nay).
Nay lam hien ban .
. Yang clo etat cat hOi cua hai xi thOn Xich DAog va BAng Cbiu, cii. thay 1. ha miu bly
S80 sau thU'&c mgt tac Mn phan ha ly (trong do, co cM dang tranh chip nhau lit ha s80
hai t111I'&C hon tac san phin sau ly):
_ M{lt khu (Y gifra d.i b6n mu-O'i lam tnl'gng, phia dU'&i < hai trlt9'ng ha thU'o-c :
Yang tinh thanh hai sao hOn thlro-c nam taco
_ M9t khu ( phia Bong sau muO'i lam tnrgllg, phia Tay mu-o-i lam tfU'gng, phia Nalll
hai trtrg'llg bay thlro-c, phia Dle hai tnfgng ba thu-o-c ) :
Yang Hnh thanh bay sao ba thU'o-c ha tlc ba pbin ha ly.
- Mgt khu (v.v. ( 1 ) )
Yang 40 <lilt cat ngam cua hai xii Xich B!ng va Bang Chau ci tbay 1il ha mlu hai
saO mU'(ri nu}t thU'&c ha tac ha phim hai ly :
- Mgt khu (v.v. (2
Yang do dat phil 8a cua xi Nhan D\lc ci thay 1. min sau 8aO tam thu-&c ba tac
bay pbin hOn ly :
- M9t khn (v.v. (3
Trong do (4) vang do ,tat phil 8a do hai xa thOn Xich 911ng va 9ing Chau dim mo"
chi lil xU- Dai Ngoai eil eua ( hai) xii thOn do (nhu-Dg) 10. eM trauh chap v&i xi Nb&n Dl}c.;
ca th8y 1a ha flao mgt tac chiD phao NU ly:
- M{lt khu (v.v. (5
Trong do, vang do 4ilt phil 8a do xi Nhan Dvc dim moe chi 1& Xli' Trlro-Dg Thi cli cua
xii do (nhU'ng la) eM tranh chilp VIH cac xii Xich va Bling Chau, ci th8y \a Mn sao
tam thu-o-c:
. - M{lt khu (v.v. ( 6) )
----
(1) .. .1 c8.ch ghi eiing gi6ng ao,n
(2) 90'1n nay ding hl''lc bo.
(3) Bottn nay cung hr'lc ho.
(t!.> Trong ito ; Trong cac xU- itlh n{,i
(3) :90'1D nay ciwg I.r'le ho.
(6) nay ciing hr<;>,c bb.. '
107
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Bai Nguyen Bien til' kham au lIlf.DC.
I. AM:
Khanh nbi Dien thtp euu ohft mo nba.
Vi l,p bien tlr 8{ :
Ban (bt)n) nhft, miS m6 tbng. xi, din PhfDl !hi ma khif!u tv y U
Van M6 dii cat thi phu kblt ding.
Nhan khlie vang c1si tuy l"i, og?) nhibi t\I'U xU-, phai oa cai U Vao m6. tjnh thai tc
Ian hang tbng eu- cai khb cM cung din tvu ns tbi than ng!}a xu..
kiEn nam thi uien caoh lI'o-c tli' tbfp tu!!, phyc dl,log bite b6 qulo, yeu
lyc e&o, clau hlI'o-ng dong ngU'ii'ng ngC}&. thO tuc tung thi, dau phst U, h(thU'O'ng.
Y phap tlly : nblt tlch t"i hung xU-, hi nhl}.c tbung vl}'ng trlI'irog phan thOn'; nhlt
tleh tl!-i u-e xU-, thuog hong, yeu vien giii tnFc nbi ppn thOll, hioh nhlI' e11
thlI'O'og; nMt Heh tl!-i hiru xU-, hi trll'(roK ngu phan thtSn, quiing phan"tMn,
tham lI'o-c ban phan tMo, huyet ngln thlI'l}'ng hong, hinh nhlI' aao 80- thlI'O'ng
. C'.l thn ky thj tbanh; tbi- hien, tftrtYC an.
TlI' bien ta.
Hiru m6 ky
Ly tmung Trln me; ky
Khb chti Thi m6 diflm chi.
II. CHU GIAI
1) A. Dang Khanh : Dien cU. c1o-i vua Nguyln ten 1& trug Xuy
lam vua tir nam 1886 den 1888, (eha co. Khai Binh, anh co Ham Nghi).
2) '-" ,( t.) Mo : cll!-i tir chi, co ogbia nhlI' ta noi hay giir, X, Y .
3) Ji cn hang, C8nh gac.
4) t. LlJi: tu-c de Il].i, tbtr kj giup cho quan
5) Le: lioh lioh pht.JC VI}. quao dia pblI'O'og.
6) it A.. Ngo nhan: ogtro-i lam killm Coo g!}i 18 Ng6 tae 'it .
Nay ta thU'o-ng 89i 18 vien.
7) 1ft. Tung fhi: dUOi fa.
8) f bUi (noi ve toe).
9) .. ThOng vl,I'ng : y& frog Mng c'Y sung quanb cM !!trog. Chtl y : phAn
109
chfr V..,ng f (be) Nhtt: cai qultng) vo-i Vi t (be) Ho: ; ta thU'b-Dg hay Jin li}n
hai chfr Day nhU' : dang Ie noi c tir vi' I,i noi 8ai la c tir vt}'llg " dang Ie n6i c Vi I,i
Doi lIai la VVng
10) .. III ... YEu vien g;a; : vong tbit lU'Dg.
11) Jl Huyet ngan : "Ilt mau.
12) It i.' ThU 'y chfr kj xac nbtn .
13) Thi thanh : 8,! set tbanb thtt.
III. DICH NGHTA
Ngay wU'o-i chiD tbaug mU'o-i nam thtr bai Kbanb.
nha Mo.
If.p to- bi&n bin kbam :
NgayhOm Day, Tbj M6 dan xa M3 M6 Mo bay (ripg) I.e Van M3
(da) danh chOng thi (bO t,i diflm canh cua y (va) xin kh8m v.v.
Vi (nha chUng toi da) ngay ch6 (y), dem theo (ca) d/! I,i, Hnb (va)
nhAn "ien eho bitt La Vau Mo cung dOi tit c1 (Dhtrng ngU"o-i) ;,. gin do,
thea 8l"r din dtlt cua khb chO, dEn cM ntlm cua thay chEt do.
tMy ( Ini}t ) thay dan ODg, tuM chirng bt)u mU'O'i, ao den, quiD tring, lU'ng buc}c
tbit lU'ng xaDh Ia cay, diu quay phia Bong, nitm ngu'a, tay chan du6i ra, toe btli, thin
minh bi thU'O'ng. (Cbung toi da) rn-a xct thea dung phU'O'ng-phap (va me}t . "fit ;,.
chO ng\rc, da thit 80'8, va \rng h3Dg quaob eM 8U'Dg dai mU'Ui pban; mc)t ;,. cM trc,
IIU'ng do thlu( chO tbit lU'ng (dai) hai mU'O'i phau, hioh nhU' nlim tay danh thanh
thU'O'ng ; mi}t ,Et ;,. cM ma ben phai, da rach d8i nam phaD, m{lt phan, fliu chirng
l1i'ra phin, vEt mau con do hOng, hinh nhU' do lo,i dao dim.
(ChUng toi da) ehfr kj xac nhf.n nhfrng tMy la dUDg lI\f thtt, (va) eu-
do Itp bien bin (da) lam bO 110' xet xii-.
110
Nay Itp bien biD.
I,i Nguyen Hii'n M6 kj.
Ly tmlrng Trln M3 kY ..
chd Pb,m 'fhi Mo in dlu tay.
--- ----
BAI 111

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I. PHIEN AM
T" ti-c ohi nien (I) tam [Dgoft I sO' hinh,t [nh1tt],
Vi [ vi] bien bing s" :

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Ttr, cU:\ Vinh Hi)i xi trtrc'rng Lam Van qn tU'O'ng biin [ J nien thiiy lq'i ticn
(2) ngu bach qUlin, tbuyen thue tam bach quaD, sinh [Banh] j nhlt [ nhli-t.l
thien quan, eac ttrq'ng cyc L cUQC] (3) thur; tien nhi bach quan, dinh thur; lyc bach
quan, dang n,p, di (4) thu [thau j Itt thanh, hq'p bien vi hAng ehilliu.
Tlr bien.
Vinh long (5) thtrO'ng chii (6) Thii dAng ki.
II. CHU GIAI
(1) .f4 .:i. ., Tv D"c nhi nien : nam tbli-
J
hai mtrO'i nien l\r
Du-c, tli-c nam Binh mao 1867. Cling nam nay, thang sau ( cu6i tbang lau ljch dtrO'Jlg),
th"c dan Ph&p chi/lim doh' Vinh Long 'eii ha dnh mien Tiy Nam ky), Phan Thanh Ciiin
btl thanh va itt tn-. . . I .. ". .
(2) TMy Irri tien -4
I
J il: : thufi danh ca tren Bong hit
111
(3) Cae tU'rmg e(Je [eu{5c] 1ft : cac dan vi t(j chu-c thl! tM cong ( thl!
thl! cl1'a v. v. )
(4) -t e., Nghirp Ji: di bq Mqc. nghia ding nhl1' JJi; Di thul}c hI]
Ki. BlI phin tlr dl}ng giln gi{$ng nhau ciia ba chfr Ki e., , Di e.. Tj ,OI11( cha
ta ngay xl1'a 1:0 cau tri nho- : Ti troi, Ki 8 ... t, Di 1I1'ng chirng) .
1'1- Vinh long: dnh nay nay hvp v6i Tra Vinh thanh duh Cti-u Long.
(6) i'" .i. ThU'ung eM : cM kho (kho ngay xl1'a gifr ci bl}c Ian th6c hia cua
Nha mr6c).
Chti y ml}ch ciu : ... xi truQ-ng Um Van qn II 1l1'ang II ban niell ... dang nl}p.
III, DICH NGHTA
Ngay h611 thang ba nam thti- hai mtrai nien Tt.r Bu-c,
bien uh,n :
Nay, clin cO- vao r khoan J xii trtrQ-ng Vinh Hl}i [ Is ] Lim Van qn (fem trioh OI]P r cbo I
Dam nay:
- - thut; danb 1:8 : 500 quaD,
- .. TiCD thue ,he no : 300"- ,
-. Tien buon bar! : 1000 _ ,
- thue cae c ... c r cu{lc J thl}' thn cong: 200 quail,
thue dillh va dicn: 600 - ,
Bit thu theo [ I.
S'! da xong, g{lp lam gily bien r 1 ISln bang r dim/! Ill1'u
Nay bien
Chu kiwVinh '-'9n ten Thii l-Y.
CHlfaNG IX
E>O'N
I. &INH NGHT A
BaD Ban to: -' -jiJ lit giiiy cua diu (m{)t ngtri.ri hay nbieu ngtriri) giri len nll}t CO'
quan Mnh ehinh 0- cap nao d6 xiD giiH quyflt m9t gi theo yeu clu ella minh
t{$ cao m9t 8\1" hay mtt nglro-i nao do vi ph,m phap luit ciJa Dha OtrO-c. Bay 10. phall
lo,i va dinh oghia d\ra tren cO" .0- cMp cua Din Nam, cho- troog tiEog Han, tir
0"11 .f. chi co Dghia la m{lt to- gily ghi eMp IDQt gi, nhtr : do-D * ... ' hoa
dan )t"" thll f1an c:hi do-a t Jff. V.v.
112
q
I
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A.- Xet m{lt ngtrai dU-Dg teD trong dO'n, dO'n' c6 hai :
1. 90'n cu. m{lt ngU'M (Ci nMn) ;
2. 1:)00u cua _gU'ui (m{lt thfl).
B.- Xet ve nt)idung, dO'Il chia lam hai lo,i chiDh :
1. 90'11 xin giii
2. BO'n to cao (dan .
eMf : dO'n bllu cil' Iy tmung tinh ehlt Vlra lo,i bien ban ho,c bao cao.
vira thuQc IOIJ.i dO'D (vi c6 D{li duug xiu chub y).
1\ I. 86 eve
ThOng thU'ang, m{lt tu dO'n c6 ba pMn 16n :
1. Que quin va tCD. ngU'ai lam dO'D;
'J
Tieu cua van han (trich yiiu ni)i dung cO' baDClia dO'D).
2. - Ly do diu duoi SI,I'
&c
Ky tcn
[\\gay thang (nien
IV. . CONG THO'C
. 1.H'inh Ihu-c '"nh bay : . a. Boon :vi;:t fren tir giay biD. glp d6i then khuon
mt)t cutSn vucllir nho th{lIlg thU'o-ng.
iI.Cae dong deu hing diu nhau, trlr dong !liCri (0- gln cu6i) phli tr(\i
.lau len mc)t(,hir.
\
c. Trong dO'D chi B<llIg dong sau chir Khau 'ltp /(cui) 0- pUn dilu va AU chii'
Khau ho.c Pht}c KMt L (mi)t liin mra xin) 0- philo c;u6i to longtollkinh quan trim
1I. TroDg trU'ung hVp trong nO'n con c6 cMnao c6 nien thi cling phli sang
dong 0- rhir diu DieD
d. Neu ngU'o-j darog ten trong dO'D lit ehanh tbng hay Iy trU'ung thi a phiil1 cuoi dUD,
eM ky ten 1:0 dong (dau).
2. Ngon ngO' :
Il. (1 pbiin tiitueua tir d(m. 11811 hI) va fen ella ngtrai lam dO'n, thlruug dung m(lt
trong lihil"llg tir MaU day :
Trinh 1- (thtra), Than t (tr111h bay), Bllll (thU'a);
Khilu trinh (eui thu-a), Khau hlm (cui thU'a).
b. PMn de nghi hit diu hAng : Vi thO phye., khat bo.c NhU'ng tht'r phl}c khlt
. (vi mOt liin Jt\J'a xin ... ), kMt (mljf"lhD nira XiD).
". tr 1,lian t"lIlii \lla .lfTII, khi vi;:.! ni!n hi('\l Vlt ky I,!i nit' til' Irell :
113
KMu trinh, blu hlm" hoac than), Kim khlu chI' .thin .. k8t
tMC hlrig: V,n "gng; Kim bai (,Y,n "i, kim trinb, ..
d. TroDg lo,i giay to- nay. thu'(l'I1g JUDg nhimg chir do nglrCri Nam 1,t ra
phicD am nhirng til' uhll' :
- .J.- l.eu quan)
Jt C6Dg (c6ng khlu) \.\
hay nhirng chir HaD theo nghta Nam :
- 4-!of NglI'u lao (trau bo).
- TOll nh.r (dm nhUt) v.v.
3. Chr1' viet:
a. Lo,i gily to--nay thll'o-Dg theo chit' tcMi tb8o (thao virs,).
h. NbU'ng chit' 86, Qhlt la vt! nieD d,iva 86 ticD, pMi vit't theo 16i chii' pMc.
BAI I
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I. PHI!N AM
Hang Yen tinh, Kbom (btu phU, D9Dg An Tio tl)Dg,. X{ch Blng xi (1),:
(2) Le Van Kha, Dao Van Thil!u, Le van Ngu, Dao van Hvp. Dao Van
Ph,m Van Phl}, Iy tfll'ang (3) Nguyen Van ChU'o-C,Dh6 Iy Le Van PM; Dlng Chau than
Van Xa. Nguyen Van Nh\l. l\go Van Xung, Iy trU'ang Nguyen' Van
Chit (4).
Blm:(S) vi (vO t\lC trtl'ng SI!.
,Duyen (7) dan (8) dAng xi than chau thl} hiru Bii Ngoai xU- (10), kinh hi than ti
[htl (11) ha, s6 tam bach tam, nMt mau bat Dgn nch l\lc tMn, ky
DOng Tay tu-' e\l trU'6-c Gia Long tu- nien
l
(12) dia bill (13) [h{J]. Thulin (14) eM
Minh [Mtng] ngii nien (15). hu'u sa phu-c dY'llg (16) tam mau cwu
xich cwo phan nMt li, din dAng xi thOn khilt trU'ng (17) th\l thuE ; S,! Vang tu-
nieD, tAli hiru 88 Mi ip nh;p (18) miu dll', kinh thll'4 khBm vi thanh. Chi tU', din
(llng phyc gie. xU- sa Mi ilp oic t\l' diln XB than Bii Ngoai nguyen than ti dUyen,
qua _ thtp tu- Dien trU'Dg (19). quy Dong (20) chi Ha N9i dnh PM Tll'
Daung 13 ClFU L9 xU-, U'c7c n.lat hach mau dU'o
S,! quaA mlJ.c cam diem nhieD (21), vi thw mu{Ji phyc khilt.
Ban dnh PM [Vii] h{J (22) Nguyen nhan dlu (23) su-c kham
tMoh an (24), y thy thu- mien' (25) di (26) chi t9i.
Ky gia' (27) chilu thb- ilp nh,p DOQg Tiy t(r cy tU'ang hl}& do dinb
Kim khilu '
Blm.
Minh ngii nien, lyc nhi nhf.t.
HU'ang trU'o-ng Le Van Khii ky,
\
HO'aug trU'uug Dao Van ThieutlF ky,
HU'ang trnuug I.e Van Ngii tl}' kyo
HU'ang trU'o-ng Dao Viln Hvp V.V. t\r kY.
1 t. CHU GIAt
1) ,fl XI, thOn : Than. thui xU'a, la da.n vi hllDh chiuh coo sO- (Jang) ugang vai
xi quyl!n ; nhU'ng thOn co quy mo (din S() tich) oM hO'D xa, nhO'trU'Crng
hVp, thon DADg Chilu va xi Xich Dang a day. Trong trU'iYng hVp than co quy mo qua nhO.
ogO'M ta mai ge?P nhieu thOn thanh m{Jt xa.
2) -k HU'ung trU'ung : chu-c vi cua ohfrng ngU'ui lam chu-c nang ttr dn cua
m9
t
xi hay thon J;p (til' Htrang, 0- day chi lang Doi nghia la cii xi va thOn,
chu- khOng phiii la me?t dan vi hanh chinh ireD -cip, xi ho,"c thOn). HU'O'ng trU'Ung thU'UDg
1a nhirng ngU'ui 16-n tuM va c6 ngoi thu- cao 0- lang.
3) 1-1t Ly trU'ung : chu-c vy du-ng diu trong he? may hauh cbinh cua m9t xi,
hay thOn (tll' cling Dhtl' HU'O'ng, chi lang Doi chung).
4) ,"p, Kh5u: Cui (Khilu: tM "y it : cUl dau).
5)1. (l) Bam: d\U'a (1M cua ke dU'6-i vai ngU'Cri tren).
6) Tmng: (cM y phln giii'a cua chii' TrU'ng : treD 1a Soon d(;n m{)t net
ngang -:-' mai t6-i chir V O'ang .1.. , t ; ta vi(;t sot net ngang! 0- giii-a) :
thlmh nen).
TnrngJien, trU'ng tM : rU9ng ita thanh, (Jat'di thanh (do 06, nghia, trong van
brolh chillh, dat di. Ulf'!C !fhi vao dia oil dU'({e Il9P
115
7) *1-. Duyen: Nhin vi (til" thU'Crllg dung. ma- dan phan trinh hay If do Gall
11 'i 8\1' trong dO'. vI. van kM).
8) Dan (dan dAng xi thon) : til'nban xU'ng ugoi thti' nhat, dauh 000 Dhii'ng
ngU'u'i thU'o:rg dan (khOllg eo chti-c quaD) tv XU'Dg v6-i quaD vua.
9) $ttl.:l eMu tM: hai.
10} JI. ,1 JJi &i Ngoiii xU- : xU- Biii Ngoai
Xu-: Tir Han dung thea nghi .. din gian Nam chi mt}t vung dai. nMt la
dong rut}ng, a- mOt dia phU'O'ng nM.
Ba; Ngoa;: chii' DOm.
ll) 111- Than bi (ti. ti) : IcY. lam htl' bOng
- Than : db nat.
-- Hi (Tt, Tj): ,pha hOng. hU' hOng, (oghia nhU' til' Huy .. ) eM 1. :
h? phi'ti 14 chii' Kj 1 .. chii' Ty' e.. thi ee thanh chiI' Di j'l!.
nghia la cai dlu(Di thU'c;rng lao Dhan J:.-:t A: Hoang cOng, thea truycD thuyet
10. ong gia ma TrnO'llg LU'O'ngda treD diu vasaa d6 as trao cho TrO'O'ng LU'O'Dg Jnt}t
ht} hinh thU').
Trong Han cb thuln
thly: ,--- Than dao 111- fi'l
ttiy, khOug tMyhai tir Than va Bi ghep v6i DhaU, chi
db nga;
- Than thapyt rai db ;
- Bi buy . nat hOng;
- BI , hOng ca.
12) " fl-- Cia long (t6t : nien Clia vua dlu trieu ten la
Phtic Anh 11 ,thl}Y 10. The Tb (1802 --1819). Nitm tbti- 111' Gia Long la nam 1805.
13) 1tf!. tI . D;a (ht}) :' sb dlt cua mlii xa thOn) trong do ghi so rUl}ng
I.II'1t cODg va tU" cua xa, tbng hc;rp va phill tiChtirllg khoanh va tirng khoau kha chi tiet.
, 14) Tlwan (T Ilan) cM : db da den ...
15) a}1 Minh Mfnh Dien do-i vua thti- hai trieu ten 10.
Phtic Sam (S3-m) MI , thl}Y Ie. Thanh'Tb (1820 ,-1840). Niim tbu- 5 Minh
10. 1824.
16) it. Phu-c dvng : sinh s6i qua Dhieu lln, nhieu 16-p (dlt) .
.
D\rDg chii' :)J8, ) : c6 ehira,
17) t. Khat trvng: xin trnDg.
,18) .jl. Ap : din (dO'Ii, dem) , VIlO.
Ap : - r6t ra: Ap chti r6t ra va db (tnit) vao: lly cai bel qua
cai thieu
din, dO'a.
19) .1. Trvng thO : dlt da thanh.
20) if ( )}:1 ) Qu; Dong ': di va ve phia ft6ng.
116
21) Diem nhien: Ie, lam thinh (y kUng lll"u tim).
::2) PhU,(viJ) bp : quan phu (vii) .
. ' Bp: dinh th\}" cua quan : bi} oll"?rng 1: , bQ
23) J} Dliu : Ilang !!Iu<>tlloi xet.
Dliu : ten chbm sao, theo quan thiri xU'a, lam chu do IU'Cmg.
Nghia bOng : coog minh, sang sulSt.
24) ... An: cai ban, tru-b'ng hcrp. a oay, lu'n. nit ra sau khi xUo),
mi}t van hanh chinh tll" philp. ghi thanh van bin thea do ma lam.
25) . .1.tf. Thli' may m.ln tranh qll"Vc ...
26) 1lift Oi liu.: (ru9ng dlt) 1iu (J.}t ra ngoai sach cua nha IlU'6c).
Tir c nguyen' co ngh1a la>nM dl)t (chii' L,u 00 UlU'a trong uha) : sau' co
nghia la 0\1"6c ri ra ngoai d\}"ng, roi co ngh1a la 191 ra vi qUl dinh.
27) Jt. it. ( Ky gia .. : Chu y each dung cua hai til" nay: thea dung ngfr phap
ti(;ng Han thuln my, hai til" naykhOng bao' gi<r di v6i nha'! vo-i tU' each la tir
chi dinh, nen khi dii dung Ky thikhOng them Gla va ngll"crc khi dii dung Gia thi khOng
them Ky.
III. DICH NGHTA
B9D hm)'ng ttU"ang Le Van Kha, Bao Van Le Van Ngfr. Bao Van Hvp, 9ao Van
Que, Vlin PM [va] Ij trtro-ng Van Chtr6c. p)t6 1y La Van Phe x8. Xich l}Aog:
kuug IJ9n) htrO'ng trtrcYng Nguyen Van Xa, Nguyen Van Nh\l, Ngo Van Xuug (va] Ij truo-og
.' Van Chit thon i}!ng Chiu; (thuQc) Au Tao; Kim ;f7c)ng, 'pM Khoai
Chau, dnh Htrng Yen, .
Cdi thll"a
WlP tl}c [xin] tmng [dlt J :
Nguyen dlt biii [cua hai J xii [ va ] thOn [ cua ] dan chUng t6i coxn- Biii Ngoai bi 10-
xu6nK song, [ etS ] mlt [ thillu J ba tram ba mU"O'i mtlt mlu tam eao namthU'o-c sau
gi6i hl}n Mit phia dii dU'vc ghi du troDg dja b, Dam thlr hI' ohi Gia Long. D!n da diln
nKm thn- nam dai Minh may c6 cat bai dlip. [dll'q'c] ba mll"ui miu chin thll"o-c chin
phan m{lt Ii ; [hai] xii thOn [Clla J dan chUng tOi [dii J xin trll".ng [dlt ly va] chin
fly [dil] xong. Hiln nam mlfb'i Mn r dM Minh Ml,lng] l,i co cat Wi dll"a vao hun mll"<ri miu,
[S'l}' dii al1"crc kh3nt xet [nhll'ng] chtra xong. Siln nay, dan chUng toi ll}i thly [0-] eM
do, cat bOi alla '9.0 0- phia Mc til' yen I'M dii. 10- tnr6c cua Biii Ngoai, qua alt [da J trung
nam thn- mll'<ri Mn chl}y phja Bong ailD xn- Lg xi Tir BU'frng PhU XUyP.D
t Inh Ha Ni}i' chil'ng hO'n mgt him miu.
S\l' [nay] co quaD diln dflt (chUng toi J kMDg dam Jam 10'. Vi m,o
mu{li cui xin Cl) 16n Tuan pbii ttah ta eaag lluiSt xet soi va en-c xuiSng kh8m do
lam thanh van ban [cho chUng toi] theo chin may khOi [rugog dlt].
91t biii nay hoi r dll"Vc bao J, gi6i hf.n Mn phia cO du h(}a do kem thoo sau
Nay cui thtra
mll"iri hai thang !!Ian .nam Minh thn- mtro-i lam
Hll"O'Dg tmang I.e Vall Khi kj
HtrO'ng tmo-ng Hao VaD Thila t\1' ld
Hll'crng trU"o-ng I.e Van Ngu t'l}' kf'
,HlrO'ng tnrang ao_ Van Hvp t\}" kj.
v.v.
117
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I. Pftl'EN A:M

t
".,
;1:..
Tuy Bien phii. Tay Xuyen (1), Chu [Chau] PM tr,ng (2), Chu [Chau] PM xi, Tich
din (3) Nguyen Van Cao, ngo,!i din (4) Le Van Khii KMu blm,
Vi [viJ khat kicll thOn 8\r :
Duyen din dang khuy kicll ke hiin lhl>n J xi dia MU'O'Di Khai da (5) nQi gian I
uhan dU' llhilt 11Ihu-t] khoiinh :
.. - Bong han [hbnJ t1>ng Chu lChauJ PM xi, h\ru Sinh Thanh thU'VlI,g tbng My
Su-c xii dia .

. -. Tiy, Nam. me tam hlro-l1fJ,quin c*n hoang Dhan thb.
HU'lrng lai vii nhan [nhanl Cliitm7
\
TU'. diD ding m{J d&c ngoti l,u (6) hln dan 1lg\i dauh, tlnb U'og tbuiu o'hfP dd' daD
dina, cai thlt danh, trU'ng gia hoang nhan vi :
Thao diell (7) l11&t {ilhlrtJ mall,
.- Soon (fieD (8) ohi miD,
-' Da (9) tam mlu,
- Phil vien tht\ (10) hi- mlu.
- Th?l tr,ch ngil mAD, Tang can h.IC miD.
- Vu miD,
... Vien lang bat mau,
. - Gia thh ciru mill,
l.am th(', mau,
Thanh tnic nhAt [nhtH] min,
\
\
Cai min, kien vi Chu [Cbau] Qui X8, Chu l ChAu] PM' tt\ng.
Kv hinh thue thinh man tam nien chi';u n,p (12).
Vi I V il thir, phl}e khat
Tlnh dU'irng d,i nhin [nhO'n J cac h, tMm Chj.ElU van phe phO Mi BfT t,i Phii quan Ii
kham (13) dang phUc (14) BI}' thanh, hrO'ng m? din tl}'U xU- clu CU' canh khln, dio h,n
n,p thut:.
Slr hirn .IAn ding drr m9 (15) tinh danh, nien canh tjoh mieu
khln t1ia biD diDh
120
Kim khlu blDl.
Nh't [nhu-t] dan It) thlt dauh :
_. Nguyen Van Cao nien canh Qui d;u, uhi tMp ngii tut',
._ J;. Viin Khii. ujim canh Ky ti, nhi tam tut:,
__ Triln Viin Ngou nieu canh tult, nhi nhlt [nhu-t]
_ Phf!.Dl Viin Qui nien ("../lnh Giap tit nhi that tut;.
.. Lam Vin CU' nien canh Giap ng?, nhi tw tue.
__ LU'u Vin L{lc nien canh Canh thin, tam tue.
__ Ngo Van. Cao DieD canh BiDh dlD, tam Dhi tue.
Tt! awe th.;p DieD (16), Iyc J 80' ohi J.
DAn Van Cao chi
DAn I.e Vin }Chs chi
Ph6hOi !6- t,i phii vieD kbam
(DIS ebanh quaD 'D)
J
1
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1
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PM
xi
Bong
Chau
Phti
xii.
dia
Nam
dill
My Bu-c xii. dia Bilc
Tan l;p CHAu Qui xA khit tnFng dien LtJC I.VC MAU
Hoang
nhsn
thb
ta nhi trang rtnrO'ng], .hlt r nh6tl trang [tnl'O'ngl thu r thau] dan hl'u tlnh
biro nng doc phe chicu t\l' ; nhit [ohm] trang [trtrO'ngJ chinh (chanb] dO'n giao killn
nhlin (Ilhau J Mi {rluh PM quan kham bitn.
II. CHO GIAI
(1) fuy B;en pM $I: l!1f : 8M T'.rBu-c, ve dnh An Giang, a giap bien gi6i
Campuchia, r.ay thul}c tinh An Giang.
(2) }q t; Chau [PhciJ PM lIng: nay I. Chau Pbti, thugc tinh An Giang.
(3) Ji Tjch Jan: dan cO ten trong hO tich (lib khlu) xii..
(4) Ngoil; J'n, 'I : dan cY ngoai hI} tich xi, dan ngl} Cll'.
(5) Mlrung Kha; Jil : da 1& mc}t til' Han goc Nam A, co nghia I. s6ng nbanh.
Til' nay, cY Trnng Qu6c, chi thtly duvc dung 0- Hoa Nam u Tu- Xuyeo va H()
Bite. COD 0- Nam, chi thily dU",!e dung phb theo Ut clu tieDI Han, nhll' 0- day,
tl!i dong bAng song Cirtl I.on(l;, ehu-?:r BAc va 0- Trung, no chi eon ton tl.lr dll'&i dl!ng
goc (va c6 Ie v6i nghia g6e khic it nhieu veri nghia Han hOa) lam mgt yeu t6 gin vq.i dia
danh (Ronl Ba, Da Rl'lng, Ba Ning v.v . )
MlI'O'ng) 18. Nom (mtl'9'u clafr Manl chiI' Han).
(6) '1-;M, Ngo{l; liu : cuo, .Ilhll' dan.
121
(7) Jf 1JJ Thcia Jien : rUling tMp, rU9ng Dll'o-C trang lua theo phO'uug thu-c cly (y dr.ng
blng long Cu'u Long (chu- khOng phiH rUt}ng co).
(8) 1JJ SO'n Jien : rUt}ng cao tron" theo- phU'O'Dg lam rly (hoa canh) (y d3ng
bltng 80ng Ciru Long (dot I,p vo-i Thao eM khOng phii la rUt}ng nui),
(9) it Da Jiep : dira OIro-c (dira 11y la lc;rp nna).
(10) (Ill Phu vien : vO'irn trllu. Chu y trU'ng Clia D6ng thOn dang Mng lOng CVIl
LODg ngay xU'a y B8:c va (y Tmng, khOng co Itt vU'o'o trllu
(11) III Vien lang thO : cau. Ve mit ngoD ngfr dang cM y hai :
_ M{lt'la, Lang la noi tlit cua Tan Lang .:J'( 'Ia mc}t til' Han goc Nam A (Pinang) :
(y Ma-lai-xi-a co mt}t thanh pM 16n mang ten do; ngU'ai )lO'aog Dgar Day con noi CUD
Nang (cay can), trong tieng cb con til' Mo Nang (mo cau).
- Hai la, thea dung qui tieng Hall. (dinh ngfr dti-ug trO'o-c trung ngil"), tItt
phiH noi Lang Vien (vU'(rn caul, nhU'ng (Y day, tieng Han QO'c;rc dung qui cua
(dinh ngil" du-ng sau trudg tim ngfr) : Vien Lang.
Ve dan t9c h?c, ciing nen cM y tntDl VU'(rD cau (y dong h&lg long Cva Long
Dgay xU'a.
(12) Dien nfJp : hinh thue : lUng hinh Hnb va n{lp thue. ruc}ng dlt.
(13) LY kham .. : den nO'i xem x6t (Lt : giay d6p, di, lam, tr8.i qua)
.
(14) .11.. "hue: dang [h9] va phUc trinh: vao va bao cao tri lUi clp
(15) {y day, Den them chfr Dan lau chfr Mq.
(16) TV'Dife thip nien: nam .thU- mU'ai nien T\r Bwc nrc nam Binh
tj 18S7.
III. DICH NGHiA
Xi Chau PM, tbng Chau Phu, Tay Xuyen, phi Tuy Bien,
Dan co ten trollg h{l. tich 1& Nguyen Van Cao va '
Dan chlra co ten trollg hI} tjch Iii I.e Van Khi
Cui thlfa
vile jin ten r\fon LmOil :
Do dan .:hUllg'li tr{nn thtiy, giip mn dia ph1U ri ctrung Iat, c6 m9t khoiinh alt thira
bO heang trong phl!-m vi song MlfO"ng khai :
- !tong ["iap xi Chiu Phd chu.n,; toi, dia pb+o xi ,.oy &trc Binh Tbauh
ThU'gng,
122
- Tay, Nam, Bllc, ha hU'cYng dt!u cUt 1>0 hoang,
Xlfa nay, chU'a c6 ngU'i'ri tnrng chiem ;
Nay, dftn chtiRg tbi chftu dll"gc na.m ten din lIWOng co ten Woug II? tich, tinh
. .
nhf.p VeTi chung toi, ca thiy tAy ten, xin trung dllt be) hoan, do lam
.....; 1 min rU9ng thlp,
--- 2 min ru{)ng cao,
- 3 miu daa nU'eTc;
- 4 mio dlt V\l'an trlu
:- 5 mlu trl].ch,
- 6 mlu dlt dllll,
- 7 mlu alt khoai d.u,
- 8 mlu alt vU'an cau,
- 9 miu cHlt mia, .
- 10 miu dlt cham,
- 11 mlu dllt tre,
Ca thay 18 SAU MU'<YI SAU (66) miu,
L,p 18m xa Chfiu QUI, thu?c ttlng Cb4u PM.
quAn va t.bI.Ul, xiu Mt ba nam, y theo duo
Vi vi-Y. cUi xin
C\I LIYD Tlnh xet soi, phe dO'D'giao QuaD sO- d"n DO'i kbam xct cho] xong
.,.0 va bao cao tri lai cKp thi [diD cMog toi] se chieu ij.p dan DO'i xiy
d\l'ug cM lr [va] khai pha cay [khi nao] ky h,n, [xiD] thuli.
HQ ten [va] cOa it ci din chUng .oi cling v&i din chieu ttp ke ra saU di y; kern
theo co hin ito eli- ph,n kbai pha dinh sau.
Nay cui thU'a.
Din 1i6 hiy ten :
-.. Nguyen, Van .. Dam Qui d,u. 25 tuM.
- Le Van Khii. sinh )lam Ky tit 2,1 tuM.
- Trlin Van Ngon 8 lh nam Miu tult, 21 tuM.
- Ph,m Van Qui Ii! h Dam Giap ti, 21
- Urn Van CU' .inh nam Gi4p ngQ. tuM.
'- LU'u Van Lgc sinh Dam Canh thiD, 30 tuM.
-.- V,ip. i80 am'h Mm' Dfnh dln, '32
Ngay mortg hai thang sao nam thu- mU'o-i nieD T\l' Bu-c
Din Van Cao chi
Din Ie Van K:hi dilm chi
Giao vien pM 80- t'o1i kham xct
(Xn I{uan B6 ChaDh)
123

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- - - -,"- --
Theo [Nbs ntr&e] ehep lam bai tir : M{lt tir .to'D giir lr Tiob Jam hra ehitiu,
r.6 chit' ph6 xet, cue nng t6c; m{lt tir toon cbinb [chanh] giao cbo ngu-01 dlmg lfp [xi] ctem
trioh v&i quaD PM dfl IEham xet. ' .
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Yen Phong (1) Tra (2) MAn Xa thOn ki Ii (3) thU'vng ding khlu
Trinb vi (vi) khlt khai fhi st.r :
Thira chieu dio thou dAn CU' tjch nhll"frng (4). ohin vang lai. thi hi- (5) dao
cach, nan ttr (6) sinh (sanh)' y (7). til" (8), dan giao d\lng giao dich obi thOng
bfru vo (9), ml].c IlhU'c;rc trung vi thi
Til", dan thOn .so- hiru cao tao (10) nMt khu U'o-e tam mlu. din CU', tOo
chi tl].1 bl]. (b(l) tiet (11). Tbira su-c khai (12) hoang nh.n bat kham canh ph. Dghifp trtrcYe
(13) hl1-ng, thue kMng thy (14), khlln khat san tU'cYC (15) bloh thao, leu quan
(16). yeu hOi tllu tbi (17) himh kbach di tU' dich. Thi hl].t chtr thi phien, m6i
80' uhi. 80' tu-. 80' hait nMt; nhi. thtp tu-, hat trlp (Dlm) nbi. trKp tu-,
trlp bat daD th6n kblt h9
i
m6i 80' ly.c, 80' thf,p Iyc, trap trap
lye, tam th1pnh,t; viDh vi tin ki di nh, tranb (18). Nhtrng kMt. gia (19) dt DiAn
n9
i
thanh t\1 (20). tU'O'ng vi thi ngl].ch cun, thue.
Thl't khiinl-( SIt /fuan, ph'.\c khtit
Huy,:n dll"i"lIl!; quan thlm hrvng di St! hrOODg
Hl].nh Moog thU'O'ng hu-a (21) qllan triem l,e IVi (22). V,n
Kim khlu
Trinh.
Thanh Thai nguyen niel! chinn (chann) 10' 1t.IC nh.t
Kl liio MAn Sinh I'htrO'llg k(
Li trU'o-ng U KhOi ki
PM Ii tnro-ng Biti Van Ba ki-
It. CHU GIAt
]) !/i.- 't Yen Phong ten tiuh Bic Niilh cU'(nay Is tiuh H. Bic)
2) r1-J- Npi T ra : Tra la chi!' nom, dan gian gl}i 1& ehb- (lllDg Cha). Vi nga dtng
chu- TRA 1I3 lIay II. do chu- CHO' fa (tu-c chfr ft (lUi I.e) viet sai ra. '
3) :f 1. K, II: ky lao va ly dich': Ilhfrng ngU'ai gia va nhfrng ngll"b-i phI} trach
tao h.uh chinh hong lang. (Ki : ngll"Oi .au mll"O'i
4) Tich nltl.l'ung : dilt (nai, cM) xa x&i, beo I'uh, mua.
5) "!f. Thi : haj hang ff chv, gian hlftg 0- chc;r ; chc;r bUa n6i chung.
6) Til': nba, dl,1"8
7) :i Sinh (sanh) y : huon han; lam an.
8) Jj] Thief til' : tr9m nghi (cung nhtr nghi 1iJ .. , thiet tU'o-n, ljj j!1 )
9) it. t. ThOng hl1'u vo : trao cai co vM cai khong l'/i.
10) tt Cao tao: eao rao (Tao: khO)
11) ft if B{I (be;) tiet : nhfrng chi ghi- trongdia
12) ,.,1 Khai: khai, kh.i ha" (Khai: tTl nh bay)
. .
125
13) t t"rue : v6il tnr6c di ghi vao wh(Qia \J,). Ngltilp: Trot c1i, VliD,di.
14) Kh6ng thll : K6u chili 09P (thu5 hfnB .tlt eli ghi Tao
dia nh .. ng khOng tr&ng tr9t dO'C}'c)
15) San tvue : Ban dc;m.
16) ir n
Sin (nhO' JJJ ): lam cho Mng phlng;
TO'cYc : ch,t, trir bOo
leu : Uu" chii' nom ( ... ::III: fI )
. '
17) *- ....
Tliu thi : dED ch9', eli ob9', oh9', Tlu : (cling Dhu. Vang .fi )
"
18) t tranh : tranh gianh 19n xi}n : rui 10"n, I{)
Dx
9
n
.
19) .... Ghi : neu DhU' (nbU' gil DhU'q'c, Iii DhU', gia 8ir)
20) a Til (b{) Nhi Jf ): x.6m, phU'o-og (Dui t,p truog CU' din; day cbl chv.
21) iBi It Thvung hva : bim n.,c va cho pbep
22) JV ;l-* Quan triem Ip-; : hO'ung (tMm) Dhau vui va lvi,
ClIng hO'ung vui va lq'i.
III. DICH NGHTA :
ki hao va H dich tir tren 1u6ng dU'6i cua tMo MAn Xa, $ng Tra, Phong
Cui trinh
xin mo- cll9"
NhU' clip tren Boi xet, daD ena th6n chUng toi lY nui heo laDh, ngO'ai it tUi lui, cbq' bUa
xa each, kh6 s()ng huon ban; (vi v,y chUng toi) ir9m nghi, (d6i TCJoi) BI}' cln dung MDg
ogay cua dan gian; (d8 cho) thOng cai co v6i ca; khOng hitng cach lam cho thuQ.o
trao dM 14n nhau thi IrMn. gi bll8g mo- ban ngay.
Nay thOn chUng toi khuctlt CIO rao, ChirDI ha mio, gilo Dui co ngtrai 0-, giap
Mo phfa co trong Ohii'Dg cbi clla dia
Vang (dU'Ve) khai bao dilt viSn trO'6c da ghi vao dia (ohU'ng)
be) hoang khOng cay phS oU'C}'c (va dU'9'c) keu nai phiii chiu (thu';, chUng toi) tha. thiEt
xin lIao dc;m (khu d(t Iy) hting pMog, d\rng qUaD (va) mM khach di chV (dEn) hQp
lam trao dM... .
Va phieo cua cac chv trong thaDg la (nhfl'ng) ngay : bai, m(\ng
b()n, tllm; mU'i:ri bai, mU'M Mn, mU'i:ri tam, hai bai, hai Mn, hai tam; (coo) thon chUng
toi mi:'i hQP mOi tMng (vao ohwog) ngay: moo, sau, mong mU'i:ri; mU'i:ri sau, bai mU'ui;
hai sau, ha:mU'ui. (ChUng toil IllY 00 lam (ohfiong) ky h"D C() dinh tranh 8\1' traDb giaob
lc}n X9n (v6i nhau), con xio, neu DbU' trong nam tbanh chv, ae D9P tliue theo ng,cb
thue ch9'.
Rieng 8V BI! Day qUIID (Den) cUi xin
QuaD xet (va) bam I\r nay (len tren) may"nhi:r (dU'vc) haD va 000 phep
(thOn toO dU've thlm nhuln vui va leri.
126
Rlt
Nay eui thU'a.
Ngay moug BaU thang nlm dtlu Thanh Thai.
Kl liio Min 9ioh PhU'O'ng ki
Li trU'cYng Le Khoi kf
PM Ii trU'cYng Bui Van Ba ki.
BAI /I
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I. 'HIEN AM
Ly NhAn Nam Xang (Xuoo-ng) 1'rac Butt&ng, NhU' Trac xi dang (1) xi
thU'9'ng h,
Vi (vi) lJio tei, (2) tir (3) ,,\r :
Duyen thira su-c t\f (4) If trU'Ong wo-ng NhU' Thio tbam I,m (5) din, can kh6ng
(6), dlie each, thira tTlit tr!].ch tha bao (7) dl sung thira (8), cUug nban (9),
. TU', dan xii hl)i (10) Ian (11) ph6 Ii Mai Xuin Anh ; thi cBn, khi vit l"c, tlhrc
t\r, tung "11 hiru Diell, vr, hiru Dhiiug l!].m hi! tioh (12) ; bio vi Ii trU'Ong UoDI lI.oh (13)
coog VI.'.
Vi (vi) th11-, ql do-n dan trinh, phl.lUg htO"ug fiah dauh, canh ke hiu.
Ph\1c kMt
dU'lrug quaD phO hu-a ehU'o-Dg Hch (14) vi bltng, ti cai die thira hauh C6Dg YI}'
V,n -\'Clng.
Kim khilu trinh.
Nh(t trf bao Ji trU'iYng nhlt nha.: Mai Xuin Anh, nien caDh m thtp
Thanh Thai nhi bBt
Ki lito Mai Xuan Binhki
HU'O"ng trU'ang LlrO"ng Nhlr Ban ki
tnriYng Mai Xuin Dao (Dieu) ki
T{le trtriYng Ltfo-ug Nhlf Quynh ki
Tl)c tru-ang Bui Sinh Bon ki.
II. CHU GIAI
1) Dang: nhU' :sang Ji;] : toan 98ng xi : toan xa.
2) ff. l. Bao tri : chiu tnlch eu-. Nghia gao nhU' Bie cir- if... .
3) Tir: t<r, giay, do-ll (nghia do dan giall cong khOng co trong cac t1:l'
{t Tie tir. = iI. lip tir : - lam gily, 18m do-u.
4) 4l ( -;k) Tv: err, trao chu-e, elt nhlk (chii' Tl.1 clung ra phii viEt v&i PH<)C l.,
chu- khOng phILb(. HlfU :it, nhU'ng thOng thll"iyng, agU'Cri ta vin vilt b{i Ul)'U). CT\l
O
Ii trU'cYog'
(Ii (iLrlfc eii-).
128
!J) t-il Tham I,m: tham Jam qua mlre, qua chirng
Tham : ham
Lalli ( oJ#.. ) : ham aD.
: triln ra (mf4i'c), (Iuti mIre.
(I!].m 4Iuyen,' ll;lm phat v.v ... )
6) f Can khOng : hi (ehft diy, am til Khonf(. nhU' chir .fj: )
7) ff. Ket bao_,- lall! ,lin Lan trach (cii ugU'iri khac); 18m tlr canl
,/
(CU-). C6 nghia nbuo Ut .11: Cl} Ut ... trong van heah chiDh .
8) f... .. Thva : Jam ; viec
9) l r!l DSng nhfin : h9P v6i chfr Dl yen 4. 0- treD thaDh mQt Ut cDuyeo ...
dAng nhin) co nghia la vi nhfrog Ij do . , do ohfrng nguyen nhio ..
10) t-i& ( tit) Hp; hay H pi hpp t" : h9P J,i, h9P v6i ohau.
ll) ;! Lan: chQn.
.
12) f.;f oft Hi t'inh : SI}' gi, gi (chfr Tlnh, co nghia I. 81}', nhU' : tlnh tMt +t f I
II}' tMt)
13) J! fT tlng hijnh : la,m theo cau, nhu clu.
14) f ChU'ung tkh : gily chu-ng VaD Mng.
III. DiCH NGHiA
(ChUng toi, dan) ca :xii tir treD xuoDg dU'o-i (cI?a) lli NhU' Trac. Trac Bdt,
Nam XanR (XuoO'ng) phti Ly Nhan,
lam dO'n. blu CU- :
Vi Iy do duoC}'c (clp tren) su-c (cho Iy tmcmg dii. ci'r la LuoO'ng NhU' Thao, tham 6
qua mu-c, quily b,i daD, dii bi cach chu-c; Va cbo Ch<}D Dgt.rui khac (rai) lam tu cam
ngU'Ooi mo-i) thay lam
Nay, xii. chUng tol da: hgp v6i nhau (va) chl.m ph6 Iy Mai Xu an Anh Is (ogU'Ooi) thao vic,
eo tai lao (va) biet chfr; y dii lam dU',!c m{lt nam (rna) khoog c6 8\f tU'C}'ng) tham
nhiing g1.
i f
(Chung toi dii.) dong y ci'r (y) tam Ij trU'o-ng lam cong theo nhu clu.
'I
Vi v,y, (chUng ,oi) lam dO'o trinh hay va xin ke hI] va tubi tac, 0- dU'o-i (Iau) day.
Cui xin
Quan cap cho giay chlrng nh'n lam Mng cho y lam congo
Rlt moog.
Nay cui trinh.'
- Chiu CU- Ii trU'o-ng m{)t ngt.rui (ls) Mai Xuan ADh, b6q. mU'oi tu&i
Ngay DlU'ui tam th8ng sau nam thu- hai Thanh Thai
Ki lao Ma. Xu an Bioh kf.
HtrO'ng trU'o-ng LU'O'ng NhU' Ban ki.
T{lc trU'o-ng Mai Xuan nao Id.
T9C tru-o-ng LU'O'ng Nhuo Quyoli ki
T{lc truoOong Bui "Bioh Bon Id.
129
CHUO'NG x
VANTlJ'. (hofC Van KM)
I. &\NH NGHf A : Van tv !f van kM ..jt. 18 gily ban' vay do
ngU'o-i 4ungbaill dung vay
N9i dung khai cua hai Dgfr Day Ia hoao toaD Nam : Trong HaD
cb tbullll tuy, vaDkM cbi dung chi gily .bAn (ehu-khong cbl gily vay), clm C vall tV)
chi dung chim9t chii' bih a.t tMDg t;gon llgir;
II. CAC
ctinh nghia trro, ta thly cohai lo,i van tv van khl) :
1. - Van tv : D6i ttrq'Dg ban 'Ii. :
a) ,Bit a9Dg .an : nha altv.v.
,b)1:}9Pg s&ll:dc)ng Lo)vB dl}ng 16n(cogia tIi)
trong. nha. '
Do yeu diu va e-Aa tip sach. dAy chI eM t den 'van h.r han nlQDg dlt,
ra Dg08i cac lOl}-i van tv khBc .
2. - Van t(f vay : D6i tU'IfDg. vay co la Iua th6c, ctay chi chti y .
lOl}-i van t\r vay b,c, co tin h. chit bitln hO'n.
III. 86 CVC CONG THO'C CUAMQt 'BAN VAN TV' :
Mc)t binvaD h.r (hay van kM) n61 chung c6 baphl1D chitlh :'
A. Tenhp va, que 9uan hai bin .Vru quan:'
L - Ten va que quan Clla ngU'cri vay.
'2. - Tell. va que qUAD cu. ngU'iri Ulua bay. chovay.
B. So IIJ'(7ng va c!ieu Ici;nban hay vay :
1. - 86 ban hay vay va,nlu bRo, It) lU'lfog v,"t b9.n 18 ailt con phil
noi r() vi tn, gi&i hl}-ll).
2. - Dieu b9.n hay vay (trong do co lo.i cam doan).
3. - Ket cong thuc ; CO' .0- phap Ii eua van tv.
c. Thai va chii' kI :
1. - Thui . c/iem vil!t van t\r.
2. - Chfr kiona nhfrng ngll'ui hfru quan (theo thu- tv : ngU'o-ib8o vay, ngU'o-i viet
gily, ngll'ui lam chwng. chung tovc cna chinh dia phU'O'Qg).
lao
eM & : a) I. van t\r baD tbi 86 I11'(},ng ,.tt ban tru6c Un ng11'o-i m1l8 v. a6
b) Chii' ki cua nhii'ng ng11'o-i hii'u quan kb6ng c6 djnh cho tlt ,ci mQi tnro-ng hc:rp :
- ng1l'M viet gilly khong phii 1& I1gU'o-i b8n hay I1gtrO'i \'By thi phii c6 chii' ki cua
Ilg11'o-i viet giily ,va chii' k( nay diS U !lau chfr ki ala ng11'o i baa hay yay d11'(}'c len tren
tit c1 nhfrng chfr ki kbac
- ngtro-i viet giay tho-i la ngU'O'i ban hay vay thi chi mqt chii' kl diS a-
vi tri chii' ki elia ngU'o-i han hay yay
- Neu ng11'M ban yay khOng hiet chii' tbi nglro-i viet gily cling viet hi) ten cho
ngU'b-i ly rOi ngU"o-i ay in db ngon tay cai vao'dU'tti ten minh (gQi la cbi): dan ong
thi in ngon tay cai ben ta, dan ba thi ngon tay cai btn hii'u.
-- Chir- kf cua ngU'O'i lam ehu-ng c6 clin thiet hay khOng I. do doi ben ban - mua, vay.-
cho yay thOa
c) Chu-ng th\rc cua chinh cO' ao- noi chung la ml}t nguyen tiC' phap Ii cho
tit ci cae van tv ; nhU'ng thU'Crng thU'O'ng giay baa 4(}' m,i) ru{ing ctllt khOng c6 chu-ng
thvc cda Ii tnriYng elia phU'O'Dg vi ngU'o-i ta xem gily d6 chi co gia tri t{lm thai; hO'D nii'a,
dilt la m{it tbu- cila ciii rat C\I u,;, '1g11'M trong lang deu bif;t ro quyen ao- hii'u
thut)c ai.
IV. THlrC TRINH BAY:
, 1. - Tru-o-c ngay Ph8p thuOc, lo,i giay dung viet van tv vln I. giay bin, xep theo
khu6n thU'O'ng dung. NhU'ng dU'6i tho-i Phap thul}c, van tv phii.i viet tren giay c tfn chI '.
nghia la mc)t 10{li gilly clrng cua phU'<rng Tiiy, c6 in tem 12 xu vo-i chir (C?ng hoa Pb8p'
( va chii' Bong DU'()'ng ) (Indochine) in thco cach trong au6t ( thlu
minh), do nba nU'o-c ban (xcm mau 0- tren ).
2. - KhD.c IO,!-i hien bin va giong nhU' 10{li d()'n cung cac IO{li gily to' hanh chfnh khic,
trong van tv. thO'i (Dien dtl lr phlin cu6i 1'& neu van bin chi chi"m gily
trU'o-c thi nien dU'(}'c lr giii'a be r?ng cua I18U va phli eao len cung
3. - Cac chfr ki 0- I18U nie& va th8p xu6nl 0- got tr'i cua gilly.
V. NGON NGO' .'
1. - Nhii'ng tir cau tlr eo tinla chat oong thli'c trong lO{li van tv.
a) Ten ngU'b-i d.rng ban du-ng yay, theo quan, phii dU'(}'c kem theo btlng
mly chii' c cung vo-i v(}" (tinh thc ding) thi m6i co diy du gia tf! phap lY. r
b) Tiep do, phiii noi If do ban ho,c yay. Ly dorlt c6ng thu-c la: vi thi(;u tien
tieu'. Lj do nay dU'(}'c dieD d{lt hAng mly cach noi:
- c Duyen vi (vi) 8ir d\lug khuyet ph,p);
Duyen vi 10- tieu dl}ng, ;
- Nhan vi khiem ngall tieu dl}ng) v.v.
c) a cM 80 tien ban cho ai vay cua ai thi thU'o-ng Doi ro them do la c
nha cua ngU'M fiy (gia hiru ngan) do I. c do ngU'M fiy bO ra , do ngU'o-i fiy
cho mU''!Jl (Yet xullt ngiin ). '
d) Cau cong thu-e cnoi cung cua van tl,l' Cline nbU' vay Iii: (NU'cYc co phap nMt
dinh, ncn lam viiu tl.r theo do ma thi hanh' ( Quoo hii'n thU'O'ng phap, c6 van khC (I)
vi chicu d\lng I"rii).
132
d) Khi kyo ten, ngU'o-i ban vay thU'irng c6 DalD cach vi"t:
- Phall Van Mr, d,!-i ki (1\ "SL)
- Nguyen Van Mll ki ;
-- Nguylin Van l\l{, ".r ki (!f ;ft.) ,
(1) Hol).c v1(n rlf '.

,
,
- van M6 thu kf (.f J
- Van Mo chl.
c Tv kf) co nghia la ngU'o-i ban vay dong tho-i Ii. ngU'M Va ( TM ki)
co nghia .Ia ngU'ui ban khOng rna chi tv tay minh ki ten tMi. Con c Ki c6 nghia
nhU' c Thii ki .
c ki (1'(. 1. ki thay : ngU'o-i han vay nho- mgt ngU'o-i kluic ki thay
minh va thU'ung 1a ngU'ui viet (ngU"o-i ki thay pbai tt}" ghi minh, chu- khong phai
ghi ten Dgtrui baD mUCfn ).
chI Nghia Ia in (laD) dau ngon tay.
eM y: V Cf clla ngU"o-i ban vay tuy co noi kem thea ten chong trong van tv, song
khOng ki tcn ditlm chi lr duO-i. Dieu nay chu-ng to dia vi Clla ngU"M ph\l nir Nam
dU"CfC ph8.p 1uft tip quan de cao.
2. - Mpt so a;em ve ng6nnga- trong !Oil; van t,,: .
, a) Mc)t 80 * Han dung tbeo nghia Nam ; Viin tt}" (van ngU'u lao (trau
bo ), Gia (dung dtl ehi gia tri ve do IU"ung), Cao (8aO ) ..
b) Nhieu chu Nom dU"gc sir dl}ng chi ten xU- dong va ten ngU'o-i;
e) M{lt 86 til' m&i riia b!-ch (Trung Quoc) dU"Q"G du nh'p vao Nam :
Nguyen ;t (dong Tien (xu), Giac Hao (dong 10 xu).
(1) Holj.t: Villi til .
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/
!
PHIEN AM
Ba Xuyen phii (1), Phong My Hba tbng. Tau Tfo thOn.
Danh 51 phu the cliDI'
r vi J Ifp tir r to- J lai tht,tc (2) diln tbb 11\1' :
Duyen dan dAng nguyen heru ph"J hru IO'D (3) thfp ngii mAu, tht'i
trach ma.u :
... Bong (Ianh ell' dieD.
--- Tiy laIn Iii,
-Nam Qa,
-- Bill' danh Do dieD,
Bia I bl) I tmo-c dill Li' Van Si pblD C&nh.
Kim, nhall r DhO'Il J ban vo di chi d'.mg c'P trai, Hnh trDg ttrO'Dg gia
cai nhi ngil mAn. ml,li l1{1i thOn nhin r nhO'n J danh Bu-c phu the
quan, dac tbi'l tiell nhat I nhli-t J thien ngil bach ngii (IUan. tll'O'ng tieu dt,tng.
Nhtrllg giao, nhtr nhiit I nhli-t I nhi niell n{,i, heru lai th\IC, tac lien hiru tam
phau l;ri ; thang tam lai thl.Je, uic eti' biD [ bbD ] nhi th\lc. Ky quan thutl Dhtrng
do liDh [lanh J thl,!c chii cung nl,lp. ;'
cac dl Hnh, daD khiing vo bAng, tri thiuh ban I J tMn htrO'ng chd-c
. thi thaoh (6), lip tiro r to-] bang ehii!u. Nhtr9'c hq.a [ nhllt ] h. nhiD [nhO'D] traah
tri'r thiT dien, dan dling cam thl,! r th<;l I A<r ttn cae dong (7).
Vi I vi J tht" ttr tir t tir 1
Ky ti niell (8) tam 80' uhiit r nhu-t J [ nh\rt J,
Thi thauh lIhilo [ ohO'n I . 'fa tir I to- 1 : tir I to- J nhan r nhO'Dj :
--lIll'O'ng thin thii ki
_ Thiem tnro-ng PMc thii ki
_ ThOn tnrlrng Hiru !.;i
(Tau TlJ.o thOn tnrlrl;g
Dauh Tam tt, ki - Lc Van Si c1illm chi
- Thi HieD chi
- Than d? Lc Van L Biu J
chi
ta nhf trang [trtrO'ng J : giap trang [trtrO'Dg] giao Iinh [lanh] ml!-i thl,lc
"ubin r nhO'Il]. at traDg l trll'O'ng J Ill'U thOn.
II. CHU GIAI
(1) )'1 Jf.f Ba Xuyen pM: La m(tt troDg ba phU Clia tinh An Giang thoi 1\1' Blre,
Tnr&c each ml,lng than!! '( am 18 tlnh Soc Trang, thM Mi ngl,ly 1. duh Ba Xuycn, oay
dnh
(2) Jt.. t )It Dien miJ; lai thvc hay Mil; la; tblJc : ban vo-i chu{lc
I!au m{tt thlYi giaD tMa gift'a d6i ben trong pblllm vi quy dinh cua phap Dha m1'&c
(cu6i deri Minh Ml,lng quy dioh tho-i ehugc lfi 1.,,30 Dam). Khi xtra,' dan gian la
ban th\lc hay han aI]', eM y ngon ngii', dung ra chi dung tir IHtN la du roi (nhu'
van tl,r lr mien Bac )It mien Trun!;), ir flOh r;ia Si"h xlra kia, ell h.le dunl them
134
h.i chirLAI 1H1)<:, ddng fa khOng din thieh nhU'og, nbln y chu{le l,i.
ex. Binh xU'a, con co tl}c ng\riri mua cUt theo hinh thu-c nay co quyen b8n cho
mqtngU'M khac (oiing vUi ehti.I()C-CO chu{}c Trong trU'irng hc;rp nB.Y.;
trong gily ti'r, llg!l'iri ta dung thanh ngfr HUyf;N 1O,i lai thyc. '. . .?
(3) JJ 111' Sun : khO .
(4) 41 Ht i.. Linh (Lanh) th"c eM : nglrOi co quycn' chu{ic dlt(tu-e ngU'ui co
sCr hfru doi vIti thi'ra ctlt).
(5) It it r" thinh : don Dliri,
(6) Thi than": laDl (nghia ciing DhU' thi th\t'c' 'f ; Thanh:
chan
(7) /Cae c/ong: cae khoan (B3ng :nghii ciing nha tien).
(8) e., e., / Ky ti "ien : ciing uhtt' (r yaritt, thueru{ing sau (lay. kMng ghi Dien
e6 suy Ki tt la nlm thtr 22 Tv Hire (1869), nalD thvc dan Phap di chiem
ca Tiy ,Nam Ki.
"', DICK' NGHTA,
.' Than ,Taft i
9
o, t6ng Mi Hoe, hUYtn Phong"Nhieu, phu '8e Xuyen,
vc;r ten 51
Ve lam, ban th\lC ru{ing (Ilt :
Do dan chUng t6i von co mU'ai lern miu ru{iug CRO [va] nnrai min ru9ng Dha 0- cua
Oog cha Ill '
- Phia Dong giap ruqngtcn CO',
Tay giap rirng,
. .
:- Phia Nam giap song con,
- Phia Bilc gi-ap rU9ng ten Do"
Trong dja [b?]ghi (lilt mia din Le Van Si,
Nay, vi tvng khOng c6gi kip tra nq, hlnglong dem dilt (Ioeii
thiiy la hai mU'O'i lam thyc cho vv chong Bu-c, thOn, d'ac;rc
lay Ii) Hen lIa ngan'nam tram nam mtrui quaU dem tieu dung. [Dan.chUng tOi] con'
cam kH [vo-i nhau] nen trong I vi)ng] mgt, hai nam. [cM han] co' chui}c thi (ph8i
tra them) lsi ha phao [tinh trell}so tieng6c !ti(;n ban]; nen sau ha n&m(len chuqc thi chugc
theo (lung 8() tien g6c; [Ve ]thue eho 11M oU'IYC thi do cM chugc D9P
Boi him dathoa lOng e khOng co hlDg chu-ng [nen]t!en mai cae vi ht,O'ug
cbu:c trong thOn chu-ng th\fC [maJ viet giay lam hlng. Neu ngay san, ngu-M nao tranh
gianh can tro- rU9ng'd6, dan t8i xin chill cac khoin tien phi tbn.
nay laID
Ngay mong. mgt tbang b,a naltt Ki t,i "
NgU"<ri laID chu-Iig ?
HU'O'ng than Nguyen thii\ld T&tTain 'tv ki
_ ThiemtrirCrDg PhU'IYc tM 12k. .
NgtrM dung :
- U Van 51 chi
- V1f Thi lli&1 chi
- Em root La Van chi
.' . .. '. - ThOn trU'<rng, Hir,u ".
thOn tIU'Oong tMuTan
:vir:t : chochii o-thOn.
135
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I. AM
Yen HU'ng Hia BAc Yen HU'ng xii,
Van Kih ijnh the ding, Sll- dl}ng s(,. hfru dil!n tga l,c
Sao xU-, dien nbit khoanh gia nhi eao, Bong Thlly Ba dien, Tay Thly
Cvu Ban dien, Nam Thlly 9{>i Th6ng dien, Bite Thay Cvu H6 dieD, tu- chi y nhu'
.u ; kim tU'O'ng y dien do,n m,l. dfr ban tbng Yeo Tri xii OhiD I:Hnh-.Yiin Chi tinh the
ding, gia hfru ogb, tam ngii "guyen. Ngan tuy khe giao nhi-o ttic Su
ml].i chi limn dich thi Ph,m Van Kien ki vi-t, nhU'9'c hfru man tra tv truy dll'O'ng hilt
MAi chii lnfi eM canh tae, truyen til- nhU'9'c ttln, villh vi kt
QUQe hfru thU'o-Dg plulp, co l,p van kM vi chieu d\IDg giii.
Thanh Thai bat nien itl- nhi thi-p nhi-t l;p van kM.
Fhl}.m Van tv ki. '
Tbira nh,n thlte Ii tmung 1-}6 Van Duy
.1. CHU GIAI
(1) iPl" J! Dong Sau xu-: xir Sau (ehfr Nom; nhU'ng chfr
- thU.iYr\l:viflt. fa]).
(2) 4\ 1j st Thay Bs T {JO : Thliy Ie. ebfr Nom; ba : ba nghla den la tram h{),
ml)t thll- phlm ham dlr6i dl) kien dip cho nhfrng' nha giau (,. uong thOu (dia eM).
(3) . Thay C(I'U Ban (chil' Ban thuvc hI) Sam . ); Cl,fU hre Iil c cl,ru ly
trU'(,.ng (Ij lrirung ell),
(4) f'-it. Thay D{j; ThOng: d{>i Ie. m{lt Bt!c .. ai quan thai xU'a,Cr dU'IYi
quaD va tren cai, ..
Thay C(I'u HJ
136
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(6) if Y: iiy : -Y dien : ru(mg ay (phan v6i Y #.., nghia 18 theo ; Y Dhll'
Cr tren).
(7) \tlf t DOitn mit;: han du-t (nghia cung nhll' It t . nhU'ng
Cr Nam thO-i' XlI'a, thll'o-Dg chi dung ngt'i'
8) iI Jf] TV' J",ng : dung lam cua rieng, -lly (dtit ly) -lam mia -riellg cho minb, lly
(dtit ly) SU- .d\!ng rieng cho minh.
II I. DICH NGHi A
Van Kien cung vf!, (y xO: VAn HlI'ng, Ha Bic, Yen HlI'ng, (vi) tUng
tieD tipu, co mt)t thtra rut)ng cua ong ba d.rf!c hai 81lO,Song giap rugng Thly Ba
Tay giap rU9ng Thlly Cl}'U Ban, Nam giap rugng Thlly Bgi ThOng, Biic giap rugng Thlly
Cl}'U Ho, gi6i Mn phia dung Dhll' SI]" ; nay dem ban cho Sinh Van Chi cung
Vf! Cr xa Yen Tri cuug v6i 80.' tien nha (tien ricng cua ngU"iri mua), 18. ba mU'ui
lam dong. S6 blllC dO: giao dii nga1--ij,p van khe. Rugng ban do chinh la cua rieng cua
Van Kien, neu co gian d6i (lay dat lly) su- d\!ng rieng cho minh thi truy dinh tt)i
ban) chu- khOng co Him gi (den ngU"M mua). Ngtriri mua Cr ngll'M haD dii
c1 mgt llln (dat lly) dtl cay cay, (va) cho Con chau, do-i do-i lam cua rieng.
NlI'cYc co phap lu,t nbat djnh, cho nen lam van khe din et'r theo do rna tbi biuih.
Ngay hai mll'ui thaDg til' nam th{r tam Thanh Thai, lam van khe.
Van viet (vall khC) va ki ten.
Li trU"iYng DO Van Duy th\rc.
BAI III
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',. PHIEN AM
Tioh (Tjnh) Bien' phil (1) Binh Dll'Crng, Thaoh Tin Vioh IHf.u thon,
danh KhoA, danh PMc l PhU'<Yc]' ding
Vi [vi] tir r uri ta 8\r:
Duyen han [hbn Jthao nhan [n,hO'D J danh Th41 hfru' 80'n (2) khbinh
tMp mlu, t9a Il}c bin [hbn J xli dia ph,.,:
Bong
-'- Tiy dl}i lam,
- Nam dl}-i giang,
.-' Bac dl}i
('aoh tat 86.
!hr, dan dilng flnh li'ng ta gia th,p (3), chil!u tM' caob hie, giao thl}
r th?] ta gia, titln ogijb8ch quan tuc tii ngii bach gi, lIien nh!
hoa thu hOl}ch 8tr thanh, chien hoi ta tuc y 80. Ky quan nguyen cM CUD,D,p.
'HI}-n man, giao hoi nguyen chu quan "
Nhu,vc dAn diDg canb thlre Mt t,D, ill'u pM ean, cam tb\l[th?Jhi ohan lohero) trim
phl}t (S) thiio gi&i, caoh thl.rc nhll' CIFU, giao oguyen chii. Vi man nien hl]n,.ngu'yen chit
thu hM giB
LU'o-ng tll'O'ng tinh nhU' nhien, dan khi'tng vo Mng, tir [to-]
Vi [vi] thii-, tll' tir [to-J .
Qui niim (6) ngii r DgO!}.tj 80' DgU [nh\rtJ,
1'8 fir 1 tirJ : tir Ito-J nhal\' :
Danh Van ki DanhKhoa chi
Danh PbUc ehI
II. CHU GIAi
(1) -A.;!Jf.t Tinh Bien phU : PM Tinh Bi8n,diri TIT Su-c, thu.;,ctinhAn Giang, thM
thu{lc Phap thu{lc tinhChiu B6c, nay thui}c Hnh 'An Giang, lrgiBp Campuchia.
(2) Y thiri cho Hnh caDh lr Nam Ki thui xU'a daihO'll iT Bac va Trullg.
Gi, : chfr Nom, m9t aern vi do IU'Crng dung tichcac lo"i ngii coo lrcac dnh
NamKf lIgay xU'a, ttrG"'llg dU'erng veTi 40 lit.
, (4).tt Tram phi,it : chem {y dAylaphat cO v&i mt}t condao 11l'Q-i dai (trung
birth 80 cm) v&i CaD cam vao chuoi dao tl}-o IU'o-idao
90
0
ma dapg Nam glli 18 cai v'a Trung gC?i laealphl}Dg)
trungbinh 3kg. canh tac Day Is.. trU'ng-cua nlien ,cUt mo-i, lr day. ta ely
lua ma khOng qua khan cay hira cO nhtr lrlihfmg mit!n ,dlt da: thuitn th\lCi
(5) 'QUY nien': Chti y lr day. thu- khOng eo ,
1)0 do, eo thll IUY hin VBn tt.r nay viet. ha tinh mien TayNam ki da hi
tb1re diiil Ph8p do.n{i, nen cae gily to-, hanh eblnh khOng ntrllC pMp eua ,trieu
'vua Vi9t Nam .. Nhn' co thtl tin dute rang, ullI11 d(U1 llay lallam 1873 van,

1
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Sa GlIn Dam 1877).
(6) ra til' (to-) : gilly. iJ diy, chi ngU'Ui van t\l'.
III. DICH NGHTA
ThOn Vinh tbng Thanh Tin, Blnh DU'O"ng, phii Tinh [Tinh) Bien,
Cae ten tim PhU'&c [PhUe l
Ve lam thue [ru9ng] :
Do ten ThC], ngU'ui tMng thOn, e6 ru(lng khO mU'<ri mau, tC]a (y dia phfn
XQ chUng Wi :
- Bong giap bau I&n,
- TRy giap rung 1&0,
- Nam giap 80ng 16-11,
-". Bac giap 19 16-0,
da cay trong
Nay, dan chUng 'tOi thoa thue ru?ng d6 trong mU'<ri nam, eli- thea lky h9!P dong)
gifr trong trC]t va mlii Dam tra lien chiu thue la urn tram quan hia !th6c 1 nam
tram CJl- m6i nam, den trung tuan thSlIg hai, [khi] hai xOllg xlloi, y thea [thOa
tra du 80 tMe thut:. [Vel cho Nha O1I'&C, chu dat ct6Dg rScn khi] bet lthue]
tra [ru9ng] eho chii ctlt eoi lam.
Neu dan chUng toicay trong khOng bet l dlt 1. bO hoang 86 lU'q"ng bao nhieu thi chung
toi xin chiu thue ngll'<ri phSt co [dl] cay trong nhll' trll'&C roi m6i giao cho chU dllt.
[Neu) ehU'a bet etat khOng UIl'9!C liy iiy
Hai ben thOa' thufn nbU' vfy. nhll'ng e kh6ng c6 bAng chli-ng, nen viet giay gifr rna
lam thed.
Vi [nay J gily nay.
Ngll'iri vict gily :
Ten Van ki
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- Ten Khoa chi
- TeD Phuc [Phll'6oc J chi
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B. AM
Ban phil (1), Til' PM Bao An xii Nguy8n M6 tjnh the dAng duyeD vi {vi>
siT khillm tien chi dl}ng, til' thac (UC xi nban Phan Mo (2) ngan nMt Qach nguyen.
Ki Mo hnh thn- tien hl'O'ng hoi sir d,!ng, t11 sinh tn-c mOi nguyen mOi
tam tien, hliln chi lai nien nUt lai hoan ban tn-c tde 80, qua h,n
gia cam thl) tU'O'ng hrc vi baD.
Quac hiru thU'(rDg phap, co van vi dl.lOg gia.
Khai Binh nhi llien nUt '0' tn- van kM.
Nguyen MO ki
Ta van kM Ngo Mo I..i
Ki ml,le Nguyen Mli chlrng tri
Thj thl.rc Bao An xi Ii trtrung Phen Mo.
C. C-HU OIAI
1)-1- Bim : pM Bllll' (nay la, tinh Quang Nam -
a Niing.
2) Yet : bO ra, cho-mU'Q'n, cho vay {cung nhU' Yilt tli> 41} 'it )
D. DICH NGHT A
Nguyen Mo dmg VfT, iT X8. Bio An, tl>u,g TU' PM, phii Ban,
Vi tbieti Wln tieu dung, nay mtrQ'n dtrfTc mgt 80 b,c, do Phan M6 ngU'(ri cung x8. bO ra,
la m{lt tram
Mo 80 liy ctem ve dung (va) bang long (chiu) Iii mOi mOi thang
ba xu, h,n thang mll'(ri mgt nam t6i Mn tra. von Ian Iii dii so, otln qua b,n, xin
chiu ltiy Iii lam von.
Ntr6c eo phap DMt dinh, ncn lam van itF theo do rna thi hlmh.
Ngay m3ng Mn thang intr(i.i mgt nam thlr hai Khai lam van tv.
Nguyen Mo ki. .
Viet van t11: Ngo M6 ki "
Ki m\lc Nguyen M(; lam
th11o': Ii trtriTng xi Bao An: Phan Mo.
CHUO'NG XI
CHUC.THU'
I. SINH NGHTA I Chuc thtr t la giy ctia m{lt ngtro-i, trrr6c khi l,i cho
con chau ngU'(ri dU'6i I'll) do B\r d(.;:.phan chia ctia t:ai I,i.
ThU'(rug thtr(rng, trong xii h4ji cli, m,!c 'ehii ctia chUc thU' laphan chia cila cai
(Ito 116, Ilan 6111 ggi In phan tIm), ,va 1M ('ilng ehinb In m\IC dkh nghien Cll-U ella (hUng
140
\
ta i ngay nay. 9a1. chin6i chUc thU' troDg vi y nghia nay.
BI CHU : 1. - NhU' vty. cblic thll' la giiiy ena ngll'iri 'tren (thU'<rDg 1& cha mit).
Trong trU'<rng hC}'p cha mit cMt kMng chuc thU'. anh em "u-ng ra lam giily chia cu.a
eli cua cha mit I,i, tbi gily d6 gl}i ]a giao thtr .
2. - Khi chUc thll' c6 phlln mo- IUU n6i ngui)n g5c. lai Iich cua ngU'<ri
mia tbi ggi 1a gia phci ehue .thtr i: 'f
I t. cAc CHUC THl1 : Co ha chfnh :
1. Tv' thtr it:f : ChUe thll' do .ngll'<ri iUl I,i eua csi l'y ;
2. bUt : Chuc thll' do mgt ngll'<ri kluic vitlt hI} cbo ngu'<ri cua cei vi
m?t Ii do nao d6 (ngll'b-i co cua cai kbOng cbU.' qua gia nay cY
Nam thU'b-ng gl}i I. ta) 11(, .
3. Cong ehvng ".A it- : ChUc thll', do mgt hay nbieu ngll'ui 0- ngoai nhfrng ng\l<ri dU'O'llg
S1}' (tti'c nhfrng ngll'ui eo lien quan dln phdn chia cua cal) dti'ng lam trung gian vitlt,
d1}'a trcri cO' siY eong It va blDg chlrng (binh cong chilt chu-ng fit-)
m. B6 cve.: Mn chUc thU' giaothll') thll'ung gom co b(.ll phlln :
1. - ten va que qUaD cua ngll'ui cua ciii cung Ii do cua chUc thll'. giao th"
(U do c6 la : cha mit cua ciii cho cac con ; cha mt; mat so-m, anh ca du-ng chia
mi. ciii cho cac em ; cha mit mit so-m, khong co .anh ca. nen t(IC tmiYng dl1-ng chia cua cai
cua cha mlf cho cac con, v.v ...
2. - Ngi dung chinh : ke cua eli va ten cua nhfrng ng\r<ri dU'q'c pMn chiao
3. - L<ri do eM ngtr<ri du-ng chia dtli vo-i ngU'ui d:1I'C}'c chiao
4. - Thui chUc thll', giao thtr va chfr ki cua nlliing ngU'ui hfru quan.
Ch6 y : - Nlu phan n9i dung chfnh la {lian dO'n (ngll'<ri dtrC}'c chia chi c6 mgt va ctia
csi cling chi c6 m?t vai thu-) thi M CI}C ctia chtic thU' lam dung nhU' tren.
- Trong trU'<rng hC}'p philo n9i dung cbinh phien phu-c hO'n (ogU'o-i chia
nhieu va ('ua ciii chia cling bao nhieu thu- va philn chia khOng d3ng thi u-
philn 2, ngll'Cri ta ghi tbng quat cua cai ],i va hI} ten nhfrt;lg ngll'<ri chiao ri)i ngtrvi
ta rieng chi (mlii ngU'Cri ctU'C}'c' chia bao Dhieu) 0- gifra phlio ba va phln Mn.
- Trinh t1}' ki ten trong mgt bSD chuc thU' cung Igitlng nhU' trong mgt han
van t\f (van kM) : ngll'ui du-ng chia cua cai ki iY dong diu, tht'r ngU'o-j dU'C}'c chia,ri)i
nglrui lam chu-ng va cutli cung I. nglrCri h{l c6.
IV. HiNH.THU'C TRiNH BAy:
Chuc thU' dU'C}'c viEt trea giay bin thU'ung dung thui xtra theo thu-c chung nhU' cac
giay tu kh&c. 0- cac nha quy t{ic, .chUc thll' co I'M (iU'C}'c vitlt tren Il}a ho,c dU'C}'c
khlc trim d3ng, tren bia da.
V. NGON NGO' I
Nhrrng tir hole kef cau t.ir c? tfnh cong thvc trong ch6e thtr, giao thtr.
141
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.". . ."
1. a philn Ii docua, thU', 1. cha llii;l lam chtic thll' l,i cho con thi cau eoog
thu-c ta : Tl! banh nien 8Uy lao, dan tjch mi thU'erng, di h, tlien 111m y! hiJ:u phan
dinh, ll' than trilnh OOlin)... IT .sr -t. ..t, J1 Y Jfl rf, 4,"1"
Uf .I ::ff '1f1 ,t ,{! i.,t,t ) Nghia 18. : TV nghi, tubi di gia so-m
khOng chung, [rna] rugng enadll I,i cblra chia; e sao dM Minh co xii ra m6i traah.gianh.
I
Iii Bob ci, sau kbi eha mit ds. quaderi, lam giao tbll' chia cua chonhau, thl cau
<:ong 1hu-c 1a: Nguyen min suy bfnh, sO- hfru vi hfru d!llh
phan,tll' liuynh giao thU' quanpbaJi thb, di 'h, cbUc thll'nhlttt,o) . :

a -y .. it, ) Nghia, la : Nguyen trll'O-C kia,cba mit gia t)m dau. tt ci rU9ng
cua ong bachll'achia. Nay, anb em lam giao thll' chia diu rugng dlt (va) dlll,i m9
t
bin
ehuC thu' (1). ' ,
"2. n9i dung cbinh, sau khi li?t ke cua cii-va ien
, ",c6 mgt 'cau,c6 yngbia caidoao cua ngll'eri chia: ' . . '.
d!ngvtt tbl phu the, ki v,t, dfr,n9io80,ithan chi nhln,
phl}c giao dich dAng lI\r) '( Jt e1 ..!-' "' 4?Q, .... :l!.,Il'.l
#J ,$!: r'-l ,Fit" :t:::A.J'IJl. Ji.:'t -tl "* J Nghin la: Nhfrng cna' ciii
dkoo tIt;t lacua ding cua VQ' CMllg, . chii- ching co nhfrllg trao di I,i giau
: dt)i c61ien con ben n9i (va) henngol}i)
,3. ,lai hoan toan thli-c : Di chOc chi st}' ... (2) Chi(;u y hin philD, ...
(3) can sinh di thira te tv; cimhfru h9t (4), vc;uig kho-i tranh doan, dio11 tC}/l hilt
chi phln (5). 'Qut)chfru tbU'(rng phap, co chuc thU'(6) vi chieu,
dijng gii.; (it 'I :.t. ''f' ... #.. Ib i-i' 1fil. oM: -i-,ii f
t- Jt. $.'7.l" 0 'f ik, 9. ., 0) Nghia la: Lalli
tbea df chUc ... cancli- theo phln chia cua Minh ... cham chi tam in nISi ther cling;
. [Ai J dam trai 'Dghich gay can m6i tranh gianh, [ee J hi xet t9i bit hieu [va bi] ttro-c hO pUn
.: cbijt eaa, minh. NU'o-e c6 pbip nhlt dinh, cho nen lam chUc thU' dll cao eli- theo d6 ma
'tbi hoob.
>;':(1) dung h;,p : lo-i dtn do
(2) nhieu' ngU'o-iitU'itcchia cua di lhi ghi lit Nam nih; DgU'uithi ghi tbn
nglro-i ly yao' " " ' ,
Nliidanhieu ngU'o-i ifU'CTC chia till thbm chfrcCac. vito elt3 nay.
. .' ..
f 4> Hote: Cam hu-u flnh. (il ifi ,tt ),
(5) HoJC: : Blah tqa hat hiell. tAi thl} lr9ng ::f, t'll )
(6) Nliu lamllhieu ban eho in6i ngU'o-i giu- m9t ghi .tMm V&'0 eM nay: .... if,)o, phO chU'
tir ue chlipnhat ifl}-o ,. ( jt,-I'-U--t
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I .
I. PHIEN AM
ThU'o-ng Tin phil (1) Thanh Trt Thanh Tli Khuyen Lu'O'ng xii, Bao The
My, the Nguylin Tbi Hai (2) t\I' hanh nien (3) suy lao, dan ttch mi thU'irng (4), di h,!-
tlien san vi hrru phin dinh, kbiing tr than htu khlri tranh doan (5); s(, hfru tb gilYi
dien (6) ngii mAo bat cao, vien ly.c cao, tri tam cao, rigoa OC ohi toa. cac ngii gian, bong <Sc
(7) nMt toa tMt gian, tin miii dien tam miu, dam bat mAU, trl olii cao, thily ngU'u
Dhi dau, .hoang lao (8) nMt dau.
Dlt t'!-o (B) chuc thtr pMn vi (10), try.c phan IU'u (11) ki tUn sinh (12) tmlrng nam
daDh Khue, thlr nam danh Hoan, quf nrr thi vinh vi lIin Ki c!ien th(j d !lng
v.t, iiy thi (13) phu the ki dii' nl)i ngo,!-i than thu{>c chi nhan, vo quaD m!-o
mu(li trung (14) giao dich (15) d!ngsl,f.
Di chuc chi II\T, Dam urr chifu y bin phau, cac dtu sinh di thira tl tt}'; cam hrru
vi b{lt(16) Vl,lng khlri tranh doan, dinh t<}a bKt hieu chi t{li, do,!-t ki bAn phltn (17).
Qu(ic hfru thU'o-ng phap, co chUr. thlr tam d,!-o pM chtr tir, cac chllp nMt 4!-0 vi
chi':u dl}ng giii.
Kt::
trU'lrng nam 9ao Van Khue: ngoa oc nhat toa ngii gian, dien mAu, vien nhi
cao, tri nhi cao, ngU'u Dhat ,dau.
Nhilt, thlr Dam Sao Vi;:t Hoan: phan bOng ()C nMt toa tMt gian, dien mdu, vien
nhi cao, ngu'u oh(t dllu.
Nhat, quy nfr 9ao Thi phsn dien cu-u mAu, nbi cao, tri nhlt cao, hoan, 110
nMt diu.
NUt, ngoa (SC ngii gian, pbyng vi tir dU'ang, tt}' dien tam mau ngil eao, giao drr dich
nam kWn thn, di cung te t\T. T\r 9u-c tam nien, (18) bat nhi thfp
chuc thtr.
Thall ph\! Sao Tht: My ki.
Than ma.u Thi Hai chi.
Trtrlrng nam Bao Van Khue ki.
Thu- nam Bao Viet Hoan ki.
Quf ofr 9ao Thi ditlm chi.
Chu-ag kien t9c tmlrng 91lO Hiru Lan ki
9!-i tii chUc thlr Le ki.
II. CHU GIAI
1. if it; Jff T hU'ang TIn phU : trU'cYc thu9c tinh Ha N{li; Day la ThU'irng Tin dnh
Ha SO'n Blnb, con Thanh Tri thu{)c Ha Khuyfn LU'O'ng ngay nay rung tbu{>c
dat Ha N{li.
2. Hai: ehiT Nom.
3, It -t HJnh nien : tubi (da trai qua), ciing nw Hanh canb .ft JJt
4. ..!t Y At tjch mi thrrang : 56-m chieu khOnl thU'(rng (khOng chirng); y nui
tuM Kia cbt;t IISog khODg hic oao. (ehU y : h{i ph'D tren cua ebfr Mi 14 h{i Ma Jtf.. ,con
b(l tren cua cac ehir Lich a.. Jt la chir. Lich 4 nghia la mai, dua ngQc)
s. -1- (f ) Mf, Trann Joan: cai m(')i gay ... a tranh giimh nbau.
6. :til. \t1 11} giui Jien: ru{ing eua ong ba (Gi&i : gio-; hl;lD, dinh gi&i hl;ln) eiing nhU'
Tb dien ::til. t \t1
7. :t! . Bong OC : nha tranb (gianh)
Bong: m{it thli- co (co bong hong).
8. .;t Hoang lao: bO, bo vang (chfr Lao co nghia hoan toaD Nam vi trong
HaD tbulD tuy, Lao chi c6 ngbia 10. nuoi ngva bo chi nhfrng thli- euc cung
8(')ng).
9. -fJi it Dr.r lam tnro-c (khi
1 O. Phin vi : chia lam, chia tLl il (chia ra nhtr eau).
11. fR Pnan IlI'u: chia de l,!i.
12. :tti.
Than sinh: con do minh einh ra.
13. -t.it
14. i:-fl.
Ur tn; : chinh la, Is (cung nhtr dich tbi ,ac tbi pi it )
Trung pnl,lC : ll;li m{it Ian n[ra, nbieu lao.
"
Hi. i!. 'M:
Ciao clicn : trao dbi, dbi chaco
Vi bpi: trai nghich.

17. Ban pMn: phliD chia cua minh.
18. -t TV' Dvc tam nien : nam thn- ba lDtrui hitu TI! 9ti-c (1877)
I
III. DICH NGHiA
800 The Mi (va) Vf! Oa) Thi Rai, i'r xa Khuytln Ltrung, Thanh Tri,
Thanh Tri, phu ThU'o-ng Tin.
T1}' nghr, tuM nay da: gia so-m t6i khOng chung (ma) cua ciii, ru?og;dlt de l!;li chtra
chia ro, e rAng !!au do-i minh. co the xiiy ra m(')i traoh gianh. V6il co : do oog ba nam
mJu .bim 8aO ru{lng, sau sao Vll'{rn. ba eao ao, hai ngoi nhs ng6i mlii ngoi oam gian, mOt
ogoi nha hay gian; cilDg v&i m&i (mua) : ba mtrul mAu ru{ing, tam mAu dllm,
Dam sao ao, hai con trau, mOt con bb.
(Nay) lam trtr&c eMc thtr chia nhtr eau : liin ItrQ't chis cho eoo trai en do minh
8inh ra ten la Khue, con trai thlr ten 10. Roan, COil gai ut la thi Liliu, miii miti lam cua
rienV;.
RU90g va cac thn- do (ooi tren) la cua rieog eua vv chOng (9ao The Mi) chu-
co nhfrng trao di doi l!;li gian d6i eo lien can gi den nhfrng ngtro-i bs eon ben
n{)i va hen ngo!i.
I1l1n theo di chUc, con trai va con gai ciin ell' theo pbltn (chis) ctia mlnb m6i ngtro-j
(ph8.i) cUm cbi lam an de n6i thO- cling; (ai) giam trai nghieh gay clIO moi tranh
gitmh, {sf') hi xet t{ii Mt (va hi) ttro-c hO phltn (chia) cUa minh.
Nmrc co phap nh't dinh, cho nen lam ba biin chuc thlr, giao eho cae eOll mfii
ngU'Cri giii' (citm) m9t ban din elf theo do rna thi haah.
Ke (tai san phin chill nhU' BaD) :
- - Con trai ca DilO Van Khue : m{lt ngoi nha ngoi Dam gian, mU'Crj mAu ru?ug, hai
lIao VU'CrD, ba 88.0 ao (va) ll1Qt con trau ;
- Con .trai thn- Dao HoaD : chia cho mgt ngOi nha trnnh bay Kian. mU'Crj mAu
ru{lng, hai 8aO VU'CrD (va) m{it con trau,
- Con gai lit Dao 'fhi : chia cho chin mAu rU{lDg, bai lIao vU'Crn, mt}t 880 ao (va)
con bOo
Nilm gian nha ngoi vaDg lam nha thCr, ba mAu Dam l'Iao fir dien (ru(lng cling gil) giao
cho eon trai ca giii' cling gi6.
Ngay hai mU'o-i thang !lim nam thn- ba mU'o-i '1\r dIre', lam chUc thlt.
Cha : 80 TM M i ki.
: Thi Hai in ngon tay.
COD trai ca Dao Van ki.
Con trai thu- Dao Hoan ki.
Con gai lit eao Thi in diu ngon tay.
Urn ehu-ng : tfU'{mg hI) tlao Hfrll Lan ki.
thay chlic thtt. : I.e ki.
BAI II
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I. PHI@N AM
Qutic Oai phu, Mi LU'ang (1), San xi (2). Sap thOn (3) pb\} 4111-0 (4) Bl1-ch
CODg Nghia, nguyen tiCD, ph\} mau suy lao tat sO- hiru tb vi hirudioh
pMO. TU', hUYDh thioh tht> til (5) giao thv (6) quau phall thb, di hill chUc th11'
nUt d,!-o, ki ban (Lbn) phan phO than Coog Bioh quao thii nhio dao, tM
Su<Si Sang tMn (7) dam tri, thb tr{lch llQi dia Sutli Sang thOn, Bong Nit Cao (8),
Tay cij.u KhUc 51 (9), Nam cto Thiiy TrU'(J"Dg. B<Sog Bii (10) vi gi6-i. NhU'ng tbi
than B{lch Coog Bioh vioh vi 8ao truyco tu- nhU'9"c ton. Ki BIllCh Cong Nghia
vo quao mao mu(ii. Chi (11) BIllCh Cong Bioh y hin, cac clln sinh
di thira toog t\r, cam hiru tioh kho-i tranh doan, dinh tga Mt tai th\l
trl]ng t{li.
Qu6c hiru thU"irog phap. co chUc th11' vi chitlu dl]ng gil.
Canh HU"ng tam l\lc oien (12) ngii 80'" hr nh;'t, I,p chUc thU".
PhI} d{lo B,ch C60g l\'ghia ki.
Chlrng thb til Bl;\ch Cong ki.
Cbau bOa (13) cac cai l!l}" (14) ki.
II. CHU GIAI
(Van han nay lit hr ciia bllln Tir j=hi, nha. dan t{lc bgc chuyen ve ngU"o-i
cho phep su- d1}ng va pMn chti thich dU'6-i day cung dtrC!c oog h{ln giup do- nhieu).
1. -.Jk. Mi Lerang huren : Mi LU'O"og, dU"6-i trieu U thu{lc tran SO"n Tay,
nay thu{lc dnh Ha San Binh (DU'tYi diri Tl,l" Bti-c, tl;\1 day da ra cu{le kho-i 11ghla nong"
dan do Cao Ba Qua lanh d,o).
2. JlfL J" San xa: :IS; N;'t SO"n ( r.JL gln gUi) ; chU'a ro Am dja phU"O'og.
::l. ,it lJap tbOn : .ngU'M dja ph11'ang (MU'o-og) gl]i la nnriYng Ttip (Bup), qut: 'fup.
,to * sJ.. Ph" JiJO : chirc 'luan cai quan m{lt' mtrirng he 0- ngU"o-i M11'<1ng 'thiyi xlra.
hrO"Dg dU'O'ng v6-i mgt thOn lr trung chau, mit ngU'o-i MU'<tng ggi I. c laog 'tao' (lang
Ph,} d,o kbOng phBi lit 1.1I)t tir g6c Han rna 19. phien am cua m{lt tir gtSc tit;ng Nam A 1.
P'tao, con ton tl}-i trong tieog fhai (phia t,o).
5. j. iJi TM til : til tmo-og dia phU'O"ng, rna DgU'o-i MU"irDg ggi 1. clang eUD J) ; clli
quin m{lt nurirng Io-n. Tm6-c ao-i Minh Mlilng. chti-c tiI tU'O"Dg dtrang v6-i chtrc Ii trU'lrng
0- xu6i.
6. -t Ciao ther : chia cua cai cua cha dl! do anh em dti-og ra lam
(xem phltn gio-i chung lo,i chuc thU').
7. j'j'H Suo; Sang thon : thOn 5u(li Sang (cMr Nom phicD am tHlng MU'o-Dg,
ChU'8 ro am dia phlrO"ng). '
8. * Nil Cao : chfr Nom phien am mgt tir Mtro-ng g6c Thai (Na : rUQng ;
Cau : glllo tM", eay g'!-o).
9. 1iII11- KhUc. Si: chU'a ro ti5ng M11'o-ng am lit gi.
10. 1t.:1 Dong Dai : (cM' Nom): chU"3 ro (y tit;ng MU'o-ng, am 19. gi (trong dia
rlanh Nam eiing co Dhieu tir co t6 96ng "ti-ng tra6-c va co nghia lit go
,
11. :t:.Ai. Chi : san,sau nay (cung nhU' 11' -It-tt).
14'1
12. -J.f!Il. t. ,itt Ft 1'- Cinh HU'ntJ tam Ive nien : nam thli ba mU'O"i eau men
Cioh Hll'Dg (1776). Gnh HU'Dg la Dien cua ong vua tnr&c cuni cimg cua Le,
ten la Le Dny Dieu (Dao) mU;u la Tong, Jilln'vua bou mImi ean
Dam (1740-1786).
III. D!CH NGHTA
Phv Cong Nghia (0-) xom Bup, xa SO'o, Mi L\1'O'ng, phu Quoc Oai,
Nguyen tnr&c kia, cha 1l1!j gia om elau (Ilim) rui}llg eO- hfru cua ong ha dl!
chU'a chia .. Nay, aoh em xin th;; ttl lam giao thll'. chia rui}llg dllt (va) ll;li mi}t bin
chuc thll'. Biin (chuc thU') chia giao cho em trai ru(>t (ia) BI;lCh COllg Binh quan gifr nhan
dan (va) nMn Uiy dia trong vi) ditm ao (va) Vll'frD dat x6m Sulli Sang.
X6m Suoi Sang (lly) Bong giap Na Cao, Tay giap Khllc SI (?), Nam giap Thuy Trll'frng,
Blic giap Song Biii en lam gi&i hl;ln.
,..-
, thea do, em trai ru{>t Iii ,B,?-ch Cong Binh mal mai lam tai IIsn (rieng) va chia
cbo con dmg chau. (Con) Bl;lch Cong Nghia i. .. ag dll'9'c (c6 himb d9ng) giaD d6i c6 lien
quan (d(;n tai eim do). Sau (b9n) B,!-ch Cong Bioh theo dung han (di ehUc), m6i ng\1'fri
(phili) chlhn chi lam an elf: noi thrr cung ong ba, dam y rieng gay moi trauh gianb,
(flP) hi dinh t{li bat hieu, (va) ehitl t{>i m{>t Ian !lira.
NIl(rc co phap ohiit dinh, cho nen lam chuc tbll cta can eli- then do rna thi hanh.
Ngay bOn thBng lIam nam thli- ba mil'O"i lIau Csnh HU'ng, lam chuc fhU'.
c!l].o Cong N/thia ki.
Lam chli-ng th(,) tiI Bl;lch Congo Trung ki.
Cae dich Chlu HI',a ki.
CHlT(JNr. Xl!
,
GJA PHA
I. SINH NGHTA: Gia phil t. t{>c pha tong phi 'zf: it lil ]icb
IIU- ella mgt h9 gbi theo thir tirllg do-i (pbii : ghi chep). Vi the trong Han, ng\1'o-i ta
con gQi la Phil rr; thtr 1&1')' PhS. 1ft cung co nghia gan
nbll' Phil: ghi chep), Phii M thOng dAII duoi. th,r Phil hlC (Ivc:
chep, sao Il!-i), Phil chi (chi: ghi ebCp).
Trong da.1l giall Nam, ngU'o-i ta con thU'o-lIg glli phan cUlli ella m(>t etlon gia phii
ghi tom tlit flO' YC tirog nglriri (nhlt lit ngay gil lit phll .{-, Bong khonp; ,.() tir
nay trong cae tir dii1n. C6 nglriri noi Ie Jil ph(,) v tbi dung hO'n.
II. NOI DUNG: M(lt hltn gia phi oay thu,'rng ell m(y phlin sail day:
1. Mile elkh, Y nghta eua gia phi: thU'irngo c!l1'g'c ghi troug hal h.r (tlra), 110
ngu'iyi troll;.! h'.' hay m(,t nglriri ngoal III.' n; tFn tu()i
14g
Mve dfeh, y nghia ehu eua gia phi la giao dl.IC eho con cha1J ro nguiln gt)c
eua riong hI? minh, eong lao cua cac db-i tnr&c tu dtnyng, b{J ve ntf,)i ngo bau
lam rlilng ra eho dong hy mlnh. M(.t mvc dieh khac thiet th\re hoon, nhll'ng co khi khong
noi trong loj 1\1" Iii pha cho con ehau bit:t ngay Ill't eua ong ba at; nh& cung gi6
va vi tri ella phan me) ong ba c!(: eham 10C.
2. - Bi{t ki him gia phil etta doo hQ nao cling tim hit1u nguon g6c cua dong hp
minh, it nhat 18 c:ua mOt chi, nlnr gia phi h<] a Chll'oong MI (Ha Bong eu) eho Wit,
h<] nay von ii! Trltn, con cbau cua Trltn Qut)c Tuao; gia phii cua h<] The a
Thanh Chu'oong 1'1nh) eho hiet, hI) nay von Ia me)t nhanh cua h<] l&n The (y
xii. Chi Linh tran Hli DIl'O"og cli (nay la tlnh Hai Htrng) V.V.
Phan nay dirng Il!i a eM gia phS. eo bat dllll ghi llili ranb lll,eh tirng di:ri, cbo uen
co khi d& g{>p v&i "han m(.t trong l(fi. ttp
. 3. - PMn chinb 1& phan ke the thv tirng chi. Co nhfrng hiin gia phii ghi rllt chi
tiet AU- tirng ngtro-i theo loi bien nien (nhll' gia {lhii hI) Chtrooog Mi da n6i a tren).
4.- Khong It hiin gia phi\. co kem theo ll1{1t bai ca gia phd) Mug chfr Nom cho
con ch6u de nh& han tom tat. llay (nhtr gia phii hQ 'fir (y Ha Bong cu, gia phi h9 Bui a
Thana Tri Ha N(li, gia phi hI} Lam (r Kim Il{>ng, tlnh Hili Htrng v.v.)
III. TAC DVNG CUA GIA PHA &61 VOl NGHIEN ClrU XA HQI NAM NOI CHUNG
Do nc}i dung tren. phii Ie. m{>t kho til' 'luy cho nhfrng ngll'eri nghien ClfU xii h{>i
co truycn l\'tau1.
. -.
1. -- Tnro-c het va di nhien 1. cho nhfrng ngll'o-i nghien CllU IIU- cua cac nhAn
lich su- trong do co cac nha van, Dba thO" (Vitc pMt gan day ve do doc Bong.
tlruog. clla Qllang Trung, la cM ytlU dVa vao gia pba ella h<] Chll'O"llg Mi) .
.
2. - .. Trong cilng tac nghien nfU lich ,ra- dia hillu lich sir thanb l%p m9t
lang, khong ho qua tll' gia phi\., no la Ijch su- cac dong hQ trong lang.
:3. _. Chung ta eon e6 tim dtr-rc, trong cae gia phii, nhieu til' khOng co trong
chinh str ve ruc}ng dat, VB khUi nghia nong dan, ve chong 'xam, ve van v.v. (gia
phi\. hI) n6i tren cung nhieu cbi tiet VP. Hfru Cllu khong dll'-rc ghi trong
chinh sir).
4. Cac nha dan 1ge hye va X8 h{li h<]c cling phiii thong qua nguon tll' gia phii
tim nhfrng van de tc?c he! Nam: tir ten 11<;> den hr-rng dM hg, ve s\r thien
di cua cac dong hI} V.V.
IV. NGON NGCr CUA GIA PHA
Khi dQc gia phii, chung ta thtri:rng m9t It) ngil' ve cac IOl}i lau day:
1. -- Ve hp va ten c,ja mpt ngU'iri
II. Phan bi't tpc va tinh)
.- T{lc) : hg, hii)u v&j nghla lit m{>t dailll ngtreri cung mgt huyet thOng theo
cha: t9c (h<] Tran (hQ Tran) ...
.. - Tinh. -M. : teu "hung cua h<] do, fen chung ella doan ngtro-i do: '4
t- Ti, tinh huy th! Mli (Ba, h<] huy Hl th! M6) .
h. Phan r/afJh vii /111'1)'
Daub, va bUp iff: deu co ngbia 1& ten,<ciia m{lt nglrOi. Song dung Danh' khi
noi oglrai (y hie eon song va dung bUy' ,khi ve nglri:ri fiy lUe da ehM .. Cho nen ta
thlrirng hllY' lil ten eling 'oom. Gia phi do ngu-iri di:ri san ghi ve r'f ".".; oo-j tru'&c, nen
thlrirng dung tir bUy'.
M{lt dieu dang ehu y lil, eo trlri:rng hVp, nhfrDg tir Han (cho- khOng phili ehfr Num)
ten nglr<ri lil nhfrng ehfr it dung khOog co trong eaG tir Thi dl}: co nha
ttn cho con chau v&i ohfrog chfr cuog h? thn NgQc chAng bl]Jl thi nglro-i ta d,n
tco v&i chfr Ti{;n, ThQ khOng co trong tir co nha tcn v&i nhfrng chfr
tbeo h? Nhan1 thi nglri:ri ta khOng ngan ngl}-i wn v&j nhfrng chfr it An, -f;t Thu.
v.v. it dung
c. Tv !f : T\r I. ten chfr, ten lUc cia thanh nien thi duc tinh Ii tu-(rng rna
minh chU9Dg, do do eon la bieu tv ' Ten chfr thlri'rng gom hai chit', co lien quaIl v6i
chir tcn (danh) ve y nghia, do do tblrlrng tir trong sach. Thi dl.1 :
Vi tcn la Ki :fi!. rna trong each Tir Il}-i co ciiu : cK; qu6c hfru ohan lrU thien di
a
hang trt.Iy, tMn vong slr ki, pM thl}'c giib (:fi!. 11 A.. of J... C
Ji. it nghla la: Nu-cYe Ki eo nglri:ri 10 tri:rj cUt thi than minh mtit ehb gU'i,
roi bO an ngih ... nen ltiy t\r Ia Uu Thien, ".yo ngt.I Y tI.r mta mai minh 10 hao mr&c,
di:ri.
d. -!It : Ngoai tl}' ra, mlii nglri'ri con co co m{lt hay nhii:u ten khac
thi m?t Y nghia gi do, m{lt cach tIF do h<rn h.r, ltiy tir m?t dia dauh cna que hlrO'ng
(La SO'n, Hlnrng Giang, Hong Llnh v.v. ) tir m?t tM vui,* du cna minh (Sieu do,
Lan ong, Tuy ong v.v. ). nhlr co the goin nhieu chii' : Hili Lan ong, Hong
lIO'n V.v.
Ha e6 nhlrog ll!i them m?t hiiJu nira gQi 1& bift hifu $IJ khac).
d. Tht.Iy 1l : la ten eho nglfi'ri sau khi chet va can eO- vao Hoh net, hanh vi llie
SODg Uhll': Bon 1#- ' chiit tr\rc f A v.v.
e. i kern theo eac ten 'I(.i treD, va 0- cuoi cung. ta thlri:rng nhfrng tir PM quan
1ft cong va Cong .
(1 hung Qu6c xtra, con chau gQi chung cac vi dM tm&c minh la Phil quan VO'l y
nghia ton a Nam, tir nay thlrll'l1g dung hl}-n che cho nhirng ong tb dlrng dliu
111?t hg hay it nhiit cling dli-ng dau m?t chi (ph9.i) cua hg.
Con tir cong ehl nhirD!!; vi eo hr&e quaD phao 'IH tir Cong ehI ml)t nglfi:ri
dim bng dan thlrcrng (llhll' tir Oug trong
f. a Nam, trong ct.Irn tlr chi ten nglfcri doi v&i phcii nfl', co m!)t dieu lit
ph iii thern tir to th! giira ten hI? va ten nglrb'i (dieu Day khOng thay 0- Trung Ql/.oc) : TrliD
Thi Lien rt.
2. - Ve ten gpi cc}c (jng Ji'ri trlfac
a. Hien khao : eha fiii chi:t (khlto: eha dll chi:t, Hitln : t6 daDh y tilo
tn.mg) ;
ISo
h. to tlI. : 6ng nl}i da cbet;
c. Tang to of flI. : CIJ (co);
d. Cao fa $i tEl. : ou/! kj (nug rao).
Chi chu : Neu mutJll g'.li eac !'Jng t() xa han Cao t1) thi eli- m6i deri tMm m(lt chir CAO
I, tbi dl.1 : i'lIlg siuh ra bug eao to Iii CAO tll; flng sinh ra on!! cao cao t(\ la CAO (:ao
cao t1) v.v.)
J. Ve ten gO; CdC ba dih trU'uc :
a. Hicu tt -:k*: dil chet;
h. Hien t1) ti flI. : ha n{li dil ehet;
c. Titng to ti lEI : ba Ct.l (co) dil chet.
d. Can tl) tl Il..lt*- : ha ki dil cbet.
Chli y: Tl ..It*- : !\11.' di eht:t. eilll chi ehun/! cae ba f:lie dlri tnJ"('rc dil chet (trong ca"
nJUl tir trcn).
4. - Vi" t,rue vi cae mcnh phl,l :
I-Hi j v(yi nhil'llJ!,' bit rna {'hong e6 quan ham. la nhfmg phI}, tbi co nhfrug tu"&c
vi kt'lll theo tPu !llur dU"&i day theo ebe d{l ban hanh tir n8111 Ih\r :l airi Minh (1822)
(O{Ji Nam aien Ir toat .. : Ll!i - Phollg ph\! rnAu) ,
(jl1AN HAM eVA CH()NG
(tir th8:p dt,n ("flO)
Vall \'I) tir TOllg ('Im (')--2)
hat (R:])
2 VIIIl VO Ii .. Tong that (7-2)
(1i;1I challh h.1C (6--1}
Van vo tir Thug ngu (5 " . 2)
rlt:" ('hanh ngli (5--1)
4 Van VI) fir Timg hi- (4- 2)
rli:1I ehanl! hi- (ll._1)
;; Van vo til" Tong tam (3-2)
.til" ehanh tam .. l)
" Va" vi) ti .. Tflllg nh! ph?im
ehanh IIhi pham
7 Viin vi', fir TilTlg nhat dell chauh
I1htlt phihn
cnCr TlI'<1C VT
CtfA CAt BA'
NhiJ nhim
An nhim
4. A..
Nghi nbilll
1C",-
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Thl.W nhlin
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Phil nhan

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Ct, nai g?i Is Th,c nhau
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TrU"&c nam Minh Mfnh thli-
:1, vcf GaC quaIl nbi ph?im Gillig
IhrCfe g9i Iii phu IIban.
Phu nhim, trong gia phil, con
nghia ]8 Vcf Ga (cling glJi
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153
I. PHIEN AM:
Mr THANG LAN NG6STOC PHA Kf (1).
Yen Khanh phii, Yen Mo Yen Mo tong, C'oi l Khlli J 'I'ri xii, 9&ng Pbu giap.
Ngo gia ehillm xI!- (2) thiiy to tinh Ngo, bUy Cong LII",!c, tlf Nghia SO'll. SO'D Nam xU-
(kim chi Nam Djnh Hoh da). Phong DoaDh [ dinh J Ngo Xa Dban [ nhO'n ] .ta.
Hoang Le Thanh Tong (3) Hong fhrc (4) DieD giant tu- c&ng tieD ph\, quoc tbll"l}'"og
tll"<Yng fluan, Clim y d6 ehi huy su- ty, uong tran
J:}II"O"!Ig trieu tMng biuh, kiell hfru ehieu, Ihicn hI!- ph am xa dan h. tht IlI"u
hoang xU-, chiem giii dlic.
Tho-i, cong phl;1ng ehieu thao thira thuyen kiDh qua Yen Mo xi hii khlu dja
phlin hll"O"llg chtic thanh hien viet: ( SIr cong dr:i djllb, thiet mieu tri te., Qui nhi
thanheong, tOl!-i thiet te vu gia xU-. llhall Cira Tho- xU- (Kim chi Mr Thling la.n. Cn-a
Thir xU- di), nien te di cbinh L ehauh I "gil nMt [ nhlft] ball [ bon]
xii dinh tbi dll"cYng lao (.5) niH cai dl}ng h.le trung gian thiell vu lin ngi.
(6) thallh hil!n thaoh hien chi danh thuy di).
ThO-i. cong kien Nguyen Billm. Phl].m Nhan Liin, Moh Doiin Trung. Tl!- 1.1;i (7) Vii Dang'
dAng nh_1I dll', cae fli phu nhan, tico di ehillm XI!- Yen 1\10 xii (8)
Coi [ Khoi 1 Khe, Cira (9) Phan .tiing xU- dia ; h.T A Lang, t\le Cay da bin, dt
Bile. true df- gitH, vi Cui Bam xii (Dam t\r, nw! qu6e bUy nai cai 9am vi tri,
Coi Tn chi daoh thilY thir) tu-c kim chi Coi Tri xii. dii. Ton hoang oMt khoanh tlf Ciy
da tan di Naill chi Yell Mr, xii dia C{lUg tOl!i phl;1ng chieu chillm dlic chi, gia Cll'
ki dja, dl.1C vi Ngu Mi thon (kim chi l\1i l\hlinK, Nhin Tam Li IICY Cll' thi dil).
tjch, nl!-p, Bal1, ehi vi h.ru ohi cung t6t, tMng vi Coi Tri xi, Mi Tbling Ian.
Ki chif:m tho Lin [bon J (11) ehi him to, oien chlnh tli
fP
ohi ll!-p
nguytt nhi IIgu bill xii kinh [killhl ki, cong ki (12) dl.r yell. Cong vi N,o
chi thiiy tb ( cong Bioh II" chinh bat bin xii NgLia (13) di tbi
thiet te; t6t II" hat Lan :>iii lanh hinh (14) di thi nh.t kinh kj;
mi) tl!-i Cliu Trang xU-. tllC QuaD pIli,! (15), tIr van tir vii chi Nam, tf!a Nbam hll'frng
Biuh (16).
Chinh thlt Phung Thi. Tir LIfO"ng nghi nhin (17); thu- thlt Ngo Thj, l'ir
diD ohaD (lH) (11I"{rng nil) t;nh tl!-i tll"<Yog cong chi Song, ki nh tjnh tMt ).
Coog IIl0h ohi nam, !t.r Nghta Dung, t\I' Biuh (nMt van tlf Trung Vii)
trieu phong giai vi qu.n cong (cong hfru cong II" quoc, co phong ki nhi tu- ; phln
Illf}, kj nMt tinh that IruycD), (19) tao tho-i bioh hOa, elf Hch 1'6 tiIng ke khao.
Coog dfio nh! ttY. trung giao, ban xa truy bio vi than. Chi kim tl]' chi ;
hi chti.
( PhiI tam vi thltn gia, hoang Le Ciinh hlrng nien giant han xii Dai ThU'Q'ng
thU' ! thO" J Ninh hrfrng cong buy Ton dfr chu-c hinh dan dong xa. di COD!; dAng. lfll"O"ng
tricll quan, hfrll cOng du-c, nhll" "hi em dia xii, hinh. phU, dinh, cong hr
hlro-nj; nr tsi h.re. dan da Il.li chi. ban xa "icn hinh, h{li, Vii h!)i giai duy cong
thi Ie khli kit:n, co truy hao vi. thlln nhi tt.f chi.
Khlo elm Ie van rIii" th.eh hi thii tile Trung" vii Ii vlfc dl!-i than ). Ihu- tlic tu-
PhI.' thll"c.rng tU'lyng quao - Uim v v(' -.- 1M chj huy Illr ti -- doog trill
hrri-ng cong, l'ighia Sun Ii ... dl!-i thlin : hlt'l thd- tlic c Dling Ii VI.re
r-.t.i lIJ.(i' ti: I J \iill, thii til(" Nil,.' tll',;'ng cr,ng - Ii ft<;ti thlll): thu- tae ( i\ghia
\
Dung - l{ V\l'C tMn, ; b\fu tbti- tlie Trung Vu - H V\l'C thitn '. Nhj Mt
"1 tri thyc thi NIU ttro-ng chi, .nhll" bih xi sO- tmo-c ( tnr J giA, cai vi (Trung Vii
om ttro-ng eong ebi phy. nhi Nghia Dung' thi ding chi tIl' : thtr<!ng tAe hao ki
pbt.l, tlie phong (20) ki t6-, c6 hu'u tain the cj"mg) chi thuyet. NhU'(!c ngo t()C
sO- tnro-c nii ljch (dc;ri] ttrO"ng truyen, Ngbia Dung, Trung V u giai thi tll"c7ng cong chi
hi-, thlfa pbong, nbi el U' quoc, da tmo-c huin lao. Phi nhien gii, an nang
vi daD "i thlin gil M? Nhien tMt khuyllt nghi khi di.
II. CHO GIAI
(1) Bay la dau cua gia phi hI} Ngo x6m Mi Thling, Bong Phu 'I
xi eM (KhOi) Tri , tong Yen Mo "ll , Yen Mo, phu Yen Khanh
!/i-Jl. , duh Nillh Biuh , .if' Day la thOn Coi Tri, xi Yen Mi -l- ,huyt-II Tam
;:E. t ,doh H. - Nam - Ninh. 1* Ph;; M: nghia cung nhtr Phi lye.
(2) .J; M Chiem XtJ : ngli' hallh chinh - phap ch;! Nam xtra. khong eo
trollg cae til' ticog Han. Nhlrng qua thl,rc ;, cac dia co tM dl!i ItrQ'c
duug lit: theu chfnh each khai huang cUa do-i Hong Sti-e ( Ik Thanh Tbng). dan co quyclI
di khai phti diit hoang 0- ngoai Ilmg Dlinh va sau khi vir xong, thanh nu-a
dfit dl') thu{w vi; quyell 10- hfru rieng, con m{lt nu-a thu{le vc quyen iii)' hu'u cong e(mg eiia
nbs ntrlrc giao cho xii hfru quan quan 1(. Chiem: chiem hiru ; : hlilt. \ang ra xa, <r dfr.y lit
J'a ngoal dia cua liltlg bIn '1uan. X iJ con co nghia lit tranh lily (tn.\O' thu it Jfl.. )
-. - Vh Chiem XiJ elm c6 co nghia In 'rem" chiem nhlf nhan dati dia phtrO'ng nay
hi:Ju.
(:-3) :t Hoang: 1611, y ton : hoang Le. hoallg hoilllg Trieu. f}ung ra Ii!
Thanh Tang 'if: ; kieug huy chff Tbug to ra rang oon gia phil nay chrl]'\: viet
dtro-i triell Nguyea va aau do-i Tri. Tri ten Is Mien Tong).
(4) *' {! Hong Dvc (dti-c Io-n) : Dien ena vua I.e Thanh Tong (huy lit Tlf
Thanh 11; ) tir uam 1470 den 1497 (HI' nam 1460 Mo 1468 nieo /a Quang
;L JIlt ).
(5) l DU'''ngI30: chieu dili eae el} giit dinh lang vao dip oihr nam,
vao klloin ru{lng dlJ (rng lao cua lang.
(6) }Jk : Chii' Nom. l-)a1 IV. d,ng chii' ve thtrb-ng lit }.Ct, .
(7) J,.. Lo;:!\ m dja phtrO'ng (eo Ie Iii am eb ) ; nay ta thU'o-ng dqc In 16i ( L{li ).
(8) ;1, \11' Jien : rugng d'!ng y khollg khai vao dia hI! cua laog dll tron thue t:i'la
nba ntro-c.
(9) *- Ora: eM' ; khac -- va r(1 Ie \il eila ehfr (thlrlrng \ i(;t
tlit la ).
(10) "4 Quae huy : ten eung clJ'm ella vua. a oay, lit Thf Tong -tt
( ] sn -- 1599 ) huy Iii Ouy Bam '-l it . e(l hni nitn lit Gia Thai l. va Quang
Hl1'ng .P!-
(1
0
) it ;f. TM bi" ( hon ) : tir nhfl'l1g vi dlrn#! dan danh I'tll'h nln-rnl!
,
khaikhoang va lip lang nay.
(11) Jt. 1<1 .: lien tir, nghia nhtr Niii 1$. ,n.Mn y kMng dinh.
(12) it ft Nghia hpi : HOi ughla ( ht}i lam nghia, nw ta noi h?i ttroong t';
ngay nay).
(13) )j binh : binh Hnb (Ianl. lit 111{1t tlr
rieill eo nghia phin va i Binh va Quan -" ).
Han eua Vip:t Nam. Kbi dlrng
(14) '; \ Quan ph" : tl}C g<;li la Go quan.
(15) i .4: {.rJ t*J 1 {Jd Nham hU'o-ng Blnh : trong ngfr dia Ii ttuyen, T,.'"
co nghia 18 quay lU'ng vc va HU'ang {.rJ ia quay ve ; khi noi ve mo ma, Tga la
quay (tau ve, con HU'o-ng Iii quay chan ve ( vi 'kbi ngira, dinh dau quay ve htrang IU' ug
ctia Me va chin quay ve htrang cu. Ide ng3i). la blraug - nac xc Bac,
Binh la l11r&ng Song - Nam Nam.
(16)

A Nghi nhan : xem iliae vi cua cae phu nhan \q hili giai chung
TC gia phi.
(17)
it
A... nltan: khong thiiy trong cae tir va Cr cac Vall ban kbac ; chU'a
rt, nghia.
(lH) , lien tir, oghili nhtr Ban .f!! , Bat qua .:;f: il
(19) PMn cii.e tir 1v -". , Th" d ya Phong -# trong d{l b<lll
thU'ong cua vua doi v&.i he toi thai phong kien: Tv va Th(l deu co nghia ban lilac vi
cbo .b&n tbin ngtriTi lam quan ; Phong 1& V! eho cha ruff, ong ha va VC}' con ciia
ngtrcJ'i lam quail khi Dhfrng ngll'lri dtrC}'c ball COD s611g ; T Ia ban ttrac vi chonhil'ng than
Dban lII,i tren khi nhfrng ngtriTi da mat. .
. .
COil tuy fhco pham cua DIU'o-i lamquan mathem vao cae tjr trcD tir Go *
fir Site jt : d6i vai cap cao _hi d uDg Clio thl!,Cao phong, . Cao ; d6i VtTi dip
. thiip thi : Site, Site pbong, Slic .
. III. D!CH NGHI A
GIA PHA HO NGO X6M MT THANG
Giap Bong Phti, xii. Coi [ KbOiJ Tri, ti)ng Yn Mo, Yell Mo; phti Yen Khan.h.
Ong tt'i diu tien chi em I lang nay J cua hg ta, bUy G mg LIl'Q' c, tIF . Nghia Soon, [ la I .
nglriri liang I l\gO Xli, huyi;n Phoug DoaDh xU- Soon Nam (Day 1. dnh Nam ).
Khoiillg nibl Hong i-hrc I d{ri J Thanh Tong nha Le laIl, phong ong [ chlrc ]
trlln phI} qut)c quin - Cam r do Blr ty - dong tran. dip:D.
r () 1I 1-; dll'O'Dg J coi cit quan dlji cua trieu My giiT I thi] tUy co chicu l rling], ,'t ca din
lang dlrtTi tr(ri , uO'i I1ao la ru{lng dilt eon bii hoang chlra ke khai r thi J cho phep nglrai :Chiem
trll'ac UtrQ't: lillY I .
J ,lie do, ong dug chieu d\fp di tbuyen Dgang qua d!a c\h xi Yen M6,
d6thtroong diu thanh thlln rlng : r Khi nao] ket qua cong xong xuOi hOlm toan, xin
mieu thiT cling '. r Sau J qua nhieD, thanh cong, [ ong J ren lam cling (y cM do ; vi ggi
13 xlr Cil'a ThO- . ( nay lit XII- CO-a Tha (y xom My TMng ) Mng nam lily llgay rilm thang gieng
r lam ngay I e lill/l; ( I'all, IlllIg ta di"h agay ay thief. diii hi, liio, lIi' n dbi vllO lIl!;ay 1I111'ai 1i&1I ).
1.56
giai dOliln glii'8, do-i cung vao trong xom, [ U oO'i 1 gQi Iii (NeD thanh (ten NeD thanh
hlit dau r tir do]. )
Bay gii:r, oog thay hO'n mtro-i ngtrCri \Ia J L9n Phlilm Nhan Lao, Ninh
Voim Trung, TI,l L1)i, Vti Bang ... tat ca la ngtro-i phii, klulc - tnrae da chiem ruc)ng
I%u eua xa Yen Me} IT phandat cac xU- Cn-a Phan, Coi Khe, tir A laDg, t\le gl,li la Cay da
tan, phill Blie- (Htp de lam gi&i hl,lD, xii Coi Bam (chfr Sam !lau huy eua vua,
hen Bam lam Tri; ten Cili Tri bi'lt dau tir uo), tu-e IS xii Coi Tri ngay nay. Con 111(,t
thn-a ru{>ng hoang tir Ciiy da taD ve phi a Nam, den dja xii Yen Mo, ong hen tuall chi{;u
chiem Xiii dU'qc vilDg d6, lam nha 0- dat ly [ va] rlip muon nen thOn Ngii. Mi (Day la
dat (y cua l cac xum J M i N han H va Tam Li), lam sb dan ricng va n}p thuc rieng. Song,
chi chll'a thimh thi ODg mat: r thon ay J bfm chung lam xom MI ThlinS ,,(t Coi TrL
I Cho nen J hang llIim V110 ulay mtro-i hai thang gieng va Ilgay rlim thang chlilP, xii ta
kinh cunl r cac vi ] dau tien cua cac vi dau sb chiem X" ong co (h,r phau [dtrqc cung]
i'r d6. Ong dung la ong tb dau tien eua hI,-' Ngo (ong sinh Ilgay mtro-i tam gicng,.
H}i Dghia xii ta cung lam III cung vao ngay do ; mat ngay mtrfri him thallg binh linh
xii ta ciing kinh gi6 ngay do ; ma IT xU- Cau Trang, t\le g9i la Go quan, i'r vki4Nam d.Qn
He)i ttr van, dau quay hU'&ng Nham. chan quay htrtyng Binh ).
Vcr ehinhbg Phung, la Nghi nhall Tir LtrO'l1g; vq thu- hg Ngo, 18 nh:m
Tir Hien (hai ngbi (ICIl tlili phia Bong me) cua tU'aog cong, ngay gi6 dPll thllt.truycn).
(jug sinh hai trai, h,r 1& Nghia Dung [ va I Nghia Binh (m}t thuyet noi t\r Trullg Vii)
deu dll'qc dinh ntr&c ta phong lam cong (oog co cong I&ll vai lItro-C, nell
I diuh J t,p phong hai ngU'm COli ciiaong ; rna l va J ngay lib den tMt truyen). Song.
I 0liln J hinh In-a luc do r nen J !I\r Heh khOng din' eu- vao dau rna khiio xet.
Oug va hai con. I vao j giai dOl!-O giira, xii ta truy ball lam thlio, d;;n nay Leon J thO-
ha vi I xin I xem Io-i ghi lr IJia oa.
La vi thlln, khoang nien Cinh Htrng doi Le 1&n, el! thU'qng thtr dai chieu
Ninh, huy T6n, cilDg toall xii rhtic slic, hinh dan - vi Cae vi 1ft quan t'oli trieu do-i bay'gio-,
co eong du-c 1&0 nhtr chiem diit lang, Il'oli sop J cua I va J su-c [ -vao J riellg va
coog eua lang: viQc binh, thne, dinh. dien, dan nho- -- nghi t&i quan vien I va I
hinh Huh. He)i llghia [va j H{li vo cua xii ta, nb& den cac vj rna cting ohtr v,y, ay J
kha ro, nen truy bliu r Cac vi J lam than thb-).
Xet cac hai van 'cting' cung lo-i ghi i'r hia da, thi du-ng dAu 18. Quau i&n Trung V u Ii
vl,re ; tiep den 18. ttr&ng cong Ngo, dtrqc chu-c tien phv <iuoc thtrqllg tU'&ng quan - Gim
y - f}c chi huy 8U- ty -- t\1' qnan l&n Nghla SO'n ly Vl!'C, va sau nira IS
I(lIan l&n Nghla Dung Ii Vl,'C. NhtrDg [theo J S() van te cua h9 ta, thi du-ng dau Is tU'&ng
cong Ngo. quan I&n If v\rc tiep den 18. quan 1&0 Nghia Dung If V1.rc; va sau nfra 18 quail
I&n Trullg Vii Ii v\rc. Hai thuyet kbong llhl1t tri, chtra hiet cai DaO dung. Ke d'!i[ nay J hc)m
lIghi rang, theo oieu ghi chep cua xii ta, chirng nhtr I vi J g?i Iii. Trullg u tu-c la cha cua
tll'&og cong, con Nghia Dung do 18 con cua tU'ullg cong OJ tren thi la khen chat 3- dln)-i
thi Is phoDgnoi con, eho nen m&i co thuyet f ba oo-i qu,n cong,. [con]
ghi cMp cua hg ta Ie !ll!' llili ella hao do-i qua tM Nghla Dung r va] Trung Vu deu Is
con ri'Ia f:ong, [ dtrqc J IIho- bong phong noima lam quan i'r nU'ue, Ifp cong Mo;
neu khODg tM thi !lao co ir lam cong', ir dan lam h'n thihi dtr9'c? l'ihtrng,
cung lit that truy,\n I ea j c:hl, lIghi ngll" ni'n trling
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158
I. PHIEN AM
HOANG MON PH.!. (I)
(C\1'u Giao Thuy HOlmh Nha xii) (2)
The hr thip:
Xii tnro-ng Hoang Tat Bao (3) Don phac pbu quan (At ti nieD (4) crru
cu-u tuKt hai (5) 8inh ; tf Dien (6), hi- ohi tlinh,t t6t, tb? tli- th;p
hi- fue ; xi trU'o-ng tli-c kim litmo-Dg).
TI Nguyen Thi NguYft, Trinh tinh nMn (6 h) (At ti Dien (7) sinh,
(8) hat nhi hat t6t, thl} that th;'p tli- tue.
nt biio 110" bUy Bang (9) IJai 'nt Ttl chi nhi til'.
Thi nai bill (hbn) giap Nguyen t{)c Ong Cai Hoa chi nfr.
Sinh nam tli- ohan : TrU'o-nl viet The Nghia,thti- vil!t The Bam, VsnBo (9 h) Hang Tam,
quy viet The NgV ; nfr tam uhlin : uhat viet Tbi Dieo gia ban giap Hoang tqc nhin, xU'ng b8
Binh Vi, Llro-ng Th;n ; nhi viet Thi Dsnh, gia Trung gilip t{lc nhin, xU'ng ba
Vsug. Trinh Thfll ; tam viet Thi gja Chinh (Chanh) than HOll1ig t(ic onal1, XU'Tlg
ha Tieu, Tir TAm.
\Ii) ehi : T/) bJ;,h Huh (10) on hoa, trt tim thuan h;u, trU'o-ng vi han xa xi\ tnro-ng binh
lU'O"lIg huan khoim. dall xa phil (11). Gian hfru nghich VilDb (12) kho-i ngl!Y pbieu lU'g"e
(13) thbn dall. Be ( Minh (14) nien giall) quan tillu trir, cltm ho,!-ch dang
hin. Y diing hfrll phl}-m (Bbng nUn) thiet nh;p ban htrO"ng Ai xli- (16) tiem tM1I
giiii Hi fri chi. "hien bi xi dao CU' thM thU'(rng og\lyding vang lai.
thi'r nhan thanf! hi hiep tung. Lat nhlm giii thtrtrllg vi t(ic nban b8 CI.l Xa Thim (17) hli'a
thl,re, h;u. diilcm ph6l\g .,hi, hi dlic hOi 1111an an
Phil (18) Mt di dim ngl!y cong, dan di xuKt (19) ohin t{li, vi quy ; ki dnh d(1
(20) nhU' thii. NguI}-i nha-n uhi Ian r lii)n J mAn nhU'g"" thi tlic xa n{H lilt 8\1' 1..hu xU- khai khii
yim (21). COi vall (22) Thlic tC'i conf! (Minh 90ao cong) ngon, lieu (2:3) ehi ki
van uhi (25).
Tiing ton Huy din chi.
II. CHU GIAI I (Ball gia nay do ong Canh Minh giiing dl}-y 0- Khoa SUo
TrU'irng Bl!i hl!c SU' I 118 NI)i Inru tltm va cho phep tllr dl!og).
(1) it " Hoang mon the ph';: gia pbii h.., HQimg ( mon : nha. hil!u v6i
nghia gin tOle; the phi : cling nhlr gia pbi, phii
(2) 3t 11(. J {.j- Ciao TMy Hoanh Nha xJ: xii Huanh Nha nay lit
xii Giao ; huyp:u Giao Thi'ly nay 8ap v&i Xuan TrU'trng thanh Xuan
Thuy (thu(ie tinh Hit. - Nam -Mnh ).
(3) Sung ra la c thl!Y' chii- khOng phii .Jt (xem phln gi&i chung
gia phi). NhtrDg c6 n6i: th\lY , (ten lau khi 18. . )
(4) (y dAy:khODg noi nien hip'u DaO, 80ng 0- dU'&i co n6i 8\1' Phon Ba Vanh va
trieu Minh Mllmg, Dam Atti nay Ie nam 1785.
,
(5) gil,' ( nghia nay hOlm toall Naill ). Gil,' tuKt Iil khoilng tir 19 dl!n 21
159
(6) 1& nam
6
1
) A Nhu "han: xem dO!?oD hl'&c vi cac phI} troag bai giui chung
gia phi.
(7) xem chu thich 4.
(8) hrc lit Dam 1858.
(9) Chir 1t , chung fa quen dC}e I. Bitng, nhl1'ng dungra am Ii. Banh ( B9 canh thiet ).
9 b)' Van Do : Van .cbi con trai ; ito,chir Nom, Iii tim cua tre em chet luc
m&i !!ioh, cbl1'a teo.
(10) t ,Ii Binh t,,,h: giir Hoh (Blnh co Dghia nhl1' Tri It ,
Chlp ; Binh tAin : giir long)
(11) Vpng phil: trong mong va tiD (phil: nghia den, - n6iloai chim
lp tr..rDg ; tir d6, nghia bOng, tin vl lo.i ehim ap trti-ng, tin cUc den ki tr..rng Be nlr).
(12) T..rc Phan Ba Vitnh, ngll'<ri lang Minh Giam a}1 ... (nay dM I. Urn
J1 Day thu?c xi Vii Binb) Xl1'crng. dnh Thai Binb. ngU'Cri di lanh
CU?C khcn nghta nong dan 0- mien hien Thai Binh - Nam Binh dU'6i Minh
trong nhirng nam 20 ctta kl XIX.
t'l ill PhiEu lU'fYc : Cl1'tYP bOc (chfl' LI1'Q'c ciing viet lit :n ). Bay. Dgl1'<ri viet
gia pha then quan phODg kien.
(14) .a}1 Minh ( M!?ong) Dietl cua vua thti- hai ten lit
Phuc itam (Bilm) d .
(15) #- 1t Cam ho,d,: Mt QU'Q'c (chfl' C/im thl1'(rng viH Iii 4t 4j: tronl!
cac tir ; f.r it dung trung cac !!ach VO-, nhl1'ng l!?oi 18 rJ-,ug trong dan gian
Nam ).
(16) fl Jt Ai xv : ncri hillm trlr. - Cling co the 18 m{lt dia danh (y Jia phl1'crDg: xU- Ai.
4 Tham: thim, tti-c VQ' cua cM vv eua em trai (dung Dhl1' cach xl1'ng hO
nay CF cae Ijnh phia Nam ). RiI. C\1 Xii. Thim 0- day chi lit flng Hoang Tat Bio.
(18) Jl Phil: hl1' tir ou-ng (y dllu e8U mo- dllum?t ngb!
(19)' sk Xuat: tha, khoDg bilt ngl1'Cri co kbOng gbep ngl1'iri vao t{li da ph!?om ( nghta
nhU' xu(t thoat sk JliL).
(20) tl ,'i. Tinh J{j : tinh Hob va d? hrvng d..rc d,).
(21) . Yen: eM y cach dung tir. ( yen' i'r day: nD khongphii lit mOt trQ' tir dl1'R
dly lr cu6i cau rna la mt)t tir du-ng sau mOt n{li d{lug tir mOt, O?ug tir
thay cho c 11' chi' (hi'ri cai d6, den cii d6) U' thj) ::6t- ,t (0- d6,
hie t!6).
(22) .i (d!?ong g6c:
.,
"!?on, diD gia,,: .l. ) 'rll Ca; vlln: d,i khai ta
(<< Cai' <hi'ng dltu din - va thlrirng hay di vo-i Van - hao ham v nghia khong CQ
160
kMog ro rang)
(23) lieu : hay, hing ( chit c Lieu thuQc h9 Nhi Jf vinghia den la u tai ) ..
(24) -f Thit: thanh (pluin hiet v&i til' c Th\l'c ;t nghia la day Oll;
lIong fren th\l'C te, ngay trong "ach viT, mgll'o-i ta thll'o-ng citing lin 11}0 hai tir
\ (25) .:;; Jf Van nhT:- nhll' the rna tMi.
( PMn VITi iVan nhi : nhU' tMd6, t{i Nhi Jf bao ham y nghia
rhO.
III. DtCH NGHTA
GfA PHA HO HOANG
(XU'll laxli Hoanh Nha Giao Thuy)
9iri tht" mtriri
lOng J xii tmo-ng Hoang Tat Bao, la Bon PhaG phU quan (einh gio- tutit ngay 19
thang ehin nam !t _. -ty" ;' mat ngay 24 thang til' Bam ti, thl] Mn mtrui ht)n tuM; xii
tmo-ng tu-c nay lit Ii trll'o-ng).
Bit Nguyen 'hi la Trinh tinh nhti nhan (eioh nam !t -- I!; mat ngay 28
thang tam Dam -- Ilgl], thl} hay n1trui til' tuoi ).
[ ODg J 'nit Bio, trU'uc huy Ii! Bitng, la con thti- hai cua [ Gng ] Tat TO.
Ba Ii! coo gai Ong Cai Hoa hI] Nguyen gian tao
lang ha J einh h()n trai Icon traj b()D nguuij : ra gl]i lit The Nghia, thu-. gl}i Is TM Bam
r va J Van BU Ii! thu- ba), ut la The Ng<,> ; ba gai [ogaj ha ngU'o i J: ngU'o-i thu- nhat
gl]i Iii Thj Dien, lay chOng IIgtro-i hI] Hoang giap ta, gl]i la Ba binh Vi, hi?u la J.Il'UDg
; ngll'o-i thl" hal g<,>i la Thi Danh, lily chOng ngll'ai h? giap Truug I gifrsj la
Ha do' Vang, hiu la Trinh ; ngll'o-i thu- ha gl}i la Thi DI}-ng, lily ,:bong ngll'!yi hI} Hoang
thOn Chlnh, g?i la Bit di") Tieu, la Tit Tam.
Ghi them: Ong gill' tinh on hoa, @jfr thulln r khi J luo len lam Ii trll'o-.,g xii fa,
khoin IU'o-ng cua qUaD Huh dong n{lp dlly du, I oen I dan xii mong oho- [ va] tin
TroDg tho-j lSi an do coJtimJ phan Ilghjch (?) Vauh oM IOl}-n CU'tYp hOe (?) dan lang; Vua (thM
Minh eai quaD danh dftP, duM blit ; ding I chUng J tan. Bing chung co [m{>t J
ke t{>i (,OgU'o-i 96qg Nhue) tr6n vao xU- Ai lang fa, Ilall minh 0- hang Cua. Ong von
hiet vi?c do, nhll'ng nghi dug bay gio- ding (?) thll'o-ng tui lui dan xi do, l vi)y] ngll'o-i
nay eo hi hu-c phii theo. I nenl khOng no' dlra di n{lp l cho quan ], r II}-i J thll'<mg bio
mgU'o-j trong hI.' (Ba C\l xii Thim ) cho r no Jan, riJi rau im thi n6. No dU'\"c vc que
quan lam an On.
Oi ! CMng lily cOlIg duM bat gi,c rna chi lKy tha t{>i ngtl'o-i lam quy: Tinh Huh
( va J du-c dl} ciia ong nhll' do. [B6i vui J ngll'o-i ngoai r xii, ong] thll'ung xcit tM,
tbi r d()j \"ui ] m\)j ti-ong xi, [ ong 1 xU- Ii r nhll' tM DaO J. 06j chung r ta 1 co thfl
ttrg'ng dtr<fc.
kbai [ ta] nghe on, cM (Ong Minh 90an) noi [ np-n ] hing ghi IIV: nhtl'
v,y tOOl.
Chlit Huy kioh din ghi.
161
CHUaNG XIiI
VAN CUNG
(Y day, Igi 18 Van cung, van ban rna xU'a kia 19i 18 Te van ...
T" van ) trong Han.
Nhu'ng trong tit;ng Han, khai TIl van hao g()m cil VaD phUng ngll'<ri
m{lt th!i lo.,i van hgc, thU'<rng dU'9'c lam theo loi van xuoi bien ngiu (phU) trong tieng
tn thU'<rng ggi la Van te, Idn lollli van nghi Ie dgc trong khi cUng co nc}i dung call xin
va lo-i Ie mgc rna, trong ta thll'<rng ggi 18 Van cung.
NhU' khai Van eUllg cua Nam khOng clang nbat v&i lrhai Te van
Glia Trung Quoc ; do do, a day, khOng noi lol].i VaD van h9c.
Dan gian ta con ggi lo.,i Vall ClIn" lY la Veln lehan vi no co n{ii dung ciin xiu (khan
diu) Tllllnh, Qui, TUn va Tong Hnh ngU'M qua cO che cM' (phu M) cho nhfl'ng
nglfo-i cling.
NgU'o-i ta cling con ggi 18 Set vi thll'<rng thU"<rng trong mc}t hai van cling co ke ten
nhieu vi va do do co mo- dau b/iog mQt can. co tir 5&) It. (nghia laghi. trioh tirDg
dipu, tirng kholm) lam ngfr : c TU' dh'O'ng .... sO- vi ) .. (Nay .. tnnh rllng .. )
va ket thUc M.ng D1{it nhOm tir UlY tir 5& lam trung tam: Chn 86-) (Kinh trinh).
Cuoi cung, tll'<rng ciln nen noi them m{it : thll'<rng thll'o-ng, thee t\10 cung thin
0. Nam ngay XU'8, flnu khi dge hai van cung (hai khlln). ngU"<ri ta con hat m{it hay hai
bai co nQi dung ca ng9'i vi thanh, than dU'9'c cling, nhll' hen Thien ehUa hat Thanh cn
(p!!aume) ; tuy lam hAng Han van, IOl}i bai hat nay ll}i thU'<rng ctll'llc !!ang tac theo I\1C
hat hay !!ong that l\1e bat rna ngll'o-i ta g?i 1. Tan van if hay van it -x. (I).
Bay lil mQt IOl].i chau van blng Han van co mc)t gia tri van h9C kha dc}c dao va, vi
cung dU'g'c xep ra ngoai phl].m vi cua lo.,i Van cling noi iY day.
II. CAC VAN CUI'4G
Van cung, theo quan trent co th8 chia 11m ha lo.,i, xct va rIP; Jung cl6i
tU'qng cung xin :
1- Van cling vong /inh ngvc,r chet, thU"Crng dung trong nhii'ng tmo-ng hqp dam tang
kYo ;
2- Vin cling quy than thll'o-pg dung trong nhfrng trll'o-ng hqp cung thll'o-ng ki nhU' :
Ki yen;f1f (0- cac flnh 'phfa Nam ggi la CUllg IHtt) Nhll'O'ng :tinh it 1-
(0. cac flnh phia g?i 18 mng Sao), hanh vito dip dau xuAn ; cuol; cu6i nam
(1U'8 One; Tao Ie Giao thira .. 18 cung than trong cac ngay '(HQi Phu H{ii Kiep B,c.
9M SOng .. ); nhfl'ng cUog Mt two-ng nhll' cung TO' Mng trong Ie C1l'6i, .
. .
(I) Tan lIanvlln 1. vb Trung Qu&.: Mn c.,.nh thi. pM. bit Minh
-#. .. 4 .. III Iofl vflu noi vi cua ngU"Ooi lts: cMt C10n Tan III lo,i vlln
1:11. ngQ'i ifti-c. (y Trung Qu6c ciing con g?i' ca ngvi duc cua PMt III TAn . Co II! khai nitm
Tan vlln cua Nam glingiii v6-i kbai sail nAy. ,'"
T.nyrn van 11 m9t tlrdilng v6-i ngii- nghia Vih Nam. kMng thlly tron" vlln haD TnlT.g
Quoc cO nghia 14 tinh cM).
162
('111 dlo khi PO tsi hi':o.
a-.- Van eung tien Sir, tl; Sir c6( nghe DMt la cae nghe thli e6ng.
III. 86 eve
Noi chung, D9i dung mQt hAi van cung thO'i:rng I'hrerc vi't theo tr't tl}' lau dAy:
1- PMin mu Jiiu : gom co :
s. ThrYi : ngay, thang, nam, niim
h. Dia Jie,n : xii. phii, tlnh
c. TIn eM : ten cua ea nhan tM (phO'Crng, xa) ngu'i:ri cling;
d. iy Jo : hgp Cling: ki dam mr6i v.v.
2- Philn chlnh : gom co :
a. Ten J6i tU'f'ng diu cung : d6j to'gng ciiu cung co khi chi co mgt, t!ong co khi
gi'lm nhieu vi ; trong tmi:rng herp 1'111', phiii ghi do ten va dung tr;t tl}' theo yeu ellu.
b. N(ji Jung ciiu xin : xin hlnh yen VO Ill}' hoic mong doi ttl-a. tram l1am v.v.
, 3 - Ph;}n ket thuc : Mgt cau nghi 1(; cong thll-(' . Kinh thO'a, krnh trinh, monl hO'ung.
xet V.v.
IV. NGON NGD'
t - Hieu dang chu y dltu ticn la trong m9t hai van cling, thU'o-ng dung chii' DUY
(cling co , hoic .) mo- dlu liyi noi ve tho-i . NhU' 0- phlD eM
giai van ban co noi, chfr puy 0- day khOog co ngii- nghia C1} tM vi no chi Is m?t trer ngfr
tir (hn' tir dO'a dAy) .ttl nhiin giC;lDg ph8n doan cua cau, ohlm lam tang tfoh chllt trang
nghiem cua buM Ie eung flUY thllo.
2 - Va cling nMm y IIghia d6, trong cac hai Yan cung tbU'Crng dung nhfrng til' co nhU' :
Han am .fk {- (ga tr<ing), Ttl" thinh (thanh) *' j". (mim xoi), Thanh chU'6c
(fU'?,u). Kj Jl. (Cllllg), Ngu It (niH dllm) V.T.
3- Ngoai ra, ta tMy thO'o-ng dung mgt 110 Icet cau til' ceing thue :
a. (y cM phlto mo- dllu chuylln aang phln chinh (xem m1}c Bo c'!c) thU'o-ng dung
cac diu tir : Cam Kien coc (1) vu It Jt"* f (Dam thAnh khln trlnh v6i) hoic :
- Cam Chi coc vu It:il\"* f (2)
(Dam kinhtrinh v6i ... ) ;
Cam chieu coc vu f (Dam trinh ro ,,(}oi . ) ,
h. Kilt tMc hai "an cling I. ciiu tiI' Ph{IC Juy chn coc i.l"* (Cui
nh6 kinh trlnh) Can coc (Kinh trinh).
c. Neu mo- hai van cling hing 86 "i It 1:, (tdoh ring) thi phii kilt thUe
( 1) nlnr :}; co hai : - Cao : hao :
- Cflc : trlnh ( noi v6-i ngU'o-i tren )
-- Cite : trj to;.
(:!) C1ui y phAn (,hft Chi (Kin}) vo-i "hir Ki M\. (Than itat).
163
banJ! flO- itt (Kinh trinh).
d NgU'o-i ta ding eon eo tht:, lr ciu thue, thay ket call Clin clk
(K.fnh trlnh), baog Thu'g'ug hU'Oong rliJ:f. (\-tong hn'Q'ng) hoe ThU'llng giam
(Mong xCt) .
. Khi d6i tU'g'Dg cung gorn nhieu vi co ngoi thtl- khac nhau thi dung cfu
lai phOi htro-ng ;t iJff.* (1) (Cung htro-llg chung) Song lai phOi giam
-*-!1t ( .et) (2) (Cimg den xit "hung).
4-- Noi chung, ngon ciia van i'r d.c ttob phia Nam thtro-ng m{lc m,!-c,
ehi con xem llhfrng cau (chir Nom). din ir phi a Bac. ngoD ngir eua i
van nay'da mang it nhieu Hnh chat van chtrO'ng, thl dl.' :
. - {y cae call van xuoi. efl rl6i ng<iu chp. :
Co khi ci hei chi co m{lt van nhtr the phU.
-- Co khi l,!i Xf'n vai cau thO' hay chir then thO' Htro-ng.
ttr9'Dg do - can dtr9'c chu y khi age van ban'- co Ie xuat phat tlr thl.rc Hi ]jch
fllr nay: cac hai van cung 0- phia Nam con giir dtrg'c nhirng mau tnr(le th;: ki XVII :
cou cac hai vall eung <r phia Bac 1& llbfrng mau Utrg'c hloh thanh sau khi hli.t dau Hnh trl!ng
chia dl.t'dat ntro-c do hai hg Trinh. Nguylin gay ra. Bo 13 thai ki rna chioh qUYCll
Ngoai ngay trung cao d(l vo-i nhung che nha mro-c phu-c va nhfrng qui
ch,t 'cM doi vo-i phong t\le, quan cua nhan dan theo quy ella Nho giao : phat
trilln Hai IlltrO'i bOn dieu giao hOa cua Le Thanh Tong (1460-1497). B6n mtrO'i bay dieu
giao hoa ella Phl!m Cong Trti', nhan danh trieu dinb; hall ra ni{ll1 1663. kMng djnh Huh
t:Mt Ilba IItro-e eua sach (Gia la nhung Bach, khong nhirng quy djnb ngbi tiet cac lli ctro-i.
tang, ma con thong nhllt nhfrng mAu van cung trong gia rllnh. tir cling Ong Tao <dfin
{)ng TO' hong (:{).
Tuy nhien, trong cac U1au van (Gia Ii: nay, r,hling ta cung clm b!l.t nhirng tir
Han do dan gian 1\am ra, m8. tieu nhilt I. tir TO' hOng IJ!J.
trollg nhOm HI' TO' hong lao Jl -:t . lao Is mt}t tir Han thuall tuy
dU'?,c "diu t'!o 'tir ket cau tir Nguyft IJO IIhan Jl -r -:t A ; Con TO' hong ro ranI!
18 1119t ket cau 1\;eu tir pbap tieng Han thi phii noi Ia Hong ti !:IJ nhtrng.
nguQ-i Trung Qu6c I!-i khOng noi nhtr rna noi Xich thAng
(I) Chir HIJ'i'rng i'r etly, oUllg ra Iii theo th6i qUell, co viet Iii ,t-.
(.'J.) Chii- Giam co vii;t it hO\lc ho\ic 4&t.
(3). Bach Gia Iii ,10 I'glro-j Nam 50IJII thai trlJ'VC den nay chung toi mvi nltti'ug cuon
va in trQng hai the ki XVll va XVIII 0- DlJ'o-ng NgoiLi sau etAy :
Ho thu:vng :hll gia Ie ho,c Quae am tJn drip gia Ie cua Hi) 5i DlJ'cO'ng (1621-]681) ;
- Tirp kink gia Ii cua Nge. Si Blnh in nlim thti- ba ViuhThinh 1707 (theo biii tva TA" mai
gia ll, -hin in nlm (liuh thAn Khai Djnh, 1920) ;
. ...;... rAp. lIlfli gia Ii Clla Hu Gia TAli (I,up'" t.;/IYI"Jn taG gia' Viet Naill I, tan 2, Hil
noi !a HoSIT4o (l690:-1760).CuOJl sail nity phr. r{'lIg fiji tlto-i ki gan tHy.
164
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I. PHIEN AM
:GIA lHU (I) (2) TO HONG LAO (3) vAN (41
Duy
Hoang hiu, tne thri' can chi (van van). tlnh, pLU, xii., M6 vi di thti ban
xii, Mb xii). uhan [nhO'D] thi Mb vi thi\ tU' bOn In}' di thllllh, di m6 cam
f,hi@u 1'6., VII.
TO' hong lao Thien tien (5),
Chi Chi chiuh l chan hi.
.y, Biit thiell (6) :
NgVe kinh chieu thong tri Sir;
Xich thling giao co (7) ket nUn duyp.ll.
T:;te tung I tongJ nglr (1:1) thOng moi. de (9) quyet (10) hon nhan.
phoi tuy do hiru I Ull}-ug] (11) ; kim khanh Uyi'll U'O'ng (12) dilc hi- (13), nghi ki gia
hQ'p cai bin lhon 1 h.r thien. Than than (14) (; kieu (15) ki ; truan trnan (16)
n,hi I Dghi 1 kh(',n (l7) el} tuyeD. .
Phl!<, duy
Hri'e
Phil giam (IB) vi (19)
H;5.
"

,
Khaog [KhU'(1og] cat phil (20) 111'0-01 tioh, xt.r&ng to} (21)
man bach nien : duy hilDg duy hi (22). dt.:y hUy duy xa (23), tao .rug cat [kiet] tU'irng (24)
tram (,;'.,5) ; lai thaDh lai vi (26), lai eimg lai h, (27). vluh thilY canh pbtic I phu'(re]
(28) mieD duyen I dien] (29).
II. CHU GIAI
fUn h'!onh (30) thang 11' khoD : tal boi (31) thlfc 11'
Thien tien.
Chn die.
(1) Cia thU : gia: 15y chOng; thu: lay vv. Nghia tbng h"p : hOn nhan :
dan gian ta noi Ia clI'ui ; iY day chi clI',Yi. dam cU'&i.
(2) .:f.. Te (bt) Ky -if; , cM oj h{; treD gom co ehfr ? va chir Hlfu
-- tay hll'ng thit dang quy tbilD - vi co luin net chu- khOug phiii nam Det uhU'
ta thU'o-og ?'- ) : gtic la cung than ctat (phan T&i Tv cung thlln
tr<r1) ; nhU'ng trong th\rc te, va Tt,r khi dUong rieug cling nlnr khi d\rng chung vui nhau
(Tt; tV) deu co IIghia chung la cung.
(3) p-'t. 11 -!- T u hang Nguy?t lao: Nh6m tir co Dll)t c1iu T(1 hOng.
mot tir eua ghep vui lao la mgt cau til' cua tieDg Han (xem
pban gi&i van cung, ngoD ngir). Cbi thin qusn Ii bOn nban cua ngU'iYi,
Uy t11' eo ngU'(1i Vi Co 00 diYi ftU'Crng, . uc tr? (r 'fling Thanh m{lt
C\l gia (lao nhin) dU'&i tring d"a vao m{lt cai tui, dang gio- Bach tra xem
duyen 8t) lli-a c16i; Vi Co to DlO hOi s(J'i giay do (xich tMng ) i!vng trong tui
dun, lam gi, Cl} gia bao svi pay d6 dung bu{lc chall doi Iu-a co duyen 80 v&i nhau.
du chu d6i ben gia dlnh co thu hln ... &i nhau. 0- cach xa nhag ma he co ""i cl;!l
h3ng bul)c TaO thi lit tot d6i dt;p Iu-a. Thanh ngir Ong.1'(1 -B. eiia dAn gian fa
hi en 6Dg thla eua Trung Qu6c thanh ra hai vi : m{lt Ong va m!)t Bil.
(4) Chli Y : hai van cung nay 10i vall xu6i ngAu gico van ien, uyen :
thien, duyen. tuyi:n, niclI, tien ...
(5) {I- r"ien tien (chti' co viet <.1): 1'iell la ml)t ngll'iYi, theo quan
cAs giao, trong tu d,t dll'g'e phep trll'o-og sinh hlt t:r. Thien tien la vi tien
co lIam ph6p than tMng : hit;n trong khOng gian tuy oj, thiiy c:tU't{C mgi tren diYi,
nghe dU'vc mgi thanh am, thlu hie," iong ngll'iYi va dll'g'C tuM th9 caa minh ciing nhU'
cu. m'.'i chUng Rinh (Ngu tUoc Nam pbep than thOng, la ngfr cua nha ..
(6) * Bat y bat thien : khOng khOng nghieng mgt ben ; lr (la:v,
kbong thien vi doi v&i hen DaU (Y : dong nghla vo-i ThieD).
(7) Ciao co ( trong ban iu, nhlm II. 3t 11 ) : Virng chile (di) nhU' gan
l,ang keo (giao) : Keo gan bO.
(8) I . ' NgU' ""{In (ch(r Nh,1l 1ft. thu9C bt) Chuy it ; eOD eo "i';t v&i b(l
I:H1)u j,:}fj,; do la vit triri ugling trfri) : Sir tii ca va nh.,n &t nghia lit thtf
tir vi thOi xtra ngtriYi ta diing hai rt{mg do d(} dU'a tin.
Trong ml)t bai hat Nh,c phii thea haDh Am ma Tmung thimh qutt it.lf:,-k
*.t (Cho ngt,ra utlng nll'fre lr eua V,n Ii tnrcyng thaoh) (y "ach VOII tny;;" (,f' ""1/ :
(Khach timg" phll'(fog Iai,
1 (,(j
Nghia lil :
Di ngi 100' Ii ngU'.

Ho obi ph.Db Ii, ngU' :
"t jl. :r. 1. I.
Trung hii'u xicb t6 thu-. ')
(Khach tir phU'ung xa dt;n,
Cha ta doi c8 ch6p.
Gf}i tre lam Cll ehep :
B\1Dg CR co thU' l\1a.
Ngay xU'a, trong hoan canh giao thOng lien ll}-c vo eung kh6 khan, ngU'<ri cninh phu lr
Dfii hien iii xa xoi cbi mong dU'l}'c tiD nha qua con ca chep dU'a thU'. Vi 8au,
ngli'o-i ta thU'o-ng lam phODg hi gi6Dg hinb COil ca chep he) thU' giH ngU'o-i than 'fa gl}i la
thU' ea (ngU' thlr).
Con chim nhl!-D di eU' tbeo th<ri tiet. ciing I. mcit ke dU'a thU' tai gioi. Tho'i vua HaD
Cbieu it JII of ,To Vii Al.. di eli' qua Hung no (Mong Cb), hi elm giu' liin nam,
htm hU9C mgt phong thU' Iga lr chan m9t COD nbl}-n roi thi cho no hay yi: cUt Han bao
tin cho vua ding minh hay COD e6ng. Vi D,U'o-i ta con g?i th,,' ill' 18 Chan
tlic) Lga (Nh,n hl}-ch).
Vai tro cua eR va trong dU'a thU' d6i vo-i ngU'o-i xU'a dU'l}'e tbng kilt trong bai
cau thO' nam chii' cua Tang Nhfi .1. m 1.f;
Thi
Nghia 18 :
(9)
(10) Il.
,to
Xieh to ngU' trU'Crng...;
R.. -t t .f. tt
ThOn tim Mng nhl}-n tlie. ')
-cJ" ?& At Jl.
ThU' Iva trong ru(jt (h\1ng) cs. ;
Tae long e'y chan nh, .
De (trong han in nham la A):' hU9C (Nghta nhU' t;\).
Quylt : (] day lit dl!-i fu chi thi. co ngMa la nay, nhU' ky Jt., Thil- j
(11) -I( (M{lng) : & day nghta ia Sinh , urc giliy hOn U'o-e gilra
d6i ben hI} nba tr.ai va hI} nha gai, chu- khOng phiii la 86 Y n6i xay dVng cua
eh. m'.) doi hen (dll doi vo-i y mla dU'o-i :, tac hl}'p cua trCri).
(12) J; Uyen 11'0ng : ten m(jt ehim hO'i l(ji (r Trung Qutic, thu'o-ng iaay <Y hlY
nU'o-c vahic DaO cling song tll'ng doi, nen dU'I}'C lam t1nh "I}' chang (Chu y
phSD CDii' Uyen trong Uyen U'O'Dg, Uyen ;lfr {g vo-i chii' UyeD trong
Uyen s3 .. 18 cbim phvug hoang ; tuy obien, trong vai trU'CrDg hQ'p, hai cbii' nay vlln
dung lin 19n: uyen haDh , UyeD t : di eo himg tV'
(13) -(g LO': lli'a doi, h,!D be.
(14) l!! than thin : phling, yen ein demo
16'1
(15) * 6 kieu : diu qUI!. Bay 1& mQt thauh Dgfr Han - coa Nam, xult
phat tir thuy;;t dan gian noi rllng, dem mong My thang bay, Chu-c Nii' qua song Ngatl
NgU'II Lang, uhl)' dim lam diu (vi tht: qUI! nay trf,lc lill'I) .
. NhU'ng truyen thuyt;t cua ngll'lri Trung Qu(ic noi chim lam ciiu, neD ell thO' raug :
ThU'o-c kieu toi ng6i, ha
l"ghia Ia :
Chu-c Nfr, Khien NgU'u tU'ong '.
t 4- 1L
Cau thU'o-c' gheoh, sOng em ai,
A Chu-c, chang NgU'u t(ii nhau.
Vi troog van thO' cua Trung Qu6c chi tMy dung thimh nlii' cThU'tYc kieu', chti-
khong dung 0 kicu '.
ttrtyng dung thanhngfl' 0 kieu cua Nam xuat phat tir cO' Il<r oao ? Hit
nhien, tir m?t trong hai Ii do sau day:
_. M{lt la, 0 kieu, mia Nam co nghia nhU' ThU'Q-c kieu) cua Trung Quoc vi
trong ti;;na: Han, obat Iii. van thO', ngU'o-i ta thU'o-ng g\,i chim tllU'o-C la 0 thU'o-c, nhU' thO'
Bli Phil co cau: Lang truyen 6 thU'uc hi' ft. tt t- (Bon rling 0 tbU'o-c hao
vui) thO' Hoang Bloh Kien co cau :
c Tir mau mM chiem 6 thU'uc hi, fi. .Jg: Jj: J; " ..t- (M,: hi"n thU'o-ng
. .
o thU'o-c hao vui). Vi 0 , milin cU'o-ng cling co thll co nghia lit (; thU'o-c
kieu" nghta 10. dtu chim thU'o-c (vii ta' van co can thO' : Song Ngan 6 thU'uc OOC .cb. , )
-lJai Is, 0 kieu) cua Nam co nghia Is clu chu- khOng phii clu thU'o-e vi
truyen cua Nam cg cO' so-thien van h9c: N;;u cau trfl' tinh A Chu-c-
NgU'u Clia dan gian vung Linh Nam qua da phin auh m!)t tU'qng thien van h(;1!1
cu. chfJU1 lIao Chlfc Nfl' Ii\ -k (nay gl)i Is Thien Cam : Ban Trlri ; brc Is chom
Vega) tir dau thu dan t\1' hU'o-ng Bac htrang Hong -Nam qua gili Ngan Ha (hay
Ngan Han it. ,brc Galaxy hay Milkyway trong tieng Anh va Voie lactee trong
Phap) xich gall vo-i ChOUl Khien NgU'u Ngu-u Tue 4- ffi ,nay Is cbom Thien
Nh!}n, hi-c lil chom Altair), thl c6 rl. khii nang la Cllu qu, (0 ) chinh Iii. 0 nha
tila 1; fJ; Ji (chom sao vein cuug c7 bau tro-iphia Nam vo-i chbm Kbin Ngll'u.
Trong hai Iy do triuh hay lY tren, If do aau co ve vfl'ng chlic hO'n con vi m{lt Ie nfl'a :
6ng cha ta Dam ugi'r llghta ti;;og Han d; vfl'ng 14m, nen khOng tM nao khOng phSn
ro rang rAng: 0 0 Dha Is "him qU!}, con ThU'o-e 0 thU'crc la chim khsch (1) ( thea
cua Nam ; con ngll'o-i Trung Quoc mien ti chim thU'o-c nhtr chich ehoe: xem
TIi' hili). Vi ong cha ta da thsnh ngfl' 6 , thay cho thauh ngfr ThU'o-c
kicu) cua Trung Quik khoug dung vai trnyen thuy;:t cita dim giau Linh Nam.
(16) #. '# Truan truan : Khling khH, dinh ninh, b6 (co vUlt 'tt tt ).
(1) Co ngu'lri hieu ohlim () Ihn'(ye III .'him va "him khich 6 (y dAy nghia I:' ilen, eli ...
khoDg phiii qu" ).
Hill
(17) ,til Nghi kMn : Long men yell thiet tha cua lord kien. Thanh nay 10.
hien dl].ng cua thanh ngrr Nghj m? il 1.. ,liiy tir can cua Trang tii-: Nghi ml) rltrlrng
nlll}c il. Jf- (Kip,n tra tbit de) noi long nglriYng mIl thii:t tha, thllDb
(18) * l- PM giam : Cui xet. Chfr giam c6 viet 4ft
(19) ... ;t Vi icien : long thanh nhO
(20) .f.t phu : gbip ngllm; giup thllm
(21) fit Xlrung tuy: tbanh ngfr rut gl}n tir call Phu xtr6ng phI} tuy, nghia lit
chang bo, Vf! theo : y noi Vf! bOa dOaD keto
(22) J. Ouy hung Juy. bi: d6 .. hu"" d6 Is hi (hung: con gat:; hi :
10l!i gau to hem hung, dan gian Trung Qufic gC}i I. pu ngu'lri).
Cau naylly trong Kinh Thi nha) :
Nghia la:
Cat m(lng duy hit't
W J} f.tr
Duy bung. duy hi.'
:iX
c Duy birog. duy hi:
*-Jl. J.
NaDl tir chi tU'Oong.
.:r :ff
M{mg t(St la gi?
La gau Ia hi.
La gau, lil hi :
de eon trai.
Vi ogtrlri 'j'rung Quoe, thi'ri xU'a t\IC duog thilnb Dgfr c Huqg m9ng' !J-
(M9
n
g gau) eH ng hi m?Dg) :iX "" ,. (Nilm mO' tbay gau ) chuc Binh
con trai.
Con gail von Cf' BU-C khoe, nen dtrf!c lam tll'9'o, cho ogu-lri VO Ii, miu ngtrOi
hinh cua xa hl}i cll.
(23) .Jrt Ouy My, duy xa : do Is huy, do la rin (Xli: rin noi chung;
bUy 18 IOl].i rAn nho va '
Cau nay liiy trol1g Kinh T hi Dba):
c D1JY hily. cluy XB :
Nil' fa chi tU'o'ng.
1&: La huy. 1. rln:
sinh con ,ai.
ChU'a ro vi sao ngay xU'. ogU'u-i Trang Quoc lly rio lam tU'Q'DI cho nii' tinh. Pb8.i
chang vi rlio co dang oi nhlLOg, ?
(24) * Jf- ( #- ) Cat tU'ung: (Chii' 1(- I. c?> cua chii' ; bin
in nhlbn Is DU'O'ng #- ) : t6t lanh (nghia nhU' 11 tI khang eat)
(25) M.. tr3m : cliem (tin h8.o mOt t6t hay xiu ). C6 n6i
Trim va chfr Trim con vit;t Nt:: (h9 M\lc).
T ri,u 41:.. Ia ntH cua mai rua MU khi hi nU'o-ng trong li'ra b6i xem t6t
hay du, (chii' tu-I]'ng hinh).
rr3m ) : ngbia oen 1& con ngU'O'i ( dgng tii-) cua mll.t ; con ngU'O'j"ta tin
cua mlit (mlit khOng c6 con ngU'O'i 1& mlt mit), neD TrAm cung c6 nghia nbU' :
(26)AL Jl!- Lai thanh fa; vi: nghia nhU' Thi thimb thi tac .Jt .Jt :
do Is tlie thanh ( xay : (lI.rng.vl]' gl cMng). .
Chu y: Til' Lai , troug cil oo,n Day, lam d",i til' chi thi. nghia nhU' Thii- ,t, ,
Thi .Jt (Bo Is ).
(27) *- -r Lai sung lai h, : d6 lit cao, d6 lit thlp. Y l'y til' cau t\1C fl6fr
Cao b", tl].i tam) -r .-a. .\:! ,noi uy 46i cua ngU'eri tri Dl1'UC mu6n thi
himh dl} cao tMp luc nao tuy y. a diy, cao quyen uy cua thin.
(28) -t. 1i Canh phUc : phuc
(29) j$ Jt M iem duyen (dien) : Keo . dai nhU' IQ'i bOnl : lau dai.
(30) " (BI) t:7 ) Sao. sao chting; 0- oay, 180 cho.
(31) -l. M- rai hOi: vnn trong. Chii' lly til' sal'lh Trung dung: c C6 tsi gil b3i chi,
!, -:t M- . nghia Is : Cho DeD treri vun eai dii Thanh nlii' c tsi hOi' sau
thU'erng dung noi dao tl].O va hM dU'ung nhan tai ; ll].i cung dung chi tim
ch91l nhin 18i sii- d9ng. Song 0- day, ilU'Q'e dUlIg vui y nlhia vun dlp. xiy dl}'ng Iu-a d6i.
III. DICH NGHTA
VAN CUNG, [ ONG J TO HONG LAO [TRONG CllOI.
Nay.
Nien nam [g9i theo J can chi (v. v.), dnh, phU, xii. ..
r Ten] M6 vi [viQc ] cU'&i ugU'Cri xi nha, M6 ) [la] thi M6 lam VQ'. nay
hOn ohin oa thanh, kinh dem Ie gl d6, dam trinh ro vui.
Tien tro-i TO' lao, chi cong chi chinh [ eh8.nb], chAng chang ;
GU'O'ng ngl,?c sang soi coi tM Slr,
""Chi Imfig clf'l].t 1i'tH trhili duyen.
Tl'U'uC nho- ca nnl].n !D<>i manh, nen vv nen chOng, Chl,?D gbep tuy do cha ; nay
uyen U'O'ng lli'a, em M gia tUt, xiy dl}'og von htH cao'thien. Bing ph!ng ciu 0 da blic,
khang khang .tinh ki(;n vira._ tuyen. .,

Ngai We LUn cui xet dc thanh, phUc t6t giup cho hai hI,?, xU'ung tity xin trl,?D b8.ch
nien. de gai, d6 Is siah trai, sum may t6t. Ay do dl}'ng xay, ly do
IUD, mai han phUc ca trieD miea.
170
May mlD lao hO'n dU'Q'c tiuh vun trong nher 0- O'n
Kioh trinh.
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172
I. PHIEN AM
so XUANKi AN [YEN] LE GIA VAN (I)
Du} (2)
Hoang trieu ... 1110 oien, chinh l clutuh J mO
Chinh [chanh] qUlin m3 tluh, mO phU, me; mO m3 xa, tni m6 duh,
. mO phil, mO mO tbng, mO xii, -
Tin ehU (3) me; Hnh [tanh 1 daDh, (4) ioan gia nam nn-, d."i d!ng,
1\1' thieh 80" xuan, kl an [ yen ]lli Gung quyen cat r kict J Dh,t (5), b."c- CI.l trlln.
clo han am (6) ttl' thiuh I thimb I (7), hll'O"llg dang, thanh chll'&c (8). ban (9) thli-
phitm chi nghi,
Clm kicn dic vu :
- Ciru thieo huycn nlr (10) tien nll'O"ng too tbitn,
- Tam vi thanh 'ho8ng ton tUn (U),
- Ngu h80h tien Il\ro'ng (12) ton than.
- 91l'ang clnh thb dia (1:J) thi) thito too thin.
- Hong xu8n tri thai h.IC bl) tiell nltO"ng ton' thin (14).
- Ngii tIF gia dll'Crng ton thitn (15),
- Hong tru til' J tao phU than quan (16) ton thin.
-- Lich tien 811', t(j !'Ill' (17) chi than,
- Kim niell hanh binh hlmb (18) chi than,
-- Nl)i gia vien trl].ch. ngo!].i gia vien tr.eh (19) chi thin,
- Chll'ang h,lc suc (20) chi than,
- Ti hQ tai thlln (21) chi than,
- PhUc [phl1'lYC J duc chinh l chanh] than (22) chi thitn,
- Th(j ki (23), th(') chU (24), thb phii (25) nhi long than (26),
-- Tii ban bin [ bon J th&, him ban (27) ban th(j vi chi than,
- Ngu phll'O"og (28) m9c trl! thaD quan (29) chi tUn,
- Ngii phll'O"ng a/}-0 chi tbln,
. -. Ngii phU'O"og ma nll'O"ug, canh gi&i chu ngu (30) chi thiin,
-:- bau (31), ttl (32), phI!, tho tir, ton, mOil thira (33), h? uy (3<!) elm
ki . gia all'CrDg cbi than.
Tieu ll}'c iii, kMu guy vll'O"ng (35),
Ki (36)
Gia phu Oao LIl'O"ng Bang,the Th! Thuc (37) lay lam chua aat, khuyen
mO'l rna Chimi (;18). ma ChI}' ; ma M<;>i, ma RI}', thll'O"ng vongd6i khat, maLoi (39), Illa
(40), biru danh vo vi, hfru vi vo dauh, dang chUng co lai ph\l huD-ng.
l'ltl}cduy (41).

GSc
II.CHU GIAI
rill
cac doh tir Binh Tri tnT vllO, ngay xU'a, nMt lit 0- Nam - Ngiii. Xin cM y dung
cuoi chfr Nom. khOng eo trong hili vsn cling dlt 0- cac dnh til' tro- ra.
(2) oHt ( AA. ) Duy: 'frIT tir khOng co ngfr ughia el} thl!, thlfrrng m.?r dau lb'i noi
va tnl'cYc uien dl!-i, nMt lil troDI cae hal van cling. Vi tM co ngU'Cri dich ra tii'ng
la c nlly' '.
(3) C6 th!\ thay,hl1ng i. Tr,!ch chii (cM nha, eM h9)
'( 4) Chii' thU'Crng tlit la trt
(5) t a Quyen (lciet) n".t: ngay lanh, ngay ttlt (Chfr Quyen thu(>c h9
Trung vi nguyen co nghia den la m{it Io,i tllu ma co ngll"ui eho la con dom dom, nghia bOng
I. liang, trong lIf!ch). Cfmg eo noi: c Cat quyeD '.
(6) .. -t Han am: ga trong dUDg cung (chii' HaD, thu?c b9 Vii ,Dgh.a den
la long canh cua ga ; nghia hOng la dai, eao ; HaD am : Dghia den Ia gigng dai, ngMa
bong la con ga to vi con ga trong to thi gigng gay dai. cao).
(7) *- ;;... Til' thtnh ( thanh) ; troog tieng HaD d> thultn tuy, la mam ke va nep, tronl
tieog HaD 111. mam xoi (chii' TU' o,uyeD la ; Thinh: dgc hioh thanh : d\l'ng trong
mam, trong khay; mam, khay).
(B) ,., Thanh ehlJ'(ye : rU'?,u dUDg cung,
(9) 4. m. Ban : malll e6.
(10) J.. -t -/t; CI'ru ,hien huyen ftC;': ha thltD dii giup Hoang B@I danh thing Xuy
(xi) VU'u theo eila nhan dAaTruDg Qu6c. (Ci'ru thien : chin phU'O'ng trUi : trung
U'(rng, Mn phU'O'ug chinh la Bong, Tly, Nam, Hic va btln pbu.O'ng phI} 1. :Bong - Nem
Tay - Nam, J)ong Bitc va Tay - Blic : Dii' : ba than plmO'ng Btc). C6 Ie dAy la ha
Than tronl tin ngU'O'ng nguyen thuy eu,a ngll'Cri HaD, eau dU'ITc 9,0 giao to
csi teD e(i mati lllie huycn hi va t:1) u9' dun, tU' tU'o-ug Han muon thting tri cs chfuh
phU'O'ng triri.
(11) ,;E. Jh\ rt. 11 Tam v; thanh hoang tOn than: Ba vi than thauh hoang
( Hoang co the la fi : mU'O'Dg, hao, rann thanh ma khOng DU'o-C ;
nU'ac gQi la Tri : au. hO). Thui xU'a 0- Trung Qutic, nha dan ;, trong ph,m vi thanh
tri cua chua d't, neD vi than che eho- dan m{it thflDh ggi la thIn thSDh hoang. a Nan;l,
\
thui trll'Ooc, thlln thsnh hoang la thin ehe cho- daD m9t lang; va 0- mlH lang, co co mot
hay vi tMn thanh huang. Phong tyc thu than thanh hoaDS iY Trung Qutic dU'ITc tbinh
hanh tir dM BU'ang, do d6 co ciing tir tbCri do da blit dllu 118ng Nam, Bong
ec Ie dui Minh, t\IC llay mO'i Ian r9ng 0- mfcYC ta va phat trim cO' IIcY tin
thu than clla dan gian Ton tla co nhU' Mt ki 0- dau. ,
(12) ft. .ff 1Jt Ngu han" tien nll'un,: Co tien coi ngu . hanh Is nam rMt
ban c'u tf!O tM f(iI)'i eMt : Kim, m9c, tbuy, bOa, th?>.
(13) . .:1:. TM cI;a : nghia thln, tu-c Ja thlln dilt u- mOi dia phU'O'llg. BU'O'ng
elDh th?> dia, th?l thlln : than dat cua dia ":" phU'O'ng ngU'b'i cung.
(14) $.t- *' -ip {Jt '"' Hang h"nh xuan tri
- file bp lien nU'ung tan than : Thiin co tien sau b(, Hong hf!nh Xuan tri
174
thai (Hoa b,!-nh ChUa Xuan - Lieu }&D): tMn moa Xu!n ; cling nhU' S6ng
qUAn "*'- . tuc la tro-i.
Co day la Ba chUa (y cac doh phia Bite.
(15) .D.. 'f:. o:t .t- ,;t Ngu tv gia all'ang ton than: thlD gifr nha, thO- c, DalD
cU : eira, gifra Dha, b{;p va 16i di .
(16) . ( lit j 1: lff ,;t Dong tril til' tao pM than
quan : thIn phu tao gifi' (y },t;p Hong; ta thU'o-ng g9i tlit la Tao qUaD hay Tao tMn
riban dan ta g9i la Ong Tao). Chfi' Tao thU'o-Dg viet tlit la 11 .
(17) if it tf Tien S&I', t. Sir: B,U'wi diu tien d\,ng bay m9t n"he. SOl1g dan
giall th..rung phall tieb IU' 18. m9t ngU'ui tU'?,og trU'ng, U'&c do truyen d\l'ng ra ;
con 8U' 18. m9t DglI'ui co thft.
(18) .ft .ft 4 Hinh binh himh khien thlD hinh Hnh va
cong cua nMn gi8n trong mt}t nam (nen oem giao thira ngU'ui ta t6ng tblln Dam cil va
d6n thlD Dam m&i).
(19) t*'J 'i: III 't:, \II 't: N6i gia vien trf)ch, ngo{Ji gia vien tr{fch :
V U'o-n nha Dba troDg (':'), v\1'iYn nha Ilpa ogoai (?)
(20) -r. "" L{le sue: sau 10,!-i thU nuoi trong nha : ngl}'8, hb, de, ga, chQ,
(21) ,k"L it M ,;t n ( tl) h{J tai than: TMn giir cua (chiI' Ti co d,!-ng din
gian la . ).
(22) "' .... ..iE. # Phue (phU'uc) J,;.c ehlnh (chinh) than: vi tMn ban nhfrDg
limh, oU!U may min cho ngU'o-i; cling gill la c phUc tMn,.
(23) .!. Thli /C,: tblta dlt (p bin ehfr Ki VITi chii' Chi ngbia I.
ton kinh).
(24) J.. j.. ThU eM : eM tilt.
(25) J.. Jf.t TM phit : kho dlt (nO'i ehua 4.,ng tSi nguyen cua dlt j.
(26) -t ;:::.. -tt # nhi long than: dung ra la cTMp nbi thin', tuc Iii.' mD'iTi
'hai vi thin giir nha (treng fle co TbaBh leDg, v.v.) s.ua oubi ta rna, dO'
(27) i.. 1J $' JJ1 T a barf. hiru ban: hang ben trait hang pbai.
f"
" , ,,' 1.
(28) A :t t.'gil phu'O'n : Nam pliU'O'Dg: Song, Tely, Bile va chfnh gt:cra.
(29) # 1" Mpe tr", than quan : thin cay
(30) Jt. IF- j.."4 Canh gi6i eM : C!uan coi nlH, dim trong vi d(t oai
( cua tin cM).
. ,
'.\..
(31) J.. 1t
T
I hi; "au: chUa dar.
, '
(32) J:. . 't t) '!fii tM tu! cO Thb hie J... !fii pha; hO'n yen):
chu-c gifr (hao dlt. Vi chiI' Tuc eoil c6 1m la Ttl Den ra 'It : dc;p.
(33) " i,. Mon ,thi)oa : ngU'iri cac cbng.
175
(34) !I .4t H(J uy :,ngU'<ri gifr cli-a (dan gilD thU'<rDgvit;t chu- Dy cO b9 thlo .. ,
song xet ra nen vit:t chff Uy khOng co h9 thio, nghI. 1. ehu-e ({uan nM ).
(3') ,. &1 -IJ .:l " .J.. Tieu $; khlu quy vU'ung : Vua
(Juy lii'a, L\fC sl chay.
Theo nha Ph,t, m9t dem, tn- cua dane ngoi m9t minh trong nha, Mng
COD 'IUY doi, than hinh khO gliy, phun ra In-a (nen chay sem) noi :
hom nira, ngU'lyi ehet va se BtSng cimg bf,lD quj chUng tao > NgU'<ri Ieia hoang 89', hOi cach
ttanh hga. Quy dap : Ngay mai, ngU'O'i hay df,ln eho hl}n quf a6i chUng ta va cac vi tien
11I9t h{,c thu-c an va vi ta cung chua thi ngU'O'i lC dlfVC them tuM thl] va ta dU'9'o 8tSng. >
Chli' chinh phi.i viet II. Chfr Tieu co thll viet {to
(36) " K;: nghia nhU' qp ;(. : cung, vo-i, va.
(37) CMc la U;n eua hai ong ba nglro-i dAn dllu dam dan di elf dllu tien HI' 9U'o-ng
Ngoai VllO khai thac mien nay.
(:18) Tlrc la Chiem Thanh.
(39) Cling hrc 18 Chiem Thimh.
(40) Ma l!}-c loai, lang thang, khOng co nO'i 0..
(41) -It Ht Ph"c Juy : cui dliu nh{y to-i (tir Duy co nghia la nh& to-i, nghi t&i;
nghia khac iT tren).
II L DtCH NGHTA
Van cling III Ki ypn (f gia dinh vilO dj p dllu xnao.
Nay:
Ngay .. thang gieng Dam ... nien hitu ...
Chinh quan xii o' .. hUYQn ... phU .. dnh .0' tni xi . ... ...
pbli .. tlnh .. ,
Tin chu ... ten ... dmg CK nha trai gai, 1&n nbO,
Nay nhan dip ctllu xU/In, [theo] tgc Ki yen, yang [ chf,ln] ngay lanh, hay dii
mgD, kiDh dung con ga, mam xoi, htrO'ng den, rU'9'u Dh!}-t, [ dmg] cae thu-c roam cli,
176
Dam thllOlI khan trinh v&i :
-- Thall Co tieD Ciru. thien nfl',
.- B. \ i than Thim h hoang,
- Than co tieD Ngf' himh.
-. Than ,1lt cu. c!!a phU'O'ng tin chu,
- Than Co tien Ctta Sau h,! lit h'!onh xuan tri thai
-'- Than nha Ngii t\r,
- Thlln Song tftl tU' m?nh tao phi'l thitn quan
_. Than tien SU', tt. Btr eae do-i,
- Than Hsnh hinh hanh Ham nay.
- Thin VU'UIl Dha trong, VU'frll nha ngoai.
- ThiiD quill 19c lIue.
- Than che chlr ella ciii,
.- Tbln phUc Ott-c,
- Mtro-j bai Long than quin than dKt, chu dlt f va 1 kho ditt,
Cac vi than hllD/! bell trai r va I hen phii ta,
-- Thln quan [trong 1 eAy g6 Dam phm,ng,
- Thin dU'i:rn, Sa nam phU'O'Dg.
__ ThIn quaD rna Dam phU'(rng va chu nu; dim trong vi cUt dai r cua tin chi't 1,
_ cae Than chUa ilrit, .. dat, cha dat. coo c'Ut, chau uat, gac gift- ciia, ehU ve
cam ki troni nha,
--- Chu'l Quy lAoa, L,te I'i
Cung:
la 9ao LU'O'Dg Bang, vg lit Nguyln Thi Thtic. nhin daDh chUa 111t, dfi mi:ri Hnh ...
hi'ln eli dO'n eua cac ma Cham, ma Chg, rna MIJi, ma RQ", vi ()Dl dau rna d6i khat; rna.
toi, rna tU'o-c vj rna c6 tfn. cfi tm ma khOng c6 ttroc vj. Clm!! bU'cYDg them.
<:\Ii nhcS-.
Kiob trioh.
PHV LVC
VAN >E CHO' THAO
I. LlJQC Sll 86N ellA CHO' HAN
Khollg phiii tit khi nci ra d;ri den nay, dlft- Han da C(j nlay cai chung ta thiiy trong
rBc tI,r va tir Khdng hi va T if hiii thlrirng dung ngay nay.
Truycn th"y':t cna ngU'i'ri Trung Qu4';e cbo rlng, chir vict (van fl.r) cua h? hlit cIllu Cll
Iir Ibid Tam hoang. Ngli V{ri nhirng ten huyen thol!-i dU'gc coi 1a cha de cua van tI,r la
Phv
e
Hi R l ' Th,rO'l1g jA ' n,hia lit vao khoang 3000 lIam tm&e C.N.
Song. din CIY freD bang ehri-ng cv thti. cb\ing ta tbay dall chii' ell nbat khlic trcl1
!lilt va do dong di:ri HI!- :.t (the kl XXIII - XVIll tr. C.N.) - hic xli h9i da co giai cap
- rna tuaug nhU' den !lay dura ai dl,lc dU'gc. diYi ThU'O'ug i3j (the ki XVIII - XII tr. C.N),
chu-ng ticb cua chii' vict dU'gc phat ra nhieu hO'll (trl'\l) do dong va tren mai rila, Xtro"l)g
thn) : ehir oiyi nay tuy tla dU'g'e diu tl!-o thflO nguyen tlic nhilt d!Db, flong dl!-l1g ena
m6i chir van con uhicu thti. Nen den dili Tay Chu \IV (tM ki XII -- VIII tr. C.N).
thai flii' Trl,1 hgp Uhli'Dg chii' cIa co, dii eho giiiD dO'D hO'D va quy dinh dl!-ng rhir
m&i blit bUt}e, co Hnh chat quaD phmrng (nam SUO tr. C.N); liin (Uiu tieD, van tt}' Trung Qu6c<
dU'gc eM. Vi hioh dl}ng ciia ehir giODg con nung IIVC, npn ngU'fri ta Ia chilo khoa
dhu itt it ;.va vi tell ella vi thai fill' IHli trell, nen ng\rai ta cung dm g(!i 1& chir '1'rl,l
chir d(1 tOn tl!-i dau o;(i Tan (221'-206 tr. C.N)--miit hlr&c
trOlig Ijch fltr xli hc)i TruDg Qlltk. S\r phat toan cua xi hc}i phO'i hay nbU',!c dillm
cua thti chir cu, naD m{lt chir m&i (do tU'o-ng Li TO' 3f Jf ban be) nam 2L3 tr. C.N
troDg he) Tam thlrO'ng .E..t- ) dO'n {!iall bO'n, co che (:he hO"n, thay th,; chu'
di.; tlly trea cO" hitn. thi'! ehu- m(ri eilOg .ehi la dl!-ng gan glii dla eli. Ngtrtri
ta g,!i thjl! ehii' Illlri lIay lit Tan trirn (chlr du-i Tlin) lieu dl) pbiu no v&i
177
fhl chii' .cii gf}i'l& J;;ti tdln. con dtlu vilt ()- ili Van treocac trflugdaoiYi ChIJ
'va chi\' cont3n tl- eac bia dB. ditu do-i TaD lr Trung Quoc.
NhU'llg,khOng. bao liu tlau khi tri('nxllat Ih.- eUDlngay trong <lo-i
Thuy' Hoang- dA l,r :lay ra mgt cai vanlt.!' khacdo Trinh M\1c:6. sa. ,m?t vien ll.li
hi tll, khiH xU'o-ng sau mU'o-i Dam /lUy tU' trnng nha mtH. nay xtdlt pbat til'
yeu' c:au cua nhifm eong tac .cua eae vieD ehu-c coL --- eac ()hli'e quan nM "ma ngay
xU'a ngU'o-i ta g9i la #--- nen mang ten la chao If. Do nodO'11 gian hOOb va vUh h(ln
nen tM chii' m6-i Hay chlsng dU'g'c tip dt.lDg trong cao giayVy haoh chinh
riJi diin giao ng6t hai tram nam mU'(J'i Ram: Tir do. c.hi'
,con dU'g'c dilugtrongKioh dil;n va IS. tron/:{ cac con tHiu etta nh. turn-cvll hI' nhan (1).
geodiri Song Hao, trieu Kien S(I Jt (nam 76), mt}l vieo quan nhO }n VIl'(lug Thti-
Trl,mg .1..;k., ft cii tien chii' (2) thaoh mc)t chfr mOoi dO'IJ giln. hO'.o, df:n
/tau Day Qla ngU'uj . ta gVi la cha- chan j. hay eMr khJi ii vo-i y nghia la "hfr
tha, ngaythang (:i) .
. Thiri Tiirl --:" Han, chinh quyen pbong kien ngay cang dong thin cU'6-p thtriJ'ng
xuyen oM khlip o(li; to- hlmh chinh tro- nen be b!)o va nit. Tlnh hinh dr, di,j
hoi chfr viet ching nhfrllg . phiii gian dO'n va c" 'fJuy m8. COD phiithlji}1I 19'i cho yell
. cau Vi song (long v6-i tU'gog bitti chfrkhiii, dlli' thao
" (4) da ra diri va chong triT thanh tbM trang eua tang hrp ngU'(ji bit:t ('hfl', nhatla
vien thU' 1\1i. Hitll nay, chung ta chtra r6 ehir thiio do at sang elle vao hlc nan. CM Itift
r!'ng, 'duj Dong Han(2.5 - 2.50), v&i Trtl'O'ng Chi R;."i,.. (ttr Bs Anb -r* ). dU'l]'c ton
la .thanh ehii' thio (thio tbanb) tbi chii' thio lIay mOoi blit ditu hillh thanh thinh
hanh va den db-i Tan (the ki JIl-- V) Hi Chi . l:t.. nM tieng tai ha
.thao v6-i Lall dinh nay con truyen h,t.og. Dil sao, Clf x6t thr chfr than OilY thl
thly rilng, khOtig it chii' Ulang d(u vet ehfr tM thl chlic ra (Io-i trtr,yc thiri
f:Mng _. Han va:tir kbi eM, Khai ra QiJ'i v6i eay bUt tonI! thi nl', dU'g'<: cal W)n va cJ in II.
. .
Hob sir. van tv Trung Quoe,cong C,! dong m(lt vai trb fluantn.lDg. Til' diu dtri
Tll
n
tro- tm6-c. ngtl'o-i bAng miii nh9n Lling tre (5) gt) vm 80'n, tren nhfrng
the tre (true thU'). nen net chii' ell- deu deu, khOnj[ c6 ch6 chf) gity. Chfr c1trl!l'
tren l\1a thtr $ ':f ). 80ng btit vdn ttl', -gr,. then w:lC Cti'\IJ!
(1) XU'A nay, cae nha eu-a deu kh6ng giai tbich nghia den elia tir > va 1I0irll.ng.
do chii' 41l'q'c dung 41; khll:e c,. eon CO\l' diiu .:tlllg dll'q'c gqi ia ChulIg tiJi rAIIll,
6lF thlF
c
cO Us trni l1gll'Q'C rltai chl1ng Ti til- trien eo nghiala' con diu, the ehtr dung fy
diu. ifll'.yc g?i iii chii' ..
(2). Wieger eho rllngchfr Khiii (t,rQ'ccili lie" trenell' siy. chfr \,&il;'lo la lrOH{! khi "hil' Li;
clURg trong gitiylo- J.anh chlnh thi ehir vii. eonihrQ'c dung trong 'lr Tru.ng QlII),.
(ThuyEt VtID gidi III "lia flU-a ra do-i kho81ig nAm 200, h'rr. kiem Ira va "hAil IO;.1i ,!.ir
thoo 540 tilli, 11. hQ tir iflu tien ella Tning (julie d. mQt tum quan tr9i.g hi':,1 itoi \"o'i
mtm Trung 110. h?c.). Nhieu h?c gili clio rlinp: .. hir KJtiii ,tU'Q'c tai licn tfell r,'J' .
Iii thn- chir th6ng
, (3) Tl7 ve nghra !ten lit io,i cAy to citnh thtra va kh()J)g "':'0, tnrn.g tinb
chit chAn tMt; YC nghla b6ng, lit ngay thling (trllc). .
(4) Co ngU'o-i gi:iithfeh chir thAo 11 :h'" "i1\t .. bfr y,h net f'hir anOl,
lien Ii-lien nh\!' gio luvl. Iren ng?o ell.
(5) Chi!' lJlit f tltu';' .. Troi,',
178
va vAn (hit 16ng.t,log tIT' mtre va gily, ban ta diri (1). dii lam cho chfr Khiii
:(chiim, mac),llet giiy tong uhU' 8(}'itO' nh9D "it
nhlrmili dili, dao. VAr'bffih IIgnlbutlonl d6 eta cblJ.y'va bay lren gitiy ban de de ra
.. hii:thao trinfrhf m{>fMc h(!a.Kbi of) "ira di vita, chlJY .hi hill"
vc eiia nfl tlii('f jf. ,; khin,jbay nlnrgi(i lU'.jot thi hlnh
vi' clia.nO ;,wi 18 )"':" thaodieD. Va tliJ la cuougt.hsu haybanhthlo
tbi n6i chung. tbil,ihir th,so fio Iil. mc)t JO.iVIIII hrkbac, m(tt lo,i chiI'
toe k.i .chaJ'kMughl;re 111' thl khOng the va dll"'lC m?t van
ban chiI'. ' "/:".,
II. C6TRuvb4 '
. ." ,', ',:. :., .
tir,:ta' xu-a; flit Is m';'t dill bu-c vo-j
Imiteim thl.r kcm, hila het cac van ban
dh,l'nai\"ir:t. lie" . '<'. ,'. '
,.:'
It\! I11JY \i.!':l'u,W' cllf, t.a thro hai 1.\J'tYc: l'fi' Ii,"/! 'A naug '('30 .
:""
1 Hmic vri long., ' .
Tl'lr,,'" Mit; nglri"j fa ap dvng b(1 pht" traiva Ii'n
phiH !'II.' than t') ,.a{lngh.,rl. uhili khae,ubau .(Thien banjt. Dj!hi .
. " .' . .
",.'Bi,1 Thuy.ir ben tnii . i h(rigi6ng -VIr) NIt"n \, ( .... frsi;
, Hao ;II' l:II'nphRi ?,' h(ri gi6ng v&i. h!) ThO" '9 tr hi-n phii;
lIIJ!u-iri ta aU'arn b(l treD va L"';. phtu dU'tYi da nbfrng
('hi'1" el' d\lllf( hoj khae nhon ohU":
f'hir
('hi)'
-, Bt) phtll trcD cua ehil' Ti{>u I h{r) kltacb!) tren rua t'hir Thi'r It :

-- H.) du'(ri dla (hi,.1\fh'rhfri khac b., du-o-j cua chit KhUnJ!
;
va Ilgu-iri ta; dlra ra phan ttmj! h'!p nhfrng eMr hO'i gitiug hO'i khac) nbau:
SIr
0/
(
...
)"(ri ('hCr 1lU'

( f );
1\ hll
i
(" )
v6i ehil' Mau
(f) v.v.
Tat I'a nhfmg lnriltlg hql' riYidlrqr ttng kft biing m?t bai ca ngli og6n 1z.. -t taln
m Inri f'illl v ict bang ;hl', thao cuiin T {r thll' eua nha xullt bin Hlan bio ltill
in ('r 'I'rung Qli(ie nam "'l;)og Tri Canh ng.J,. 1870) :
(1) 'r.roDg Iruyen, Mun, Biclli . </1; ,'lIn;'ng ,;ua TI" Thuy Hoaflg. troDg mt)t chi5n djch itBnh Hung
Cb) cia "ang .;hT!ra but 1(,11(( Ian! dru.
179
100
c H9C thU' nan, .. it .-
Pham d;t boa . kim.' dan [dun]; "It ..ft
L\IC Van i:h tu thio of"; 1Ji it #t
Bat rauh U'og -tham.) V. ...,- -wt t. A\ f. .
3
TIl THE THtr PHAP
1 - 1'h80 ph8p : hang nghi.
2 _. Hgc thu- tlii vi nan,
- Pham cot hoan kim ilan I ito-n I
4 - L\1c van tn thao
{
NghIa Ii:
Hgc viet khu
[fiy nhU' J bitio [dbi] Cl.,lC xtrO'ng khOng gia trj thanh thu6c
Citn han eai L'}c van (1)
[Val Cang neo tharn khio Bat tht; (2)
2. Bvuc nang cao
Qua giai do?n vfr long. ngtrai hgc hltt (litu agc nhirng van hiD c6 gia trj van hgc
tir thap den eao, viet tOllD haug ehir thao, co chtra chi .. chan 0- heu (r tren
0- dq-ai.
Thll"ang thtrang, ngtraj ta ditu hAllgnhirng van han co nc)i dung y nghia QO'n gian
dung cho cac Jap vty long chir Han. Dghi& la chu-a d\rng nhii'ng tir cO' bin toi (khoiing
m?t nghin tir) Ilhtr TIi- the thien tIF van) mo- dau MDg:
c Thien dja huycn hoang,
ViI tr\} MDg hoang,
dinh (doanh) trle
ThiYj tti ii0t trtrO'ng.) v.v ...
(Tro-i den, dilf vang.
V ti tft} trong hoaDg;
Blty riji
fro-i, trang;
(-;io- nao 11&0 ily.
La hay giang.)

'f'iti'*1
aJlltJt
${ !iii 11 lk
Sau, titin IeD agc Dhung bai van thO' co n(ii dung y nghia cao va, do d6, c6 cbtr ,
kh6, nhtr Thien gia thi, hii Bi5c Cll' trong SO- tir, hai thO' Cil phong Cao do h{l tMog rna hanh v.v.
Va. Ie tlt uhien, llhiroK van ban chir thao dil in ra do I1l;u do nhii'llg cay hUt tsi hoa
dt; laDl mALI Dl\rC va dtrQ"C truvclJ tir oay sang thf M khac.
Bi5i val chUng ta llgay oa), chfr thao rilt dn trong cong tac nghieo cu-u vi, nhtr
chUng toi aa ooi, hliu Mt cac van han Hall- Nom cua ta 111 vitit tay. Titic eho dtio
oay, chUng ta chtra co cui5n- sach oao d,y chfr thao. Vi m(it cu6n Bach dH chu-
thao lit n1l)t yeu diu hu-c thiet rna mgt llgU'ai, trong dicu nay, kh6 tt.; gauh vale
dtrg-c. Trong khi cha dg-i m{lt e(r (Iuan co trach dting ra ia:rn, ehllng ta danh t\1" mity
mu thco phU'O'ng phap Cll truycu ma chUng toi giai luvc (f tren.
(1) Lyc vlln tu-c, lit Iv.c thtr : ogay6n tlc clu chii' Him: ttrQ'ng Mnh, chi 8\1", h.,i y, hAi thanh,
til, clui. O' oay, tac gis. dung (b,tc vln-'-"'p'i d\lng y chO'i ehtr; chii' Ll}c va chii' Van viet thAo
gin gilSng Dhall.
(2) Bat the; tam chiI' db-i Tlin Thiiy Hoang; lien kMc phil (kM(' tr6n lIn hAl).
trung thl!" (eha- treD la cry), lI\O In (HAc treD COD diu), thl}" thl!" (chft' to 0- eong Dha mOD), thu thu- chfr
Iren vii khi c:iia qHan '0), 11111'.
18.1
2 - Thien itia h u y ~ n hoang,
:1 ._c Vii lrv btlng liming.
. . ~ ~ Nh,t n8uyi{t doanh r flinnl tril",
IH2
NGUYN TAcVI:aT VA r>Qc CHO' HOy VIeT HAM
, ,
DU'6i chfE ltv phong kien, tren nguyen tlie, (t Nam cung nbU' 0- Trung Qutic, ogU'M
eo h<}c Dhlt thiet ph8.i hiet - tuan theo - nhirllg quy dinh kieog ki, trong kbi vUlt va
khi "ve, ebir 18 ten cung CO"Dl (hUy) ciia e.c vlla chlla va than thu9C cua vua chua.
TbU'o-ng thll'ang, tim eua nhfrog of(ll'iYj flau day phiii kieng tmob :
1 - Tim biin than chlla;
2 _ eila eha va cii3YUa, chlla;
3 _ Ti'Jl con vf! chinh (hoang h.u) cus vua chUa;
4. - T1'11 dia {,ngba n{li piia ,V1l8 ('hlia.
Quy dinh kit,,"g k! r!i;i HI-iti'n cus nhfrng ngU'o-j ay :
1. _" Khi tbl tranb am donhU': Lj dgc thauh Ll}'i; Tong dl]e tbilOb Ton; Thi agc
th,m}, Thi'ri v.v.
2. -,- KJli di'ng, phiii tranh nhfrng chfr (tir) huy va tM m?t chir (til') khia
PO )' tim,,).!, t,! IIhu' : thay chil' Anh bang chi!' ChieIJ Al chir Luau biing chii',
DR "hlf lhi It bang chir Tho-i JF: ...
:t -': Khi nbfrng chfr tranh thi dbi 'uhfrng chrr ly bbg cae nguyen tic
IlIJ (lay:
n. OI/'rYi trij\1I I ,t-,thi tMlP bOn dtiu nMpnhay , trcD dan ehii' roi chuylln b{l phin ben
tnii riia c;hir flaOJ! phiii vnb(. Mn phiiiflang Mn trai nhU' : = Ii ; rt= '" ,u,
them hOn nhlp nhay tren dau chii' roi ph.n tren cOa chfr tang ben
{{ ,
trai ,va b{t phl).n dU'6i lang ben ph iii nhll': .$..= ...
(0- huy chinh ttt tronglam Sun thvc file. khOng thiiy n6i phiii them dlunhlp
nb8.y tten dau chiI', trong thl}'() te ('Ii(\ van biiD {ricu U deu tMy co them diu nhiip
ohay)
b, DIl'(H thay b()rt dllu nMp nhay Mng ba dan ggi IS. bg Xuyen 1,.<J... \Ta
teen. viet kieng huy con co hai cach :
, __ thtlID hI} {i'" tren diu vadll'o-i thi viet y nguyen chir kh6ng thay dM vi
, . ' b h" ,,' , h - "h Jt;, .." ,
tn e81' ? P l}1\ c U'. 0 If: /4'0 = /!ft. t Ii'IJ , f*J
/);)i Nant th(rc IlJc X trallg 12:-\, biin dieh)
, - Khong thcmh(l, XUYCll, nbU'ng bat 11et chit, ubII': J;. ='jt tt
Va dU'6i mM trieu dl}i,de cho quan va dan kip tbM hit;t nhfrng chit phii tranh, '
then Ian ball chii' huy dltu triiiu, !!au, eli" m(lthay hai do-i vlIa ht. 8ung nhii'ng chfr m6i.
. ' . ' .
Ngay nay, {Hit nguoo-i d?c vanhli.n eild:! nghien r(ru, ehl din niim nhii'og .. guyen tl1c'
!:htr htly ciial:ac tdeu ,i .. !Iay. khOng trio}; bay biin thongkec8c chir hliy
:\am.
PHAN HAl
CHUO'NG I
cAc MO THU'C cAu TRUC':CUA CHlr
LICH sli VAN CtJU CAU TRue CHii' NOM
Tra&c oly di e6 ohil!u ngU'o-i ngbien ell-u ,l! chii' Nom ban qua chii' Nom kbi
ngbieo eu-u vao hgc dan t{lc. Troog nhu'ng ngU'oi nay cung oii co m{lt so khlo 8at
each t,o cu.a chii' Nom, tuy nhien, ehU'a may ai cau true chii' Nom thaoh chuyen
luin. DU'O'lIg Quang Ham cho rAng chii' Nom oU'q'c eM tac theo 3 kil!u 16-0 sau (1) :
1. Duog nguyen hinh cisii' nho dl! Vitlt, killu nay gom co
a. G6c chii' Nlto, Am va nghia khOng dM: t tai,
, b,. G6e chir Nho, am sai nhU'ng nghia khong dM: coi. "i cu{)c
c. Goo chir Nho. am khac nhieu. giii' nghia: It. gM. M.. cuon
d. am kh8c oghia: it m{\t , qua
d. Khac am oghia: o.t.. mui, fl
2. Ghep hai chfr Nho thaDh m{lt kf
den, iJf Dam, ;A. tram
3. Ghcp m{lt cbirNho veri m{lt ('hir Nom: lo-i
Cach phan cua tac gil hao quat dU'q'C glin bet eac mo thti-c du truc cua chir Nom
va kha tbuin cho nhii'ng ngll'ui dii thong chir HaD muon tim hillu 110' qua chii'
Nom. NhU'ng vi no chi dirng l,i 0- binh hinh cua chii' ma khOog di sau vao nhii'ng
quan cau truc ben da&i n.en vap ngay pbai nhii'ng kh6 khan khi phin djoh ranb gi&i cac
killu tren ciing nhU' ranb gi6i gifra Nom va Han.
Trltn Vao Giap trong hai nghien cu-u licb aU- ph8t cu. chfr Nom (hin danb may)
cbo rlng cbfr Nom dU'9'c cau t,o theo cac phep cua IlJ.c thU', hao cil tU'q'ng binh, chi 8'1.
hOi y, gia ta va biob thanh. a day, vi khOng phan dioh ro raoh gi&i gifra Han va Nom nen
tic gil dii giii thicb cbfr Nom theo dtu truc cua chfr Han. Ro rang I. trong tht,YC te, nhfrng
aero vi bioh kbOi thuyc dia Nom rat it dU'q'c xay dvog tren cac phep tU''lng binh, cbI
8V bay cM ..
Dao Duy Anb cung giii tbfch each can ito cua chii' N6m d"a tren IlJ.c tbU' nbaog nit
8gft I,i con 3 pb6p Is b{>i y, gil t8 va binh thanh (2). Hoang Xuan Hin CiiDg mang quan
tU'O"ng tv nhU' viY (3). pbU'erng Bach h{>i y, Dao Duy Anh Den ra 4 trU'o-ng hq'p:
trui
1!:: trum
(1) DU"oong Quang Vilt Nam Van h(le su yeu. Qutic gia giao d1}c. HA Nc)i. 1950.
(2) Dao Day Anh. Chii: Nam-Ng
u
'01l gdc, cau lifO, diln bien. KhOB h9C xii hc)i, Ha Nqi, 1975.
(3) Holing XuAn Han, c VUn Nom va chfr Ntlln ilb-i 1'rlin ph:ii True LAm Yl!n Wr). T(lp saR khoa
hpc xii hpi (cae 50 5,6,7 ). H{ii khoB h9C xii. hoi Vi\,t tlJi PMp xUat ban.
184
eeo (thAng mo )
mly
1. lb9'c 8\1' thea eacb ch hg. Hoang Xuln Hin chi n chu- trM,
roD cae chii' kbic ma &rig neu n nbO' :
.Jl. "nh

lam
thi tbve tI tbnOc no '9' pbln Iofi khac. NhO' vfy' I. ph6p, Y ella cac aDg chi
bao 4 chu-, chitim ti 4/20000 tu-c 0,002" Ie ra khOng nen th8uh lofi'ri6ng.
Con cae ph6p p t8 va bloh thanh tbi do W9t yen clu t6i cae ODI cbl dirDg Ifi
4- mu-c mien ti cbu- 'ChU"a 4i elu vao du truc Den ron mOt vu net nbOe aih cae JdBn
loti krac nhau. . ',' .'
iJ Nam, Bvu Clm cUIII c6 nbirng y ki& tU'O'Dg tv cae nguVi tren (1).
Tai can,' N. Xtankhfcb (2) ya fA Vln Quo ( 3 ) 41 dva vao cac trl thu-c ag&n
ngil" h9C. thM! khOi 81f troi hnOc ella lyc thO' va d1}'1l vao m6i quan nOI t,i gih cac th&nb
t6 trong cbfio NOm quy ch& NOm n thauh cac kilo 10,i quan, nhO' 1m, Am + am,
1m + t, t + t, "ilt tlt v.y. C&cb gili tblch nay c6 m,t h9'P H hem
, Gin cUy. dU kbi phien 8m yan am qu6c ngiJ' thi tip Clla Blob Kbi6m (4).
ang Paul Scbneider c6 "i& m{)tchuyeu ctl\ cbu- NOm (2) trong d6 6ng ct,t m6i
qUaD ph ngbien OOU chii' Nam vo-i nghicn OO-U ngan np h9C va h9C. cia t,o
cbii' NOm, hg chia n 3 10,i 160: .
1. Nbirng chii' N&m mO'vn tir cbii' Han.
2. Nhfiong chii' NOm tv t,o.
3. Nhii'ng chI' NOm cUDg Am diu.
a lOfi lOng chia fa cac ki)u :
tir Han
b. tir NOm
c. chii' MU'q"D Am (Emprunt. phonetiquee)
d.do chii' waoq"D n,hla f Empruote eemantiquee)
a lo,i 2 Ong chia n eacki8a:
a. h9i t, (&gregatll logiqne. )
b. Mi lfn (complexes phonetiqaee)
c. h{)i 1m hVp 1m NOm.
(1) Bu-u elm. D4n nA4P nBlaihf en N8m. D,i hC)e Viln kh08,Sai Gon.
(2) Tli Cln va. N. Xl81lkhieh ... qUI vli lIel vI! linb binb clu l,o eM N6m,. Ng41&
ngii' (cae 86 2, S. 1976).
(3) U Viln Quan. Nghien. err" vi ckii: Nom. Khoa h9C xl hl}i, Ita Nl}i. 1981.
(4) Nguyln Blnh Khilm, porte parole de la sagesse populaire: Le B,eh ViII 8!11 qullc IIIii' tbi ttp-
BSEI. nouvelle serle. Tome XLIX. 4 eme trimestre, 1974. . . . . ..
(5) Paul Schneider. Les ideogrammes vietnamiens. Cahier C.E: R. A. e, Juiu, lW).
185
d. mU'g'D lm lang Nom.
d. dung cach phi;'D
a Il)1iIi 3"cbFc6 m{lt la cae cbll' tbi til' .5p lay.
SO' do pMn 101ili du truc chfr Nom cua Paul schneider' con co doi ch3 chU'a mlilch
danh dt. dong til' va chll', dU'a ra qua 0 va nham chfr tir 0 nay sang 0 kia, vi dt;t:
.i;{ noe, xip vao 0 phien thiet
(trong i!- gO'), vao cac chfl' dmg am altu.
;f,Ji xem, xep vao 0 b{Ji y.
lam, 5k miiy, xep vao 0 d<)c theo nghta.
Tuy nhien, y P. Schneider co eM dang quy la da eM y den 81.1' tae d?ng IAn
ohall gill'a cae yen-tIS hinh, am. ogh!a trong chfr Nom.
]\lhiD chung, y kicn eua cac nha nghien ctrU trU'6c day dell dang qlIy. ('I) hvp
Ii, nhU'ng"it -nhie\{ deu co mt)t nhU'g'c la chU'a coi chtr Nom lit mi)t d6i hrg'ng nghieo
ctrU rieng hi;:t chtl'a philo ro eMt khac nhau gifra Han va Nom nen phan uao con
mang nhfrng dinh kicn cua diu tlilo chtr Han khi phao Heh chfr Nom.
I. S" phan djnh giita chit Hdn va chit Nom.
Tiep xuc vo-i hilt ki Vall ban Nom nao, din eo y thu-c minh dang d<)c van tl]' dan t?e
ebti- khOng phi'li GQc ilI?t thtr bien eua van tI;r Han. Nhfrng dO'n vj hiuh khoi \011 In chfr
Han, khi tham gia vao \'an ban l\om, di hoan toan vilO thong ,un hr dan t1)c,
Bieu de dimg thily Iii khOng phai tiit c8 cae chfr Han co tro- thanh ehfr
Nom. Chll' Nom chi 8tl' d\lUg m{lt 80 Itrgng toi thieu chfr Han. Tru-o-c I1hilt, nhfrng chfr Han
phli xuat trong van him Nom m&i 1. chii' Nom, nghta la no Vtra xuat trong van
hAn Han vtra xuat trong van him Nom. Xin xem 80' :
I
Vong A bao nhfrng chii' HaD xuat trong cae van baD Htin, Vong B hao
nhll'ng chfr Nom xuiit trong cae van han Nom. Khoang I bao gom nhfrng chi' l' Han
khOng bao giir xuat trong van bin Nom, khoang II bao gom Ilhinl/! ehti' Nom t\1' tl}-o
186
/

neD kMngbao gii)' xuit van bin Hall, (lhl c6 khoang:lll' gam nhii'og chii' Han
) di trir tbanh Nom.
III chi bao ohfrng chfr thitlih' doo. hicn '
>' ..
tieng dilu t6i thillu cUi tJo- tMob Nom. Vi dl} cacchfr *t8i, 1:!0
uhin, >t oghia, tim, IJ ,:$1: b'c, IJ:- "', Mngnban, . .it phODg,1r .
Trong c4c .each 'glii. !mehii' Han (uhll' Thi kinhgiai am) baycac.ach d,y chii'Han (nhu-
Tam thientv) . d,cdillni rltro': cbii' Nom khi chi lit lip' lIji chfr Rau.
Trong cac phlm Nom buOi dlu vidl} bai CU' fran I"e phutrong Thiln tong ban
h,tnh ,1652 chfr ,tbi ngoai mly chu-, c6 nbll': boa u'u' dam, ha hfru, hll'O'ug
thien ra . hltu Mt cacthutt ngfrdq.o Phft ohll' thll tiDb, ohin ha, lye
tbam sao v.V. nay vln trong cac bal khio cu-u giao bing
Ngoaira hr9'ng dung ( tbay trang. ,c elm ,tbay daD nbfrng
tir', nay ci\ng 4a b6a (y m{)t mti-cd{) na() d6 va su- d1}ng 'troog cac' va m,o thn,t
!rong Qu6c am thitip Trii. Tuy obien; troug In9t 86 t8cpblm ,N6rri nhu- KJeu,
chinhph'lllgim;"Cung Oifn' v.v. d6i bie lD{)tillStir tliuln,Han ,nhu- b1 s!'c
tll' phong,. chen c1l& ':c tien ), .. tltQ'ng nay se lamcho' tanhgicYi khoaog .
III hi nhoedi:It Song, s6 Ill'f}'n$ nhung tir nhll' vq.y rat c6 tM cOi
la 81}':8&og tl10 ttOOCllg6n tirnha th()', vi ro rang Ilbfrngtil' eu-d\lng
lq.i Iltn 'va tbanb ngir va da d11"Q'c dU'svilo t'Ilctir van VitI.
'1 ' '. _ ", '. " .. ,.. >. '. ..'
Tbeo Ii. tbi tKtci Han c6 am Han (vbng A
vao van binrlom; nhlrng th\l"c te hoan toan khOnc phiinhir vf.y.Cin cU: VaG tll cacac t1}'
Nom dll'Ve bi6n8oq.n tirtrll'cYc tcYinay va cancn- vao cae 'vClnhin Nom,chUng t6i '
tMy s6 Ill'Q'Ilg chli-Han tbanb N6m (khoang III )rlt nhfrng til'
Han: h6a 0- d9 hrO'ng d6i: "
hQ'p, duog chii' Han ,vo-i 8,m Hall dl!gbi tb; thulln
it m9t( 86 .UDJ ),' (10 llog), Jtk. kbi (Inc), .. d6i {cf:p), ',*, xa ( DgU'Q'C v,m
glln )- (g9i), )* b,c( trillg) ;t. (IIQ') v.v. tht phlo i6-ri khicb9n chfr ngll'(ri
, chfr Nornciing c6 y thti-cinil'vn nhii'nc cbfr Handa m,t chfr, lam
cho hrQ'ng"'clifr"Han trong van bin Nom'nit xu6ng 86 ," .
.. 'c, 62 q01) tl'oncvan bAn,N6m ','haiamlavv vA mua,
nhU'ngttbng no, dU'vc vao 6 h Tin'il ng 0-6$t);Ong vaq ban,
Nom cotM co2 ughla 1. (mai mgt )'va 86d(;m, trong.'tnro:rig h9'P nghia
10. milt no cang dave VaG 0 1.
Quansat SlY Jo 1; xet thea hlnh.-.am-:-nghtathi .cblclnc6Ylti
nghta: dO"tl vi hiub kh6i co du dieu th1lDh ch&N?tn0 nblr
ctitiinh bay hentren, xet tren tblJ"C te thl ,ohfrng darfvi nay khOng phlln lcYn
chUng:c1eu 10. nhfrngchi'r thOng (il,ulg'dadU'C}'c Vw.th6a va deu 0 l.
Nhll' trir 0 0 10. ,tbubHIin' ,con tlt ca caco tir I dt;n 10 10. chii' Nom va ladoi
tU'Q'Dg ngbieu ta, Tit Idt;n4, Nom mang t\1' dJ!.ng ijan; vi v,y til' trucrc den
nay thll'(rng dU'vc quan ,vay mu-9'n. fJ 0 e<l 1, ttai 18ki thj til' g6c
Han, DeU thay chfr qu6c ilgii')bi naydt dang tMyogay.
i1 () 802,kl . ,rio am'Tien Han xern ehU'O'bg hai) V1}'C ADJ 4C}C, IOJ!.i
un

SO" DO 1
phi Han :---1
' Han
--1-----1----1----: -------1-----
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tro-i
m6-i
kM (khA)
.... --.. .0;_ .........
cai trtiDg
con rila
trong
Dayan kh8. BaU v.o va th\1'C 8\1' tr<r thaDh dO'D vi tir VIfDg vi Ie ly no
dU'Ve cMp la chii' Nom.
a 0 86 3, ki lU'Q'e hO Dghia Han, chi con ngbia DeD DO boaD toan I. Nom.
56 lU'Q'Dg ki trong cae 0 Doi treD thea 8\1' th5Dg ke cua chUng toi chi co d9 vao khoing
hai DgaD.
2. Brrcrc phiLn loq.i chit Nom dtJu tien
Theo 80' 00 tren, nhin ve hillh chfr Nom hf,lp thanh hai Dh6m 16D:
- nh6m 1: 1, 2, 3,4 18 nhfrng chft' Nom co tlf cbfr HaD tnr6c nay dU'Q'e coi I.
nhOm m'lrQ'n thilng chtr Han .
. - nhOm 2 : 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10 la nbfrng chfr Nom co t\1' dl!-Dg rieng gf,li la nh6m c6 cau t"o
rieng, ngU'iri HaD khOnp; dge dU'Q'C va dU'Q'e, chUng dU'Q'c tl!-o tbanb hOi cac cMt
Hall tit: cac chir Han GtrQ'c tach ra va ghep v(ri nhall theo nhfrng (Iuy tac rieng cua
188
ogtrM Vitt. TV d"o, nay d"ng tbM co am ngbt. ri6Dg khac btu chii' Han, tfo thiwb
, hI) ba blob - am - ogbia
T., cif.ng rieDg 'gi1i. dap yeu cau gi ? NO cbfr Nom kMng dyng tt>i (fa -tit
ca cac t1]' Han ? nay 8e d11'9"c giai dap ngay n5u quan sat dja Am dQC. a nh6m 1
cac chfr Nom hln Mt dU'9"c gifr nguyen am goc (cac c:&cb dQC chfr Hao khac ,nhau. 0-
Nam) coo 0- nb6m 2 tbi tit c1 1ic chfr Nom pbii dQc khac am goo doi cMt .- thU'Ong
gQi la dC}C vi dy
f
mli
dC}C I.
$.
Ity
l-
19
0
9 k16ng (trong)
-i* 19 rll.
\
,.
Nguyen DbAn cU. It, d9C nay 18 vi: 1. cO vlo ogi; Am licb eu, 2. gih 1m
Hao (chn y5u Is Han v6i M th6ng am thullo co mOt kbolog cacbkhB 16n. Ta
hly so Roh:
- s6 111'VOg am co agbia trong ti5ng : 3525
- 85 luvng am Hao 0 : ] 310
- so brf}'Dg am c6 nghla dog m,t trong thOng HaD :
3525 - 1310 = 2215
V,y Is nhfrng Am c6 oghla vltog trong M tMog am Han mOt
so lll'9"ng rlt 16-n, glin glp 'oi so 111'9"ng Am Han Vitt. Th1]'C nay ra cho chfr Nom
m{lt vy I. phii d\lng cac pb11'0'0g phap linh hOl].t nhU' tM 0&0 sung d11'9"c
e6 IU'f}'Dg 1m tiEt byt oay va dAy eliog chiob 18 oguthl goo de ra ohii'og 81]' phu-c *"p,
rlc roi.
Do bei nguyen Dhao : m9t l8. cbir Han ova cbir Nom mang bluh vao t1]' binh kh6i
am tiEt tfnb, hai l8. chu N6m dung eMt lieu Han tv glii Am Den m9t ill niDg
cO N(sung cbo khoin thiEn hyt tm. 18 duog Dgay am Han lam am xult phit r(\i dung
c8cb!dQC am tifit na na. eacb h& sang ngfr 1m nay phii 4uQ:c kem
theo bing hinh thai van b, tu-c Ii them thlt va sll-a hiob cna chit Han t1]' bAng
cac pbU'O'ng ph8p cua van t1]' bQC cho ogu'lri dQc thly dU'9"c tieu chi cua 81]' dQC chech
nay. Cbfr N6mtroog qua trluh pb8t dil di vao quy d,o nay va (1'y 1. CO' 80- lam xult
cac chir Nom 0- nb6m 2.
Tuy nbieo,troog cac van biD N6m buM dltu thly co obfrng chii' N6m dlD dC}c
ohung ben chfr Jl}i khOng c6 dln gi. D6 Iii trU'lrng hVp cac chfr Nom 0- 0 80 4
Vi dy troDl hai Cv iran I,e each TMen tOng bin c6 cac chfr san: .
a day phio hai trU'fyog h(l'p :
1. H do dong dl); : tir khi xu at ehil' Nom ('.ho dt;n cac giai dO{lD phat coa no
sau nay, gifra tMng am Han va th()ng Am thultn bao gib' cung co mgt 81]'
an kb&p. N(lu gQiiX la am HaD va X' Ia am thultn tbi luon luon t{li
mgt tll'c;rng X =t= X'. V6i tinh binh ay ma dung chii' Uan dC}C im Han ghi ti5ng
thi nao traub kboi tU'c;rng thieu chinh xac, X mulSn d9c thaob X' phai
c6 81]' chtn ham.
Vi dl;l : am dllu, co I r I va I g I kbOng bao gib' co trong' am Han
Ve vltn trong til!ng nhfrol vlln co e (nhll' e, eo, eo, tit, eng, ee) va 0 (nhU' 0.00, ot, oe,
oet ... ) khong bao gib' troog Han
2. LY do lic" dl)i: khi du if 0 chfr Nom 0- vao m{)t giai phat nao do
clla chfr Nom, X va X' c6 c6 8V' an kh6p hoao toano Vi dv: am altu.
C"il' .. am Han Vift am co am Viet hifn nay
cai
bao
It)og
cly
bao
krong
gai
81Sng
Qua ohieu tM ki co c6 nbii'ng S1]' bien d?)i X' > X" (nhU' k > g, b > v)
nay gifra X ,0. nay ra tU'(I'ng thieu an kh6p. Vi d\1 tren : c5y > gai, bao > "ao.
Vi vb xu hU'ung cbung laphai them ki vao hen c{lnh chfr.
. Ti nhii'og chii' Nom dQc cblch khong ki cung thay c1M theo v6ida phat
cua cM.' Nom. Sau day 18. vai coo 80 so lanh.:
Bai ell' iran Il)c Jl)O (cu6i Trln)
tbng 86 chii' 1482
chfr cMch khOng ki 93
chiem ti 6 %
Qu6c am thi (bin DU'O'Dg Ba Cung, chep ll].i til' ban
80 chii' tlnh 10 thO' alu 538
chfr c1Qc khong ki 151
chiem ti 30 %
Hoa tien
tbng s6 chii' tinh 22 ciu dlu 308
chif' dgc kMng 11:1 54
chiem t1 18 %
Qua-nhfrogcon-.6 tren, c( nit ra xet: khi s6 hr9'1lg cbii' dl}c kbong ki
tang len tbi t{lo ra 'V' mat :tbang bAng giii'a el! bien abi" ngfr am va 8V' eira c1M van tV'.
tir do co obu cltu ph&i lung bAng bioh thai "an t1]' ch,e dU'c;rc ohii'og ohllm lin.
Kbi 8() lU'c;rng .cbfr dQc khang ki con ft, mau thuao tren chU'a gay rlit trong qua
trioh bie,n. hrc;rDg (tU'O'ng a61 nnh). NhU'ng khi mau thn!n tang mu-c oao do thi no
ra qua trinh bien chilt, hai mau thuio h6a lin nhau va co Ie vi th(nen xu hU'<Yng
hi) Bung van tll thAn, the va 80 lU'I}'Dg chii' co cilU o)i t{li .pbai tang len giii quyet
190
q'llu thudD nay. Cae chu- Nom dl}c kh6ng ki chI dll'47cgiii' I,i 0. nhu-ag
h47P ttSi U'U 1& 06 da qua quim thu{)c tht;t'c st;t' c6 y nghia net chii' V8 khOng roe\,"
dgc am qua Ian. vi dy : )
R
mai may

chu-
chb
1)\
de
day
...

Jl
b6i
v(;'i
Jb
con con
MOt net chung cho ea 2 nMm Nom tren 1& tlt ca cae chii' thu(lc hal tiMm 06 c6
m9t 80'0 vi ghi lm Han. ta hay quan sat:
1.
*
tai
2.
..
mua
3. rt
m{it
4.
t

5.
If
mii
6.
Jt.
ki
7.

3.
a$.
.19
9.
-t.
long
Rieng 0- 0 10, chii' Nom khOng ghi am Han ohll'ng ohll' sau Day chUng toi se chu-ng
minh, lU'47ng chii' 0- 0 nay qua it, chiem ti 0,002 Ie ra c6 ra ngoai 80' Nhll'Dg
vi tuy sli lU'47
n
g it nhU'ng tIn 86 xuat cua chUng kha cao neo khOng be) qua. Nhii'Dg
chii' D.Y xuat &aU the kt XVII. Vi dt,t: 1t ,(trum) xult nam 1745 trong hie
sli 89 _ 91, cac chii' (trM) va t" (seo) ciiog nbU'ng vi so IU'47Dg cac van ban Nom
0- cac the Itt XVIII, XIX rat nen cac chii' nay cling hay Tmuc kia Day 011'47
C
xf!p vao phU'O'Dg sach hi}i j hay thoo j + j. Song quaD bt nay khOng g47
i
ra 4U'47
C
am o9c ma chii' Nom cbUf den cac pbll'O"Dg phap g47i am ogc. 'Vi dy 0- chii' .
cac yeu t6 JZ. hay 'J:- khOng g47
i
ra OU'47C am 19c, .flo.. liiy Dghia, cOD J:- thv
c
ra chI
dll rna chfr khOi age lit ( thiln) va 'trong chirng mvc DaO oily DO II!-i CO gia tri chinh Am.
a 6 Day,' cae 6ng 9ao Duy Aob va Hoang XU8n Han con oU'a them calc chii'
(salnh), $if- va (lam).
eM: t Trlln Xuln Ng9c Lan va Cung Van LII'9"c (1) cho rlag thaoh ttl jl
( 1) Trln Xulln Ngl}e & Cung Viln Lll'Q'c. ( cntsn Chii' NfJm - Ngnon ,Gc, cia t\lO.
TlJp chi NgOll Ngis a/1976).
191
,
I'
I
,.-1'
v()n co am lit [bitl] dtl'C}'c diIDg ghi am r phlcn J Y()n lit tien than cua c sanh',.
'ChUng ta dong y vo-i hai talc giii tren vi nbtl' da am dall 8 fi:ong tit;ng trtl'o-c
ky XII co nguon goc tir cae nhOm phl.1 am gr, kr, pr, phI.
Ve chfr * (r mOt s(i van ban kh&c con dlfC}'e Is tn- (thO' Ho
( Phan Trltn) chfr nao "'ciing'-eo thanh tt) -# khong dM. X,ct S\I' phat am dgc
cua #- qua dong thai gian ta co qna trlnh san:
dzin71!7> dzil1 > dzi!7 > tsiJj (1)
[ dZilJ''1] 1. am Han thtl'C}'ng vilO Nam 860m cung phiii then xu htl'o-ng
tlie xat thitnh uie hay xat vis keu thanh diee vi tiilng hic nay khOngco am tite xat va
ken qua mc}t am trung gian la c chi eng ) nay con thlly trong phlrO'ng ngon
trung va trong tieng MU'(l'Og Bi.
Trong An nam die" ngii' (2) ehfr #- con dtl'C}'e dich lil *- Am dlri Minh til r ci ..,,1
Ve sail do xu hU'o-ng .iiln riM eh > gi trong tlilng ehicng) m6i d(ii thanh gicng'.
ehfr .;<, thtl'lrng dtl'C}'e xcp van 0 h9i Y nhtl' P. Schneider xep vtlO > dgc
then nghia, co Ie la ong eho rang no viet tiit tir chfr $, . Qua th\rc Is chii"
tiit nhU'ng khOng phai tir rna la ttr ehfr it sach PhQt thuyet (3), am
ditm) lY trang 12 dtl'C}'c ghi lis it, lY trang 4b gJti ggn la ,con lY trang 3b chi
con ghi lit . Ba chfr tren <lu giiii thich q'ua tdnh rut g<;m cua ,(.,
Tom lY 0 10 chi thily eon 4 chfr, chUng toi ggi chung lit chfr quy tl'6c vi no
khong xuilt phat tir am dgc, sO- di no dqc dtl'C}'c I. vi co Ill}' qlly lfO-C ngam gifra ngtl'aj
va ngtl'i'ri dge.
Ta trlY Trong cii cac trong sO' do (bO 0 st) 10) tiit ca Cae chfr Nom
pMi co m(lt dO'n y! ghi am Han. Nf!a ggi dO'n vi nay la A va cac dO'n vi khtic khong
ghi am Is B thl RO' do I 'kia se dtl'C}'c mo bi. thanb 80' do 2 nhtl' .au :
Qua SO' do 2, Ill}' khu gifra 2 nhom nM bi}.t len lY net Ball : cac chii' lY nhom 1 chI
co m{lt thanh t6 ghi am con cac ehfr 0- nhOm 2 co R'l}' diu gom mQt thanh t6 ghi
am va mOt thanh t6 khac. Thanh ttS nay lis ki thanh to ghi am, ctU'C}'c
tlilo ra bang each su-a dM hinh Clla thanh ttS ghi am (0 so 6), nay chiem ti it
hO'D Mn.
3. CJc thanh t6 trongnh& N()m
Nhtl' cia tMy, mQt chfr Nom .. o c6 m{lt hay nhieu thanh to. Noi rAng chfr
Nom co m{lt thanh to Han lil ta da nlim ciU'C}'c han cMt cua chfr Nom ciing Dhtl' chti-c nang
cua n6, do III thti- van tl}' su- dl}ug cMt HaD t\f de ghi am Chfr Nom
(1) Maurice Durand. L'ocuvre de la poetesse Vietnamienne H'O Xudn Huong. Publication de L' E. F. E. C
Pari$, p.SS.
(2) Sach do H(li dong qUlin (cO" quan giao cua nhA Minh) sO(ln gom 13 pho tv" dien illS
chieu. til' c,hi"r Han ra chi"r ngo,i qut)c gQi .. bung II. lIoa di dick ngii. An nam dick ngii II. m(lt pho
trong do ita dU'Q'c nha Han hQc ngU'ui Phap III E. Galpardonne nghien cOoa va gio-i trong Journal
asiatique 85 3/1953. Mqt dj han sach nly nlim 1975 ilU'Q'c mOt n],a ngon ngi"r hQc 18 Davidson nghien
CUD va gicSoi trong BSOA. Glin ilAy, mOt nbA sir hQc ngtrui D.i Loan 1:' Tran Kinh Hoa (tirng dn
hQc 0- Nam, Ily VQ' ngU'o-i la giao 8U' trll'ung hQc HotJg K6ug) ding m(h cho in
cut)n Bach nghien CUll ve pho tv" nay vo-i nhan dl! A bibliographical and linguistic study on the
An na", yi VII.
(3) Tt'r itA, dun!!: ehi"r nay gQi tlit euou Pkt!t thuyet dq.i brio phil mdu an trpng kink.
.
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mU(lOkhi chu- Han ail co .siy du cae phll'O'ngpbap ch trfic nguyen thuy va
eac phlfO'ng phap tll'O'Dg d6i tien bO'D. N6 c6 ch?n nhfrng phll'O'ng phap khoa hQC
Dbt cM- khOng sir dl}ng tit tii.
Trong chir Han, s\r cau true rlt phti-e M{lt chfr co thll eo kha th.Db US. Chfr
- (n.hat) co 1 thanb fl), ebfr :::.. (nhi) ail co 2 tbanh t6 diI chi 2 Chir
( khhu ) co 3 net nhlrDg lliti chi co 1 thanh to hinh c.ai :f:}en chii' .J. (VIl'O'Dg)
thi thco Bong Trl}ug Thlr va Chcsneaux gilii thieh gl',m glitch freD tro trO'i, dmH tro'dill,
glitch gifra fro ngU'n-i (IIVP thanh tam tai : tbien, dia, Dban) va net tr.) ke e6 uy
quan thong dt.rcre cli trO'i va ngll"O'i, d6 la vua, nhll' lit tat eft co " thimh t6.
(:ac chir cau tl;lo Mug phep hioh thaDb thi diI c6 obieu net den oiu cimg. 4trg'c quan
la chi co hai thanb to : m{it am va m{it y.
N)!trb-i BiiD cling flii dilUg m{it khOi lU',!ng kha lOon chfl' Han lam van t\f minh
va 11,.11' .tl\t'u am ("a am tii>t IlIia) nhtr Kan ,in (Han am), (in ( Ngi) am)
193
nghia nhlJ' K'on do ctqc), tMng nay khoang 70 %, ngoai ra IS.
th6og' hoa gom nhfrng ki ghi am rieng cua ngU'Oi khoang 30,%' g!,li
la hoa h.r. fHH vo-i tMng treD, dil trong chiI' Han thuge cac phU'O'ng thu-c truc
khae nhau nhlJ'ng vAn uU'Cle eoi la m<)t chinh the blnh - nghia. Tuy m6i chii' ll;!i co the
UI,lC thanh nhieu am tiet nen nO aii kbac am Han LOl;!i dU'o-i thi ll;!i thuc)c lol;!i ghi am
tiet Hnh. Trong th6ng thli> uhiit vi gifr nghia nen B\I' phan Heh diu tr.re hOllD
toan gi6ng ,Bl!' phan tich ctla ngU'o-i Han u6i vo-i chfr Han.
Chii- Nom co hO'i kh8c. Trtro-e nhiit vi m6i chiI' co uge tlUlDhm9t am nhU' trong
ehfr Han nen no c6 gtillg 1<;>0 phan am cua chfr Hall tuy dii bi kbUc Xl;! theo caeh u,?e
cua ball ngfr (Han hay phi Hall va thlre BIf ail c6 gang t6i ua tren
nay. Thanhthu-, thea quan ciia ngU'o-i viet chfr Nom, m9t chfr HaD mu6n vao di
a
h/!-t chfr Nom pbai dU',!c m{lt cach ehlnh xae hay khai am va cai am mcs-;.
!a: quan tr,?ng, bat chap m!,li kieu true eiia tV' d/!-ng / Han. Vi trong m6i ehfr Nom
du thu,)c nhOm 1 hay nhom 2 den ph8i chu-a m?t dO'n vi Han tlr co am u,?c va dern vi
dU',!e eoi la thanh t6 ehinh.
ca cae chir Nom deu qny vao hai nhOm:
1 - chi"c6 m?t thanh t6 [!]
2 - co m{lt thaDh to rn c<)ug vai m<)t thanh to khao. Vi chfr nao cung co thauh to [!] nen
[AI (tU',!e coi la thanh t6 g6c.
A. Thanh t6 g6c
TrU'ac nMt, thanh t6 goe ia thanh to uU'9'C SU- d,!ng am : d<;>e thilng am Han
am Han roi tir do chlnh sang am a cac lo/!-i S8U, neu IU',!c bO thanh
tt) glSe thi khOng agc atr'!c am cua ehfr Nom, vi dl} :
11 len neu bO A ( ;! lieu) am Be Iii 4t thling
da bO A ( J da) am se lit. PI nh,!c
Thaoh ttl gt)c mang Hoh l}n djnh ve hioh thll, n(;u eu-a <1M hinh cua no thi gia tri
am thay <1M tu-e thi, vi :
banh, bo. net thanh r\j nhut;
r.hem, srra thanh Mi go
Trong khi cae thimh to khac thay thanh ttl gifr nguyen thi gi.ti tIi ma ehfr
gifr nguyen, vi dl,l :
bBnh
banh
banh
(thanb to tlJ binh dlJ',!e gifr nguyen)
Day chinh la B\I' doi gia tri gifra thanh to goo vrYi cae tbllDh to kbac.
NhU' thllllh 'to goc mang Hnh y'u. N(;u nhin qua trinh phst cua tirng
mj chfr Nom va Ii lich cho tirng'ma, Be tMy thanh to goc la ki n6i dung co
thU'ung xuyen, vi dt} :
194
..
- am t,6ng cac chfr thinh t6 goo Ie ){lng.
- am sau co eae chii' ,*' ,__ '..J.t thaob t6g6c liI.t- lau.
Cbinh" 8\f co tbU'an, xuyen cUa thanh t6 g6c nay dii giii' cho ch& Nom mOt tU' th5
bn dinh-qna m9i thir thach cna thM gian, chii' Nom tmuc ean th\l'c dU'q'c cbu-c
Dang thong bao cua van tv.
Thanh tiS goo am nhU'ng kMng phli bao gia no ciing am daq'c
CAm mi. 0- nMm 2 no ,chi am xuat pMt hay 1m g6c (am Han vi
chUng ta con' co g?i no lit .thanh t6 Jinh am. Tir am xuat phit lIay phai co m{lt It}' gia
eong khic dll Iii DO vao am Gtrq'c vi dy :
.. 19
P!r 10
.tl. COD con

do -Hr dau
Me ;l;t btruc
Thanh ttS goo co the la m)t cbii' Han (phiD lOon la chii' HaD thU'uDg dung) hote Ii. m{lt
h9 phl}.D: Clia chii' Han. Trong h(},p no lit m9t h{) phiD cua chii' Hau (hI) iy
du-ng rieDg c6 khi ding I. Jm)t chii' Han: . du-ng ricng lit pb{lp ) thi ciing thU'ang Ii.
. fun vi Ichu am trong chii' Hin chu- khOug the nao Ie. dO'n. vi IEhu nghia, .1 dl} :
chii' Nom Jun vi Ichu biet am (thanh phu) cI,iI' Hin

btrum

$
dem

dillm

neo
it
dieu
Chii' Hau 18m thitnh ttS goc . thtrang dU'q'c lir dl}ng 0- nbom 1 (cac 0 1, 2, 4) va la
chii' dO'D ; ciing c6 tha dU'q'c llii- dl}Dg trong nbOm 2 (tir 0 5 dlln 0 9) va la m{)t thanh t3
chii' ghcp, vi dy (10) JUt. ( bU'uc ). Sv phan dinb ranh giu(giil'a cae-chii' Han
18m the.nh t6 goc 0- nhom 1 v6-i cac chii' Han lam thitnh t6 g6c lr nbOm 2 khOng do bin
than chung quy dinh ma do B\f . tac nt}ng eua nhfrDgthanh to khac ma chUng toi Be trlnh
bay lau.
Con cac h9 chii' Han lam thitnh tiS giSc thi hic ditu ciing Is. nhii'ng chii' Han dO'D
c6 nghla rieng (vi dt} am chiem trong chiem bao, -G am trong
vI! san 4U'(}'c dung rieog phin am them tMng khu nghia (h9 tM) tl;lo ra cbii'
Nom, thRoh thir xct rieng trong cllu truc ghep thi chung lit hI} cUs chii' Han vi nghia
Cll dil bi quen di va dtr(}'c dung philn am (mU'(}'n m9t S\f xac nen he tMng 40'0
vi dioh am nay _. chUng tOi ggi I. thOng dO'n vi dinb am Itr(}'c net - co tac dt}ng dit I6-n
vi no lam dio ngtrq'c nbieu cach giii tbich trtl'OoC day, nhlt la aia hl;lt cac quy tlc
dgc
Trong th\fc tien lang tl;lo chfr Nom, cha oug chUng ta do y thti-c ti't nct nen
. dil hrq'c bO cac dO'n vi khu nghia (h9 thn) chi giii' I'y cai loi cua chii' la tbanh phu
them vao (Uy cae ki clla chii' Nom t\'o chft mui v6i nhii'ng c8.('h dgc khac
nhau, vi dl! dung -G la thanh phil cua cac chfr :
195
,
,
I
it.

1{; 1'h1{}u
chicn
ii

ra chir Nom:
deo
.g < tbf,lo ( it .g< tbien
treo
Is thaoh phil cua " (h6i) tf,O ra eie chfr
hoi (nong hoi)
Ngu'o-i vir!t chit' Nom thU'o-ng kh6ng eM y oguon g& cach kbac nhau trong dmg
m{lt thanh phil nay. nhU'ng xet flU- oKfio am HaD thl chung ta e() tU chu-ng
minh dU'l}'c m6i tU'O'ng 'Iuan gill'a cae each dQc I.y. Vi -G co am thU'l}'ng di lit Jieu
( thu{lc mAu Joan ). eang am Han bung eli Ie trifu (thu{ic mAu ir;). T&i ki X
troug tieng Han co Il'.r mi]t lifra miu tranq va mAD chvung thanh mAu chieu n{on di\
ra - 11'.1' IAn IOn giii'a ch va tr trong each dQc Han b{i sang eh va nu)t 86 sang
ir) do d6 -G c6 them cac am chieu. chieu. Con thiru thi theo Maspero (1) mAu
thien t<> chieu (nblJ' vira noi chiEu troy ngll'l}'C Jen lil do trang va chvung nMp m{i'), Trang
chvO'ng !lang Han thaub tr ve ch. nhU'Dg thien sang Han thanh th, do do C(l am
thiru. Con. ..t c6 am rno; nhU'ng trong it eo am hOi. Co the giai tbich nhU' Ilau :
Thanh mAu vi [ (m ) w J va thaoh min dn [( lSi) oiw,oi J trong tlUa tnnh phat se co
mi]t hrr&c qua ui} gi6ng nhau khi cl hai dang (r giai do,o [w]. hic nay ee co m9
t
st) tir (y
thaoh mlu nay sang thanb mlu kia. 96 1& thU'o-ng xly ra trong cac ngoo ngir. Khi
88Dg Han thaob mlu van cho cae am dln /v/ va /h/ con thanh mAu vi cho cac am
flitu /v/ va Im/, tir do de ra mt)t 116 tit d9C v6i Am dluJh/ va /m/ nhrr trrro-ng hl}'p tren
Tbeo thOng ke elia chUng toi co tren 60 dO'n vi dlnh am lU'Q'c net thu?e nay ( xem
phlin ph,! ehU'O'Dg) (r oay xin neu m9t vai vi d,! :
ti'lt tir oil nhieu
thieu

ra cac chfr Nom:
Ii
theo

"hieu

'!theo
-;f ttt fir
if
chv. it
'r..,
(1) TrOll!! .;tude! lur la phonetique biltoriqae de la ann.mite, leg initiRletl, flEFEO, XII,
1912. Ir. 'tho
11)6
it
tit til'
it
cit,;
t,o
fa cac' chif Nom sau:

tra

rhi

tt tu-
*"
Mng
tl}.or8 cae chii' Nlhn
,.
bOog
'*"
b(,mg.
bYDg
*
bOng
.$:
..
f&-
tat tu-
.,
nO/
t,o ra cac chfr Nom
rfjt
n6i )
ooi
*
nbi
tt til'
cio
tt til'

/chao
tlit til' '$. xao
t,o ra cac chii' Nom

MO
* ",i]
xOn X80

khao
Ntlu so sanh'am cuacac ao:n vi Gtoh am lU'q'c net oay khi no dm trong th6ng chii'
Han v&i khi no aa sang tMog dun vi Ginh am hrgc net <:Iia chfr Nom, ta tMy :
VtI am dau chUng co BY' kbac nhau kha ro, vi dy :

11m
blm
1j
thyc
xuc
cao
;ij xao
khao
NhU'Dg ve pbSo van chung (t khac Dhau, ta chi m9t 116 tnruug hgpsau :
.. dl', d,li. d\t
thin
197
chan
dien (tit tir ...
)
laa
lii ( tAt tir .)
hI'
tai (tit tir )
Nhtr 10. m?t dan vi dinh am Itrc;rc net co thi vai ph\l am khac nhan nhU'ng
it thi vlin khac nhau, M9t tU'c;rng dang cM y Is cae van nira dong va oon, co the
thay the cho nhau, Vi fl',l:
L hiem
ra cac chii' Nom :
ilL
*L
*1-
biep (am cb cua
.,
hU'o-m'
No gi60g nhU' cac cach dgc chii' Hal' .. (han va bat trong :a bIlt nba), Theo
am hgc thi day chi la 8lF thanh tir khu- sang nhU'- n> - t,-m>
- p, - ng> - k ngU'c;rc 11].1, cac nha am h9C g<,>i la tU'c;l'llg am dU'O'og d6i
Khac vui cac chu- Han lam thanh t6 g6c eboan het Cae 0 thu?c nMm 1 va mlit .6 0
thu9C nMOl 2, cae dan vi oinh am lU'c;rc net thU'o-ng xutlt U ohOm 2, tu-e 18. rtlt it OU.:.lg
Q<}c lam ma chii' ma luon luon phai ket hc;rp vui mgt thanh t6 khac, e\t la ket hvp
vui th6ng hI} thil Nom, Say cbfoh la tieu chi de phan hai 10l].i thaDh t6 g6c vira
trinh hay tren.
8. Cac thanh t6 kbac
Nhin vao nhOm 2 (cae 0 5,6, '7,8,9) ta tMy cae ebfr Nom trong nh6m, ngoai thimh t6
glSc co Hnh tlt yeu ra, deu co kem theo m9t thanh t6 khae, u day van OP dill true n{1i
cua chii' Narublit dau !!u'gc ra,Cac thanh t6 khac nay deu co dnh chat kh6ng g6c tu-c
la khOng the am xuat phat bui vi :
a, Bin than cac thaoh t6 nay co Ioq.i rtlt kM dinb am, vi dl} 10l].i uhliy ) va
ca (1') trong 0 s6 5 va sv IU'c;rc net troDg 0 s6 6.
h. 9(\ the m?t am xuat phSt ma sir dt;lDg den 2 oO'n vi dinh am thi ('hi gay them
tro. nglfi vi mily Ie S3U:
- Neu hai dan vi nay co khuon am truog khit nhau thi m{lt trong hai Be khong clin

- N{;u hai dan vi nay co khuon am so Ie ohau thi dan vi nay se .mau thudn vo-i daD
vi kia va lam eho ngtr<ri dqe lung tung k-hOng chgn dan vi nao. do do phai tim gia trj
va ehu-c nang van tv cua cac thanh to nay tir m{lt htr&ng khac.
Neu ll,hin V8.0 C9t am trong 80' 1 ta co rut ra xet 1& hau bet nhfrnj!: Nom
198
co thimh t6 khOng g6c nhOm 2) khOng QO'Q'c Q9C theo am ph8.t ma QO'Q'c
dgc cMcb sang am thulln a dAy co Bll chinh am va net chung cho tat ci cac thanh
to khOng goc nay 1. chUng fa tieu eM cua S(J' chinh am. Nbin' ci qua tnnb pluit cUa
chfr 18 thliy cac cbir Nom co thaIih to pht,t cang sau cang pMt vi am xullt phst
(Han noi chunS tU'UDg doi bn dinb trong khi am c6 nbirng tbay dM. Slt thi(;u
all kh&p giii'a am xu't phtit va am ngay mQt tang, ph,m vi chinh am cung ngay csng
1&0 hUD va hinh thu-c thi cua B\1' chinh am Day 1a cac tbanh t5 pbt,t cung phit
theo.
Trong Bach thuyet uU'Q'c doan dinh la dU'Q'c vi(;t vao khoang tM ki XV co Dhii'ng
chii' Nom Bau :
chii' am Vift am Nom
:L- eong troog

ctp
leba tri
1:-
m6 mui

m6i miii

mm tram
Trong Thien tong ban h,nh va Qu6c am thi tip (bin DU'O'ng Ba Cung) ta cungrip
chii' :r. (trong) (tra). nhirDg chir do sau nay Doi chung gia them thanh ttS phl,l
)
)
mlii
tram
Xu hU'o-ng them thimb to phl,l phat me tir cac ki XVlIJ, XIX
vi nhO' da tM lei XVII ngii' am ,co Bll tbay dM. Vi d,! tnr6c tM
kt XVII con dC}C la chi clin tro ttS I b I va t.. dinh am tbanh
ma i la duo Con BaU tM III XVII tt) I b I da milt, gia tri (finh am cua t..
nen phii bb Bung Jl tro trang), va ma chii' Is Jll.. llic nay I!, tra thanh khO
Song oet d6i IJp giii'a cac tMnb US pbt,t 10. cln cu-u. Xct thea quan
nang thi da c6 them mQt hiBh thu-c m6i tat phii c6 m{lt gia tr! m&i. M{lt cMc eMn
Is esc thanh t6 ph\} nay khOng cung xullt m9t llic. Trong tbac bin c4a Bao an thien t(J'
bi 'i (1210. Tri Biob Long Ung ngu nii'm) c6 24 chii' Nom trong do 6 cbii' thuQc nh6m 2
i(t ca den thn{lc 0 6 (h{I tM lam thanh t6 ph!}). Bach thuylt, ngoai nhfrng .cbfr
thu9c 0 6 ra co chii' thu{lc 0 8 (dung ki chinh am dan va pht,t to) va da c6
nhfrng chii' thu{lc 0 5 va 0 7. chU'a tMy co cher nao thu{lc 0 10. 9(;n cac van bin NODl tM
ki XVllI nhU' Kieu. Chinh ph" ngam tbi tat ca cac IOl}i thanb to phl,l da
oil
C. Phin lo.,i thanh t6 ph\! '
Gin cu- vao kha nang oinh hU'&ng chinh am chUng toi cac thanh t6 phI} theo thallg

cal' liall :
199
AM
XUAT
PHAT
thi
hang tMoh
" ") to goc
in11 jn1'trng biog chioh am dau
.- - - - - - -'------,
Sinh hU'Ong theo tlU'uog lien
tU'o-ug
- -------------- Sinh hU'6ng
i bi1ng nghia ey

- - - - - - - -- - - --- --- -. -. -.- .. -'" ------
CHINH AM
sau day la III.r pbln tich d6i v6i titng thimh to phI}:
1. J;nn hmyng b.'JnrJ blo
AM
NOM!
Lo,iosy dU'g'c sang hang cach c{ing VaG m{lt dau nluiy ( <) dau ca (f.)
trir bO m{)l chiim, m{)t net oao day 08 tren CO' 110- chfr eli aan sinh Ta dU'l}'c m9t chfr
m&i (nhU' jl kM). chfr mtH Day co 8tu dgc ne mi vo-i ,hfr cu, oU'g'c chinh am fir chfr cli
nhU'ng khOng TO la ehinh am nhu- thf oao. Cae pluip them 111'g'c net chi c6
tfnhchat baG am, ehting tOJ khong chti y i'y day pMn deh vall tI,r ma cM
y ()hu-e nang cua thaoh t6. Tnro-c obit, gia tang ki hay IU'I}'() mit den co gia tT!
gi60g nbau trong vic t,o ml}t gia tr! m6i cho van tl!, fr day 1& lilt thOog bao rDllg each
dC}C phAi khac vvi Am xufit PMt cua chfr cn nhU'ng kh6ng dioh hU'vllg 0?C. Chillh vi khang
dinh hU'6ng oen fr ohf!'og ehfr mang lOl}-i thanh to phy nay. III! 80 Ie gifra am xult phat va
am kh6ng d6n n6i nhau uhieu, ".( dt}
.1/ ma> mO', mY'.
*< nfl' > nfre, n9', DiY
Me do > dua, do
jl ki> khe
Cae ki nay cung ohU' cae ki khac fr nh<im 2 t }){i tho l\6m. chii' Han lam
thanb us ph\l) deu c6 chu-c nang thanh t6 pht} nhll' nhau trong khi tham gia vaQ chfr Nom.
Vi Ii do d6, chung toi g9i cae ki nay la ki co vi chUog co hinb dtmg c6 dinh
trong khi cac IOl}i kluic thay dM theo tirng ma chfr.
Ben cl].nh cac ki ma cae nha nghien cu-u trU'o-c day da nMe t6i nhU' nhay. ca,IU'g'c
net, chfr khh ... ta con phat thay trong eae van hin Nom m{lt 86 ki khac c6 chung
m{lt chu-c nadg van tl}' nhtl' Vi tTong bie sIS 8306 . - 8;)07 (nam 1721 ) cac chfr
(diiy), (dl}'i) 0- dAy h9 sam eo gia tri bao d"w Tnmg kinh Phil
thuyet Ilfi ('(1 jj (light Cr (tiy t- cling gi6nl! nhll' Trong eu(')n Nlri tMp ta-
200
'0
h;lu ca (1) l,i thly co Id hip,1.l

,
eha
;:t

a
thinh

cln
khen
cliDg cO cbu-c Dang bao cbtDb 81ll, vi dy. :
thert
So salnh vcH cac chii' tren <r cae van han kbae ta tblly ro 18 h.1'9'c oet tir chii' -a ,
nhU'Dg hic Day khOog mang ehlre nang thii rna Ie ki elS dinh. Trong thuyet va
Chi nam ngpc am' Il}-i co hit;n tU"<;fng dun!! 1 nhU' ki nhay, ea vi dl,.1 trong cac
ehii'';1 boic (vua), ki nay MU phat tbanh i] nhU' trong cac
( gu-O'ng ), (vua ).
Cae chiI' Nom kh6ng thanh do chilp noi cac cMt HaD tl]' rna dung each 1I1'9'c
net cbfr Han chUSm 80 hrqug rat thlip. phln nhi!u cac ti'r lip lay, vi dl,l :
jl
.j\. khe kba
4
kb,ng
"8 1:
,
2. LOiJ; J;nh h,,6ng bang chinh am clau
Trouh cac vaD bin NOh' ,hi-rlL 1 diill co chii' Nom dung mc}t ki hiQt
nhu- e., (ba), III (ba). .'1' (kha) f! (el!).";'" (ma). ... (cu-), M' (a) ... trl1'OoI)
ltay thwng dU'v
c
giai tbleh khaf ohau . .\6i ('hung cbung thU'ffng dU'C}'c coi la thanh t6 ghi
am ngang hang vcH thanb ti'i goc. thrill (y m{\t thui li
ch
su- nhllt djub ma nhin
nhfn tbi thiy chUng 18 cach I!hi iun khi I'hfr Nam t:C\O giir dau vllt am ctau S6 la cach
ghi cac am co CCVC (nb(im am diu - nguyen am ._- am cu6i) tbeo IOI}.i van
tI,r binh kMi khong thi; tach ra thaoh nie am t6 nhl1' tl}' miu .La - tinb hay Sla - VO'.
NhU'ng <r day chUng: toi uhin vln de tren hinh cau truc, di
t
uQ trong moi tl1'O'ng quaD
vOi 'cac killu IOllli khac va dl}C biftt 1. trong ca qua tdoh phat chung cua chii' Nam.
Nhu- v,y chUng ta Be thUy trong }ti,i chii' r\()m nay co hai thanh to vOi chu-c nang VaD tlf
khOng ngang hADg ohau :
a. ChUng khBc nhau ve gla trl ghi am : Thanh to phI} chi dU'v
c
sU: dyog philo am
dllu, COD mit vito thi hi hl'l}'c hO hoan toan, VI dl! cbi liy /bl trong chi lily Ik/ trong
Ia (C11) va ... (w), trong khi d6 thanh to kia du-9'c su- dyng tr<}n cl am tiet nhl1'
l'y ipng trong I ,lay liing trong t v\'.
h. Tbauh t6 phy co thll hi 111'C}'e bO "Dhl1' l'.hfr *' (klam) co viet la :ij.. trong kiDh
Phit thuyet. chfr ft. (khrO'c) C(l viet Ie. trong Chi nam ngpc am.
l'.. Tbanh t6 phI} nay co thay thf: bang cac dau nhay, cll vi. dl,l :
(1) Tl}' Do-c--TAn mui 'lInan trun/.! ilinh, Phtl<' van o'tlro-ng tang hall.
:101
,&
)f.J!. ( kllii : trai) cO I. , trong .Phit
Ji. ( kUim : tram) co lit ;tJ- trong saeh tren.
d. Tbanh to pb1,l nay c6 thll bieh xieog khOi thanh US cbinh ma dti-nl tbanh ma rieog.
Vi d1,l:
>-
( ma Ie :: mUri :: ohOi) sau "U;t la
flr,"1
( a do- = z do- :: gio-) sau 14 hol$c:lfP
Do nhfrng Ie tren, chUng ta co this di dt5n kt5t
- Hnh thanh US ph1,l cua cae kf tren (ha, ttl', ell' ... ) rat ro
- Trong mgt tho-i lieh sir O!lO d6 thi cd tM eoi no lit mi)t each ghi am. nhu'ng nhin
chung cii qua trinh phat trian va xet rieng ve du tnie thi phiii coi no 1a thanb to ph1,l
co tac dyog chinh am
Sau day ta lin hl'Qi khao sat cae do-o vi cbfnb eua IO,!-i tlumb to oay :
(ha): tbll tien t6 /hl trong nb6m pbl} am fhl/ con ton troog tit5ng cho
deo ki XVII. Luc oay ngoai /bl/ con co !tll nhU'Dg ta cM driu .ua to It
trong cbii' (tlai) c7 sach Chi nam ngpc am (1). Vi dl} cac tir sau day:
.t. h1aog (trang)
e.
1M bIOi (tro-i)
-e.
5Jt blaD (trim) (ncb Phit thuy6t) (2)
Con mgt gia tr! khac eiia (doi khi COD la Jt. ) rna tir tnl'&c t&i nay cae nba
nghieo eu-u cbii' Nom ehU'a ai oMe t&i: do Ie 81}' billu thi to tile h9ng bOa
(preglotta1i8ee ) [2] ma A. Haudricourt, Micbel Ferlu8 va Xokolovskaia deu 48 Dlllc t&i. Theo
Haudricourt, Hr the ki XII 48 co cae am tien tll:c h90g h6a. Haudricourt va
Xokolovskaia cho rAng eo hai am la [zb] va [zd J, Michel FerIul" tbJ cho 18 c6 3
am 18 [zb], [zd] va [zj]. Chung toi. nhU' sau Day Be chu-ng minh, l,!-i eho rAng ci fUy c6 4
am Ia [lh]. r zd], r zjJ va r 19J (xem ChU'O-Dg II).
1) Trong m(lt thlri ki fbl/ va ItI! kMng chi khac nhan cach phAt Am rna con co lia tri khn
y nghia. Trong tir dil!n cua A. de Rbodel ( Rome, 1651) ta thly cac tir I18U :
202
blai : macho de hom en (iUn ong)
t tlai : madre perola (ngQc trai )
\ bllii I bhli nlii, bllii tim
tllii ; tay tllii, noi tlai
bIai; extender (mo- ro)ng ra )
tliU: nba dou tliii (trQl1g trai)
hIo: mostrar partes secret as (tro ph .. n hi m%t, nay cOn co tir do)
tlo: com 011 dedos (Iro hilng ngoD tay )
2) Diu v5! cua c blln con tim thay troll;; cae tieng lali ;-+
Trong each 'huyet ta tMy co cae chii' Ilau dly:
Cilt; Han Dic" Nom Am J()C
:t A- 10D
f zjO'v
t
... -1: i6../JfI 2ghe tbay
.. J'i'J it doi -zgay
- Ii! va .. : (CI!) Y kien nui chung coi 18 m{lt thi t6
k va g trong cac nh6m phy 1m diu c() mang / I' va / r / trong vaG khoang trO'uc
Id XV rna nay con t,i trong cae tieng Mon, Bahnar. Rdngao, Laven, : Vy 10 ...
nhii'ng am nay sau thauh [s) - khac to / k' trong DhOm .phy
am ! kif ma sau nay tbuh I bI! va / tI / va rot cyc thanh tr qutSc ngtr trong
d,i.
va xu hO'ung tren, it trong van bia,' chung toi tMy trong each ,huyet
eo eae to',!og sau :
Nguyen viln Han
Jlt (thiiug)
fL (nM)
b vai van ban khac:

Dich Nom
kraog :

lang
Am J{)C
KoU'ng (eO'Dg)
Kna (sira)
krap : sip
xu hO'ung IlaU, eu- phong phti hO'1l : xeSt tioh hinh Cr vao bia ehii' lr
(Klon : tron) xult ti:r nam 1693:va: tye eir dyog trong -tM eang the ki
XIX dO',!C thay tM Mng 0-, cae bia nam 1823, 1905, 1917, chii'
(Klong : tr(01) xult 0- the ki 1691 trung gian eau
thanh va.hJ:.. trong cae vao baD nhO' Chiah ph" ngam, Kieu,
Ki .. thO'(rog 0- nhO' .f} (sau), (Irnue) tf (eo) vv. Ong
Hoang XU8n Han eho ring no thi ttS /e / Clia cae nhOm phl,l am tell hay /er /. Y
kiEn oay ehO'a di) eO' sO- kboa hge toy rlng cao nhOm pbv am 18 co thit. Vi dy ti:r
lUa tienl Thanh Hoa la I" gOc tir tieng MO'ung la jaro I nhO'og cao nbom nay
thaDb /1' chti- khOng ehuylln thaob /a/ i tr /.
Theo doh hinh ehfr Nom trong van bia, solt I!D diu nam 1628 (tu-e no
pbii eo trnue nien d,i Day) aau do lieu tye xult trong cae nam 1656, 1668, 1669. 1672,
1683. 1699, 1707, 1718 ... cbo den tin 1917. ChiT xolt liin diu Dam 1636 sau d6
lien tye xult tr:ong cae Dam 1645, 1690, 1706, 1820,1851 ... cutSi cuog VaG nam 1903. Chfr
Koi
Mii Lieng
May
[ pf lP .I
[ pIS Ian ]
[ plan J
hinls thu-c lI:a hO'll nu-a II k
Culii chllm r klan I
203
f' it hooD Bong ciing V80 khoang thm tren. Ths] cho .f- ' Clic ma dung
chfr Han lam thilJlh to ph\} chinh am chi xuat s&m nblt (y'the kiXVJlL Vi
tir nam tir Dam 1786. Nhu' ... w rallg blfJU th! cho m{lt
tien to DaO rifi a trtrryc the ki XVII. Chir nay ngay nay Han thu-irn;.: doc Iii xa, thlfc
ra no con co mOt am khac ph(j hien htrD thU"itnl? dU'g'c dau 'Ol1ell til' hi'
nguyen va Khang Hi. Hai each tren ghi ro: .f-, t.j 1t-W. ,:;" U (ctic' II nglf
tu-c Ie. am CIr. Sach Thich van cna LU'u Hi dui Han ciing ghi ro ngtriyi ' diri xU's
d9c am DhU" elF, y noi dll chiT ugU'ui con ngay nay dr,>c Iil xC: am na na ubU' xci (nha 0-),.
Sen day eo ket rAng ... CiiDg uhU" If! thi t6 k trong cac nMm am
alln c6 I r / va 11/.
- -"y (Kh8.) Ki nay chU'a ai nblic t&i va ding riit it trong cae hia va van hac
Nom. Chfr Day xuiit 0- killh thuylt, it thay 0- I)(ri khac, san nay Ie. vai Vi cll.) :
flglJ)'en vJn dich NOIII
tam Is bla 0'0 dl ha tlt nh& In
kza ahs
& trang 15 .:u chfr ... If (xa gltu). Theo y chung toi thi I kjrJ thi cho nMm
( ke] ma r kel Ia am moi gio-i eua qua trillh d()i HI' kr sang... Am moi gh'ri Day
con ton t,i Wing MU'irng Bi, xin xem bang so .anh l:lau ;
Th!,ch Hi l/v l6
@au keaw
kra"

".ay kray
!'ong ksoog
krong
sail
kru
..:- (mil) nguyen Ii! nl.. , y kit:n cua Hoang Xuao Him cho rlng bih thi
cho tien ti) I m I trollg nhom am / m} / la rllt chinh xac. \' p 18 thU'Ctog chfr
,fJ.J (mliri), chir nay khai thliy elm viet tach thanh hai mil. vi VI! 1;.ft trong sacb
thuyet dll'(!t, dich la Jff..1ftJ ,'fl. (mli)'i net).
Ta hiilt \ it:1 if the ki X VII con ton tl}-i cac uhom am I ml J va [mllh J, Culln
tu" CUd A. Hhodcll chI) ta 21 tir mo- diiu httng lllll ] va 2 tir rna dllu Mug r mnh],
vi dt} :
mIa, mle
mHim, moham, mle,
hai hillh thll-c nay ve tlan chuyi!n thimb I Dh I va /1/.
J. Jillh huG-fig thea ph'Jm trii lien tIFcYt:lg
Do tlrCfllg r:hll1h am kha phu-e d()i v&i eae l nrang kho dl)" chir Nom,
phai di tim m(lt poap hfru ho-n va no da tim den th6ng Ihli vr>n Iii phU'O'Dg
san sinh dill' mO'j trong van Han.
Ve IOl.li ebil' Nom dung thu, Dha nghien ClfU trU'o-c day i!,.'i n., is JOl}-i hinb
thano lo"i diu t'!-o thr.o quan am y. Cii hai each tillre chat tl8 hai thanh
204
,fJS eO gia tr! taO'ng dU'O'ng nbau. 51! tb,!c !Wang pbii nba vb.
Trong chii' Han, h9 thli va phep bioh thanh eo tlm quan trQng Io-n. ThM van giap
e6t .-. chung diuh (Kim van), chfr Han hao 1098 00"0 vj., phln 1&0 cllu tl].O theo cae
phep tU'9'ng hinh, chi el}' va h9i y. Nilm 213 truo-c coog nguyen Lj TO' clb-i 'fln ra
16i chii' tillu chiI' Han ciing chi mcSi gom 3300 nun .-i (1). khi dung phep
p t8. (thvc chllt I. cach dung chii' cn ghi tir meS-i chti- khOng phiii la cach tl].o chii' meS-i),
chii' Han bit diu ogii lIanp; xu hll'eS-ng dung am nhU'ng lU'9'ng chiI' khang tang, chi diu
e&ng nguyen, khi phep hinh thanh ra nb-i thi e6 IU'q'ng chiI' HaD mo-i tang vqt len. Qua
hun hai tM kl, lit) chii' tir 7500 di len ngot 40000. NhU' vf.y la IU'Q'Dg chii' binb thanh
Idc nay chou ml}f tl ap .180. Theo pMp Day ml}t chii' clU'Q'C .,0 ra do 2 th&nl;1 ttS,
1 ghi Am va 1 ghi y. Thimh t6 gbi y gQi Ia h9 thO. Luc nltu chUng ciing la chii' dun va c6 j
nghia CI} 88U dU'Q'c trau tU'Q'ng hoa hillu thi myt phl].m tru. y nghta. By tM c6 tir thb-i
TieD nn nhll"ng chU'a thanh tMng hoan chinh. hI} tv altu tien la vi1n
giii tv Ctia Hti-a db-i Han mo-i dU'Q'c k-. thanh tMng. ThM NgI}Y TIn JI].i dU'Q'c
chQo rt;a va quy thanh 214 dun vi, tir d6 dU'9'c coi la tMng oinh cho ngay nay.
Sir di eM' Han co h?thti nhU' viy la vi qua trinh pMt
ctI agay cang b&t d!n 86 IU'9'ng am tit'-t do .\}' myt cae thanb miu vas'! tieu cUa
116 am cum (vi dl} tif;ng Han thU'Q'ng co cae am culSi g, d, r dahl tieu trong
Han trung or'; (2). Vi viy, ,6 hr9'ng tir dong am ngay cang 10-n, co trub'ng h9'P co teS-i
?:1 tir dong am. Vi dl} :
Am r fil co cac chiI' sau :
1ft it
,ffl'
1k

i
:HI-
.ft

mn
-
Jt
it
li
It fk

1k #t

t-

Do th'!c trl].ng nay ngll"b-i Han ell lQ'i 1m co eilnrol them to khu
Dghla .-ao hen chfr mcYi.
NhU'ng ngay trong chfr hinh thanh, hI} thn cling chi co gia tr! y hie dlu.
au, m{it chir OIl"Q'c dung chung cho nhieu tir va m9t fir pluit tril!n thimh nghia thi
b9 tM cbi co gia trt y trong linh tir nguyen.
Con trong chfr ;\om, ohin toail bl) qua trinh phit tril5n, hI} tM co nhu-ng trU'ng
rieng xet theo ear :
-, So v6i chii' Han, 110 it co tac dl)ng khu til' dong am han. Do 80 IIl"Q'ng am
kha phong phd nen s6 tir nong am it han tieng Han. Yea cltu pUn tir dong am
... ong cling eo nhtrng n6 khOng bti-c thiet nhU' troog tieng Han, thieu no cnng
khOng gay ra ml)t IIV roi lo,!-n dang U nao. Trong chir Nom. tir dong am vin co ghi
chung mgt chiI'. Vi : KhOn) (trong khOn kMo) va c Khon, (trong Ilgu'b-i I khan eua
kh6) vAn co th:J ghi cM- ;f chiI' N6m dung to-i hg thii trong d,i da eo
tl'U'b'ng h9'P d<}c am vi net cbung cit a hg thii 18 cbinh am.
(1) Theo culSn eua P. Wieger.
(2) '8ernhanl;Korlgren. Gramaw _,erika, ,,,'''ript and phonl'tic . in ChinesI' and Sino .Japanese (Thf'
IUU lIm of Far Calli'co Bulletin No 12, SUH'khnhn, 1940).
205
Tuy nhien (., giai cut)i (cac tM ki XVIlI. XIX) chii' N6m cling huy dQng bg thu
110,c tt) y noi chung trong Slt khu Hr am nbU' :
1.
.2.
hU'ng (CO-n1)
b11'ng (hien)
may (va)
may (mitn)
NhU'ng xet theo tieu chuln am co thay Jlii hay /chOng fa vin tMy ngoai cbti-c nan,
khu tir am ra cac yeu to y con dim d11'oong chti-e nang quan tr(;mg bO'D
cbinh am. Xct cac vi dv tren :
1- bang d?c tbanh bcrng. 2- mai d?c thimh may.
NbU'ng noi chung cach sn- dl}ng b{) thu cua chii' Nom khOng dU'c;rc lim. Vi dl}
trong Phif am fTJ,i1ng khi viet la 'I1f khi lllli Ia trong Chi nam ng(Jc am
1m khi Ia khi: fllli viet Ia ...
NgU'o; x11'a khi villt chii' Nom, do deu hiet chii' Han. nen da dl}ng cac tri thti-c Han
VaG trong cach va tat nhien d,.mg phep hioh thanh la pbep ket hc;rp cac ki
1m - y vao trong m{)t rna chii' va cang ngay cang co y thti-c nlim btlt lay cai phU'O'Dg
y lIay khi thily each ghi thling chii' Han da ngay cang Mt hrc tr11'o-c nhirng bwn
d9D' cua nglr am tieng
Ngon ngii' va van hr Ia hai thOng tin lien quan che vo-i nhau song nbirng
(y ngon ngfr khOng tac d{mg deu nhau vao trong van t\l' v1 ooi chung van t\l' mang
tinb djnh, tll'0'I!8 doi Hnh. Nhll'Dg ngon ngil' co tac d9ng vao m{>t b{) nao d'y
troog VaD t\l' va dieu nay rat ro trong chii' Nom. Neu xct trong qua trinh phat
thi ta thay lr trong cac van ban Nom c(} nhKt tuy cling co IOl,li cilu- truc am - y (vi dl}
cac chii' Mn Bong trong Thanh phu nban Le thi m{) chi (1173), nhll'ng
ftay phat m{)t cach de So chii' d(!c khOng maDg ki nhay e8 vln chi"m
q rlit cao. Din dan 1!6 chii' mang ki Dhay. c8 tang len va cac h9 tM cling dU'c;rc dung
hOOD nbang luc nay n6 c(m mang tinh cMt trung gian ch11'a co tac dl}ng y ro rang
ma cling chi co Hoh chit bao ct!,>e cac vi dl} sau l!y Ur each Phil thuylt:
1Y. dlt, dich chii' thli
i1-
djch chfr Ja
j{i
may

djch chii' nhi
"1
re dich chii' phan
hi
.' dich
chii' qua
-ltt bay djch chfl' thit

ro-i
dich chii' Ii ...
tll'c;rng dung h? thO v6i tfnh chat nhll' con tl}C xuat U trong eac each
Chi "am ng(Jc am (nhlt tt. clip. lam), Kieu, Chinh phl,l ngam v.v. tuy ti agay
m(jt giim din.
Til' !lall tM ki XVII, cac thanh to ghi y dll'c;rc ph"t trian kh8 va I,lt va IJc nay
HDh eMt y da rat roo Nhll' nhin be ngoai ta tMy trong qua trinh ph&t hioh
nhU' chfr Nom ngay cang thien dlln xu hll'o-ng ghi y. nay trai v6i quy chung
206
e11 pMt cu. van t11 gi6-i cung nhU' cua VaD tv hinh kMi. Vf dl}: Han
hic tlllu tl}.o theo cac pMp tU'Q'!Ig hlnh, chi S11 va h9i y la nhii'ng phU'O'Dg phap chi d\l'8
vao net ve ttl'C}'ng (hieroglyphique va figuratif) 8au oay den pMp gil til va hinh
thaoh thi di d1ta veo 1m. Theo G. Pauthier ( 1 ) thi lr chfr Hao c6 1827 tlO'n vi chi tro
kh8i khOog gC}'i am, co 21000 dO'o vi gcri am, ,tU'C}'ng hloh thulo tuy chi co 900 chiI'.
Chfr Han va Han trong qua tnnh phst cling pqai ai din -vao xu bU'6-og
ghi am va tl!-o ra dO'o vi phi Hao obU' 1- muo troog cbii' Tieo ; Hiragana va
Katakaoa trong chfr Ban.
Chfr Nom cMc cMn cling ph8.i di theo mgt xu hU'q-ng nhU' thf!. Vty ta nen giAi thich
th5 nao S11 phllt ml}-nh me cua eSc thanh ttS y lr giai l'Iol}-n cutSi? Cac nha nghien
cuu tnr6-c day ooi chun, coi 10l}-i hioh tbanh trong chfr Nom cling gitSng ohll' 10l}.i hlnh
thaob troog chfr Han va chii' Ai q,p I'Il;li. Qua th,t xct hioh thuc diu true beo ngoai
tbi chUng gitSng nbau lr cM dll'C}'c cau tl!-o hai 2 thanh ttS ] am, 1 y. Nhll'ng
di siu nghien cu-u theo dinh chit cac thanh ttS tren thi ta thay chUng co nhii'ng 811
khllc nbau cO' bAn.
l:! 10!-i hinh thaoh cua chii' Han va chii' Ai q.p am cua thanh t6 bU!u Am va lm
cua toan:chii' thll'lrDg truDg Dhau, vi dl} :
a chii' Han
if.
mi
it
m(
$!
mf chat ete
Ji!
mi kbOug mlr all'C}'c mit

a chii' A; Cip
mer
mer con mlit

mer cai hom
mer con dn
ta tbly lr hai van itt tren, thaoh ttS y ngoa; am cda chii' no chi c6 finh cMt nMn y,
sung j cho _eSc to- d()og am.' Co thi bAng sO' do sau:
-
1
\ T&i:n,tt.
...
-
am.. A
(1) Sinico - Aegyptiaca, Essai sur l'origine et la formation similaire des figurative! chinoiees
et egyptienncs, Paris, 184-2.
207
- ----
ChUng ta rAng D1?t tin bit;u ngon ngil' htlt kl DaO t'illlg mang ngay trong ban than
no en. 2 : biDla anb am thanh va khlii nip;tn. Sl! .rhan tich y rui kboi
Am hay nglrQ''' chi eo tfnh 'hat tho-i khi Ill,r .)\i-ll (1;,j hoi phiii di sau Cl,rC
floan V80 mt)t trong hai m.t af), Trong th'!t' tt' ngon ngir "jill! t/(H1g - khi CI} ella giao te -
tbi hai tren thlSng nMt v&i nhau troDg m{lt tin ngon ngii' - van
a chii' Nom S'I]' phon tich ket hQ'p am-y nay fir tnr&c nay VAD mang tlnh cbll
t
lo-gic binb tblrc. No tach ro-i hai khoi nbau va do dinh kien cua chii' Han, DO cling coi
thanh pMn y nhlI' m{lt yell tii itt than. Trong hinh thanh Clia chii' . Nom, yllu tl'i
am trong nhien trlI'ung hQ'p khOng dlI'Q'c am eua toan chii' do do cung khOng
nao alI'Q'c khai cua chii'. Llle nay thanh to y giii' vai tro quan tr9ng.
D6 sung cho thieu lIot trent no hi') trQ' cho tbaD h to am vlI'O'n tui dlI'Q'c caivo vq.t
chilt am thanh Clia chii' va Cling fir !'to m&i dlI',!e khai cua chii'. Vi dl} : hioh
thli-c h9 thiiy + khong dU'a ra dll'Q'c m?t khei e\l nao Cft 'oeu khOng til'
lm n{fc dung khat cMt lonl!' rlr, dinh hlI'6ng ma vtwn t&i dlrcrc am nvue co
giii thich ngay all'Q'c 81}' am n/le va ell h(. thuy nira. Cling vq.y, !II}' tl\ hVp
b{l thVe + binh khong fh'rrrc gi ni:u nf, chi ditDg lr:ti 0- khai c thri-c
an hay 0- am blnh. NhlI'Dg ne\l tit 8t.r l!Q'i v thu-c an , Ut hQ'p v6i am (binh VQ'O'n
t6i dO'n nguyen am . nghia 18. Mnh thi en b(l th\re va am blnh m&i th,!c 11'1]' th! dtrc;c
am d9C va khlii caa chii'. Thanh thii- quan am . nghi. 0- day Is m{lt m6i quan
chu-ng, cac ,tfi dOl vao nhau 'Va h'" khuvct nhan. 51}' gQ'i Y lam vll'O'n t6i
4!U'Q'c im Cli. ehi"r va khlii lOa am nay th:: T. eli mo tl mlSi quan .By
blDg 80' do !lau :
Am B dU'c;rc tlll-O ra do In! k;:t hQ'p gifra 2 thanb H; kbOng phai do thanh tl'i bil!u
am. Ro TllDg thBnh t6 y e6 tham gia vao X8(, n';" am B. no aong vai tro din
lm A sang am B hay noi each khae la '1\i ('0 chlre nang ehillh am. Do do phat
mlll-ilh me cua eae tnsoh to y tronr; ebir Nom IT Ilall tM ki XViI Is c6 giai
thich dU'Q'c.
Tit tM IIi XVII, ngii' am tif'ng da triH qlla nhieu hi;:n 1&0. ngay
tit dltu the ki XlI di co Dhii'ng hi{;n etM ngi'r am (xem c111rtlng II) nhU'ng ro rang la pbai
qua the ki XVII cac qua trinh bipn dM ngii' am tTong tief'lg m&i hoan tlt ve coo ball. Them
nfra, vI! Ii do 1ich Itt, ta tMy iY the ki XVII, nglro-i dii clr tru hAu bet (y cac mieD alt
DlI'UC (dCri Le Thanh nng deo Quang Nam, Quang Ngai. db-i Hoang den Qny NhO'n,
oCri Siii VII'O'ng t&i Phan Rang, Phan Thif:t, Dam 1691. PM., Cbu chiem neit ph1l11
dlt hili eila Chif'm Thanh ra tran Blnh \8 Mil "ltu the kJ XVIII eta t&i Bien
208
BOa, Mi Tho ... ) dia hilD einh s6ng cna ngU'ui di tit r{log. cac vung deu co nbu-og
ph-II'O'Dg ngfr kbilc ohau va cac phU'O'ug DgU- Day da phin aDh vao ehfr Nom, nblt la if the
kl XIX lam cho st! so Ie gilra am cua thimh t6 am va am ci'u: chir cang ph.re tI}P hO'lJ.
Vi tM, Slt xuiit cua cae thaDh t6 y va SI}' phat me cua chUng lr
cac the ki XVIII, XIX chinh da 8l, biJ dlip bang hioh tMi van tt! tha; . mlt
dn hang gifrfi am -cua thach to Am vo-i am cua toao chfr. Ro rang la cac ma mang
thimh t6 y co ml}c c1fch ghi am dU'q'c tot hO'D tuy ohin ve blah thu-c ngU'o-i t8
co 'n tU'q'ng la no thien ve xu hU'o-ng ghi y. Clln co con mat chu-ng mo-i phan c1U'q'c
r,ch ..oi II}' xeo ke gifra cac thimh t6 am, y va tMy dU'q'coan chit cna vilo de.
9l\ co d\lC duvc chfr Nom trOlJg hic nay, h? tbn phii mit tinh cich la m9t t6
bao hiU chlnh am tlU'o-C d6 rna din saug tinh chit y, nhU'ng n6 vlo chi mo-i
ra luang chlnh am. Ti{;n to-i mgt bU'uc mo-i hun, de bit dltp t6t de) chenh ngay
gifra am xuilt phat va am Ndm, clii khuoo kh<> hiDh I tron, 214 thn
hq'p vo-i dun vi ghi am cling khOng do dap u-og dU'q'c nhu ch ghl chep, coa chfr Nam
ltic nay. Chir Nom di pha vCr khu60 nay t,o ra cach ghi mo-i: dung dun vi ghi
1m xult phlit ket hq'p vo-i mgt ehfr HaD tro nghia CI}
Ht nhien nhlro, chfr nay cliag khOng xuat trU'uc tM ki XVJI nhU' lIdo da
DeG vi dl} :
cI,iJ
nlm xuiit Jau tien u bia

eau 1670
tronR 1675

.-
1676 g,a
vao 1680
l(hi xuih ('ac ma Nom l(y chfr Han lam thaoh t6 ): (liy nlhia ciia chfr Han
lam nghia eiia chfr Nom) thi tren dU'Dng pMt chfr Nom co mgt bU'o-e mOi. No
kh6ng dirng (r tll! mgt vung am N ma co tinh chat DC chi, no gitip ngu'o-i dqc
tim ra mgt am N CI} N, chAnI h,n. Khi cbfr Ban 18m thanh t6 j qui Iii pMt
lIinh hrc thi no ra m{lt xu hU'ang xac chi h6a lam cho b? tM dU'q'c dung mgt
cach didn xac hO'n, khOng tuy nhU' hic ditu. a cac van hio Nom cu6i III XIX c1lu
ki XX sir dl}og bg tM da-rlt chilo Xu hU'aog xac chi hOa oay t,o thanb mgt
lip ll}'c lam cho m9t s6 rlt it cac ma kboog chiuh am ohU'og dn dung b{l tbU. Tuy ohien, s6
cbfr oay rit it oi tinh d trong cac van hiio .
Xet nhfrog chfr dU'q'c quan la maog thanh t6 hil\u y rna khQng chinb am (dlra
VIlO cach phien trong tir va cac .ban phien am tnro-c day) chung ta rut ra nhfrng
xet sau :
a. C6 8lf chtnh am gifra:thanh t6 am vO-l iun cua chfr do ngU'Oi vi{;t chiu aoh bU'o-ng
phU'O'nl ngfr cac mien knac nhau nhU'ng ogU'o-i age 0- vung Bie nen khong chU y, vi ell} :
.it! chO'n chU'n ( )
a
mO'i ( mai )
-o1i nhO'i ( nhai )

hmr ( hoa ) chan tay
209
I
b. C6 AI! -chinh aID nMn:
__ Trong tndm; hvp thanb t6 Itln!' am ('0 "MOlu rat!h d<,?c theo 1m HaD rhfr
Nom dung thanb 16 y X8C djnh cach d4')C Cl! tip, theo van cin!!, \,j d\1:
don (l1,i) vi co 2 am lit Jon va truan
mang (xaeb) vi co 2 am la vong ( Tv nguyin ghi : phong am \'oog )
,a mang
$- (bo-e) 880. Vi k c6 am (T if nguyen ghi : thoi ao va sao.
_ Trang tnrang hqp thanh t{i djoh am c6 kh8. nang dC}c chuyjlln thea am
Nom tbi cae each dC}c khac nhau tc}-o thanh cac khi nang va co tloh thirs, vi v,y ciil"'g pbii
dung thanh t{i billu j X8C chi &m d?c cua mo. chfr, vi d\l :
;. 6e, V1 J1 co cac khi d?c : (ic, ullc. llC
..
cao, vi .. co cae khi. nang If 9C : cau. c,o, cao
Noi chung'a cac tnro-ng hqp nay, tac d\1ng Clia be) tM van 1& :!tae chI, co Hnh
eMt chinh 1m vi no nMII ml}-nh Am eila toal) chir la am Han oMt dinh cho- khOng
phii la am khac.
Ta rut ra nhfrng 8aa :
Nhin 8UOt qua ttinh pbait cua chu" Nltm, ta tbly' thimh t6 y va car ki
nhay, ca, thanh to chinh am diu co thay tM r:-ho nbau nhU' cac d dl.1 dil 1\il!u nhill
toan qua trinh phaf trieD eiia cbfr thi ro tang cac thanb i6 nay co chung
chlrc "an tv gi6ng nhau.
Cn ghi oh,o nay m.,t each blog IItr d3 ",au:
1
\ -
.....
AM
PHAN TicH THANH T6
,
I
CHt!
ngay nay
I Thanh t6 cbinh
Thimh to ph\}
I
\
.. --.--- ---------........-.;
M- M-
trAm
I

I
M- +
I
Jt

!

I

1i
,
-_.__ ._-------_._._-+-_ .. _ ... _-----_._-------:
;
trtii
,
-.----.... ._---_._. __ . -.- -----
C'c thanh t6 ph ... khOng xuat "'lOg ml}t hie v&j -(10 hrgng va USe d{l nhU' nhan
ma llin hrqt xuiit mang tiuh eMt hi'; sung cit,.. nbau. Ban diu la cae ki hipu OhBY, ca,
210
cac ki chinbim diu, cae b9 thii ehtl'8 c6 pitt! ik yroring ma cq chi IbOi cO
Hnb chltWo eblnb Am.
.. Khi Dgfr Am cO nhii'ng tbay 16n, c19 ehenh giii'a am soli pMt va Am
Nom caDg cao thi r,sng phat trilln lo,i thaDh t6 billu y. NhU' v,y khOug co ughia 1&. chii'
Nom di &ang xu hll'Ong ghi Y ma nguvc I,i DO dung thanh to billu y dl! chiDh Am dll'q'c die
11}'c hOOD. ChlDh vi Ie do ms bic Day h9 tM billu y lti cln dl! giup cho lIl! chinh am 4U'f'C t6t hO'D.
Lo,i hiDh thaDh theo Han hi phavO', xult loti thUh to bil!u j bbg chii'
Han ey thll, trong chfr Nom co XUO hll'unl K'C chi h6a, gia tli bi3u t cua thaDh t6 ph", dlDg
dU'vc nang cao.
. '
. TroDg khi theDh to phat trilln m,nh lr tM kt XVJII, xu hll'ung xae ehida
m,nh me tM do moi quan reD trong tb(Sng eo thll eo m9t l!6 dt{t chii' tuy kMng
ehin\ 1m nhU'n
b
vin mang thimh to billu j y5u la tho.), tiDh hinh van bin chung
cho thly lI6 ehir nay khang dang (khoang 0,3% )
. Cai xu h1l'6'ng bao trum troDg toan b9 qua tnnh put trilm eoa chii' Nom 1& dUDg cae
killu loti thanh t6 phy dll chinh 1m, tron, , do bao gom ea thanl: to billu y. va thanh t6
j chiem phan lun 0- giai dO'iln cuoi.
Nhiu khai qDat lIUo dyng thanh to billu t troDg chii' Nom nhlt la lIU- dyng b9
thu, ta thly lr t\rug giai 40l}.o va a timg khu vl!e, gia trj va chd-c nang eua n6 ro rang co
khac nhau. Theo y chung toi co thl! pllan nhO ra thanh cac tillu lo,i 8&U :
3.1 theo m6i lien 'vung ve viing ogh"ia
9&y I. Imu V\l'C tll'O'ng d6i bn diuh bao l(bn ubii'ng ehir ma y nghia cua DO glin kha
vui tlrDg y ngbia cna m{it b{i tbU. VI dy tnl'iJ'Dg bVp cat: chir 5i" (Oll'uc), (BOng), (
( loi), (,&), 1W (moi). tg (chom). (no) ...
86 IU'Vn, ohii'ng chii' 10l}i Day chiEm m{it ti tU'O'D, dol lun, It 10,i oay, ohli'ng tir ma t
nghia gin v6i trU'iJ'Dg nghia eila thu nao thi thU'o-ng dung b{i tbU ly ch.o n&o n6 Ie ohimg
cbir xl!p dp theo moi lien tU'cYng \rung n,bia.
Ng.oai khu vtTc ttrO'Dg doi djoh yira trinb hay tren ra 14 khu VI!C nhihlg chii' aU- dyng
thu !p.{it each tU'O'D, doi tl! do. Tuy nbiAn, khi ngarM chii' Nom 1l}'8 cbl;)I1 m{it tM
DaO 4(y ch.o chii'.vil!t eua mlnh hv, c1i phii can nble. tfDh t.oan, dl!a vao m{it tieu choln nb't
dinh ma hI} cho I. h9"P Ii.
3.2 tOi}i the.o m6i lien 'vung ve cua chii' Hln
811 lien tU'ang nchia CIa timgchii' nay dU'vc Itp thoo nhU'Dg n6i
chuug chUng gi6ng nhau lr cM ban c1liu xult phat tir m/}t nghia cinb C\l &aU dU'q'c
triru tU'9'01 b6a IIi. Vi dy ;ft (queo) xult phat tir cacb noi quen thOng Dgll'VC
nghia yui c I, oU'uc I, eai,. kbai quen lieD tU'ang lUi kh8i nlruc vi v,y neD dung
. hi} tbUy. Chii'ie.. (day) cting lien braog tir (con c& day', ('a iT .!tr6i nU'uc cbo
neD dung h9 thoy. Chii' IEJ,Tl (gily) trong eau AU 0- Chinh ph" ngam BtrtrC di myt blfUC
giiiy giay l.i diml'. Tnruc nblt c giay '. cbU'a c6 oghia 1. m{lt philn sau mU'O'i eua phUt.
Nghia nay chi xult tir khi ngtr(ri Au maog liang tao h3 xll'a cbl do dU'q'C
kbAcva canb (dem nam cauh, ogay tHiu kblc). NhU'ug tir giiy 4it e6 dn trong VWt
vi nlhia cehCSc lot'. Vi cill tbO' co tir h,,6cva dil'nqnen DgU'(ri dung ngay h? Jt
211
(ttic, chao)' cho lien
3.3 LOili theo mo; lien ttrung ve ket diu
Nhil'ng thU'o-ng hay dl nhau (trong van chU'oong Cll ) dong nghia hay ngbich
nghla v(ri. nbau tbi tbU'{!ng m{!t ti{;ng clung h{i tM nBo th1 titSng kia cfmg dung hI] thii ay.
Vi du xc; va gan trong giln xa no nu-c yl)n anh) (Ki'eu). .. (xa) v()n la chit' Han cO hai
nghla : 1- mua nQ'. 2 - xa Chii' Nom chuyeo duog tbi nghia thti- hai. Tir chi
khoang ngb}ch nghia v&i no 18 '-gilD) ciing thU'(rog dung tM Jt cua xa ghep v&j tb80h
t5 g6e la Jf (din) va co t\f JI1T . Trong kinh PhJI thurd. traDg 15, HI' X? glln
con dU'q'c Is .... If (xa can). If (fa du dll hillu ihi am !Ian. Day vimg
Tiob eon pluit am gan la gU'n. dung Jt I. lI\f Him hro-ng theo ket diu. Chii' lIlT chi xuat
tir the Id XVII.
i:
Chtr ji ( ng') eo thaob t6 g!'ic 1& * (oii') thanh t6 chinh 1m la it (trai, co
nghta lit n.,.), day diIDg chir Han lam tblmh Hi chlnh am, khi vi't tir dong tti
v&i no la nan ugU'(ri ta dung \non * lam hI) thii them vui thaoh t6 goc lil 1ii (DaD)
than It rna chii' l1.ft ( nan ).

CbiI' (sang) nhU' da giai tbich iT tren, e(l lam tbauh to ph\l chtnh am dau
thi am ct) cua sanl! la (krang I. l'rong tir gbep (Inra sang' do moi lien hr6'Tlg ve
diu, ( flib ) CllOI! dung luon lam bf. tM va ma chii' co dl].og
3:4 lOi}; lien t/rung theo viing am
M r)t 80 tir co each d,;w kbac nball tlly theo vung phU'oong ngon, trong .,bi'r ]\om
ngU'{rl ta co dung chii' thi am nay thj am kia. Vi dl,l It! (rIat) .. ,'
dung thi am Jvt trong dti-t tay hay thuoe). ChiI' t thll'(rng thi am 'iJU
cung Co tM dung bill" thi am nhau (,-,au) (b? thai uhi).
4. LOi}; J;nh h/rung Mng ngh;a q.l the
LOl].i Day dung ahfrng chfr Han co d{log doon giln Ily ngbia ct.J tbll cua no lam thaoh to
chinh am. LOl].i thsnh tt) nay then Slf thong kc ena chung t6i gam vao kho8Dg hoon 1)0 !loon vi
(xem philn pht.J ChU'OODg) vi dl}:
chO'
am thinh t6 chinh am

ra
11:
It
chet 9t.J
('biu
-t
!{f ch<,r
f

btl -k
eat nay troDg van bia chUng fa thliy : Chfr !urn oMit la {Jt (tay)
nam 1591, trong van hin Nom con co viet Ia (1) sail nay dlrg'c hilllf.! 1@ .
(1) DAy Iii chii' Han co Am tai trr. hai him I'hia Iren ma.
212
Ngoai ra hang chfr, hang chit' co thaDh t<S phv. Ii chii' Han tien hIe tir
ball ki XVII co ke ra diy :
chir am
sa1J
trong
gia
"ao
sanh
trong

vuong
nhieu
dl'ill, rl'in
dai
dU'<Yi
val

thien,
8()t
tram
tron
trai
tis
llim
nam xuat hifn Ian Jiiu
1670
1675
1676
1680
1682
1685
169,';
1705
171]
1720
1744
1751
t
1751
1763
1774
1775
1717
1823
182fl
1843
1869
eli' trong bia cho fa thtiy qU8ng canh chung thai xdt hi.:u cua loti
chir nay.
N6i chung, IOllli chfr Day xuat S8U khi ngfr am co nhfrng billn d9Dg 0-
dia am dau (nhU' hI. t! > tr; h > v, ml> nh, 1. .. ). Dlu vtlt cua nhfrng nay con
tbtly ro t!ong tir cua A de Rhodes va trong nhfrng vall han qu6c Dgii' hutli diu (kholng
tir 1620 - 1645 ) con IU'u tni' tl}-i thO' Va. ti clog. Vi djoh hU'<Yng blng nghia Cl}
rho nen n6 I. diuh hU'<Yng hfru han ca, vi dl} :
ma chi:r
! THANH T6 G6C THANH T6 PHt}
I ______ __________
am m6i
eua ehfr
I blnh I am' I am Nom hinh n,hia
'--:---I
f
--
r

long Hong P>J ben trong
... .,.
f& J't, bOng bu6ng -;t vuong
hao hilO A. di V80
trong
vuong
!I f dili dU'o-i --r (y dU'o-i dU'<Yi Ii
1 'f chll' chfra (y gifra gill'a
i ___ . ______ ____________ _L ____ __ ________ __________ ____
213
4. Quan M giii'a cac loqi thanh tl
M{>t van qnan tr?ng cln dU'Q'1' thio lu,D lA 81T tac d9ng qua l,i gIU'a eac lop
to. de oay tuy xU'a oay chU'a ctU'<}'c thaoh ch11'0'og myc rieDg troog cac coog trioh
nghien clru, soog troDg thVc ttl, 110 van dU'Q'c cf.p dt;n khi can phii phat y kit;n
8IF C!U t'!-O va cac cach phan lO,!-i eua Nom. 96i cac chii' :::"-:: nhOm 2 cac
nha oghieo cti-u deu tach ma chfr thanh hai b9 phfn va quan sat moi quan giii'a chUng.
Va y chung 'Coi 2 h{> phi-o nay tham gia vao chii' N6m VeTi ttl' cach 2 dO'n vi ngang
hang nhau gia trj va chti-e nang.
Thl}'C fa thi moi quao cua cac lO,!-i thaoh tS nay co theo 80' sau :
r
-- -- '-
Am g6e _______ __ ... _
I Am ot&
y
ehiDh am
ki
ehi.h Am
Am g6c dU'Q'C thi Mog thimh to gt)c con ci.e loti b c9t ph8i dU"Q'c thi blDg
to phl}. Thanh to thi am flOe co hai lol}i : lofi chfr Hefl npyen d,ng va lof!.i chii'
Han IU'9'c net. Ta tieo them bU"eTC tim mt)i quaD gifra cit: IO,!-i thaoh to blDg
ca{:b thim do qua cae tieu chi sau :
Tieu . chi pMn djnh
- eo thi am goo khOng
- co dtrog age khOng
- co: nam trong quaD D9i
t,!-i cua = cau trUe
va ta rut ra nh$n xct:
T6 G6C
----
d,og I L11'9'C net
co
c6
c6
khOng
co
ThaDh
t6
phl}
kbOng
kMng
co
1-Thanh to g6c d,!-ng (cbfr HaD) thi am goo, dlrng d9C dU"Q'c (trong
tru"(rDg hQ'p no alrQ'c d,!c dung am nhU" cY cae 6 1. 2, 3 cling DhU" khi dI]C cbinh am 0- (j
at) 4), i:J nh6m 2. no c6 ket hgop v6i tunb t6 ph\4.
2- Thanh t6 g6c lU"goc oct thi am g6c OhU"Dg kh6ng dU:ng Q?C dU"<}'c ma pbii
Ut hVp VeTi tMoh ttS phl}. Vi dl}:
Thanh to goc /(I've net Thanh 16 ph" MI cha-
.t.. Mp
khao t1",t; khao
214
t
-t- ogam
Jfz tai
1-; ogAm
tay
Vi cY chii' Nam kh6ng eo 2 thllDh t6 goc nen ;y ctiy bao gi<r ciiDg I thanh t6
g6c lU'f}'c net hq-p vo-i mgt tbanh t6 ph,) Mt ki.
3 - Thanh t{) phI} khOng th! am g6c t't nhien. khOng dU:ng dgc ma phli ld$t hf}'p
va-i 1 trong 2 lo,i thanh t6 g6c tren.
4 - Thanh t6 goo nguyen d,ng, thanh t6 goo IU'f}'c net va thAnh t6 pbl} Ja ohihlg
dO'n vi cO nim trong lo,i chii' Nom thugc nh6m 2.
Vi trong ellu truc Nom khong co hai th8nh to gOc nen chi cO hai quan eau
a. Thanh t6 g6c nguyen dl,1ng + th8nh to phI} = mi chii'
-- 10
..
e(\n
,t'hat

chit
Ohli fhl:. nho
n"n
noo
b. t6 gilo J17,!c oM +. thanh t(i : 1.o,i oay dii trinh b8y lr treu.
Kbi khio .at cac quan llay ta theo nguyen tic sau: lo,i trir nhli'ng trU'irng bq-p
ca ngo,i mang doh nglu nhien chitlm dU'ch 0,5% t&ng 86 chii' Nom d6i vOi nhii'ng
chii' c6 tln 86 xult thiip va dU'&i 0,1% s6 chii' Nom doi va-i nhfrng chii'
c6 tln .6 xu"t cao nil''' Vi ,iu fhifiq tt,,! chfr Nom cua ngon ngir co chli';flt. (lI,1Y)
co ve do 8\r kfit h'!p "'ld > ILaoh til Ie ;fL \'8 :t (I",i) neu d(,i chilu n6 va-i
chir;ftt Th,!c ra hic dau chir da dung .fG gbi am lilY (sach Ph;1 thuyet ) gioog
nbJ dung it gbi am thd (jau thBoh to g6c cli {G da mit y nghia th8nh to
chinh ma thanh thimh t(S phI} chioh Am cbo . Song gia cu- coi chii' nay eO 2
thanh t6 gOc thi no ehi t1 J/OOO<I ella each nen cling ching dn xet t6-i. vi
chang ghi am I{lY cblr ;\()m tbiri htu ki vAn dung mi Ong P. Schneider Cling.
n'u ra m{lt 8t) chii' rlu t,o bang 2 thanh t6 ma oog cho la g6e va ong 19i 1. c(u !f0
bAng phlfC'ng ph&p phii'll thHit (forme. par Ie mode du Faogie) OhU'Dg trong t&ng .0 8 chii'
ma ong aet. ra thl phlD nbiet. kMng chinh DC. Ta thi- xet l,i vai chii' :.
t. ( tranl ) : nhU' ta etA chU:ng minh la IOl,1i chii' dung thanh t6 ph,! chlnh Am diu.
}fA... (phU'a-n): g(\m thanh to glSc la Jt (y day c6 sang'
phU'6n gi60g tmUng hvp A'W tir thiet e6 sang th6t. }l Ii. dauh 16 Vi
chling. chii' nay ciing rlt it phln dl! ghl a1l1 phU'6n chfr NOm thl!'Crug dung ma +t.
X!. ( va) cY chfr nay .It t3 chii' Han duog "ghia CI} dl! dinh bU'ang chlnh am.
Jt I. tbuh t{) goc (ihn vi ) gi6Dg cac trU"(J'ilg hell} dung ..:Jt. (ki) ghi 1m cai va dU1ll
,l. (mi) ghi am mO-. i&- ( noo )g(\m thsoh t{) 80c la ':f; (doc). dU'f}'c ehinh am
lu,t 1d > n va IJ. (Se, oai nha) la thanh to phI} dioh hU'a-ng chlnh am
bAng nghia C\1
Ong Maurice Durand khi oghien Clrll thO' Xuan Hll'O'ng dingdi dU'a ra y kien nhu-
tren, ong din chung MlI/! jhir fif. (mlt) va giai thich chii' oey lit do C (miwang) ghep
215
vOi !l (aiet) mlt. Th"c fa -tl}- ........ 1a tir h'inh than Clis no IS.
ihU'tl'ng'l:uat c, cac van bin trU'o-c Xwin HU'O'og. CQ thauh t6 g6c (ml!-t)
va 1l (thlt: milt) la thaDh t6 phI! chinb Am bl\ng nghia C\l
Cilling ta t6m tit quaD gifra cac lo,t' tbaDh t6 bing '0' sau 'day;
Thanh t6 goc
LU't;"c net
1 _____ ... __ ._. ___ '_"" __ _
THANH 16 PHI)
Am
-- 1.i co dioh.
-ki cbinh am tilu ,
- tM Nom
- chir :Han dinh hU'o-ng
I
tbeo Dgbla CI] Ih8 I
---------------------__ 1
- kf chinb am dan
...... tM Nnm
I
I
l
-'-_____ . ___ .. _____ i
5. Cdc kieu IOfl,i chit Nom
1. NI"rng SV' phin trvue Jay:
NhU' dli cae ollg Trio Vin Giap, 9ao Duy Aoh va HoilDg XuaD Him khi phan cbia
rae lo,i chfr Nom dli d\ra vito phI..:> Ilg phap lyc thU' ctia ngU'iri Han. Ong Trlln Van Giap
4"ho ring nhir Nom eo eft tbay 38U lo,i nbU' trong chft' Hin. Cae oog SilO Duy Anh va
Hoang XU30 Hlin chll rang ehir Nom ehi e63 lo,i la h{)i \. ti \'i hiub thanh.
y cua cac 6ng treD. chUng ta da co uhin cY ditu chtrtrng.
Ong P. Schneider thi l,i cho rling chii' N6m co tit ca 10
Cao aDg Quang Xy va Vll Van Kioh trong b8i me\- diu cuon T" dilln chfr Nom
eli chia chii' N6m thanh 7 chinh:.
* Chfr Han hOa. hrc am HaD vi nhU' .. j. (h9C .inh) i1i (dong tay)
,. Chfr HaD d9C theo nghis vi nh... 'Ii: ( nha) Jt.
.. Chir hili thanh.
* Chfi' hai thanh N6m, vi Ilhll' (v6ng
* Chir hqi Yf vi dl.l (tro-i)
Chii' gii ti. vi nhll' 4 (ta). III (co), (1&)
* Chir giii ts. Nom, vi nhU' il (vlng),
Cae tac giii lsi Cln 'Va N. Xtaokevieh (he! di diD) Le Van QUlin (1) pb4n ctjnh
eac killu loqi chfr Nom theo m!}t phU'O'og phap nhlt quiD va klloa b,?c hO'n. TrU'tYc nhlt, 0-
bU'tYc 1. ong Clio .'.ra vao hioh thll chia chii' N6m fa lam 2 IQ,i Io-n :
a) Lo,i mU',!o (:hfr Han (hay dO'n)
.\'gh;en cwu vechw Nom. Kho& _<;Ie Xi Rqi, 1981.
216
I
b) tv (hay c6 <liu truc bert troog)
Tit _ hai lotli l&n nav oog haob obii'ng htr6c Itr&ng phin khac Dhau clio eu- vao
nhii'Dg" m6i quaD cua tirng loq.i m9t.
a l0l}-i a, ong -diu Ctr vitO cach mtrQ'n kh8.c nhau de chia ra lu.,i mtrl}'o m{it (mtrQ'D
rieng v&n tv) va IOl}-i mU'l}'n 2 am va n,hia (mtrCfn van tv llltrCfn DgoD ngUt).Ong
haDh cac htr6c hrao! ph8.n theo.
mtrCfD m{it m,t chia ra :
- mtrCfn Dgbia
______ - d,!c chinh xac
- mtrl}'nam _______
_ - d\lt' d.,i khai
mtrO'n bai mat cbia fa:
. . .
- gbi HaD
"'- gbi g6c Han khOng phiii Han
a lOl}-i b, oog tien hanh cac btro-c lao-ng pMn Sou:
_. thaDh t6 chiuh gia them abi
- l.o.,i hai than" t6 quan trc:mg ngaD' nhau (ghep) ll}i, sau 1.,i all'Q'C chia ra
.--
__ -- Am v6i am
- gh6p m{)t m.t
-- ngh;a nf!:hia
________ - h? VIY; ch&
_ gbep hai m.t (am + nghia) ___________
- chii' v6i ehii'
-each phlD 10,!-i nay da dl}'8 vao obftool quan clu truc bin ngoai (hioh cae th8nh
t6) va 'ben trong (quaD :3 mt hinb - am - Ilghia) chia cbii' Nom ra thanh 10
lo.i elly du. Song chUng toi nh,n tbly eSc tac gii tren coi .gang hang cac thanh to am
va y ma cbtra neu dll'Cfc vai tro cM 1'1.,0 cua'thimb tIS am ma theo chUng toi lit moi quan
baa quat nhat.
Ve lo.i l'lU'f!O nghia hay dvc theo ughia cac nha nghieo cu-u tmYc day thira
nbu-og khi xfp cac chfl' Nom vao 0 Ilay thi cac ang it llhieu deu eo 8\1' do dV.
SO- di tir Ian da co ohieu ngtriri cho rllng trc,mg cbfr Nom co rlt nhi(!u chii' dl]c tbeo
nghia vi hg tbiiy am dgc ten dung v uha lJghia chir. Vi d\l cac trairng hCfP 11 (gU"{rm),
JL t . (galt), .. (mila), -/II. (m6i) V.v. Nhallg ve sau qua nghieo cu-u am v,n
Han va tieng ngtriri ta. dii khing djnb dtrCfC rAng nhii'ng chii' nhll' treD hoan
tolD doc thea am. Ngay nay. khi nhlic den df}c theo nghia. nha nghien cu-u thtruog nghi
nhfrug trtr<rng herp kbac. 96 la nbfrng chii' nay cbU'a lin ra dUV'c u8U()n gt)c am
dl)C. fJ fren M da cbu-ng minh nhfrng chii' <-I kMDg pbii d(}c theo ngbia. Nhii'flg
ngll'o-i eM trtro-'ng c6 lo.i cbii' d9C thea nlhis nay thll'uog all'a ra cac dill'. cbu-ng khac nhtr :

danb.
217
Cach vi':'t tat troog elli) Nom ehi nhAm novc flich titft Det nen co hie no mll'cru
thao. C'; iIi.> nc, HlU',!!1l f(ian va tron/-! pilau l<Yn trtro-ng hg-p no sang ra mt)t each
viet rieng vir& It lid vira ?:itv de ohin Sau day 18 Cat' vi dl.1 :
Nguven dl;lug chfr Than va I;ian Tal
(han thu'
t" Hifn
Nom Am Nom

minh

fJ
Dam
}j!"

J"k.
phong
..
1:-

7
kim
l'
"
-{} K ly. ,:
t,;
;
#*
' , rlJ. .)f.
*
J;: A
'PH

,'0
tf
-.
t
thiim

' 'I ve.
it
11.
5t... ,
111 (It
.:tt

,,:hSDg
IfIfl
080
1fl
l!
nang
them hang cae ehfr vift tAt (y philo pb\}" chlfO'ng)
Ngoai lui viet tat eho cae ddt' NOlil hoaD chroh ra COD co 16: viet tit cho tirDg thaDh
to. Xhlrng ve ban chilt, lui viet tat sau khac lui u.t tnr<Yc. L6i viet tat trtro.., co doh chilt
Id m{Jt chii' tat hoaD tOlm thay tM cho m!}t chii' Nom, gifra hai t1nr it It!'u I,i
m!}t h? gitng nhau. L6i viet sau khOng ki biet chii' ngUyeD d,ng vAn d9c
dll'crc chfr tat. MuCin tM thi sau khi viet tlit, thaoh t6 goc vAD, dll'crc gifr ll].i. Thll'o-ng ngll'<ri
ta chi hrcrc o,;t c} be) thaoh ttS Vi d'.l :
/fft..

trai
V8Dg
xem
vi't thimh
Uii vilt ttit 1!811 khOng tl}-o ra BY' thay dM true, fa vln e6 phan ro thanb
to goc va thanh to ehinh am. Con troDg 16i tlit trll'<Yc thi fO fang co SIr thay dbl
eiu true vi no khoDg phan tich ra dlfcre thanb cae thllllh to, \1 .It.' :
220
Ran ciing nlnr
M{lt 86 it imHau co dU'q'c d,!c doi eMt tanh Am tbeo <tbaab
tUy nghia chuyln. cUa ngu'M Han. Troog cuon Th,p gi6 f'ili Jv(lng tSn h,)c tfp 5 e,i
Hin, Dha Am vtn h9C oM dai Thanh, co neu m{)t 80 din ch1i'n8 USi nay. Vi d1}. hBi
min, phln Dha, Rch Kinh Thi c6 cau:
Ngi quy ki
hlt nga eao du
mO'u phu kb&ng da
thi d1}.Dg Mt ttru (-l)
put ngon doanh dinh
tbuy cim chap ki cli'u
fbi cbu thich b8i Mao Tranb (dui Han) giai tbich ran, cbii' .1f.. (ttp) cd aghia la
;t (t\l'u : t6i no-i) cho nen d9C 1& tvu. L,i trong hoi Chiem ao ciing philn 9,r Nhi, Kin"
Thi c6 ciu:
JUt t,i ngi tien
bat .,i nga btu
m,o m,o hl)o ohien
v6 hit khlc er. ( .. )
v6 thiem hoaDg
thi cd-u nhi b9
Khi cbu tWch, Mao Tranh ghi: chO' t (cuog) co oghta la III (c6: chtc cbb) nen
d,!c la c6. hifp vb yo-i /'6.
. .
ChUog t6i kh6ng lo,i tril'khl naog la do 16i d,y chii' HaD hllog eacb cijch tirlll til' m9t
(obO' Nhit ,"ien IV. TlIm thien tv) m9t chii' HaD chi dO'CfC dicb hing ughia co Jam cbo
m9. vai cbii' N6m Ie te xult thoo d,!c theo oghia nb", 7j (oli) 490 la ben.
(dich) d,!c la nbO'Dg chUng qqa boi. tI I'lt thlp va tin 80 xult
tb. kh60g dang
loq.i bti y hay quaD y + t vi etA phat 0- tren, dAy ohie I,i.
Trong vh pbAD chia lo,i chii' Nom cung c1D khio eat to'c;rog tit.
coi viEt tit ia hat net tbi DgO'(ri HaD co 2 Is thio va gillD t\l'. VUlt tbio Vlra hut
net nhU'Dg l,i nMm m.1}.e 4ich ,iet etuvc nhanh (cae net dO'CfC li8n nh.u) va chU9ng vt!
bay Inl'um, mlt. Con giin t\l' thi chi c1n net chii'. Vi d1}.:
Vi5t .bio:
**
th&ob v1-
It
_"1fiP

f!-
GiaD tl,1':
J.i.

it

219
Cach vilft tat troDg chi; Nom ebi DMm< nll,lC ifich tiet net nen co hie n6 mU'q'u
('bit' thoo, c.; i,lt' nt) Hltr1!ll glaD t\t' va tronf! phan lo-n tTU'o-ng hq'p no sang ra m{lt cach
rii'og "irs It Ild vira gitV d8 nhio de dvc. Sau day Iii cal' vi dl.1 :
Nll"ven cll!-ng chI ..
Thall va I;ian Tat
(han thlf' tv Nom Am Nom
4ft-

minh

:iJ
OAm
ffi, ..

phoDg
1:--

?
kim
;i!..
1"
/
{} Lx... ly, ,:
.. ':

;# ,.-tt-
d" M
st
j;;
A
'pn

.rr

\"0
i of:
tham
4t
{#
'I vr
it
l'to !1r
:il....R-
IiH)t
;ft

Il
oao
1iL
\!
naog
(Xpm them hang cae chii' vi{;t tAt (y phan ph\l' chU'O'og)
Ngoai Wi viet tat eho eae chii' Nord hoan ehlDh ra con co !(j; viet tAt cho tirDg thanh
to. blm chat, loi viet tllt sau khae loi ttt tmo-c. Uli vie.t tli.t trU'(h. co doh chat
ki hii:u, mgt chii' tllt hOlln tOlm thay the cho m{H chii' Nom, giii'a hai tlnr it Itru ll!-i
mgt b? git:ng nhau. L;H viet sau khOog ki hiet ehfr nguyen d,ng van dg
c
dU'q'c ehfr tllt. Mu6n thi sau khi viet tlit, thanh t6 g6c v&n. dU'q'c gifr ll}i. ThU'o-og ngU'o-i
ta ('hi hrq'c D,;t t'l' bl) thimh t6 phl.l. Vi d\l :
If.

Iriii
vang
xem
vUlt thaDh
U)i ean kMng t,o ra 8lf thay 11M true, ta v!n c6 thl! phan biet ro thanb
t(i goc va thauh t6 ph\l ehinh am. Con troDg 16i tilt tTU"tYC thi ro Tang co S\r thay dbi
du hue vi no khong phall tieh fa rtU'q'C thanh "Be thanh to. VI :
220

,
'"'L"
va
t
va
t
1:
va
j
il
va
"7
2. Cach 10111 cua
9
iao ",,,Ir
Khi hanh philo chis cac chir Nom, chung ta neD dl}'1! vao cae quaD
va phU'O'og phap sau ;
- Chii' NODI ban khOi lU''7og kIu! lun cae dun vi hloh khOi (it nhat Is 200(0)
dU'Q'c phin hiS troDg mgt khosug tho-i gian kh8. dai (bun 700 Dam). N{i la mgt 8', khach
qUlln - Deil cling co 81}' pbtii Y8 '::0 Ie con phat trillD tt}' do hO'n nhieu van tt}' kh8.c vi chU'a
bao fliir dlfQ'C Dha DU'UC cong nhfn ". cht! hOa (trlr mly Dam do-i Quang Trung). N6
co giing Mt kjp, {r m{lt rmrc ohlt dinh. nhip d{t cua ngfr am 56-
di no thay dM ma ,.an gifr chu-c Dang van t\f Iii. yi bin thin Of; vil'a cbu-a dt}'1!g nhfrng
doi vil'a chu-a G\t'ng Hnh Gong Dhat. Tlnh Jong nMit lam cho chii' Nom trU'o-c eau
giir mc)t ml}-o <In dinh : day lil 5" bam sat "-'vc lieu ghi am Jan tvc blJnq cae chit
Hin i(J' va hinh thvc bieu hifn cua no la 5" lin J;nh cua cae thanh to goc> Con mt
ao; I$p {r s(r mau thurln giil'a cai bieu thi (am xult phat) va ca; JU'{7e thi
(am Nom). Khi S(J' J6i tJng t6; mpt mrre Jv nao Jo thi se JU'(Te gi;ii quyet bang S(J'
M lung hay thay hi?u vifn t(r do cae thanh to ph", t"upe vimg chin" am. Thanh th.
mgt. chfr N6m nhin theo quan uillm lich ct,i co thll co m9t Ii lich ri@ng .bao cbul)i
bien nhu- -+ ) > ) "*- va khi d,t "ao mo thti-e clu trtic
thi co nam viHl..-nhfrng i) khlic nhau. Khiio eat cac mO thii'c diu truc chfr Nom ta chlp
rilng cae chi)' :\OIIl phin b6 ;, van bia hay (r cac van ban Nom, ;, tM ki XViII
hay 6- thll ki' XX deu la doi hrl]'Dg nghicD cu-u nhU' nhau.
-- NhU' de. pMn tich trong philn dinh cac tlJ, chfr N{,m C() xu hU'o-ng ghi am
rilt ro rang. lIay no be? hoon chii' Han. a vung chinh am, n6 c6 thll dl]\1g
phU'O'ng thu-c utnh hU'l:Yng bAng Dghia, nhU'ng rot CI]C vin la nhim miDh
bAng each nay hay cach kbac cho ph!n am. viY khi lip' bang phan lo,i khOng khOng
cM j chUng ghi am ciia: n6. traoh chii quan, khi xac dinh cao yEu to am --
nghia clln d'l}'a vao cac ti ae. QU'Q'c thong ke phin gifra quy tlic va ngo,i.
-- Quan rlng Mt ki mljt dftu van tt}' nao cling co gia trj. va ch,u-c naug
l'ieng kh6ng tuy phU hayen-a <1M, nen IrU'Q-nB hQ'p mgt chfr Nom co
blnh (nhtr dO-, i'M quen. -tr la v. v) hay am I, (nhU' du{ic, -it tbi ... )
thi phii eM j tim va khi no di l.i t6-i m!)t tlln t:5 nao do thi phiii thlmh
doi tU'Q'Dg (.ghien ml'u, b.hong Den euy cho rlng no lilm IAn til' cbii' llay . sang ebii' kh6.c
hay fir net UB) r;allg net
_0 Trong tinh hiBh van bin nay do tU'Q'og tam' 8ao ddt bin (r cac tai
chep tav. ta cM tnr{fC nblt tui van bia, cae van bin in kMc (nMt 10 in kh!c?r kinh
do hay iT cbua dm cae tsi ehep tay. cac tv Nom ehi dlfQr, en- d\lng
nhlf m9t dlJi chu-ng.
-- Doi v.Yinhfrng hl'Q'ng cbU'a giii thich ubi xin dl! ton nghi cM khong suy dien
theo Vii l1inb kittn.
221
Chi .. Nom, clin i!U- vao hinb tM trong !!IO ,eanb v6i chii' Han. tv tach ra lam-
2 ohOm. Nh6m 1 lit nhOm dO'n (mO'l}'n van hr Han. kMng eo cau t,o U9i t,I). ub6m 2 Ie
nhOm gMp (t\r co elu t,o rirog).
Khi phtin lo,i nh6m 1 phii van nhfrng quaD lin tu-r lit qnaD 3 :
hinh - am ct9c _. y nlhia.
Ta dva vso phO'O'ng thu-c vlly mO'l}'n van tv Han Moh cac bO'tYc IO'ung
pllan !lau :
a. mO'I}'D am + mO'l}'n nghia
h, DlU'l}'n Am - hO nghia
Ll}j d" a vso phO'O'ng thu-c d9c ms chi a ra :
al - dl)c am Han mO'l}'n nghia
32 " dQc 1m phi HaD mO'l}'n nghia
hI - d?c dung am HaD bO nghia
h2 - d?c chinh am Han bO ugh!a
SO' do nhO' !Ian :
----...c;< ___
at t
82
*
bJ
it
b2
1'1
(tai)
(mila)
(m{lt : ,,6
(bif,t)
lo,i al dU'l}'c dung thi cae -lieng lIan l'\o c6 trung khff es. 3
binh -- am - ughia vui m';;t chfr Han, 96 la 06i trong trO'o-ng hvp Ii tU'hg. Do eM
cbii' ':.10 ve gili tri Clia ma chi!.' da co gia tf! khu y nghia giu-a cac tir dong Am,
nghia di gin eMt v"i chir, cho nen khi phBi Iva dung chii'. Vi dl} thi am
phong cho dung ughia phli Iva chc:m m.,t tfOUg cae chii' san:
.at phong gi6. phong tvc

#
phong
phong
phong
mili Dh?n cua binb khi bay cua quind9i
hui
g<'i. ban lilt, ban to'ue.
0- IOl}.i a2 ogc theo Tien Han HaD hOa - g?i chung 1.
phi Han tu-c 1. each dl}c kht;ng phli Han Vip,t d6i vui nhfrng tir g6c HaD - lr cac
van bin Han. Cae chii' Day chi ctU'q'c dl}c tbeo am Han nhO'og 0- cac van ban N6m tbi
n6 dge thea 1m Han cac 1m phi HaD nQi ,,{ dl} :
Chi"
22:?
al
(Han
sa
a2
(phi Han
clrfri
t
...,.

tr9C
dye'

p
h
9C
buOc
hI'
lira
\
$. li(l bau
Am Han dU'?,c I!,r d\lng trong cae van bin N6m dltu Bai phd.
CU' tran g('lm ttit ca 1482 chii'thi cO 112 chfr dQc theo"im
ti R%. Con am HaD bOa tbi vln dU'f}'c titlp Ltl}e .1Ill- d1}ng u cae tM kl
lIau. vi dl} :
(cau (: bay tioh l,i g,p t\uh, - Kieu)
.. nang ( cNlng riing: Nay th\rc tioh thanh ching X&', kleu )
von ( Kim tim von Dhi tram .Dh), Kieu)
.:l. chua ( Vall tfinh hQi chUa x .. m tU'i1ag), I<ieu )
_ 10,i hI dung am Han bO nghia, it co trU'ong hvp n6 dung lo,i am pbi
Had fJ dAy chi co mlSi quan M hlnh - am kh6ng co quan M nghia. tnrch'
nblt xet ttl' rna no thi I1Mt {hOng pha; la ti>' goc Hin vi neu Ii tv .g6c thl
se hieunham nghTa eI,a-. (1 dAy xiy ra tU'Vng: cbii' cO mcjt am .t9C obtmg l8 bai
tiro m9t tir goc HaD va w{lt tir Thultn I. al bofe la bI, vi d\l:
Jf tllt : binh Hnb. 81
tiSt : ng'Il'f}'(' v60i du bl
*-
ai
: hI); al
8i
: til' hOi hI
41

; mit, mit al
mgt. : 80 do-UB dltu h8ng tiO'u vi b 1
nay xult ngay trong cac rin bin Nom buM dIu va Clang vi eau c8Dg
Vi tIl} ;,. sach Phil' thuret ta I!'P nhfrug chii' flaU :
tU' \ to nghi)
KUlu b2 gi)m nhfrng chii' Nom cling mU'VD 1m' bO nghia nbU' lOfi b 1 nbU'ng no
kMng d9C dung Mt am Hall ma (\r]C na mi. (y dAy co 8" cbiuh am. Lo,i n.y cling xult
rlt 8&lD. TroDfl stich T Men tOng beln da co cae chfr NU :
chii' am Nom Han
l!
('hr.

flI
.. bac giae
223
J!
chan'"
"
trang
Trol1{! $Iftcb (huyfit co cac chii' :
it
gay

long

('Mt ('hipt
-
nh!
-
Fau phan laD cac ma chir thlH}c IOlili nay gia t hem it ttS phI}. vi dl} :
-+
\
!

/
4Ji'
-.,

,hllt
'3f-
\

nion
l.
\
7tW- trtr&c
/
J\h6m :l ef' diu tnk n{li tli'i nen dv's VaG giti tf! va mot quan M' gifracac thaah
tt) hen himh phao lo,i.
Net chung cho cac IOlili thu(tc nhom nay lit kMng d,!c am xuiLt phat ma df}c am
cblnh V8 cai bif\u !hj chinh am I'r day la tMng thanh to phl.l. tMng nay aa dU'9'c pban
cer dl) ti.rv thw)c vao mIre d(i djnh hU'&ng va thlte dioh eua n6 'nhll' aa
trioh hay iT pMo 1, Ta e<i (010' ,io Iilau :
t1inh hlr&ng !lao
/._---_.
a 1
J:t'<

_l_U'_fl_C _.!let ____ , ____ a 2 I-
ftinh hlrri'D!! l.ang _rl_a_" ________ ,
b i
___ e 3 ..
m"a

traDg
gltD
_liP" tU'Crng tllCH villlg 8,n_1 __ c 4 :J!t dlrt
_____ u tt
trol1g
I
I
1-
tlr day dl}'a vao m6i quaD M hloh - am - nghia hlDh cac hU'6c lU'o-ng pban
mcS-i, chUDg ta 8e pltat them mi}t vai sau:
c 1 8au- khi da dU'Q'c ra bing cach hQ'p m{1 thaoh t6 goo m9t b(.i tM
cbiDh am nbll' vCr (con co caob song tren nll'cS-c) dll'9'c Ill'Q'c nghia gifl' 15y
,bin 8m thi tir khac, Vi d\l trong giui co hOn qu6c ngii' cua Le Thtinh
TOnK co cau &au: .t\ 'l tt. jz JtaD Iii vo- ohiD nghia cai hOi) cY day vo' co
n,hia Ia khOng thl}'c.
Lo.i d 88U - khi dll'Q'c t!-o ra bAng cach ghep thd.nh to goc vcS-i chii' Han chinh am
ahtl' chin (80 cu6i hang dO'n vn cling Oll'Q'c lll'Q'c nghia thi m9t tir khlic. T.
lly vi d'l ngay trong bili trea, cau f.t: Jln Jt:a .a.b J- (thuf.ic bAng chao chin trong long).

Ir day chin eo nghia 18 ngll',>,c v&i s6ng.
N,oai ra ta con nhirDg tnrung hQ'p :
M. ve (man ve) dtl'Q'c dung tro ngbia eve vang)
non (nui non) dll'C}'c dung tro ngh1a cnon n6t'
ao (cai ao) d1l'Vo dung tro nghia cao ll'&C). ,
fJ day cac chii' 1.!l , 1k ' ... co y nghia khac hin eo vcS-i khi DO con olIn
t rong cae lo,i c 1, d. Luc nay thanh ttl ph\1 hoan toan milt tll' each dinh hll'cYog theo
'riaD, nghia hay theo nghia tM. Tuy nhien, nhll' thi co, kh6 khan cho 81}'
loti nen ciing co giiii thich Ia thanh t6 ph\l dinh hll'tYng ctlinh am theo nghia cho trU'uDg
hvP 1 va tir truo-ng !lC}'p 1 liang trU'fmg hVp 2 chI lit 1111 l11U'q'n lm va ta co coi cac
shii' Day 18 lo,i ph!n chien eua elva (\.
COD m9t Nc'hll khae ms [lUg Dlrn'ng Qu-iing Ham nbilc hri Is 10,!-i fghep m{Jt ehii'
abo v60i IDl}t ehii' Nom eli lam thfmh m(it "ht" Nilm m&i. Ong chi nen ra 1 tTll'Qong hC}'p Ia
chii' (lM). Cling co ngll'iri nell them eae dlil' nhU' (buong) va ;fit.
ThVC ra 2 cbii' nay c6 tbaDb t6 gOo lil rt (v fin la chfl' Han eo am bong ) va nh1l'
v;y thi (buang) va .#t (vong) deu IOl!-i c 1.
Bay-giu vln de eon la diuh loti eho nhfl'ng chu' 0 80 10 cua flO' .dll 1. Lo,i
.Day kbOag gin gi v&i am d9C, can truc hloh cua n6'kh6ng co giai tT! 1m, 8'1 hvp
faC thaDh t6 .Han khOng ra am Nom vi nen coi chUng la loti chii' m9t thanh t6.
Sau Day chUng dU'C}'c gia them mf.it thanh t6 phy chinh am chii' m6-i, vi dy :
tro-i nhiri
1: trum & (,hom
v. bic nay chling tra- thanh tbanh t6 gOo trong m6i quan m6i. Trong trtremg hvp
sau ( ) ma chii' thu9c IO,!-i co thanh t6 ph1}. Sau day Ie. 80' ve "'1 ph'n dinh cae
IOl!-i chii' Nom.
225

D1[a am
I I 1
KhOng chtoh am Clbnh am
Uy nghia

Am . Am
Han phi
Han

*
..
(tai) (mila)
KhOog
I!yoghia
(Am Han
)
2i.
(m9t )
Han

d9C

Binh htr&ng
bAng bao
A
Nbay LU'<!c
ell net
DinhhU'Ong
chinh am
.Uu
"'J _J/
*.
(biet) (khe) (trang)
Theo
vUllg
nghia
'*'
theo lien ttroug
Theo Theo
nghia ket
chu- c!u
Theo
vuog
am
JiJf JJ!
(vo-) (giay) (gan) (dlH)
KhOog dl}'a am
Mot Rai
Binh ha&og tt) thanh tl)
hAng nghia
chfr Han
..
I
I
tIL

4:
(chin) (trai)
(looi)
Qua' 80' tom tit va nhii'ng phln eta trlnh bay ta nit ra mq.t 86 ket 880 :
1. Gifra chfr Nom thu9c nhom 1 va chfr Han co co mQt rank gi6i ma tir trl1'o-c
nay it ngl1'01. quaD tam Minh tM van tv lam nhoe di ranh gio-i nay. Vi v'1 khi
phin dinb Han va Nom phii nhin ca 3 phl1'O'ng hinh Am, va nghia. Trong tb\rc cO
lly ughia lam tieu chi d1} pMn gifra chfr Nom nMm 1 vo-i chii': Han. ChUng
ta co tM dl1'qc mc}t hang cac dO'n vi van tv Han ctl1'qc thaoh dO'n vi van tv Nom.
The/) 811' tMug ke ,CUB chUng toi bing nay chi bao gom khoii.ng 2000 etO'n vi.
2. Trong b9 trl1'<rng hqp, chii' Nom co mQt thanh. t6 goc ghi am. So 1l1'qng
chii' thanh t6 goc .nay ti toi khOng dl1'o-i 99,75" .
Khi chii' Nom blnh (tv t,o, kh8c chii' HaD) thi n6 trrc tl).O ra am .
va nghia thuiln chii' thuiln Nom (set toan cac m,t) xuat .Am mo-i -nay
dl1'qc ra tren tit!n am xult phat va gqi ra do 8\1' chioh am. Tir day cac to mo-i
(thenh to ph",) phai dl1'g"c quan sat tren hiDh chioh am. MQt chtr Nom (y dfDg phu-c t,p ,
ohat noi chung cling chi bao gom ha: thanh to, mi}t cbiob (dinb 1m) va mQt ph", (cbioh
1m).
4. 5\1' sir d1}ng, eip cac tbanh to trong lo,i chu.- N6m tv "0 (nbom 2) nbAm
con dl1'<rng tir 1m xult phat sang 1m Nom tu-c la 8l}' x';p alp cae thang khac
nhau . trong vung chinb am. Do do co noi rAng ki cau truc mia chfr Nom trrc la
ki thuit chinh am.
S. Khi 80' do t6m tlt, do xult phat tir ghi am mia chfr N6m, trong khi
hanh cac hl1'o-c ll1'O'ng phin chtfog ta bU9C long phii m{it net nhoe gifra uhOm 1 va
uhOm 2. d,?c chlnh kMng c6 ki chinh am nhlr $I) v<ln thu9C dia hfi chir
dO'n l.,i dl1'g"c dijt c.,nh cac chfr ghep do phl1'O'ng thrrc dC}C gitiDg nbau Clla chUng. Tuy ohien,
tranh m<r nay, trong 80' tom tit, chUng t.a khOn vin phin etinh gifra
chir dO'n va lo.,i chfr ghep.
CHU'O'NG II
VAN AM TRONG eHC' N6M
Cac nha erru chii' N6m tir trl1'o-c t&i nay nhl1' DI1'O'Dg Quang Ham, Trln Van
Giap, 9ao Du),' Anh, Hoang Xuan Han, Tai Cln va N. Xtankevich, U Van Quan,
Maurice Durand Paul Schneider deu cO de vb de am trong chfr Nom. Rieng
Tai Cln va N. Xtankevich da co nhieuhM chuycn vb ete am cu. chii' Nom (1).
(1) c en. DliP Am Ijcb lir v6-i thb-i ky xult mia chiP NglJn n8w (so 1/1971) ; 8&
. sung thAm mOt 83 tit ngi'i- A. lich Sir ("6 liAn qUaD :4'. vtio ifl! tW,i kl xul(t chiP N6m
lO

Thong Mo khoa hVC cua khoa Ngii: fJdn Hq.i h{lc nng h{"p, 1972 ; c Bitm qYJa \rAj net vI! Iloh
blnh caa t,o chit Ngon ngii: va
227
-
NhU'og n6i chung, cac tae gil freD chi mo-i ohic diln vin am troog chirng l'11l!C kheo
flat mt)i quaD gill'a no V(I-j blDh va V llghia tiiln hanh pMo lOtti cac mo thu-c
diu tnic chil. Nom khiio sat tbiri xuat "hir N'-ml.
di tai am d,?c, hay noi cach klute, dll th\fc dlfq'C ehu-e nang VaH t\f cua no, mt]t
chlr Nom thU'o-ng pMi triii qua 3 bU'6c sau :
1 - Xac oinh am g6c
2'- Sinh hU'o-ng cbInh am
3 - Ch?" am dqc thich h<}'p nhllt.
NhU'ng khOng ph8i 3 hU'o-c nay dell co tinh cMt Htt yilu dtli vo-i trtf en cac
NhU' dil cac 10,i ], 2, 3 (sO' d3 I ) khong c6 chinh am. Am goc la am
d9
C
' cua chfr. Ba h1r6c Be ap dl,lDg cho cac coo It;ti : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (80' do 1). Song
chUng ta khOug co y d1\1h nghilin cu-u vln dF am cho til-ng 10l!-i m{lt ma cbi
deo do am noi chung cua ehfr Nom.
1. Am g6c va 'cae loti am g6c
NhU' ail biet, chti' Nom dung cach d\)c cbfr Han ctia ogU'o-i d8 ghi am TfU'o-c
obit 00 pbai d\fa vItO cach dQc chfr Han --- lr day thl! blng toan chfr hay Mng b{i
ghi am cua chii' - roi tir do dn (06i vo-i cac 10,i 4, 5, 6,7,8, 9) qua tmo-og chinh am
dli t1(;n to-i am Nom.
Vty 1& tfU'VC oMt, am goc lit {Ull dlJc chfr Han 0- Nam. NhU'ng mt)t chIr Han co
thl; C(I hai am d,?c, vi :
<V1}
mila
<
can
nt
gan
a day 1/(1 Ia am g6c, mila ia am goc bay r..8 hai la am goc ? Y coa cac nha
nghien eu-n tmo-c day chU'a Mrt khoat ve dil;m nay. ang Sao DlIy Anh (sdd) d\ra van y
ki{;n cna Maflpero va VIrO'ng Ll}'c nen ra csc lo'.li nhU' am xU'a, am Han va am Hao
h6a khi pMn tich cac hai phU do-i Tran trong Thien. tong ban va khi ban 10l].i
I trong phCp giii tao Tuy khOng n6i ro nhU'ng vi> hinh trung ong dil thira cac am
la am goc, song khi bang CltC quy tlie ehinh am thi ong l'.li aU'a chUng sang
am Nom. Cac tac gil N'guy8n T8.i Chn va N. Xtaokevich ciing nMc d'o cae lo'.li am
nhIrog khOlIg chfnh thu-e tUybl hO rlng chung la am g<>c.
it Nam, cu-u am Han 1hU'Q'ng cb va ngIr am ra kba
mu{lo. NgU'ui chilo Nom pMn uhil-U chi tjUeD thul}c v&i am Han chlr it cM y utln
10l]i am khac. Tuy nhien, do lIgu' eam In nhtlt la trong tho-i Id diu co do ca th\fc U5
phst am c('l nen nhung ngtriri viet ehij Nom xlre kid vln co nghi dtSn am Tien Han
cung nhU' am Han Vil;t 'Vip't boa khi vitlt va chfr Nom, nhU'ng ooi chung thi quan
coi Han la am goc duy nhiit vln In mijt quan truyen tbQng. Phiii chang vi the
rna tuy co cac am kh,c, cae hie gil eon ngltn ngl.'i ehrra mu()o dU'a
no vao 0 am gtic chang 'r
Thi'r cii 3 )01.'1 am I1'JI tren vao hll'trC 1 ma khiin 8at, chung ta co thl!! rut ra dU'(),c
nh.-rng xP.t xac rlang :
22tl
Am d?c chii' Han
chinh am

THin Han Han bOa
am N6m
Hall
--
t
tai
khOng tai

v\I
mua khOng
v\I
mlla
-
Jlt gan khOng
can
can
I
--

.-
...

co
dly
------- - --
u Am Han am tien Hall va am Hall hOO cti!u co vira iii am
phat Vlr8 18 am Nom Den co 18 am goc.
* .Am tien Han va am Hall bOa khi lam am goo thi tuy li chUng
cung co ch'inh am IlhU'ug trong te ta thiiy chUng khOng chinh am, chUng vira la am
xuilt phat vira la am NOID.
* Am Han Vi?t trollg th\rc te Ia IOl].i am duy nblt co ch1nh am va do do DeU dung
khii nang co am liun tieu chi phso fjoh thi ee coi am Han la am goc duy
.Mt. NhO'ug nell coi uhlrng am nao c6 g. hU'o-c 1 la am goc thi chung ta se co 3
10l].i am goe.
Chung ta nghiellg ve ti!'>u chu1u sall vi may Ie:
-1\6 phau anh dU'q'c uung thlrc lich lin-, 3 am nay deu thlFc lilr,sc cach
d?c chii' Hau 0- Nam tron/! cae giai do!].n lich lin- va g. opfrng dieu khac ohau.
Nhii'ng am nay dang dU'<;yc suo dl}ng trong tuc Iii chung dU'<;yc lien tl}c Slr dl}ng
tir khi hinh thallh cho di=n ngay nay. Di nhien nhU' thi no cung phii thO'(YDg xuyco xuat
trong eac van han Nom. Tir Bao Duy Anh, Hoang Xuan Han cho di5n Durand va
Schneider deu da: neu ra nhirng chii' Nom dU'<;ye d'}c thea cae am tren.
,
- Cac :',11 nliJ dlfq'C sir dl}ng trong cach dl!c chii' N&m dung thoo am thtt cila chUng
trong ngon ngil: MIJg ngay ma' khOng keo thea cac chir khac vao hU'o-ng CI'}c nay. tlre no
khOng phii nltm trong th60g chinh am. B<}c chinh am khOng hao gio lit mgt
tU'<;yng dO'll ma thU'o-ng phai Ia mgt xu hO'o-ug. .Ii khOng phai la am chiuh am thi
tit nhieu phiH la am goc.
g. g6e cae c8ch dqc am gfe.
Am goc khOug phai IS. (;ach dl)c chii' Han cua ngaM Han. Am Han rilt xa VO"l am
nhO' aii chung minh. Am goc nhii'ug each d'}c khac nhau cna chfr Han u Nam
trong cae giai ao,o va hoau canh phit khac DhaU trong lich air. No la san phiim cua
caeh dC}c chir Htin "qua cac con ClU'o-Dg hOa khac Dhau.
& day dn phan hai kh.ii : ti(;ng Han va chilo Han. Han hic dau la ngon
ngfr eua eRe b(i t{le iT hru vt)'e song Hoang Ha, dan dan qua qua tfiuh phit limh the-.
111) hap :thu tMII1 cae ngu(lll goc khar nhU' Tan, Slr ... cho den ea ngoD ngii' cae hi} tQc
phU'O'Dg Nam thu{lc ngfr Nam A. Haog 10ft tit (:hi cay co di phU'O'ng Nam rlO'a' vao
229
vlSo til' Han nhU' dm -lim (klam > tram), phu - hl'u (bla. > trltu) (Theo Nam chi).
Sach Te Jan yeu thuit cling ghi rlog Truog QuiSc hla DU'&C va mia tir Giao Chi, dU'i'rng
giao Chi co chu'a dU'q'c cbfr ti (dtro-ng) la g6c Giao Chi. Con ga Giao Chi VaG
Trung Quoc co lim [kya J, sau m&i dung chfr '" [kye], Han E: '-::). trong
Hin. chi cai co cac tir -}j ] (hai Han Quang troog kinh Thi) sau co cac
tfr of r bak [ hie]. cac tir (bai. nhtr trUc hai va m9c hai) la nhfiong tir
maog am 4iu m6i, bit tir Vaclca trong Nam .A thu9c van h6a hii dtrO'og.
( culture maritime), khli xa II!- wYi van h6a Han lil van hoa 19C ,dia (culture continentale).
Gifra Hao va cae phia Nam ro rang co iuh htro-ng hai chieu. Co khi sv loh
hU'Q-ng di theo coo dtri'rng vbng. Tai Chn (scM) co neu vi dy 88U: (y Nam A
vl)n co dauh tir chi tM khi ta keu 18 na (so gRnh v&i Na 0- MU'o-ug, Chu-t, Sana
0- Ku hOt Sna (y khO' me) c6 khli cO' sO- co khing dinh cbinh tir ten gQi nay
..
rna sao sinh ra Han ghi hAng chfr 1f (Han II. no). NhlI'Dg sau do chfr l' Il!-i
qllay'l,i Nam du-a c8.ch d9c no Va each dQc Han no ugay nap. Ong clingcho
rAng chfr "f co am thU'vng la l Da J ( ta nh& cua Uong Vinh Bio doi v&i
eac v!n ca, qua) sail do m&i Bang n;:) (no) va 00 (nO), qua trinh hifin dbi la :
Da > no > no
Trong dia hl!-t oghien cu-u N6m, ta khOng du khl nang gili thich ahfing hrvng
ttrO'ng hr nhll" tren ma chi dt-ng ll}-i 0- cach agc c:'1a chfr Han bi(t cMp chfr do dtrvc sinh
ra tir IlSc nao, vi chfr Nom chi ll1u-l}'n am 4gc cua chfr Han. Cac doon vi hinh khoi
ke trong cac cutSn tir c!ilin tir Thuyet van gW tv dfln Khang Hi, Til' I. chfr
Han nhlI'ng khOng phii Mt ngu<>n tir tifing Han.
Ti"ng Han vo-i quan tren hlit dllu xam nh,p vao Ciao Chau tir dlln cong nguyen,
du-vc hgn do h{i 8U- dl}.Dg tren phlI'O'ng giao dich hanh chinh. V &i ttr cach cOng cg
dta ugo,i hang nen hic nay COb mang tinh cMt mgt sinh ngfr. Trong Mc giao dich v&i
ngU'o-i Han, ngll"M da pMi co vhat am thea ?ach n6i cua ngtro-i Han. di nhien co
hi khUe di it do anh htrung cua hg may ca"u am Cblnh m{lt so cach dgc nay
<tii 19t GU'Vc vao khliu ngfr elia quan ehUl'1g va hru Il!-i du'l}'c ngay nay tl}-o ra cai ma ta
g9i 1a am tHIn Han Qua trinh nay keo dai khti lau:
Tir di'ri Tny, f)u-(rng dl!-y chfr Han 0- Giao Chau da mo- r9ng cho ngtro-i ban
Xli', cMd{i 5i tgc tnr&c kia ait dtrvc tbay 1M hAng chfi u{> khoa, cU-. khac, giao
va DI!-O giao thu(lc chi phai do ngu-M Han truYCD ba sang ciing dlI'Vc phat chug v&i
s,! bifiD cac each Mug chfr Han. Cang gan thi'ri tv thtr tich lU'u hanh lr
Giao Chiill caDg nhicll. S6 luvng cac nho e1 va eao tang tinh thOngcbfr Han cling tling 16n.
Ro rang hic nay ngou ngfr t'! Han aa co m!)t suh hlI'o-ng nMt dinh hen ella b8n Nam.
Sang dl'n thi'ri tv chil, chfr Hain dtrvc cac trieu dl}-i phong kifin Nam8U- dyng
troog c6ng banh chinh, trong khoa eu-. va ci trong tru&c taco NhlI'Dg TO rang hic nay
ttt'ng Han khong con mang finh each la m()t sinh ngfr nfr,a, cach d,?c chfr Han (y Nam
eang ngay dmg xa dlln am Han va dtrvc d<;,c dlI'&i !IV tac 49ng cua cac quy ngfr am
Mng HaD GI,>C theo bOa. din eM y Ia hic nay tieng Han dit d9C
thea am Tr.mg va eM .. Han gay aDh hlrlrug 0- Nam v&i tu- each fa mgt th6ng
( day lit tMng nbu-ng thlr ttch tir tho-i Tien Tan Mn Htro-ng nen fl\f boa cling
230
DY ra cho toan tMDg va tfD 'thanh m9t lo,i am d9C ma ta 1a am Hu Vi mang
tlDh cMt tMng va M th6ng nay dlll}'c su- d\lng lien tye nen n6 it hi elM va dU'q'e
doy tri coo ngay nay.
Sau khi thOng Han da d\l'q'e xac va giir dU"q'c mgt tu" tM broong c16i
djuh thi ngirim vin tiilp tyc c6 biiln dbi. Nhirng dM oay tac dgog
ehu y';u vao ohii'ng tir thutto nhlrng cling tac dgog vao m{lt b{l ph'n nao diy cna lOop
tir Ban oblt l& nhii'ng tll" sinh ho,t (fr day emn phio hal khai : qua tnnh
Han h6a va qua tdnh d?li ngu' am trong Qua tnnh Han Vift h6a xiy ra
ding 10ft cho cac tu' goc Hall nhU" : p > h ; t > d ; 8 > t .. qua trinh hien dM ngir:iim tieng
chi xly ra cho cac tir thulo va m{H so it tll" giSe Han nhU" k> g v.v.). Mgt each
d9c m6i c1tH vOo; chir Han xuat d6 la cach d9c cua am HaD thU'o-og dU'C}'t
19i 1& each dQC Han Ma.
""'NhU' VfY 1. chfr Han a Nam co co 3 each d,?c khac nhau. Nguyen nhin cua
eac each dge khac nhau nay nhU' da tMy la do:
- {y tac thOi dillm khac Dhau, ban thin chfi' Han ciing c6 nhir0R cach khac nhau.
- Do tac 4{mg cua nhfl'Dg bien dM trong ngii' am tieDg Han lam thay dM each df}C cua
III chii' Han.
Song net chung cho cac cach d,?c khac nhau nay la : Chung la am Han d9c 0- Nem,
khac vcH cac cach d,?c chir Hin fr Trung Qu6c, Ban hay Tien. Hai tMng ngir
1m Ban, rat khac nhau va Sl! pluit cua chUng llili ngU'q'c nhan. Ching bliln
mtt 1m dlu: cac phy am dau trong eb qua 10 tM ki nay e6 xu hU'6ng
biflD'" tho V& hooi dau dln sang keu, vi d\l cae im p, t lr khoang tM kl X da
thAah h va d fr sau 1M ki XII (p va t con hru If-i mU"ung Dgay nay)
va: Day c6 m)t tMng am dlu titng nb phat trilln vOot dly do cac
am' 4iec va keu. Twng khi tiy Han cb co dlly du cac am dlu Db ken, diec htt
hai eta dln dln mlt di tinh keu va tra thanh th6ng 1m dltu nb dille (1), vi dy trong
bhg am dllu cua hoa thU'q'ng Ha Thii On (tM ki X). Con co eac am d, h, v, z Day da
hom toan thimh cac am t, p, f, 8 trong tit;og &c Kioh. So. di cac cach d9C 1m Han eo
th8 eang am tU"ooug diSi dang la vi Han va trong thM
nay c6 hai hi6ng nhau.
- Ci. hai deu cilDg m{lt hinh ngon ngtr dO'n am tiet doh nen m{lt am }ian co
dung thi mgt am tit;t theo killu db} mgt l'li hoon each chu-
Han IT Nhit Ban va Trieu Tien.
- Cl hai co cung am tit;t eve (am dlu + nguyen 1m -t am cu6i va thanh
(J) Diu hien tir Hu sang diee con )\li trong phll"O'Dg ngall Ng6. nay tron8 Am
ilia tieng Ngo sIT rung cua thanh il6-i da giam xuong con nil-a. Neu no cli- tiep t1Jc giam thi
sf! bien thAnh Am itil!c. Cae ngii- Han khsc khOng COli am keu co le (:iing do I.Irq"lIg nay.
'l'a-' Uu sang dillc tat ph8i qua m(Jt Am moi' gio-i. Vi dl} Z > > s. Qua trlnh dille bOa nay dmrc bu
illp -bln, thanls Vi dl} trong tillng Blc Kinh co Am binh va dU'rng binb, Am },luh bat nguon tir
dU'O'ng binh bAt nguon lir Am keu Tiong Quang ChAu thi 4thanh deu
chia ra thanh Am va dU'O'Dg, cae thanh dU'O'f.;; hiit nguon tir Am kim va cae thanhAm hlrit nguoD
tTl' Am ifitie .
231
khi con dang trong giai MU'Ong chung vln dang eon mang
c;ua ngoll ngii' Nam A - tuy theo Maspero. ueng MU'lYng va tiilng vay mU'Q'D
liti til' Han, dieu nay chu-ng to hai titlDg Day chU'a x6a Dhlin trU'cTC tM ki X. am
tilft CCVC van eOII ton trong titlng Din dltn khae v6i cac titlng Nam A VUDg Ita dao
oi theo con dU'iYng gia tang ph ... US, tieng do 8\r xuc v6i eac lieng l\I4W (dong
ray Thai C'r phia Mc di theo m{lt cO' che khac I. r\lug ph\! to trC'r thanh eve. Ta
thay r,"i dieu nay khi 80 titlllg va cac phU'OODg DBii' cUa DO v6i cac ngoD Dgii' Nam A khlie.
VI tiilng Nam A ct eo til' par' (hay) va pDar (c6ng ct,t hay, tu-e canh).
ImloDellia co til' ,c(, pah (htln) va pnah' (cOng c hllD. tu-c cai na). TitlDg Han trong
giai xam 0 l}-t vao Nam ali maDg d,ng eve (1) gi6ng nhU' tieDg llio
fly xet theo toan hc) tMDg (vi trong W;;Dg cae nh6m hi. tI. ml tM
kl XVII). Vi chfr Han C'r Nam eo cach dgc gil'!', 'ieng Han hoon each d}c C'r Nbit
va Trieu TieD.
of:
Khi tdoh hay ve cac cach o;le am Han noi ken co theo II! thai gian : am
Han am Han va am Han bOa. DeS 18 mc)t t* tl! hQ'p Ii trong cae chuyeo
cac cach dl)c chii' Han iY Nam. NhU'Dg trong cong tdoh Dghien Cll-U ve chfr Nom,
U'U tHin am g()C eo tllm quan tr(;mg IUD nhit ta am Han leo tren 88U
m6i hai am con 19-i co g;li chung 18 am phi Han
1. AM HAN VIET
Nam 1912, Henri Maepero cho eong M cu6n eaeh nM : Nghien cvu ve ngO'
am I;ch sUo titfng cae am Jiiu (2). TI..;'g tac phlm nay ong dli danh m{)t phltn quan
trgDg ughicn ellU ve am Han Ong xac dtoh ro rling tMng Han blI.t
(1, tMng til!n ttl cua eac phv. Am allu xet theo ngaon glSe Ii net chung cho cae ngon ngii- aQ'n tillt
tinh 0- Vi6n Dong nhU' T""ng, ThAi, Mon. Khme, Ca' ... Ngay tiling Him cung ehU'a. thtt khiing
itiDh QU'9'C rAng khOrg cIS tIS. Bernhard Karlgren trong eulSn Phonology .nd ancient China, (1926,
ki 8" 54634 TTKHXH) gii ainh 18 tiling Han cUDg co nhOm phv. am aau nhU'ng to khOng
ihrQ'c phit Am giong nlnr trong know, knock tieng Anh ho,e h.it tiling Thv.y 6ng 5(1 581lh .i
(lam) trong tiling Quing Dong v60i (k'ram] troDg til!ng Thai all SllY lutn rAng Han Thlii SII co /gr/
hojJc (gIl ma rut I""icon 11/. ChUng ld tMy j kiEn cua B. Karlgrcn cung co eiJ' slr. Vi dv. hay xet
thanh phu .t.l troDg cac chii- i (lam) (kyam). C6 .II. thll'Q'llg C() co Am /glam/ hay/tram! sau
tach thAnh /Iam; va /kyamj. Tr<Jl.'g Tieng cung co tU'Q'ng if9C .i theo 2 Am lam vA Ham
(tram). Karlgren so sanh cac i). tieng Quang B6ng v6-i tieng T""ng thi! ki XIII sans
krlt) tim moi quan he 2 Mn :
T(Lng Quang Bonll
2 gnyis Ii (Thu,.,ng Hii III nyi )
3 gsun sam
4 bsi si
5 mga ngo
6 drug luk
8 brgyad pAt
9 dgu kau
Ai cung tMy nhii-ng tir nAy xollt pMt tir goc thuy chung va eac nhOm phv. ita bib
milt trong tieng Heln vA T\ln, IA d,c "hi
(2) Henri M8spero. Etudes sur fa phonetique hislor;que de III lang/Ie annlllllitf', initiales, BEFEI), 1912.
232
,
til" am UaD thM Van SU"o-ng - T6ng vo-i xult pMt 18 haDg tam 11}c tl}' m!u (36
chfrcai) cua hoa th1l'9'Dg Ua TM On. Oug da l",i qua tnnh chuyl!n tir am
Han Day lIaDg am HaD xet theo tirng Am dltu m{lt, kem theo do 1. Dhfrng lo-i giai thicb.
Tuy agay Day Dhin l",i co tM tMy m?t vui ket cua ong chU"a hOaD toan crunh XftC, song
phiii 'ebng rlng cong tdoh elia ong 18 m{)t cai moc Io-n troDg qua trinh pghien ClfU am
HaD va D8ir am lich su- (1).
M{)t ngU"o-i 1& Tam can coc ( Mineya) ciing nghien cu-u am Han trong
cuon Nghien cuu ve am Han Vift (2), gun day 1l1oi eo cuon Nguon g6c va qua tr,nh hlnh
thanh cach Jpc H'n Vift (3) cua Nguyen T8i Clin. Trong cuon nay, tac gii da dl}'a vao eac
thU", V,D Clla ngU"o-i Han, soat cac cong triuh nghien cu-u cua ngU"o-i Han
va ngU"Ooi nU"o-c ngoai, tir d6 neura cac giii rieng. Tac gil oa uon Din nhirng cbO
chU"a hVp Ii Clla Maspero, Karlgren cung nhll' Clia nbirng Dgtro-i nghien cu-u t,nro-c khac. Ong
da. d\ra: vao eu- San M khuyet thiet yin Clia VU"O'Dg NhAn Hci, m9t bin in cto-i
mo-i tim oU"vc sau chien tranh thtl gio-i lito tbu- hai dl! them vao mlu si be) trollg
trong tMng elia Karlgren thanh s1 / thU'o-ng lam oho th6ng am diu Han Trung
cb thanh thOng can doi. xu't pMt dil!m Clia tMng Han ang cho rAng
do 1& am Han trung cb iT giai cac tM kt VIII, IX. ChUDg ta hoaD toll.O y vo-i
Day vi sau tMng B,ch DAng (938) cua Ngo oU"o-c ta oa cMm du-t thO-i
ki 06 h9 phU"O'ng hie .,a cung tir d6 sl}' anh hU"o-Dg cua Han vao Nam cung kbOng
co tinh chlt trl}'c ohU" trU'o-c. 9ay 18 IDgt giai do",n Dglo tnr6e Day chU"a tlrng oU"vc gio-i
Hal" hgc gio-i ngbien cu-n. mieu ta am Han thu9C giai dOl].n nay, aog Clin da khiio
.at thOng thiet vin cua L\lc Phap Ngon (dM Tuy), nghi6D cu-u Sl}' cHen eua am
HaD tir ki VII cac tM ki XI, XII Toog) va dl}'Dg Il10i M thOng am Han 0- giai
dOfD qua d9 kl VIH, IX) xullt pMt cua am Han tir 06 ong mo-i dl}'Dg Il].i
qua tdoh tir am HaD Trung eb iT giai nay M thOng am Han vOi
t\rog bU"o-c cua D6. sa d\rng Il].i qua trinh nay. tic gil da dl}'a \TaO nhirng thaDh tl}'U
aghieD co-u mo-i nMt mia gio-i Bong phU'O'Bg hC}C tM gio-i lich .1r ngfr am
(nhU" eoa A. HaudriCourt, M. Ferlus, Xokolovskaia, Paul Macey, Gregerson, Kenneth G. Milton,
E. Barker, Reynaud vv. ) ciiDg DhU' dl}'a V80 cac cu- phU"O'ng ngt1- tieng 416 1.
IV
i
tM cUa ODg Clo ma Maepero khang c6 dU"vc.
Qua Sl}' tl'inb bay cua 1'&i Clio qur. trinh chuy!n tir am Han Trung
lang im HaD chUng toi tM):' qua trioh nay co nhfrng sau :
ThO- ohit la II,! chuyl!n iir Han Trung cb lIaDg Han c6 fioh eMt thOng "a
d&ng lo,t khac vo-i HaD thU"vng xam vao tieog m9t cach Ie teo Thu- hai
1. no fa kha liu dU"o-i tho-i tl}' ebU nFn :
- N6 chiu Sl}' tic Q90g me cua cac quy va cae qua tnnh hien dM eua ngir
1m
- N6 dA trli qua nhirDS hU'o-c qua 09 truo-c khi tro- thanh tMog HaD ogay 04y.
St) lttvog am dan trong tieng Han trung cb ohieu gip doi so lU'f}'ng 'am eua tieng
(1) Tuy.in, vi Bau trong chuyen PltIJ:lYng ngii: Trilqng An (Le dialecte de Tcla'ang an), Maspero
di phiH lin-a itai 1,1 mOt &1.1 quan ella 6ng.
(2) Mineys. Studies on the Sino - Vietnamese. Tokyo, 1972.
,(3) TAi Cln. Ngu{jn 1I(t qua trink ldTlh than" each (fpc Hltll n,t. Kt,oa Iii 1979.
233
-- ----
dU'O'ng tho-i. (Theo ong Hao Trung c& er cae kl VIII, IX co 41 am dliu troug
khi Han chi co 20 am dau) It;li co nhieu tAc xat va am keu ma Wing hie
nay ehU'a co, vi qua trinh hinh thanh am Han ph1i 18 qua trinh dong hoa mi]t so lOon
am dau: Hantrung. thanh s6 it am altu Han va sau d$ Is Sll cna thOilg
Han han ditu theo quy ngfr am trer ihanh thOng Hall &gay nay. Vi
qua trinh hinh thllDh am" Han c6 chis ra bai bU'uc lOon sau :
BU'ue thli-" nhilt : co hai
- 9HlC bOa cae phV am keu. SIl xoa nhoa raoh giui gifra va ken cua H&01:
kh6ng gay ra_ mi]t S\1' hem dang nao vi co SlF hu dAp thanb Nqi chung tbi
Tir keu sang "dHlC- co thana' huyen, ngi, (tram)
Tir sang co thllnh khOng, hoi, alc
- Cae phI} am tlic xat phai bieo thaoh lil tAc hOfC 18 xat. Vi dl"l sau day cho ca
hc.i hU'6ng :
t _______
t
t 8
t
d

d--------

BU'6c thn- hai : tMng Han Vi?t nhU' treo tiep tvc dieo bien trong long tieng
dU'lH S\1' tac d9ng cua cac quy luit Dgfr am Tuy ohien, trong dia Han co
c6 trU'o-ng hvp nAm Ilgoai quy chung (ohU' trU'o-Dg hVp Tr co (y Hao tfU'c7C khi no"
thanh hioh trong tir thuan (y the kl XVII) nbU'Dg, nhfrng trU'o-ng hvp nay kh60g co tam
quan trgng 16n lAm. Luc nay trong l,i xuat nhfrng xu hU'6ng nhU' keu h6a,
xat h6a tlie xat. Xu hU'c7ng nay keo thea SIl thay dM cua m{it s6 am dau trong tMng
Han cn dll di t6-i cua am Han ngay nay, vi dV :
p> h ; t> d ; s > t ; kj > dj > Ij > dz (gi quoe ngfr)
Con dU'o-ng bieo tir am Han Trung .ang am Han Vit nhio chung 41' cae
phitn am dan, vito va thanh din la con dU'o-ng giln bOa. thu ggo, su-a dM cac am tit;t Han
rung theo cO' cM ngl1- am dll tro- thanh nhfrng am tiet maog du true
tQua trinb nay co tioh eMt bien cho ca am Han Vit, Hall Trieu va Han Nh,t, vi dl}
<r tHIng Nhitta eling thay cae oet !lau :
Giau hoa va thu ggn am :
kuJn > kou, kian > ken, > kon. puin> paD, t'uo > to, > eon ( (y Kao on)
Bien am dau keu th!lDh
234

t(Kan on)
s ___

Xoa nhoa ranh gi6i gifra am rang va ogl}.C, na va xat Dgl}.C
x > k (Kao on va G6 on )
> k (Kao 00)
g (Go on)
Bitln tAc xat thimh xat :
, ____ . - s (Kan on)
ts', ts, dz'
ts, dz' - 8 Va z (G6n on)
Am mw thimh keu hay xat keu
nuo > do, ma > ba, ng > g
Am Han Viet Irong chii' Nom
M{it cbtr Han HI' kbi dll'c;rc ra cho dilo nay co co am dl}c, vi dy am HaD tbll'c;rng
1m Han trung va am Bltc Kinh ngay nay. Ay la chll'a den cac eacb al}c Clia c8.c
aja plurO'ng va cach al}C tbeo Hoa kH!u nhll' mi chinb (vi tinh) sui ciio (thUy giiio y.v.). 4i
c6 tll'c;rng m{it cbit Han trong qua trinh sir dl!ng c6 tbi nhtrng nghia mui. 96
la hrC}'ng m{it ma chtr tbi nbieu tir kbac nbau trong do cO nbtrng tir a()ng am va
di Am nbll' :

Am giac co cac tlr v&i nhfrng ngbia sau:
I-song
2 -- Xll'O'rig tran
3 _ .. chen d\l'Ilg rtrC}'u
4-goc
5 - ten m{it ngoi sao
6 - chu-a co 3 ChiD, d"ng du'C}'c 4 tbaDg.
Am gi6c cling all'C}'c coi la am H an nbll'Dg am nay kbODg co trong cae tir
Han; c6 cac ngbia :
nbau
2 -1 am trong ngii am (cung, tbll'O'ng. gi6c. chuy. vli)
3- eai tu va
Ngoai ra I.i con c6 cac am.
. ,
- C6c Iyc am clSc) tir tll'C}'ng tbanh cbim keu.
- l6c (Ill' h{ic tbiet, am Il}c) ten rieng L{ic Iy tien sinh trong eacb Stio /c;.
Ii' tbi hit ki cbtr Han nao ciing c6 am Han Nhll'ng khOng phii am
Han 0,0 cling dll'c;re eir dl}ng trollg cbtr Nom. Cbtr Nom chi l"a chl}n 11y vai trong
nhtrng am do ghi WIng a 'oay clin phan tfch ra hai trll'o'ng hC}'p kbtic OhslU :
- m{>t la su-dyng cbtr Ban ghi chep sang t,o ra nhtrng thll' ttch Han van,
lue nay cbfr Han nim trong M tMng ngon ngtr Han. Do eM m{>t cbii' Han co am-
th,!c fa la tir - theo nghia tir ma ol}C am khac nhau, vi dy :
A.. J{Jc. ngbia la do
Jp, trong phap d{i .
- hai 18 sir dl!ng chii' Han v&i hl' eacb m{it dO'u vi, trong M tMug van t\l' dan tqc cua
Ltie nay cbtr Han tbi nhii'ng dun vi tir h{ii it quen thu{ic trong tieng
n6 all'c;rc dung thi tir goc Han dll'C}'c dung thulin am hillu thi tlr thulin
Nhfrng dO'D vi tir h{ii Han khac, tuy cung chtr v&i tren, rit it khi dll'C}'c
dung tui. tll'C}'ng dung mqt hic nhieu am Han cua mqt chii' Han aoi khi ll!i gay
trlr Dgfi eho ghi am tit!ng Vi dl! tren : chii' Ji. trong chtr Nom thll'ong dll'CYc dung
ghi am Jp, khi cAn gh\ am J{Jc ch;r Nom dung mqt chii' Han khac 18 " (am J{Jc, nghia
I. cai mo dung go khi tuyen d(}c chi hay khi xu6ng dau gian tbu tbi ca).
Sau dly la m{it vai dAn chu-ng ve cach dl}c Han cua cbtr Han, am dtr6-i Iii
Am tbl1ung dung trong chtr Nom.
Jiii, Itai, di, thai.
than, chan. ttl
tll', ti, tu-.
hoan, vien. J:.
bfYP, cap. "t hal ha
1M, d6. Jo, tra.
235
oay ehu-ng to ehf!' Nom ton trgDg hai nguyen ttc 8au :
- H?n - ('he hrqng mgt chfr Han clIng mgt Hc c6 hai cach agc trong'chrr' Nom
(trir tnri7ng bl?'r th:}t din va tiet kip,m dU'qc 80 hl'q'ng chf!'). Vi dl} chuNom
am phie(du:Q'c dilllg chii' / , am anh du:qc dung chfr .f; , ihn cia duve dung :.tl .
- cr;' glng Iltr dl}ng cac am Han quen thuQc thtru-ng du:Q'c dung dlfdQc kinh
va ,cac sach mon cbfr Han, tranh nhu'ng am it uQc.
ca hai nguyen tlic tren nMm lam cho chu' Nom du'qc ehinb xac am
tr\.( nhfrng kha nang dgc tht'(; !lhieu each.
2. CAC AM PHI HAN
Khai am phi Hp,' uU'Q'c dung de chi cac cach dgc chfr Han iY Nam JU'Q'c
thimh In ng Iich ell' ma khOllg nilm trong qich dgc Han (i'.J day - khong t1nh den
cach a9c theo nlii' eua Han mien Nam gan day do ngU'i7i Hoa: dU'a ta
(nhll' mi chfnh, sui cao, tai xe v.v.). No m!)t khu v&i am Han m{l( khu
v&i am thuan
Ben day ta e6 the esn eu- vao thi.ri diem xuat hip;n de trlDb hay tirng lol,li.
Am Tien Han
Cac nha nghien cu-u tnr&c thU'o-ng ggi Am Day la am "U'a - . am Han
Cach gQi nay d6 gay eho ngU'i.ri dVe SI}' lam liln 18 DO ciing 18. mgt' thu- am Han Vit;t nhlrng
Is am Han c/}. Ta Den ggi no IS. am Ticn Han vi no xuat iY giai do,!-n trU'o-c
am Hun
Am HaD co m{H Ill! phat trieD rieng khac v&i am Tuy nllien 0- day
ciing caD noi them IS. iY eac thi.ri diem khac nhau no cling co co cach dge khtic nhau.
Vi dl} chfr iY the ki XVII dQc 111 g;ac vhU'ng iY the ki XV con cd: thl(dgc Ii! chac (
g;6'; co hO" qu6c ngii' vifn con dung chfr nay ghi am chac v&i nghla la mua). Lui J,i the
ki XIII no con ghi am cae ( Thien rang ban h?nh dung ghi am cae v&i nghia 18 hay, hiet).
Am Tien Hall thu{lc m{lt qlly khac co tM xuat l:1&m ho"ll am Hall
DgOt eh\lC tM kt Xuat phat cua n6 18 tMng am Han thU'Q'ng am uay tl}i tir
tbM Tien Tlin tU'frng Han cho khoiing cae .tt,i Ngl}y Tan. Ltic Day iY Giao Chau' tieng
Han thU'Q'ng cou mang tiuh ellat IS. mi)t sinh ngrr.
Ve am Han thU'Q'Dg ell, Han Ngfr Trung:, Qutlc dau' de den' tir tho-i Ngl,lY
Un nhU'llgden'. di7i Thanh.no m&i; hat dliu du:qc nghien 'cu-u mQt each tMng vo-i.de cfmg
trinh cua ItOlto l"gvc rai, CiJ Yo, 1'ran Phong, B6-i Chan ... nhllt la Tien Han, oug
nay cia dU'a ra UIl'9't: nhfrng ket khii xae dang (I). Cac ang tren da dva vit.o thanh tl.ru
nghien cu-u' nhan, dVa V80 cac )rU'&etac ,IhM LTienfTan 'nhU' Kinh 'fhi., K;nh TIll./',
Su Til' v.v. va Dghien cu-u nhfrng elf ngfram c/} coo bao dU'Q'c nhU' Thiet vQn (2)
DU"ang (3) va Qwing (4) de tir d6 di ngU'Q'c,dong linh sir, tai dVng l,i h!)
eua am Han thu'Q'ng Ve sau nha'. Hon hQe Thl}y tieDr Iii Bernhard. Karlgren cia
gia diah ra thOng tieu ibn cua am Han thlrgng cl} (.khOng kll thanh ong nay d\ra
vao eae. eu- sau :
236
(1) V\rO'ng LVI!. Hall ngu- alii v'in hpc. '!rung Hoa thll' e\lc xutlt ban, 1957, tr 269 - ,151.
(2) Do Lvc pillip l\goll 601, khong -con - giii' itU'9'<iJlly du, co Uyi chu nIUI1-676).
(;{) :;O\lll nllm 751, hi mat, san dm;re Stein va Pelliot tim illl'(\'c nhirng mliu nho i'r Bon Hoang.
11,,'0 ThiN lijll, e.j Iwi lo{li llt giiln hQlI va phi{lll han. in Itam 1007.
/
- phi6n Am tHing Han cb trong titlng m.r6c ngoai va cach phien am tit!ng mro-c
ngoai trong HaD d) (chii la va cac vung Trung A).
- Cach phien cUa cac tt}' va 1>9 Kinh Jien thlch vel'; cua L1.lc Bti-c Minh (1)
- Cac tei ngfr am cb-nhtr Thiet vin, DU'ung vin, NgiJ am tgp vfin (1150),
Tong 'rung tu Quang vin (aliu ki Xl) Thiet chi chlfung Ji5 (2), kinh (3),
Hong vd chfnh vfin (4), Kinh sUo chlnh am thiet vin chi nam (5).
Ngoafra con e6 nhfrng ng1.r<ri nghien cti-u am Han thtr<;rng cb khac nh1.r Henri Haudricoutt
v6i tal _ T 6i lip Han thU'fTng c8 nhU' the nao (Comment re construire Ie chinoi8
arcba.i:que)
Trong giao tnnb nay, am Han thtr<;rog cb se 01.r<;rc ltru y khio eat hoon 0- nhfrng
chO nao e6 lien quan each d9C chfr HaD 0- Nam.
Phan am Jau
Cae nha nghien eti-u n6i chung cong tilEDg Han thtr<;rn, cb chi hao
co 32 ph'\. am diu. cae ph1.l am diu nay dtr<;rc B. KarlgreD giii dinh biing nhfrDg tieu am sau :
am goc 111'(1; k, }{", g, g", Dg, 1S
am Iwi !. (, ir, o!. 8" .
am rllng t, t", d, d", n, I, I, z, dz, dz'
am gOc rling II, t!. ts',
am mol p, P'. b". m
Bll nghien eti-u 8t}' aM tir tMng am altu Han- th1.rCTng dj eang tMng am Gau
HaD trung cb, Karlgren eung oa tai tMng 8m th<ri Thiet Vin nhtr san: .
am gde IU'(];
am mIt 111'(1;
am rllng
am goc rllng
am mol
k, k', g", ng. x, lr
t, r. g', j, 8', z', ts', dz, n'z'
t, t', d
of
, n, I, s, z, ts, ts;. dz'

p. P'. b', m
am hiJu 1. 0
Hai cua B. Karlgren lr hai Hog tren eau nily dii d1.rq'c hin cui Dhieu lin:
1 - Ong cho rAng blu Mt phI! ar;n hfru thanh thM "hiet Vin hooi, 2 - Cae day
phI} am moi, phI} Am g6c ltrui, ph1.l Am hlu c6 st}' phan gifra m{>t hen Is tnr<rng -hllP
tholo kbitlt va m{>t ben Ia trU'<rng hVP c6 j boo. Sau nay Ly Vinh ciii dl}'8
vao cti- lieu San miu M khuyet vin ,ma hO nU'ung (n: z') d1.ra vin (j) tro- ve h{fp
(tr). tbem $; vao thin}. c,p s; / thU'Uhg ( I !') va cae t6 btt booi troDg am keu
cua B. KarlgreD.
(1) NgU'M ilo-i 9U'o-ng, tay bng nay co lin IOn nhiliu ngulin phU'O'ng I1gbn'lhll"ng cach ctia 6n,
vb rlH qut.
(2) TU'(l'ng truyen Iii cua Til" Ma Quail,. in sau ito m'ra thll ki.
(3) CU(li tM ki XII, g3m 206 van.
(4) ]375. co 76 viin.
(5) eila LU'u Giam, in n!lm ]336 va tai ell-U saeh nay eua Volpicelli, KUhnert "it Shaank.
Xin :lorn Etudes sur la pkonologie chinoise (Archives d'.hudes orientales, VXV, 1915) va c;rarnata Serika,
Scriptllnd phonetins in Chinese and Sino --Japanese - Bulletin No 12. Stonkholrn, 1940 ella l1ung tac gia
B. Karlgrcn.
Ong Nguyeri Tai Cln ali dl!a vao y cua Ly Vinh, tu chinh lfi cac nhll'C}'c di&m cna
B. va 00 tieu am cae. phy Am thai Vin nhll' sau :
-
Bang tt) Bang Bang Tjnh Minh
,
.h (h') m p p
Boon Boan Thau Binh Ne
t .
t' d (d') n
Lai lai
\
1
Tri Tri Trirng
t (t)
t' ( t' )
. \.
(f)
Tinh Tinh Thanh Tung Tam Ta
ts is" dz ( dz' )

Trang tl'i Trang SO' Sung Sioh Si

( ( 4,z')

f---.
-.--
Chll'O'ng Chll'O"Dg XIl'O"ng Thuyen Thll' Th11'Ong
t" s" ( ts ) t's'{ts) d'z' ( dz') s' ( e) z"( z)
Nh,t Nh,t
n
Kil!n Khe Qulin Nghi Anh DIl'O"Dg
k k' g (g<) ng
x (f
?
0
Chi eM : Chu' trong aO"n latieu am eua B. KarIgren.,
Ong CAn dA en nhirng nh11'C}'c cua Karlgren nlIll' be) t6 hft hoi C7 cac Am
[d"] (mb djnh). [cJ,'] (miu trirng), [dz'] miu tung, [<hi] (miu sung), [dz"'] (miu thuyen).
[g<] (miu qulin), quan sat 2 hing tieu am Han thll'I}'Dg cl'i va Han thb'i cua B. Karlgren,
thay nM cac :
- Han thM ThieL vin st) l11'C}'l;Ig Am mft I11'iri di tang len tir 6 len 10.
- S6 11l'9'ng am rang giam xu one. tir 12 xu{ing 10.
- 56 l11'vng am .mai it, chi c6 4, so veS-i cae' am mai trong bang tam l\1c.
tl! miu etla Hil Tbu OD ta thay cac am [f] (mlu phi), [f<] (miu phu). [v] (mlu
phYDg) va [ w J (miu vi),
Phiii u6i ding ngll'(ri dau tien rhu y thanh mlu 10 Tien Han. Theo ang. thanh
miu hao cac ph\l am va han phy am III hv khlri dIu cho m9t am Theo Sl!
khlo sat eua h9 Tieo thi trong thOng am dliu eua Han th11'9'Dg el'i c6 nhirng
t11'9'ng sau :
- KhOng c6 am lU'iYi [ t]. Luc nay [ t] mAu tri trong tMng am dau Han
Trung con chU'a taeh khOi am ntl dau hriYi - [t] thu9c miu Joan trong M tMog
am dau Han th'l1'9'ng c?), hai am tren con dQc nhll' nhau. tll'C}'ilg tach doi cloan va tri
xay ra khoang tir Qui HaD Nam Bac trieu, song song veS-i t11'9'og tach tinh ra thimh
tin" va trang :
238
_____ ooari [t]
dOln [t
1
_____
tri [ ! ]
_____ tioh r is ]
tioh [ ts ]. .
------trang [ !! ]
Ong B. Karigreo cung cho rlng tir Han thtrq'ng Han trung e6 hiQn ttrQ'tlg
tach [ d J ra tbaoh [d], oug .. 11eU vi dy !
1t ,
Xac oinh am tri fa ,thily [d] tQu{)c min J;nh va [d ] thu{)c miu C6 thl! ,tieu am
cna' Karlgren khOng' chinh nhU'tlg ily 0- day khOng quan vi c1 2 gia
oinh ena Karlgren va hg deu dtra bQ qui. tri va tru-ng deu la goc cua am tr
Hao ViQt. Do d6 dau troog ViQt la m{)t s(j tir Hao tbU'q'ng vao tilSng Vitt
cO am dltu d tbi tcH tho-i Han Truog cbo am aitu tt Han ViQt.
Han mieu ta am Hao, Thtrq'og cb cua eae tir dU'6i day ohtr sau :
.. l! nhtr tl
A (tnrc) 4t
'rt (truc) 14 (d6.:)
':M (trit) *' (dao)
ta quaD sat cach phien thiet cua cac hc}c giii dM Hao nhU' Trinh Huyen, Mit Dung,
Quach PhBc ... dtii v6-i cac trU'6-c tac Tien Tao nhtr KinhThi, Kinh ThU' v.v. ta cung thlly nhtr
Vi dy trong thien fch nc sach Kinh ThU', chii' -k (trU'o-ng trU'cYDg) oU'q'c
1. 'T i... .w (dinh + tral}'og = oaq'ng'), chii' "", ( trung) daq'c pbien 18 -r
(dinh + tr9ng = dung) chii' it aaq'c 18 .A. '-l1J , cY aay A phli o(}C la
Jlc va eacb pbieo la + ket -.:.. diQt. Ngoai ra,' con bao hai each dgc lit
JPit v. tr(Jr.
Ve ten ngU'<ri, ft 1L (Trltn H08o) trong each Xuan thu T Ii truYf(J con dtrq'c 1. tl1
(Bien Hoan) trong sach l,lin ngO', luc nay hai chii' tl1 va rt. deu co am Jien (cM y thaoh
'phit ill (doog) troog chii' ft. ).
Xet trong cilu chii' Han ta cung thly ohii'ng chii' c6 am diu d va am dltu tr trong
Hlo ViQt ogay nay deu mang chung m{)t :
31 aoao va * troyen
'tJ; 'va j}; tr,m
:t d3ng va trang
Ong Shaank trong hai Ngii' am tieng (1) giii djnh Joan la am dau [ t] con Iri
la m{)(am' hOa ma ong ghi 18 [t"l], do bi ng.c hoa ma no: IU'o-i.
- Trong tieng Han thU'q'ng cling chU'.Q co am moi - rang "(chi co 4 am mOi - moi).
Luc nay cac am moi rang cbn cbU'a tach ra kbOi am moi - moi. Qua trloh utch dOi cac am
moi - moi thanh cac am moi - m61:'
i
va moi - raug duq'c djnh la xay ra kboiing
dM DU'o-ng vi trong thM Thilt vn cung' chU'a c6 am moij -:- rang. nii'a trong
Tip ( in nam 1066) eac am : Oi - moi va mOi - rang ds dtrq'c phien bAog
c4c am kb8c ohau. Masp6ro cho 8V tach ooi 'nay xiiy ra vao khoang tM ki VII
dVa vao hifD tU'q'ng sau: troJ'lg tai phien am cac pen"- vi dau kt VlIf.
(1) Ancient Chint3e phonetics, TMD, bao, 1900,
239

da e6 8l}' phAn kbti ro gifra hai VU'O'ng Ll}'c fhl d\l'a vao tU'Q'ng ehii' ph,!
gieo van v&i nM I!1ng vltn ill) dl) U'&e JII'c;rng rnol( tll'Q'ng tach <1oi nay hoao
thanh "vao kboaog tnr&c the kl IX . ...;- .kiXo ('ae nha cli-u tren co d djeh thb i
<1il;m nh\l'Dg 10 rang ai cling c(jog dug quli tdnh tach am m6i-rang khoi am
da HaD tbwqug IS. w9t S\1' lich sii- VB 8" tach doi Day xi,. ra c'ch 40ng 101;1t :
p <::::::::
. pO
pO ______
_____ (0

v
m _____ m
------(miw)
Chung ta eM y <1(;n trll'o-ng bQ'p tilln va trU'o-ng hgp cul)i vi D6 lnh bU'o-ng a/!!n each
o<;lc chii' Han 0- Nam : p (milu hang) tach doi thanh p va f (mAn bang va mAn phi trong
bang tam ll}c tv mfiu cua Ha Tht1 On; m (man minh) tach doi thanh mva M1 (miv.-)
(mftu minh va vi ghi la w) trong hang Tam ll}c tv man cna Ha Thli On, p thanh h
Han Vip,t, f thloh ph Han va [miw 1 hay [w] thanh v Han
Xet trll'o-ng hgp dIu: p Han thtrgng ':h1'ge age M.ng am ollu b trong Am Tien Han
(I) sall nay thanh f roi thl atrc;rc Mng am dau ph Han ttrg'ng p tach
thanh f oi dU'gc de Dba Am h9c ao-i Thanh va gi&i Han hf,lc tM gi&i thira Dh,n.
91!-i Hln co neu ra cac thf dl} sau : Hi) thu-hg 4U'9'c ghi 18
Hi) trong .ach Kink Thu:. Chii' R phl}c) dtrQ'c ghi 1. iJ tJ (hi) trong
.sch Ml].nh Tn-. Ten - j1i (SI Phbng 0- each l"i ghi 1& -::I::- (SI Banh) illi. tMy cae
thii' tren trong Han thtrg'ng eb con dtrllC o<}c Mng cung phl} am diu p.
Quan .at each phif.n thiet coa each Kinh Thu: ta ciing tU'gng hrO'ng tv-
Trong thieD feh Td.c: chii' QII'Q'c phien Mng hai each:
= M + cac = hl].c
= l:r day COft dang dQc la btl
Xet clich ellu chfr Han tn thtly cae tir sau nay dU'ge il9c Mog am dlin b TT ph Han
deu mang chung thaDh phil:
(1) Dr nhiAn p sang Han hie nay v lin d9C la p vi hie Iy ChU'A as 1m ntl <iau khi
c6 xu hU'o-ng keu b6a no mo-i u9c nhu- h ngay nay.
240
;;-
phll'O'ng

phODg
1t
bang

bAng
pbU'

bg
#i
Qua cae pbien am DU'6-C ngoai cua ngU'o-i Han fa tMy ph 06 40,n
'con m{lt, Vi dlJ. troag cae 8ach ao-i Ngyy TaD, cbfr Buddha co. tilng Ph!>n eba <hl'C}'C
phien II )$ m (phu luc nay obii'ii- con pbli d(]c lk Bu.
V! am tri cua bang, B. KarJgren ciing gil c1ja-b l>lng tieu 1m [p]. ri d:
BaD thv9'ug c3 B'u Vift

piwlp phip

plum

piwalj pMog
!?f-
pj.wo phu

piua
pbu
Sau aay Jo dio chu-ng nhii'Dg chii' Han giii' d(u am HAin tbu-crng c& trong each
<1(]0 Hao :
Chii' HaD Vift HaD Vift
huong ph6ng

hu{ic ph(]c ...
Xct tnrhg h?,p cul'ii : m (mAu Jl1inh) tach thAnh m va \'\j (miw. sau Day tbhnb v) c6 de
am diu m vA v troog am HaD hr?,ng m. v cbn nb,p cOn diu kh4 rO
trong tbU' tich Vi dl} ten nui 1lI (Vila 80'n) eo gbi 18 -..b (Maqh 8I1n).
"!J. (Vgng chU') c6 cM ghi Ii .:I: (ml}-nh chU'). a thien Thuttn' trong ncb
Kinh Thtc, chii' *- (man) dll'?,c phiii;,j 1& i\. 7 1J) (vii + can. 0- day \'6 cbn c1ang c1l}c 1.
mJ. Quang Song ngay nay eon c1(]c Chii' (v,t) eo sach ghi 1.
I1Ay chu-ng to cac chii' tren 0- tho-i Han thU'?,ng cb con dgc v6i am db m.
X6t chii' Han fa cung chii' am db m va v trong HaD cOD
mgt tbanh phil chung. vi d\l :
2+1
't..
II
van min

VaD iJ1 min
-C
vong
*i:
mang
Sau ctay Ia s6 chii' Han aa ltru dlu am Han th1l1'9'ng nong each Q9C
Han
Chii- am HaD

#r
mw.

mtia
vii
muOD
van
!t
mODg
i--
mb
Ngoli ra con m9t so chii' Ie te 0- cac am khac ciing 4U"9'c dQc theo Am Han tbU"9'n:! clI.
va phlln dn am Han tbU"9'Dg cl}, trong Gramata Serika, B. Karlgrcn chia ca cac vb
thanh 26 nh6m theo Am eu6i al3 ngbien
& aaycbung toi ch9n ll]."a phan Hch st) c6 lien quan cach dQc Han
thl3 cling xin nISi lU"Q'c qua nhii'ng am culSi khong c6 trong Han trung cb.
Trong phlin vltn caa Han thU"Q'Dg cl}, rieng nguyen Am, chUng ta din chuy
.IS ail3m sau:
- A vk a kh6ng au-ng mQ* Minh khOng theo BaU gia-i Am w va i, nhU"ng sau
nguyen am tfDh i thi khi sang HaD n6 c6 umlaut, vi dl} :
II...
bia (hia) bjie (hi)

hia (bia) hjre (bi)
..
lia (Ha) ljio (Ii)

tia (ala) tjie (tll)
(a tron moil : gif: thb-i gian sau cong nguyen thi dM thltnh 8; ;) khang au-ng
.au i thi aM thRoh a, sau ivan giii' nguyen. vi dy. :
rQ]
nam (n6m) nam (nam)

D;) P nap (nlJ.p)
it
Y3 P (h9P) Yap (h"p)
- ;) 4u-ng IIU i dai 8e chuylln thaDh e.
ti3m (a900) - tiem
-ti
dU-ilg trU"uc ng Ta k thanh ic :
242
it ljiak (D!llc;rC) - '.)iek(ngh:cb)
- O'le saol uo qua m9t blleTC trung gian II WOo
0> wo > uo
N!(u Mng san i am tbi n6 ae dirng l.,i i'r blleTC trung gian nay, nhllng "'MDg
du-ng aau i .06 ae t\le thanh uo. Trong am tit!D Hao va HaD chung ta cung tMy
diiu vfit cia qua triDh trCD:
1L Yoo (hbn) ..:.- Yuon (hoan)
- c6 m{it 86 thay dM khOng du-og sall. i thi n6 se thknh a. Nllu dd-ng san
*' thi cUt og,c dtrC}'c gifr c10i khi keo dai, chi khi oao trU'eTC 06 c6 cac am d!u hr&i
bay hlu thi e meTi IADg e, vi d\1 :
.. Chii' Han Vift Han Vitt
*
. k'we (khoe) k'wa (khoa)

!!'O
(cbeo) tain (tran)
tf (chern) !!am (tram)
PIl
XeD (bffD) Jan (bfO)

...,
(xet) ts"at (sit) 1J; tst
kin (ken) kieo (kitn)
- Vlln lwo do c6 1 dd-ng trU'eTC nen w se chuyeD saD, neuyen am dnh va r1}ng 0 con
l-i iu, vi du :
"t",
tiw
k'iwo - k'iu
diwo - diu

Sang Han do i thich u-ng VeTi ngfr am tifing nen ,hi tM ta neu
cac din chung sau :
HaD
chUa eM
chua ehu
tua
thua khu
cbuOnc cbung
Lu.t Day tac 49DI troag vao 4ia bl}t,lin (dUlg nguyen am 46i,
I8U) ra xu hU'eTO,1I'8 > \1', vi dy.:
glira va
.u.
Hl'a hI'

nglra
ng'1
-If chlra trfr

eVil ev
1fA
t\r8 tl!
nay e6 phiin phi l{ nl:u ta quan (olat tTong khu vu(' thul1n Vir:t. Vi dl}- tlr ngira co
bloh tblrc cb hO"n !l:;ti, Ha "1101( Thanh H6a hi{'o nay con am Ia la. ... Song ding co
tM giai tbfcb rhg day la bai tlJ"Q'n2 xay Ta 0- hai khll v'!c khac nhan va lr cac thai
khac ohan, mi}t ben Is kbu Vl!C goe Han va mQ! la khlt v\rc am dOi
troDg co Ill' s60m nhU'ngeo thai giRD no bieo di chua ro nguyen nbin.
urn thU'Q'ng eb r.ua oguvpn lm [iJ tTong ti{(ng Han Trung tbi vl(n xem chirng kba
pbue Theo Nguyl'n TAi Can thi vao khoilng trtruc thai l\am btln h9 CHI,
'chh chi, vi goc dia lim j Han \'1(t) co lim tT! 18 [if'l. rig J. [i<lj] (I). Oog B. Kar!-
gren ebo fling goe Olia Ii] trong Hin TTung Iii rlie am fFJ. [i.
a
). Eil::) nhU'ng oug cho
slY di n6 BIIng [lJ trull/!: cil h do Hie d{>og cib nlllrng am cu6i kilu va am cu6i
rung sau. .Am Han thtrq'lIg ell ca thay 10 am clloi. Cacam culSi p. t, Jr, m, n, vg van
gifr nguyen den Ihi:ri Han trung cb. R en::: cac am culSi h, d, g. r. thi os hi bien Dll\ttTU'UC
dai Btrfrvg. M9t 8f) tnraug hQ'p Va') cac iim (Jjpc "btl" h vao p, d t, g
vao k, m{H 85 tflrang hf.I'P khac tbi th:lllh [. )
Khio slit qua trlnh bien dM fa thl(y e6 sl! trng nhU' lau : cac am fie). [ie]. [i
e
].
[ia] khi oung tnruc cac am cu(')i h, d, g Be ra hai hrQ'ng sau :
- trU'cYc e va a 18 am i dAi am dnb) tbi e va a se hi oly vt! trU'uc
trong khi ciie am cu6i keu sang i, vi dl} :
ied
> iet
trlTeS-c e,;> va e 18 m9t i ngAn (giui am) tbi chUng gifr nguyen. trong khi Iry cae
dm ('utli sang i. Lue Day cac nguyen Am tren lr V80 vj tei hi gifra hai Am i neD hi
thO hu cUp II}-i. se c6 IV thay lr dia am diu. So lanh
tied > tiei t.led > tS'l
dl;) b > i dl;) h > ts'i
ki;) g > kiei kleg > kji
.Am eutli g du-ng 11U cae n!lUyeD am dong trtr&c thi sang i nhU'og nell duog san
cae nguyen am dong SlU tbi thimh u, vi d\l:
mug > mu
p'ing > p'iu
kfig >
Coo n5u 4Uong nu de nguyen Am a, a, C1 thi no holla toan bien mit mll khang mqt
gl.
(1) SAch ,. dAta tren, 230.
d'Ag > duo
rag > Vuo
-.tag > li,a

Ri@Dg rm rung r tnr&c khi sang i phli qna m{lt p.iai dOl}.n rat gln v&i d (z). Vi
r ia m)t 3m dau. hriYi phat am },l'Ing each dttu hriYi vito h6c (alveolus) vi sang
Han Tmug 06 thanh i YI j lil am IlJ'ng hriYi (donal) ngl}.c U'6t pMt am hAD' each
JIJ'Dg )trtYi vao Me ding.
Am r c6 c6 "ai Iltn rung Itl'{)"i, khi nit xUODg bai chi m{lt llln thi hie d6 r rlt
gan d, nhtrDg r nhanh chu' khong niY Irong tieDg do d6 r san, i 18
hoaD toan eMp alJ'I!,C, vi ctt} :
d r
>
iii
iWd r
>
wi
jar
>
ki
,Trtro-ng hf}'p S!lU dc D6uyen am a. a. Ii thi no hOaD tOllD hieD khOng J/}-i dlu
vet gl, vi dl}
> Ii
ar> a
iir> a
iar> ia> ie
M9t tU'(}'ng kha If thu Is chii' (leuy) 'e6 am Han thU'Q'Dg cb Ja [tiwor]
II!-i iT Vil:t Nam am Han Vi{'t 18 ilu(;i. a ttay ciing c6 r> i. tU'f}'ng
lilly e6 xBv ra trong lLit! t lrc Is khi v'ao Giao eMu 06 dl co am [tiwei giA
06 dOi troDg tieng Viet theo quy luiJt
Khi aU'Dg sau ie, ie, i;) ,ie, ie th1 CliDg xay ra qua tdDh giong ohu: d6i v6i h. d va g.
1i dl} :
ier> iei
i.er> i
ior> ici
iar> i
Sea day ttl nhlll eAch giai thich coa U. Karlgren va -Ng,))'en raj Cho-ThVC ra hai
each giai thfch nay cO' ball khong co gl mau thu&n ohau. M4,>t 18 ie, iei, ia,l khoaDg
tru:6c Nam SAc trit'lu rna ong i\igayen TOi clio neu len co lui sau 80 v6i thiiog ia.
ie, ie cb Karlgen. nell theo doi 81f mieu ta sau nay ciia Karlgreo ta thRy ODg c6 noi t6i
tU'q'Dg iei, j;}i sang i, vi dl} :
Had> Hei > lji
* > p'iei> p'ji (phi)
-
Hai la ca' hai oog thlra tien thin eao [i J trong Han trung n cae
nguyen am aoi va ba: i;) , ie, iei, idi... trong tieng HaD thU'IlDg Bien Day quan tr9ng
vi 06 lieD quaD c'ch dyc HaD sail: .
ChW HaD HaD
;6l
cO- kl

np ugh1

to-
tl

thO' thl
245
Ii-
1&1
.i
Ji
mI.,. mi
It.
thay thi

db'i di
Ii vay vi ...
T6m am Han thtr?,ng ro rang ail IU'u dllu trong each o<}c cua mgt 86 til'
HaD 0- Nam rna chUng ta g9i 14 each d9C Han 1 hli- am Han thU'?,ng cb cii da
l,i tuh htro-og c; Vi0l N,'lm nay, nhln chung, III thli- am HaD thU'g'ng ch 0- giai cu6i, vl10
kholng glln do-i Tlln vi 0- dja h,t Am dan n6 cqn gifr dlI'?,c bi} am Han thU'g'ng cb a6i
chung DhU'ug 0- dia b,!t vlo tbi n6 cia e6 phan gao v&i hg tho-i Thiet
Am Han Viet h6a
Cuog nhO' am tmn Hap am Han h6a di dtrQ'c nhilc trong vai
chuyen vl! chii' Nom cung nhO' trong cac giao trinh tlr vl}'ng nbU'ug chO'a
hao gil' 4U'g'c thaoh dfli tU'g'og ricog da ngMen cli-u. Trong gi40 trlnh nay vlln am
Han h6a cling chi QU'q'c ttl! cjp din " nhu-ng khia clJ.Dh c6 lob bU'b-liS lrl}'c tiep dlD
chii' Nom.
Trtro-c Mt.cach g9i am Han b6a cbo ta kh4i day la am Han dU'v
c
d9c kh&c di theo nhii'og quy ogii' am x1y ra sau qua trlnh h6a. XuKt
phat dlam cns n6 la am Han Trong thl}'c no con bao obii'ng am btlt tu-
tieDg Hao truDg xl}' ra Bong long vo-i qua tclah Han h6a DhU'ng d9C tbeo each
dan giaa
. Am Han la quI cua mgt qua trlnh bilSn I1bi eo Hob quy cbe dy ra
lo,t tKt ca. eac.ehfr HaD n!m trong +hU' itch (kinh. 8Uo. tn-. Hr Tien Tin, LU'O'ng Han
Str<rng TtSng. No dU'g'c dung lam aID d<}c chioh thli-c' giang d,v chfr Han trong cae
lrU'o-ng hC}c (r Nam-tlr eMn kinh id nO'i ph\tln trlo, tl1' do-i Day qua db'i khac. No
4U'q'c 8U- dy.o, lam Am caii' Han trong cO' quaD baDh' chfnh nhtr trong s4ng tac VaD
hC}c.Cho diiu ky XX 06 -,'40 dU'g'c G9C cac bai thO' chii' Han cUa ehn
tieh trong trung nhg.t kY. l'i6 la Am van tv Me h,?c qua tho-i d,i,
tM do d6 each d,?c Hao ngay caog th6ng nUt va dU',!C tieu chuhnh6a. Vi
nhfrng bien dM cua Dgi'r 1m khong tac o?ng Q(';og vao tilt ca cae ph.D cna
am Han mll cbi anh htraog yaO m{)t sri uO'n vi Ie teo Bli-ng trtr6c flic 119ng nay, mgt 86
am l1&n eli bAo tlob th60g Dbat va h'; tht)ng cun mink Mng each all. nhii'ng dO'n vi
Il?i tren tach fa dOi, m9t gifr Ip. am Han cu, bai I" de ra am Han h6a.
yf dy. :
Z46 .
Jff ---- can
------ gan
____ kwh
----- g\tO'oS
I
/'
Ii'
___ cbl
---------
glly
* ____ ,nDh

Nhitng tieng Han dU'vc cbuylln sang am heSa 'thtro-Dg tbi c'c ttr. BiDh hOft
dan gian,l6-p tll' vao hQc khOng DAm troDg vi nay. Vi day kbollg'phai chlla Illi
am tbullo tuy ma Iii s'r hieo tiM e6 Iva chilD. Plil}m vi Am kh6ug gly II! DO
trgD dang kll trong am HaD
DIl't9i dAy chung b hra chQn va slp cae Am HaD h6a CaD en- vao Dhirng
xl, ra troDg ligit am tieng
1/ Kef; hOG
t-: k IIlDg g:
Ch&
ttl' ch sang 8i :
2/ Xfi
tll' d sang d. :
HaD
caD
11;,
can
k{
qui
chi
chicb

traDh
ebby
4mh
4&0
HaD
"ift h.s.
gaD
gM
gAD'
eM
g6a
e
1K
y
gicng
gUSng ,
gnDh
gibi
dftDg
_.
247
.. .....-
til' b eaog V
baD
VaD
hich vach
til' hw sang v :
1=
vi!
hOi

'ViCD
hoaD
3/ Miii h6a
Hl' 4 lang D. ttr h sang m, HI' gi sang oh
-*
baD
mam
gia
nha
4/ Nlding s{" dti am c!au kluJ,c khOug thanh xu hzro-ng ro r?'
It lang kh :
khan
t .ang th :
deh
tlie th6c
t11
laag th :
tbu-a
II the
(1) C6 Ie 11 do ('ae xu hll'o-ng s > t va s' > t'. Cae chii- lr giai c!ov.n oQc blng diu S 8e chuybll
sang aliu t Han song do ap h,e eua xu hu-o-ng s' > t' ncn m9t 56 am co tU IAn sans m.ll Viet
Vitt h6. lm (flu tho
248
(
SliD' t
aai tl1'ui (I>
th sang s
iJl
silt (')
pbln do thi giu-a am HaD va Am H4n h6a toy co aM nhu-n,
dngHt cae net ngu- Am sau :
Gi6Dg DbaU' nguyin am dbng tfU'6c va Am culSi :
Chii' Am HaD Am HaD hOa
;t.
1ich tile
. \

chich

4 tjch

djch
vifo

Gi6D, nbau nguyen Am dbng giu-a ho,c dbog 'sau va 1m cutSl

'0'

*
ell
thlr
'II 13 lb
kh6 kho

otuac
#J
th6l1g

thbDg
tan taD
,k
ngin ngla
Chi gilSD, nbau c7 Am cu6i,
oguyen am xe djcb giu-a dbng trU'uc db! AU :
lit,
nguyen Dloh
(1) Theo Mup&o (Md) kholng tM kl X til!ng cb clln c6 2 Am dt 1 rll1lg. 1 ng,e
thhnh cae Am D3 ring (8 > t ; s' > t'). TilSng MIl'Oong van con s \"a " nhU'ng kh6ng Un u-ng
v&i , va " e3.
(2) Trll'o-ng hq-p nay khA tl! nhf : Am h6a kMng xull pMt la Am Han ___ xu It phat fir Am
alu s' irong tieng Hh Trung chi) ta Am slit lmOoe Hi sang I' va eho ta Am Han thill. Tron:g
An Nam dich ngii' cae Am Am iliu t' chi ('6 8 trll'vng h9'P bb, t' trODg hie con ,6 phieD
am bb, dot hote tAc at 1,1 la 14. nhieu giD gip dgi.
a49
#
cheo

thuyt5t

triim cbim

4
tam tim
tim tim
!t.
sinh stSng
(i)

99
c theo 1M bil!n dan gian, chu'a chu-ng .minh dtrgc moi quan

ngir am :
di
rv
Me b6i
ngoa ng6i
ngtrfrng
Ngoai c'c chir dgc tu am HaD saDg htr6ng hoa da ke fr c6 m9t 86
Hr Han thtrb-ng dung Mt tir am Han trung ciiog di thea con dtrb-ng
Han hoa nhtrng khODg theoca-c quy di trinh hay trong phlln am' Han ma c6
c6 nhirDg sIS rieog (2) chuo.g c6 thll chuylln vao til!ng so-m mU9n hO'D cac
tir khac doi chut hay c6 tir dia hl!-t nay sang dia hl!-t khlic, dQc mo pMng am
Han trung theo con au-b-ng hil!n daD giaD, chung toi xl!p chung hai IOl!-i Day
VIlO m/?t va ggi chung chung 1& cacba9c bieD thll. vi dl} :
Chii' Am Hon Trung c3 Am B.an Viit Am bitln thts
'c11
kiao keu
kyap ghip .kep
11:
Icy. gU cl

kyai gi6-i oil

kal giii eM, co-l

kyak gi4c c6c, goc
----
\ 1) Trong An Nam dich ngii chii' ihrQ'c dich 111 !L . chirng to..t. hie nay ilQc gao nhu- s8ng, h'r
song ngtro-i co 'thll Q,?c thanh sdng.
(2) Cae 6ng Maspero va Nguylin Tid Clin eijng thin nh.n rlng ngoai nhii'ng quy lu.t ehu'ng rna e'c 6ng
nell ra. trong qua. trinh H n hoa con co mgt so it tir sang tillng theo nhii'ng COn
itu-o-ng rierig ma cae Qng xllp Vao ngov.i,
250
#- duo 60
.tt,
bi'
tl bl

bjen tien
-t

blDb ban,

dr.a
,
siU'b'ng
taDg
e gyiep . c,fp kip ,
tr@n cbn c6 alS chii' S:lU cltn co S\T gisi thieh them chii' Am
HWl Trung la [dz k] tUng. N6i chung fbi tung tren dlrb'ng Han hoa tn.ro-c
nMt phli Ma thanh [18] sau do thn tieu am xat nenchuyl!n thanh [a]. cut5i cung
do 1:U a > t trong mll thAnh t. NbU'ng a day a11' giao .Ms qua
trinh, tll" [dz] rai' tIS d ma thauh z, \tic nay slS ph,o cua n6 gi6Dg mAu ta : se chuyl!n
qua a mll eang t. NhU'ng trong giai aOl}o aaDg a [z] c6 tb. c6 at5 ohd- lU'u ll}i dllu
a tieng Vitt gilSng nhU' giiJ,c. vi dy :
tlu dAu

'*
Chli'.j, (gie) co am 4lu t}lU9c mla chtrO'ng [t's'l trong HaD Trong cb. Theo xu
hlraog chung no giii' am trt nAy kha lau rM trong thUi giant xu"t dlTai
[tT tbeo xu hU'ang chung, ki XVII tra Iq.i thllDh [t'a'] cho fa am chef do co gi&i
[t'i] nen Am nay' co bien "thauh ['dil/ij) roi chuyl!o thanh [d'z'] (gi) trong Han
va cho ta am giii.
Chii' .'1'5 (do) lm Han Trung c la [kj' aw] (2) . Sich Ttr edng phieD ttr ohy la
(kbM + giao kMu, kheo) no cho hai tn- lil khau va kh'eo (2).
Thea Tai eta (aad) tin tn- nay thugc mau khe, khai nhi, th(rqng (tr.214). Ong cho
. .
dog 06 9 ngo,i b 'mlu kM MDg X Han thi c6 cbfr 1:- (sf) thuQc tam' dang khai
kblu, 6 nhi cUng. khai khhu. Vi dtrng tnro-c [8] httP'dong trU'ac
va vi dD-b!O tORO 8.., noi Ijp vo-i a rc}ng dong sau cua nhiit dll.ngkhe (k<) ph8i ng,c hOa
tra thlmh [kj<] .... tll"'dAy l,c liang [t'<] du-a d<!o cach d9c X Ha,n theo qua trlnh
kj> t'<i > 8' .(X; qu6c .
Ch& _ (th\1c) c6 am diu thui}c mlu thuyen [d';-1 trong Han Trung Theo
qui lutt chung tbi [d'z'] aang [9'] roi aang (t'] (th nglr). Tbeo
Tai Cln thi [d'z'l trong da 80 trU'erng hcrp slng [8'J nhu-ng l/!-i c6 m{it Htrtrerng hVp
aarig [t"s'], tll" [t','] lq.itheo qui. chu[1g sang ch va cho ta am chupc va
cho am Han tkl/C.
(1) B. Karlgren Gramata Serica, tr 137
(2) Thoa Tu Nzu;yln,tir nay cO nghIa thu- ba la "my haa" khau).
251.
Cac am Rin Vii:t hoa trinh hay tren aa dU'IlC sir dl}ng trong chfr Nom tlr
nha'Dg van han buM ,tau cho 11,'0 tlhirng van han glin d::'y DhlT Ki"l1, Chinh p/i!1 SO- di
nhtr vi;h Iii vi bt;li :lm nay hil d;1p mt)t khoAn G.l.lg cac am W\t thiGll hl.lt' trong
thbng lIan chI' ,""n glill IHy V111 cill' e,i nglrlri cho ebting til 1":).1 d',H' thea nghfa
tcong chu t.)na "han trinh bay h'''r; ta ail ch&ng miDh dr';,; ao Is quan di(lm sai lam.
*
* *
Hal IOf!.i am tH3n Han va Han V* h611 cia dUll': ra trong hai tho-i
Ijch sir rat khac nhau va VITi nhfrng phlrO'ng Hlll'C bien am khac nhau nen trong thlre te
khong cIS hrllDg lJ,ht. chiI' Han viTa c6 am Han l"i Vtr8 co am Han
hIS;!
NllIr vh LI Ir m'}t chi!' Hail ni,i0u nlt1:lt cling chI Ctl tltIl c6 2'cach 09C (1) :
( al'h 11'.lC n.in Vi.:t + cach df}c tien Han Vi0t
., each Hall Vi0t + each df,lc Han hC)a
Ki't (Ilia 11 01l)t 8. ch,,' 1\"111 i'r nhom 1 c6 co 2 am gtk TilY tllp-o each 09C am gl)c
ma nil tv" xeil mLuh van kit!1l !'''.Ii ,Lkh IH!p. DU"&i day ta t6m t(a mM quan tbng quat ena
eae am goe tren trong SU' do !laU :
each dQc
(r ti0\lt; Hall
each d9c
0-
iim Han thll'(.yng t:l'I
I tif\n Han I
, I
I "';0" ... ,
I
ra',- I
4
"
"
I
"
-
HaD b6a
Theo 80' tren, gi'ra am H'rin thtrrng c& va am Han trung cb c6 mt)t vung ranh gi&i
tiep. K hong qnan dU"Q'c jo!:ii['a hai tMng nay If!.i eo m?t S\ .. gian aOll-n
hoan tl,an dillg nhtr khong '1'1'10 ring giii'a hai tho-i dillm nay khong co
am lHn Ilao iinh h,U"o-og vao ='iam. Chinh 0- vung ranh gi&i n'Y. m?t s<I chfr Han da t"o ra
hai each d<)c kMe nhau & trung am Hun vi d\l chiT Jt... c6 hai am Han la d{LC va
il9. B. Karlgrell thi chfr nav trtr&c tho-i v:)n c6 aID [ dag] ra am afLe vs lr
thai Thiet co iim [dn'l] ra am ari truDg Han va am ao trong am thIl dan gian.
Trong 3 arn g?;e, f'tl, Hall Gtr,!c sir Gl}og rt)ng riii nhat \'S Is am pbat duy
nh't trong cae ehtr Nom thai?c nbOm 2. Am va am HaD bOa cling dU'9'c
sir d\lng trong chfr Nom nhtrng chi tl'ong m{>t Si) chrr Nom thul]c nhOlll 1. chUng khOng citr9'c
dung lam am xu!t pbst tr<>ng trU'o-ng h9'P co S\." chiuh lim.
(1) PUn v,yi am O'.l" vi l'l,mg each a?c Han cunl c6 the co may am nlllr chii' .tt c6 cac
Am : s6 51), xuc_ xa., ...
Z52,
Am
3. TnrOoDg chIn Ii Am :dc 4jnh chInh am
Tro- JI}-i 8U' do 1 cr chl.fO'ng ta tbity cae chU' Nom (r ("BC ;, 1. 2, 3 alJ'l!c a4}<' dung thea
goc :
A=B
Qic cbii' NOm tu- 0 etS 4 0 sIS 9 khOng age dung v6i am glS.:
A=/=B
vI, tu- cUy hit diu ra chinh Am.
11 tbi m{it am A c6.thl! am B Mt ki 06 khlie A boac
It la pbai oi the) myt hl1'6ng chinh dU!g'c thi Mng phl1'O"ug ph8p cua
TieDg mn dlhl tien dl1'g'c gbi Mng chii' cai tu- tM ky XVII trong cac thU'tu- eua cac
giai 8} ngtl'Cri Au con dU'g'C tang trir a- tbtl' Vaticang va Liehoa va 0- eulSn
. tu- ena A. de Rhodes. 1M la chfr qutSc ngir. LOl,'i chii' nay e6 khA nang lich mQt am
ra 11m cae dO"n .vi !thO hO"n vll d,.lOg dU'g'c eae phl1'(1Dg phap theo tinh tMn cus am vi hgc.
Chii' Tien vA Ban tuy chU'a tien atrg'e giai gbi Am Mug am vi nhtrng do
truc ligon ngli' c3.a cbting-trong ttr c6 8rr olSi can to, chi US, c6 In, hien hioh hi(;n
d,og-nen c6 nhu du khach qllan phlli t'!-o ra mgt lOi gbi htr6ng Dgfr am hgc,
hen t,o ra lISi chii' Imull lOi chii' e6 28 chii' cal nay, m{it ben thi t,o ra 16i boa
tl}' ebo c4c tu- c3ng cl} ngii' phar, ci hai dung. nhli'nsr kl gbi am tiet ('6 s6 lervng h,1J
eM, b9 han ch& Hl1n
Chii' Nom thi kMe, trero-c sau n6 err de cMt u.;u eGa chii' Han va khong thoat
khOi cach ghi am bang chii' Han. kbl nang ghi am. n6 boh thu{ic vao cac am g6c
aa trlnh hay trel). N6 c6 tha dyng ilen tbiSng eac thAnh tfS ph\lohtrng tMng
kMng 06 gii t.Ii ghi Am. chi co y ngbia pM dinn am xu(t pMt va ainh htro-ng chlnh am Day
sang am Nom tuy khtIDg dinh htr6ng oU'Q'c vao lllQt am th1t chfnh xae. ChUng chi t,o ra
khS naog ehrnb am chung tf,mg m{it ph,m vi ma tel rz?i h trU'o-Dg chlnh am.
Trong thl}'c te tM trong 3 lo,i am rztSc chi c6 am Han 18 c6 khS nang lAm am :%u!t
pMt tbo traVllg chlnh am. Nhl1' xet cbo cung 81' khae nball giii'a A va B la 8rr kbac
nhau giii'a ht tMug am HaD v1 thong am tbu3D
N6i 10' qua Dher ta vlln c6 ve aan gih: chi dn 1,p m9t "V tll'O"ng u-ng
tU'ang 46i giii'a 2 thOng am Day la 8e tbiiy dU'\fC ttU'o-ng .cblnh am. Vi d ... vii em err
kbac nhao giu-a hai tMng kbong dang thub Vip.t chi han am Han c6
2 la g vA 1', chi do dung I tbay r va k thay g 18 00. Vii ngOyeD am thi han
Han cac am 0, e, l .. , chi C!D dung (, tbay 0, dung e thay e, dung It thay a ... am
cu6i thi hai tMng holm toAD gi6ng nhau. Viy thi vlln de chInh am da dlI'VC giii quy6t
Ii thuy6t.
NhU'ng thl}'c tl'S I,!-i khang phli nhll' M{\t yi'Su t6 an. trong van tv Han hao gio- eung
4trgoc a4}C blug am mit hoan chinh bao ; am dltll+ngoyen am chfnhi am eutSi+thaDh
Tuy cae Dba am h9c c6 tU lich am ra lAm 2 phln III tbanh mAu (am oltu) va
mill (lin) nbU'ng 8V philn tach DAy chi nMm cu-u cae h{i. nhillp
each khoa hO"n, Ur 06 4i ti-ng dl}ng chung trong thO" ca va trong cach thif5t eM,
trong m9t chii' Hlin chV'a tM e61d hit;u nao thi dU'crc tach nhtrng phl!om tril
nh6 han am Vi tir am HaD sang am Nom 1. Sl}' danh am tiet nAy
liy alil tiet kh8c mOt nlSt giii'l bai tMog du 0- philn am 41u, .. lin hay tbaub
aU'gc t{ob toan den hong kbi 1\1'a ch?n tn9t am tit:t Hall thfch hc;rp oMt.
Song, nhfrng vira trinb bay tren v&n chi la d&ng tcen quan {h"O'ng chu- cbtra
tfnh toan gl alSo nhfrng nguyen nhsn lich 8U' Chftng trong beng am nor co hl'it
nguon ttl' m9t am eii ho'n la (t6c dt/r, ta bay 1'10 sllnb cac trll"<rllg It", u :
clQC
>
n,?c

>

aae
>
nao (lllr&c)
dily
>
nily (b6o)
d
X
'
01
>
nOj
I<ll'
vi dung .ft1 (doc) d,?c am noe tcong 1::9t thM
Am da bil.t ngnon til' ita nhlI' cic trtr<rng hf}"p
dii CO'll > da cO'n
dao > dao
dhy > &iy
080 day li\ thich hf}"p.
:,) dung (da) dl]c am dlJ trong m9t th<ri nao d!y ding IS. thirb bgp.
phlln dn ciing Trong tieng cac van ay, ai co ie c6 binh thu-c cii hO'n la i
(nhtr con ghi> con ni>clii nay) vi dung i, to thi 'ai, ay, ay nh1.r:
;ft,
If
>
lai
#..
cbi
>
chay
frong m9t tbM nao day cung la thich hgp-
'Nhin chung toan hI} qua tdnh bien dM gii'r::l A va B ta tMy e6 nhi'nc .V 80 Ie sall :
- Sv 10 Ie eo Hnh eMt thU'iYng xnven : cMng h,n 8V vf1ng cua cae am g. c, e, 0, c1
trong th6ng Han Sv 80 Ie nay lam cho A va B bao Cib' oU'gc nhau .&. 0-
ltat ky thM DaO cling ph!i co I'lV chtnh am.
- SV80. Ie e6 Hnb chilt Ijch mi: khi mo-i c5n chfr Nom dt c6 Iii giITa am xulit
phat vo-i am Nom dU'O'ng th,'ri c6 m{lt sv an kh6p hOlm toano S" lin kh&p nay keo dai tCODg
tho-i gian. sau qua ki' ve mi,it 11 thayt;t c6 co sV dCli cua am xuat
phat va cu/\ am Nom (trong thl!C ta tbi S',l" bien dM cua am xuat phat it Iao-n nhieu 80 v&i am
Nom), gifra am xuat ph at va am ni,. ra 8\1" thieu an kho-p, thit)u ev tU'O'ng u-ng chinh
xac. Do do, khi t,r(rllg nay din phili co 81F ve gfr am lich str.
Ta co minh h93 nhtr sau
Cae (, I, 2, 3
('aoo tir 4< 9
A
A
'\ A
Trtrimg chinh am han gom (2) va (3)
4. tlttie chInl! am
A
B
B
(1)
(2)
(3)
C01l tiU'iYJlg tlr .\ san/! 13 vc rrr.;It hioh thai van tl}' dU'lrc thi. bung cae tt,anh ph\!.
Song nhll' aa ooi. th{mhto phI! kbOng co gia trl X8.6 d!nh chinh xac am t19c rna chi r.eu hU'o-ng
cbinh am.TroDg chiou am, theo thang Clta chUng, cae thanh t6 ph c6 ia yeu
clhl Chi'llh am (\r:i nheiy. cs) hoac Is de ra luoilg chi.nh ani nhU' hg tilii thl tru l1ghra,
254
trtr<rng' Hen tl1'o-ng IS. DeD ra m{)t ol1';'mg ChiDh am h;,p Dlur Itt chlnh am lila :ya
chii' HaD Jam thanh t6 phI}.
Ta c6 Itp ra cae 8Y' alii l;p 8I1U:
C6 Y
Khang gc;ri y
Ggi Y MDg dU'(rng chiDh am . Gl}'i Y hADg h1l'uDg chbih am
Dbay., ea Kf chiDh Chii' Han lam B9 tM thi BI} thO thi
111'c;rc net Am cilla tbanh t6 phI]. trU'(rng Dghia tr1}'<rng lien.
!t =1= la
!
.1!.

dC]C khac am 19n9t t6 It liln+thsag= oong+ hU'UDg Dghia lJUyen+quen tbUy
xu(t :cr:.kl6ng (trtSaK) di len
eaY='long
thi Mug 10' o/)
Neu then qll1 ta pbii o,t thO- tt! 880 :
11 Ki hi4u ch.inh am diiu va chiG Han lam thanh to ph", :
tbb-quen
. (1 day thanht/> vh,! ghi am el]. ghi nghia Cl]. Jam cho b1l'o-Dgchinham thu
thatlh m9t c:hr?rng ng1l'ai d?e c6 de dang Ian ra am d?C. vi d, :
!

.
k
,).
tnr(rr
-- 'n, (tI'ISog)
t.l-
k
.
kh,<rt' (trtrc7c) 0' -..
-e.

h iy

trtrtle
-- Wri ( tru-i)

tae -t- <:hi
=

+
chi
=
2) B tM t'li n.g ngh I a t'll tnr.}ng lien tU;,filg :

I

+
vI! Dtro-C
-
Igt
..
dt}t
$,'

,,:f

+
day
-
(
hin (rio)

!
tr6i
16i
+

0I1"6c:
-
s6i (x6i)
Iloi,
.,.
(x6i) 801
if can
+
1l
lam lien hri'rng oen

ha) -. g?lu
a oay t6i citrQ'e doc phiii Iva ehgn lil}' m{lt trong kha nang.
3) Ki hifu nhay, ea va IU'l!l' net:
.. l-
Vi lO{li nay khOng xac dinh hll'(rDg age: nin phiii chgn m<)t trong kha khi nang,
vi dl,l
I
bo-, pho-
K
\
hi
+
cMnh am
-
I
Vir8, phira

)
ehllil
ehlre
..L.
r.hInh am -
giac
I
I

5.KhB nang cbinb am.
Sv mi8u tft vira rl}i de gay an hrQ'llg lk tir am A co th7! dge sang am B each thy
Trong thve trll'o-ng chlnh am co mt}t gioi khii minh bl}ch. Cae ihn (y B qlly tl}
trong tn<)t phl}m vi eM t.r(TOg trng Vti'i am xu{i( pillit A. c6 nghia Is m{it am tir A Bang
. B phRi thea nhirilg bien tim uh,t .!jnll.
Cae nba nghien cau fru'6-e day d:\ e6 de ttt:n rhinh DbII' : SO'o hAn lang,
Bao Duy Anh, Thi Clin ,a .'oj, Xt mkrnl'h. Hoang \.UfID Hiin, Le Van Quan, l\go8i
Tai C?in va N. Xtankcvich, Le Van ()n{tn khan 8St vI'! ilia' nguyllo am ra, cdc
6ng khac o6i chung chi cM y den o!a 5m dltu va oii d\rng ra dll'Q'e bang cac quy
tie ehiuh am. Nhll'ng do d6i tU'Q'Dg khao sat ct . a rae ong khae nhau va cach quan
cMnh am eua cac cng cung kbong nhau nen n6i chung cac ket qu_& ma cae ODg I" t ra
cung khong tMng nhU.
256
Trong dob blob nghi&1 eu-u 1ich sUo ngii' Vift, chUng ta t,m blng
1bng vcfi nhii'ng khl nang chhJh im I18U day :
paAN AM DIu
Khi ban chtub Am ciltll chUng taxult phj(ttir 86 qusn vA nguy6il tle khk
v6i cac nhA nghien o:u-u trtr&c.
, . - 90i v6i chii' e8.c 0 1, 2, 3 n6il cho rlog c6 3 10l].i Am gllc: HaD
HaD va HaD h6a, cac chii' Day khOng co S1]." chtnb Am.
"
- Nhii'og chii' cac a 4, 5,6, 7, O. 9' tbl chico m9t am xu!t phatla am HaD
Dhfrng chii' nay co chlnh am. Am phat 0- cac cuii' Nom thuQc 10l].i Day dtrQ'C tbi blng
2 binb/thu-c lil thanh to dinh al'noguyen va tbaoh to diDh am II1'Q'c net.
Cae quan Day phil hcrp v6i thvc ttl: 14m eho trl1'Ong. chinh am dOOD gian hOOD 6
cblnh 'um rut xuong nen de Dh6- hOOD. Theo sO' ma chung se DeU ra, el cO kboaDg
35 gili thfeh cae Day ta dva tren quan ljch su- va quan Dgii' am. .
1- Quau ht. Ijeh lI,i
A A B
Sv an kh6-p giii'a am xulit pbat va am Nom nay ra trong qua tclub ciM cDa ngfi'
am tieng lich sUo. 96i v&i ngtro-i dgc ngAy OilY thit!lI'aug hvp Day vin dU"rc coi Ja
chioh am giii'a 2 am 0- 2 ttltu mut vao co S1]." 80 le Dhau .
. giAi nbii'ng ttrQ'Dg Day olD phii cO nhtrD' hi!u bitSf vi! ljch d- ngir am
tieng
'- Vi! eu- Hfl1 tbi e6 phltn An nam djch ngiC v6i cac cM gili cna GaspardoDDc, DavidloD va
Trltn Kioh Hoa. mgt it tt.. Ie te do Trlto CtrO'og Truog ghi M trong SUO Giao tq,p, c1 hai
cia Il1'u If!.i dllU vet cna ngfr am khoang cac kt XIV. XV. S. nii'a Ih eu6n Ur
- - La caa giao SI Alexandre de Rhodes va s5 van hAn qule llgfr cOD '111'U trii' thU"
Va-ti-eang (dii dl1'9-e 93 Quang Chinb gi6-i IDQt s6)' eon ltru l,i db ngir Am
VittOo tbi3 ky XVII. Ngoai ra con eo cae bin tra phu'O'ng ngii' eua Nam It
va ngon elie til' righieo eu-u thl ngoai eong trinh eua Maspero.4a'Doi ra con
cO cae bid vit5t cua CheoD, Cadiere. Barker, Muriel, Hamp, Reynaud va. hiet en_ Haudri
court,-Michel Ferlus, Nguyen T"ai On, Xokolovskaia. . \
. \
Sau day J.a nhii'ng dM ngii' am tiens 4U"Q'C ciolin aiDb I. dii ra trong
thM gian cua chii' Nom.
Trtr6-c DMt theo Haudrieourt.' 0- tM Id XII tieDg cii c6 dlly t1u 6 thanh (1)
Cting o-giai do!].o nay, mQt sf) am difc trong tieng cia btt dltu Sang am
tt1" h9ng bOa (preglotlalisees) keu. N6 xult nhl1' SlF noi coa mQt S1}" :'in d{ing dii
(1) Tiilng hlc dau kMng co thanh do tiilp xuc vcYi cac ngfr I)llng Thai Va tiling Han lr phia
ble, tiling tieu m<-t so Am cuoi Va Am dau dt! gifr ltli sll doi hfru icb, tiling Vitt co
them thanh Q.ua trlnh hlnh' .,h thanh trii.i qua 2 bU'cYc :
11 Hlnh th1nh 3 Am VllC do 8'. mlit cua cac Am culli, tillt mo- co Am V1J"C thli- nMt g3m
ngang va huyen, SlF mat Am xat haU,'i) cho Am Vile gay (infleclus) '!,om hoi va ngii, SlF milt Am ;ac hqng
oulSi(r} 'cho Am vlFc 'sac va qua t.rinh nay keo dai ttr diu e6ng !'gll "Sn dlSn tM icy VI.
2(Ti6p .16 11\ Am anu fib ken Han chuylln sang Am iii .. ' ',t,'t v&i qua U all pMn 3
am VllC thanh 6 thanh : tU kllu sang dille cho cae thanh dUn gQm huyen, uga vA nJ,ng; ttr
dille sanf/; 'dillc sang diec. cho cae thanh bang gom ngang, e1c Va Qua trlnh Day k60 dAi ttr thl! ky
VI dlln ihlS kt Xll.
Z57
kbO"i'mao til'tM ky X. No tac vao tIt cl dc Hr. c!!tll- gllc HaD nhtrng n6
khung phai lil m{,t 81! cach Ti(;np; di c6 Am tAc bl,log hoa trtruc thai ky
do hf) pbll'ung bk Am ti!D ttlc hQng boa lil net chung cua cac ngon ngfr lr baD oao BOlIJg
Dmrng. nhll'ng n6 lien t1,1c xullt va bi(;n di khOng ro ngUyeD nhan. Trong thai ky do
phll'O'ng Mc. ngoD ngfr vaD h(]c (van eua baDg-thu- ngor DgU' kh{ng co lim tien
tnc h9
n
g b6a-vui ap 11FC ml}-nh me cua n6. oi xua cac am dau Xli'S nay dl.lt len vtmg oM
ntH va tr1,1 ll}-i trong Mtrang. 5V trlr cua cac am tAc h9ng h6a trong lifng V Cr
giai dOI}D nlY la 81! khAng dinh xi no xac cO" vo t thu'c cua i:}p tU trong
nhfrng ngon ngu- (1) .
cac am tlic h<;mg b6a nay. HIludricourt Ihvo-ng nMc [ZbJ va [zd]. chung hlit
llgu/}n tll- [PJ vr [t] Xokolovekaia ding nUc hai am Michel FerIu8 <13 them
VaG m{lt am lAc h9ng h6a khac 1. [zj] til' Q6 ong m9t xu huang miii bOa cac am
Mn tlic b(;mg 1161\ nay va 6ng dl}'ng len 80" pban aoi phy. am nbll' sau :
[:]<4 [C]<Ch [K]< k
d gl g, gb
[tdJ< [zn<
D Db
Tuy len [zj] nhll'ng M. FerIus kMng 41l'a ra t!ll'g'c lim. kMc iHJ'
.-!1) cua Ferlus 1,i m!}t I) tr6ng dang hosi ngbi a [K]. Chung tol tMy trong kinb thuyrt
dau cua mgt am tie h9DI h6a khac 1& [ZJ] Ta am miii h6a cU. n6 1. [og] Jtl'<}'c 0
trlSng tren, vi dy.:
(fJ day 1Jv.
vi_ dy. : r gbe phen)

d9
C 1. kja
4U'g'c dicb Is
QV<}'c dicb Is
trll'6c khi eo
'fI11
(d6i

(
xu hU'o-ng [gi] bOa. '18M oghia Ia nbi!u,
;% -1t I';:"'" 41l'9'c djcb Is 'M (obin ebiu
l:!"ng long).
5V dM k > ?g > 'lng e6 tim thly c:Uu trong va troDg ngon
ngu- cung dong, vi dy.:
ghe

- Dghe (mlit)
-
_ ngan (pbU'O"og Dgfr Blnh TriTbien)
-
-
gtrUC mlt - ngU'6e mU
(1) La p/Jonologie pancnronlqae eua H. Haudrieourt, tr. 153.
(2) Trong ASEMI. 1975. vol VI. No 4
Z58
. gam ..:..- oglm
Itm ng!m mi?ng
n6i grng -- o6i D!!!tng 1)
c9keog (May). tgeng (Reb), ngbi8ng
Neo d'!bg l,i ci qua trloh biEn eua c:ie am tr80 ta co c1u-a ra clic gii 4joh sau :
MvO-Dg
P
t
ell
k
tb>"m>m

td>tn >n
t j > t nh> nh
1: g > t og> ng (2)
Sau 411., cbuDi tOi nn lu-C}'t cae qua trinh bien aM freD thl! trong chii' Nam :
.6> '"'
Chir Djnh Am
.
Am Nom

bioh

l31
(mm)
..
bl)i m6i
-4-

mtSp
L
b,p
tU'C}'og b> m nay ebD tMy ro trong qua 8\1' 80 Nob I8n :
b3 hOi '- me; hoi
ba hOng - ma Mng
bl') col .- ma obi
m61 - m6i mlm
bu3n ngu - mu50 ngll
rach bu-up - rach mll"vp
bft (ldo) - (kin mit)
v6i tieng M1I"uog
him (Mu-un, kMn)
hal ( )
Wng
bam (Mwo-ng chun;)
boi ( )
bang ( )
mAm
may (-)
maol, (-)
..... mlm (-)
mu6i (--)
ming (-)
(I) Hai tn- san cung 111 trong tn- ili:;n cu. A. .Ie Rhodes.
(2) Theo Handricourt thi IZdl tU"O'nlJ u.ng vo-i {tl MU"O-ng. va Inl tU'O'ng vng v6-i Itdl MU'lYng.
M,t lth6c trong ti'ng It I ctU"rrc tll do bOoi 511 ifBi t > d eta (fU'rrc Hlp kin bcYi Am S CD (hitn hrqong
B >'1). cae tU"'1'ng p > b, t > d, II> t cling xay ra trong nglln n,1i' Thai va trong phU"O'D' ng6n Man
d. tilDl Han. (Xem La phonologie panchroni'lue).
259
rd> n
011' ..
Binh am
, d6i

jrf:J;
nong dc}c
i,f i"f
,."
d6c
tJJ-
dl}c
c'do enrrng trong S1,l' 80 stlnh v6i M,;ang
d>im (MO'o-ng kMn)
dac ( )
( )
dang ( )
,,6'i cae tifing cimg khac
00 (cu6i dep)
d06c ( )
dep (fllli Lien g)
dam ( ahom )
<
oom
( dioi )

(tlit
( ahom )

d6t ( dioi )
'.'.1 > nh
Chi!-
Binh am

da
j&J

J\

J3)
dO'
nam
nac,
no
nang

DOC
Dep
nom
mit
Driu vet trong qua cae 8lf 80 II/inh :
dom - ohom
doi - DMi
dum -- nbim
djp -- nhjp
daD -'- ohao
dan deo - nhan nheo
(chim) - (chim)
du-c - nhu-c
lir - nhir
.\m Nom
nM
nong ngc
n6e
ngc

nu-tTl1
(-)
(-)
(- )

( --" )
(-)
(-)
(-)
Am Nom
oha

ohll'
sg> ng
dt(p ntr6c nhl[p uU'o-c
do gigt - oM gigt
gai - gai
dU'(b ogU'o-i - ohU'6n Dgtro-i
Trong k > 2g > zng > ng thi k> g lit m?t ttrrng d(\ trong
ehfr Nom vi nhU' da bH)t trong tMug IHn khOng eo am g. Xu hU'ung k > g i:tii
Qtr(}'c mieu t8.Cr pUn iim HaD h6a. nhtrng la n6i ill" g6c Hlfp, Troug dia
thuan xu lUl"(}-ng nay me hUD, eo '1m tUy driu vet tr{mg eae phu"O"lJg ngu:
rung tay Thanh Hoa
t
vi dlJ. :
con > con g!\i
chOe cun > dIu glSi
CU'o-D, etrM > gM
cliu > g,!-o
chu-ng trong sv so sanh vui cae kbac CUDg
k6p ( g6p
k6 ( ) gMS ( - )
kU'ung ( ) g,lJ'ung (-)
Uo (Mtro-ng taD g"o ( (-)
trong ehfr Nom:
Chir Bioh Ant
Am Nom

el} go
elSe g6c
if cn go

ctp
ggp

elSt gi?t
hl'9'Dg k > ng 4tr(}'c xet tll' hai diu mut eua ehuOi am, ta e6 th1\ tim tMy
dlu tir cae ngoD ngfr nh6m Mtro-ng.
hilu 0- ehfr Nom :
Chii' Bioh am
Am Nom

canh
nglnh
at
elm
nglm

cb ngtr
nghn ng17
It
elm ki
ngh{a
261
Ta tra- lq.i 80' do phAn doi Vh\} am coa M. Ferlus nhuoog co hb suug i7 nhfrng 0 culli:
<
d <Ch <C,k.
g
[t] [c]. [It] ,
d gl g/gu
[101]< [Sil< [tg]<
n vh ng
Theo sO" d3 tren, ngoai xu h'l1'O'ng miii hoa (thanh cae am ph an chien eua cae am
11c h(.mg hOa) nhU' 2h > m, td > n, > nh, tg > ng xii)' ra kh .. so-m, ta con tbay cae xu
h'l1'iS'ng hoa nhll' P > tb, t > td va xa
t
bOa nhll' d > d, ch > gi. Cac xu hU'&Dg keu
bOa p> h, t> d xi, ra kha .&m nen no it Jnh hu-o-ng vao chii' Nom. Vi chang thtlng
Han "hOng co am V!"p nen kbong till! ltiy tim vi lIay lam am xutit phat, c(JD t tbi clin
phii pban thonh 2 t eli trong .Muimg Sf' },i,:n thanh d va t m&i do s
thanh, clD tMy ro oso dU'(fc dung vko ('hu' I\olD. Hieng xu hu-6ng xat boa, M. F"rlu9 (1)
cho r?iDg cae am xat trong tHing v, tI, gi, g (gh) hat til'" am tile p. t, ch, .
k l:t vi td gifra Irong cac tic song tiet cac am - tien am tiet ( presyllahe - sylIabe )
VI dy. :
Tha virng VJf:t
kpais
1
di
cku '
gilu
kpuul 1 .. oi
y eua ODg rlt dang eM y nhU'ug vi aug din cO- vh cae Tha virng va sach xa
hang DgaD nim, troug khi cae hi.:n tll'(fDg d > d, h > v, ;: > g l,i rat
lr dc phil':,"Dg JJgii' va dB dau vet rit trong chii' Nom OeD chung toi nghieDg vi! cac
ngu3u cO- sail. va xu hU'ung c6 :
4>d
troDg ch.:r Nom
$
da da

d{it

d,i
dfY
t'
d:': (,
dtS
aai day

c1inh danb
-
(1) M. Ferlus, Vietnarnil'n ct proto- Vil'tmtU77lg. Asie du S. E et Mon.de Jnsulindien, 6 (4), 1975 21-55 vii
.. 5.., hil!n Ma cU. cAe lm lAc giii'a (Obstfuentcs mediales) trong Ngon "gii (2/1981).
262
eon <lao - con dao
cay da - cay da
d lJ'<Yn, d:1I'<yi -d Ira-i
dan - dai
. --dl
eh> gi

chti-c giac

chieu gieo

,
. lrir gifra .
IHn lI1't trong Slf so sliah. gifra tieng va cac tieng nb6m MtrCrng
chi} (nguoo) gi6
ehgn (-)
(-)
('huy (- ). gUiy (-)
Ilh6m Tbai :
chieng (Thai) - gieng (-)
Trong An nara d!ch ngif ci,O co tlrC,mg dilOg ch phien cae til' O:1Y co
am rUn gi. Vl dl} :
( chiao gi6)
(chioh - gicng)
C(l thl; c10an djnh iii xu huaug cb>gi pMi ra sau the ki XV a sach Phq,t (dU'gc
coi In lr th,< ki X V), am daB gi trong cae til' thu!n coo dU'gc. ghi blng am diu ch tr
= giet
trii'=gin gifr
tnit = gilit
263
= gip.
chu- = gifr
trll = gia
= gicc
Dau vilt ens Xl' hU"lYng nay at) trong phtro'ng ngon
hay (;hir bay giO'
cai chi - cai gl
chfra - gifra
S,,!, rut g!,'" cae nh6m phlf am co (r]
Tien MlJ'O'ng va Viryt Mu'o-ng ngll'O'i ta tMy ton cac nhOm phI}
am co [r] ohtr kr (trong ti:3ng Laven. tTy 10), gr (trong W:;ng Th:ii), pr(troog tieng Ba na, 11y
10). Nhfrng nhom phl.l am nay dlJ'g't} cluy tr! trong mi)t thcti gian dai va sau do [r] G1l\1'c chuyb
th8nh am long (c] trollg cae tieng H ling, KhJtlg Kheng, Sach va Tb vll'ng. & tieng tbi
cae nMm phI} am n8;' tJ-i the kl xv uU'\YC sang am sat hl'iYi ] (!J qu;)c ngfr).
H. Maspero cho rl'ing [ ? ) nay sinh til" S'.' hoa Un gifra bai. am vi 18 [r] va am no du-ng
trU'&e n6. Nh di(;u Day hO'i kho tin '9'1 vi dt.t gifra kr v?!: [ ] con c6 mi}t am trnng gia
n
III ks cor l'C gifr Il}i trong tieng Mtr<rng m, thi Irs pbAi uly sinh tll' 3 am vi
chang? e6 Ie trtr&c nMt cae nhOm co [1'] phiH hoa I1n VllO nhau thaDh kr rbi
qua [kbrJ tbanh [ksJ trong tieng Th,!ch 8i. Til' aay k hi n,mg con l,!i r trong ticng Mtr<rng
Lang Lo- va Viet. Trong kbi ily (kb] c: tieng Van M9ng va Tan cfing hat .tu kr
do tinh xat ma sang ]: ta hay quan sat S\1' so sanh sau : '
Uy La Van Mr)ng Thlj-ch m LangIn Vi?'
kraw khaw kaaw saw sao
. hong khong keong 80ng sOng
kru khn ban 80 sau
ChUng t6i cfing tim thlly
chfr 1& dtrQ'c dich 18
vet cue am moi gi&i [ks] trong tieng cb. Sach Ph9-t
(khii xa=ksa).
TroDg Thai ngay nay e6 ttrg'ng nbfrng tir ghi Mng nhom phI} am e6 [r] ttl
4U'g'c d,?c am fl. vi dy :
eM:
dron
am
son
nghia
lam
chuan eUaD
dram sam aang yeu
drom .om tll'&i'
Qua trinh cac nhom co r r J sang [ ] trong tiflng iltrg'c tbvc lr tM Id
XV n ta 4ii tbU.y,am [ ] nay trong An nam djck ngic. vi d .... :
264
I
(song)
---
(doh) (saw : sao)
(h.u) . IJll (IllU : sall)
11 (hrc) + (S;lp ; su-e)
Nhtrng qua trinh . [r] > 1 vAn chtra holmtbanh vi ta tMy ngay trong trea.
ml}t 86' tll- vin .con dang mang d,ng trung giant vi dy.:
(bA)
tL
(It'bng : I6ng)

ha) J1l \ picb ! 80n, be)
j.., .(sinh nh\le) ,t1; (sik k'ung : tbit slSng)
Koi trong cbii' cttrg'<i thay the hting [1] vi HaD: khOng c6 am vi r;
k co hie all'g'c co lUc all'Q'c ltrg'c bO tlly thet> thoi xult caa .chfr. vi d,i;t:
chil
fp
r.t
.j('

!!
di.nk am
. .
c.,+ laog = leraog
, cl1+ liu =
uau
c1!+lfp
;::::
krap
cv+ lang z=ilkl'll'llg
Cl1+
1ii
....
krl
am Nom
saD, ,
811\1
tip
IU'Og
sira
iQJlg' . . song
s;, hienilM Am.d/iu.khae tll- trll'6'c den nay Cae nbs. nghiencu-utieng
nhiic d.eo nhU'ng ro rang ds diiu vet trongs" so sillh va trong chQ-
9618 bOll t>ch va Xlit b6a cb>xma se trinh bay dU'6'i day:
t>ch',
Am nh ailu IIl'5'i vo thanb It] trong ti;';ng MU'Jong n6i chung sang twng thea
xu hll'6'ng keun6a t::>zd htr6-ng Day xay ia khoaug trll'(re kt XII. Nhfrng bg ph'n .
con l/!-itbi'kbi (chlo-cac (1) thi cling do ap
11!cma tbeo, tblnb xu hU'ang *>ch troDg tioog Db vilt cUsqll8 .trlnh nay c6 tb&
(1) Vi d\l: Tha vung Vilt
chil chua
chM, chAi
eMs ehAi
ebb' cbAu
chOng chAn
oM eM
265
tim tMy trong 8'1' 80 sauh cae nh6m MU'O'ng y6-i Viet:
t< .. i (Ban Lai, L{ ! Iii) chuoi
toong tOi>ng (NSllt)n)
ti Lai. L{ He.)
tan (Koi)
hrUl (-)
tol (--)
(M 1l"00ng)
tlc';ll (--)
(-)
chni')J1 CbU(;D
ehi, ehtiy (-)
ehcm (-)
(-)
(hir8 (-)
chuong t'-)
('hem (-)

(- )
. '
Xu huo6-ag t> ch eUDg auh hU'o-llg den each oQc sIS ttl' Han nhU' :
$f
ttlt:--ch6t, trong chii' :
rhli:
'f:
dill-h am am. Nom
!t
tai chai

ton

t;'o chu/)n

tt chulSt

tot chut

Uk chon
clr.> x
tl}:'-chfr,
Am ch n6i chung tbeo su hU'6-ng keu hOa Y8 xlit boa rna tro- thanh gi. song cung e6 il1{1t
h{l khOng eli theo eon QU'ung tran rna tTU'ae 06 aii all"Q'c xlit h6a thlmh x, Hip khoang
tr6ng cho cae am eat cb (s. s') aa thallh cae am tAc va ti\e hCli \t, th). Co tim
tblly .5t cua D6 qua 1\1' so eanh cac nh6m Mu-o-ug v6-i tieng :
Clll5i aep
du
cbec
xach
chay
xay
chat
xat
chi'ii
x6i
ehe
xe
chin
xin
"diu ,.;;t troLig phU'O'ng
ngil' :
che
., ,
xe, xc
cham
xam
chOi (tai)
x6i (t \)
IlJp eht,lp lyp X\lP
chen xeD
chit xilSt
266

chla
cbbm
cbien

xI.
chilo (13m ail chan -- chan nam dli chan xieu
Khi hi?n trongeh;r :\om vi gjn day co 8\1" hila Ilo giii'a eb va tr fim :Xllilt pl,l:t
cling et:j thi dimg cb tr :
('hii- ilinh tim am Nom
melt sit

tnte de

chich
cbAn xin
STf Tilt g!)U tta doi cUa elic nh6m ph(t am ('0 [I] .
{j kt XVII trong tieng d:n con cae nMm pby Am c6 [1] nhU' [hl]. [tl],
(mll1'8 vllo cu6i tM kl nay til) se dtrqc fiit ggn thanb cac ph\;l am -'frO.
TroDg tu- c6a A. de van c(m thay e1 3 nh6m phy 1m treD, [hi] va [tl} t?}n
long long Tai tt ehu-ng to DO dang trong qua tdnh thAnh am [18. Co 25
trU'Ong bcrp [tI] t,i 80ng 8ongv6i tr; 7 trtrong bgp (bl] t!i long long v6i [t1'J. va 7
trU'irng hvp [bl] ti)n tq.i !tong song .&i [tll NhU' dil noi (y ChU'(TDg m9t, gifra [hi] va [tl] trong !TII)t
s5 trU'o-ni bflP COD co gi' trj khu y nghia. Xet ve nguon g(\e tbi hai nhom ph ... 1m nay co th!
hat aguon tu' nh6m am [kl] eon 1\\1 dtiu leba ro trong de sach N6;D lr tM ld XV. Ve
[kl] Maapert) eho rAng OQ dii dU''T
c
titay the Mug [tl] trtr&e khi 8ang tr trong tieng
. Mllg [gl] troDg tieng Thai. Meo. tieng Mlryng thi COD ea [lei J .a (tl). NhU'
4i n6i lr !thoang aU-a kl XVII [hi) va r tl1 tili 8ang tr ( ) va gi ( ). trong di
a
b,t Hin thi tr ila t/}o til' tril'cTC. vt:1 ch mi]t ranb gi&i gifra tr HaD va til' thu!n
Dau vet coo Ill! nay de trong Ht;ng kba ro nhit III tlon, dlmg chfr
Han pbien cae ten NOIll nb1.l TkLiem ( i lem= ('rem). Phll11.lu (blau=Gilu) .. ,vy . [hi] ll}i thea
ph1.lO'ug ligon ma c6 cbuyb tuallh 11' gi, con [til thi thU'o-o, xuy!n tr bo,c I. vi dy.
Wri > tr(ri. giOi
blo > tro, gio
blao > trao, gi'o
blai > trai, giai
blau > trliu, gilu
bli > tra, gil
tiai > trai, 18i .
tlan > trau
tliu do > liu 10
119D > 190 h}o
_ tluctlac > }Ile lite ( 1 )
(I) Theo til' ella A. d ... Rhodes.
267
,
I
M, Ferlusf!iai tMcli Rtf Day 11 do 81! am dU-Dg tnr6-c gj(jDg nb11' at)
cna cae tien ong dlin cbu-ng trU'o-ng hQ'p tlo-i>lo-i. The nhU'ng 8lF giiii thich Day
. tin thoa vi chung toitim tMy co mgt 80 trU'iJ'ng bvp to {lU'Q"c gifr ll!-i rna
rl}ng [I}. vi d\l : .
hiaD
btim mlFc :
:
. m6sa oualtar (han thu)
tomar a tinta (bam lXI'll:)
8ssemtarse (ngl)i bN
Trong cbii' Nom the kl xv trlJ'6-c ta cling trU'Crog bvp am kloDg (lrong)
dtrc;rc ghibilDg l:.(cong) va blii (trli) aU'C?,c ghi Mng (bs). Tr(JDg eM nam nglJC am (iM
kt XVII) . am iUu tr ogay nay con dtrvc ghi Mng ea hai hiah thti-c 13 tr va [kl J. \1 dI.! :

.., thaDh tbily Ie. D11'6-C tron,
it #1 :L.

aeVIl'O'Dg len tr! klong db-i
Khi {f chfr Nom tH noi 1 QIJ'Q'c dung thay tM cho [bl) xa [tl]. tuy cung c6
trlJ'un, hQ'P. kem thea t15 .k b, vi dl} :
chii: dink am am Nom

':IF 19D9 kHSog tr60g
t
long troDg
lang trang
Nh6m phyam cOD c6 blnh ihu-c bieo thllla[mnh]. Trongttr cna A. de Rhodes
nh6m [mI] xuJit tat os 2311n trong d6 062 Un vlra xul1t dlJ'd-i biDbtbac [ml] vlra
dtrai blob tbu-c ena D6 lil [mob]
mil
'.'

ml6-n
mUm mnhllm
mit; mnbe ..
S'l xurit .cl!ng luc hai blnh thu-c [ml] va [mDh] phCp ta suy dOliD
[ mnh ) sang pMn 16-0 tbaob [nh 1 song cung oJ trU'ung bvp tbanh [I].
Thanh [1] la do fl}ng t6 Em]. Thanh [oh] co ve 1, hO'o song ciing c6 dlJ'c;rc do binh
thu-c quaag [mob] trent sau Day em] ryng di cOIi-l,i [nb), sO' da obll' sau :
.
ml
mob
------ Dh
Hai hlnh thu-c 1 va nh con tfi song song trong va tr&- thSDh Il;r khBc
va phU'O'Dg ngon :
nhui - lui
Dhlm- JAIXI
268
nhe' - Ie
.obcm - 16-n
nhlt .- lit
nh9 --- 19 (lem)
Trong chii' N3m buM Cllu, nh6m !lay doi kbi con all'Q'c thi bang hai chu- riling
Dhll' :
...g (ma Iii) = mla-
..it.19tl = mllYi
chii' lAO se nit ggn ll}.i tbanh
Song 06i chung thi nh6m phI} am tren chii' Nom thu-lYng ohi dung phy am 41u
). vi '4i1}
ehiJ: am am Nom
ilf .
I,t nh,t
ti.
I6i ohM (nMt)

16i (<>C)
b> v
Cung hong tll' en& A. de Rhodes ta tMy am'" (am m6i m6i' man, bAt
tn- 2b) dang sang aPl xat triM rang [yJ. vi d1} :
a ao (va ao)
+ ui+e ( vui ve)
San kt XVII. + da hOBn toan bien thanh am xat r" J. ella khuynh hU'<1ng
b>v Day con trong phll'O'og ngii' va trong tieng VI dl} tll' vita v,a f'ui Bioh Trj
Thien cOD noi l\;bu-a va bui, xem thein :
biu -- viu
beo -- veo (1).
...,... (qulln '0)
pban bua - pban vua
h:hn '-- dm
bang .;... yang
bal - vai
bib -- VO-
hOc - v60
b6n - v60
Mng - vbug-
bi hC}t mep -- va bC}t mep
nay cung hru .l,i trong cich age chir' Han, vi dl]. :
.. hioh.
(1) Vii til' heo, l.f* Nilm Iii dilin tri titinilu-c giAi thlch nhlr eau: cdill)g ng6n tay cal
va ng6n tay iUS va!> chli trongnglrCri rna ciiip lvi.
269

va
han " - vou ..
ph:en de tlrlii;,n 03}' c6 . .1m nan y. vi cit.! chlr -t- (tbe) dlr<;l'c d:eh la l't. (da-b!':
diln
Vi nhfrng Ii dtl tren, c1111' Ni),ll clwg t;llf(Tl1g di:lOg urn b ,H phien am dliu v, VI d\l :

M ,'0

btS TO

.q,
h6 vua
ia },{Ii
vui
4+, if bai di
bang v.ng
jt
hili vly
s> th
TNng rrlla trlnh fHn Vi}t h<l:I, a'll reo'] b:it it;, ;om th!I?C die thanh mall t1myen
fd'z'], tl,U' [s'1. [z'J ea I'hl;yi)lI !-oil!}?! iim IJ,l lid [t<J. !Ill;] t)nh han hoim thnnh Val)
khonug th;; kl XVl. vi twng ,L na!!/ dfl'h i.o.:ii: t,1 th:i" 2' frlr<rng hVp phicn ,lin dau
th thi chi co 8 trtro-ng ngp dU'lg am ..1 .. -;11 [t<] e'm 14 hilt) kluic van dung cae am nUll
xat hoac tllC xat (vi dt.! p1.ien h.':'1g sik ).QlI:l tri'lb g<>t"'phhi 111 qua ella qua
trillh 8>t l'11 'Ina trlnh nav, fl:i hO:'lI thbh Va') klw;,ng tbl'i ki .xv, suy ra
thay ";t') he.an tllallh 0- tbi: ki' '" VJ.
Dlu va qua trinh 8 > t C0n qua 81f 80 ",iuh sau day:
eai (Cutii r:ham, SilO lai, IJ m) thiii
ait l tHeip. Cu"i Cham, Dan Lai, Ly Ha)- th!t
auo (Pan Lsi, I y Ha)--- thlla
8tTt (Cu6i t:hdm, ean Lai, 1.,y Us) -- th:}.t
aa (Clloi Cham) - tbi
bih trc.ng each ghi ehfr Nom
80' tbO'. tlnra
sai thhy

( )., )
( )
( It )
( ) (1)
(1) Chir.tt- co 14 Han c6 ID(>l am nira 11 thd. sadl Tlr NguyAn phiAn HI Jt w :ti.
(Thiry cia thiet, ma Chir nay cen c6 Am tna trpng H&D Ma.
270
\
!
III tha
tA ::> s, x. e:i
M{lt xu htrang khR xay ra trong \Tt ill xu htr&ng xat hOa nhtr ch'>x; eb>gi
h>v; a>d xiy ra kha mU(lll l';Ii lam ('h.) lIl(.t b(l foh(w am dall th thlinh s,5o; va w/}t
siS It sang gi. Xu hl1'{"ng na\' ell tim tlluy trong S'! 80 sauh v6-i ti";ng Mt.ro-og:
l\hruDg : thllong. thOt, thin
: xuong . d{)t, gin
Bai 201 troog Qu5c am thi tij,p cua Trai co call :Long xuan nMn d{lng khan
thiD), Sao Duy Anh phien 1& c gin va eM tbleh : c(} CQ<l c gill ,-Iii c thin', Ta thliy liTi ebu
thieb Day xac dang. Bai Gi6:i thim t(lng trong Th(ip f!,ifri ro hnn quoc n[Jtr t;an cua U Th'anh'Tang
cling co call' Thl.! giao thicb gill, thin HlOg tr1 gicS-i., du thayer thll Id XV, C gin " cOn (lQc Ih
thin. Sau Day khi am thin th1mb c gin:. thi chii' Nom din/! dung jll, .
thay cto (th11n). Cay thau diill (X080, ten eli) (Iii 411'v" ,hi 18 eay c.au J trong 9{1-i
Namquac am t'j cua Huynh Tinh Paulue C;'a.
Trong each dQc chii' Han, ta cling c6 8\1" hien til va., x DbD' 8au :
t-
tham, .am
lilt

.. thoa, xoa
& An nam djck ngif c6 6 trD'o-Dg bVp phieD cae am 8, x, d thi eo 2 trWng bW dung [t ]
vk4 trtrlrng hVp dung [t& ] :
*
t'e

te'ai xe
l-
ts'a xanh

t.'ao' xem
-
t'ou du

t,'o III
Tmng chfr 1'\om ciing co nhii'ng tnr<rng hCJp dung tb dl! phi&D cae am I, x:
ch!t- dinh a.m am Nom

tbll'vog sung &\fvng

tMi (thoai:) xoi'

thyr.' Xl}C
271
XJO
htc > v.
8(} til' Han am alin h kem gi6i am moi w(bw)do lnh htr3-ngeua gi6i am
nay oep mang tion m6i va' ditnditn sang' um mol ''1 . duog qua ttinhna),
nbtr .au :. ,
hw > w > w'i> .,. (i).
Trong ttl' caa A. de Rhode. tht binb tb u-c truog gian w con lai kbli r<1. vi du :
. ,.. .
way (,-ay)

U flOg ( van g)
u,t
Trong 'IF 10 lanh giia each d9C Han Vift va Han hoa ohU",:
hoang> vbg
hOi >
> ytch
hoat) > vien
>
Xu btraDg hw > v Dayeung trong eh& Nom:

hoa va

.h3i .
1'oi
Xu blrvng trlln co khi cbI alr9"c .thl}'c ova: hw>w n d\'a :
hoaug . . oang .
Trong cach a;lc cbU- Han theo am HaD Ain OloKinh 18 tMy eung 06 tU'9'og
nay,1'l dl] :
_ {bUng
oaoh
Trong 8U' bien dM cua tieug
------
hoai (niui)
buh hU
hOp
mc }Cinh)
,11 (am. HaD
oai (mui)
b'oh u
6p
, f
(1) TrOl11! ,tia thuan co ttro-ng t,,': kw do anh hU'o-ng culi w CiiDg dllnd'ln
chuylln thiinh v, ta hay so sanh.:
272
'litAy > vay
quAy> yay
qUAn > viln
. qullng > vlIng
cQ > .
qufAJ >
'
L,i theo til' eua Bonet thi eMy' Co la va 'uy. c6 viEt 1. chdy,.
Kh> h .
\ ,
Kh la am xlit g6c hro-i va thanh, b )\am xat blu. Hfli am Day nban v! pbU'O'Dfj
thd-c. cliu am va iljnb vi cau am Ilt gao giii nbau nen tbay thi: nilau dn sang. Nbin l,iqua
triuh Han bOa fr tU ki X ts tMy cae tv.- Han maog am dllu glSc hro-i [x] thu(}c mAu.
(brO'Dg u-og v6Lkh) am dAu glSc hriYi [yJ thu{)c mdu hfJp(tll'O'ng {rng veTi g)
ohjp lam tbanb am hllu [h], Trong 440 tv.- thugQ hai - m&u tren dii co 410 trtrlmg
sang [b). nhU' 18 ngo,i 1'1t it. SlY iii 88ng [b J 18 vi Me 5y ti(';Dg chi co [k] V8
ebu. ehll'8 co de, am, xlit Xu h !r6-ng Day cu.ng mgt ti(!o ve sau Day chii' Nam
ciing eO thl3 dung am 4joh am [kb] thi 1m [h], vi dy :
,

khi hi
I .

;L'
. ,
khAt
.W'
4L
khbog
, NhiinS dlJi ,h'; ph",
Trong quai trlnb pMt cUa ngao agii'; am Day Co AOg 1m khac.
quA eua sl}' dbi n11y lti c6 tM "'ae t8 lJhfrDg quaD mui, t,o ra nhfrng
'aM m6i. Trong ei qua 4M n'y tM 81}' bi(!n trll'uc ,e ngnyennban t!O
ra Sl}' bitSn .. u. Chung t6i gC}i II}' 88U la elM thu- pnat 1eC0D'
daint).
'TrU'6-e ohlt ta tMy cae DMm phy. am bl vatl ehuyb thanh tr va gi u thE ki XVII (i).
Tr c6 trll'UC trong Han khi thu!n elm gHr 1,1 "8 tI. Bl va tl thaoh tr vl gi
thi t,o quan mm gifra tr va gi. 80 tir Han am aiiu tr c6 them each ilgcmui
"ui am elln gi, vi dy: .
trll'O'Dg
tranh gianh
trer giup
Nhin ra pb,m vi nhii'Dg bitln trODg ta tMy 4& Mn tMug am
nb' [8] ili sang [t] l,i m{>t 0 trlSng fr ilia Vl}'C am xiit. Mpkfo. cac nhOm phy.
am c6 [r] ilianh maDg tfnh lll'o-i (..[ ) qao ra m{lt khoing long teo gifra va
[a] cU .ql18 tho-i gian cole lA kba lau 3- mil!n Bft.e cae lo,i am 8 cli hoa IAn vao nhau
cho t&i' nay kbaog con eo il6i 8 :> < x oira. Cae nhOm pbl,1 am elj [l J nhU" ill
cUri'gehuyl:n tbanb [tr] [gil. Trll'uc d6. [eh] ila theo xu bOa va xlit hOa ml
thAnh [gil. t,o ra kbeiDg long leo ebo qua thlri giao [cb] va rtr 1 bOa Cn vao
(t)Saug tr hay gi 11 tuy theo phU'O'ng ngu-, vi d\l :
hllns
hiM
tJii
.180 dO-
B"C
gilDg
gib-i
gili (chit!u)
ciao gib-
Trang
trllng
trb-i
trli
trao trb-
273
\.
Dbau (r Blc vaciing t!O ra mgt mtli quaD va [giJ Dh .. til ro. SO' da nhU' S8U:
'- . "q t .
,
[r] ----:11-._ _l
. .
:-@-y . >gi
, I
I
:
"'--- -.-'"
Xu bU'6ng lrinh bay sau tac d{mg vao chii' Nom thbh mtH quan tay ba :
..
ch
J>gi
Cae xu hU'6-ng tren cho co :
dung tr. thj gi
i'*

trll)'

trI}o
m
tri
trft
dung tr. elij ch
.zL
,. trang
1J-
trung

,

GUn.8 tr bi;}u thj ch trong trwung hrrp ch >

tri(::t
*

tr,m

trae
274

giM

gilly

chang
chOng
chiu
chit
xh
xq,m
de
dunt' thay x
;tf
lieu xi8u'
:l.
81.\i
xe
,4
l8i :.rAy
.to/
111' 80'
b. 'chii' Nom e6 tu.g'Dg tiLIng Am dliu pb ghi 1m cUu v. Ngll'o-i ta ,col 4Ay 1.
@l! trao 4M vi : ph va v Ia am xat moi-rang, chi khl1c nhau c7 ch3 mQt dbg lakau
dl\ng Iii Trong phU'O'og ngu- cung cO br9'Dg ggi ao aD 'phung.
\"f)t Ia phgh. 1. .. NhU' chung tIl. thu-O-ng troDg ti!Dg m9t 116 c6 cae
bioh t!&c 1m dllu b. ph va v. vi cll} :
16'tl - 16n pUD, .i)cnav&'ng
b,p -' phfp --'''' 'vfp
hu{lt - phl].t .- Vl}t
.0
'fa each dgc chii' Han trone tienc :
b,a - ph... - V9'
bu-a - ph' - ..... &
II. Maspero (sdd) 'Cling cbo cUu v e6 3 Ie pb. b, w. ph lue
nAy COD maog Hoh h<ri gi6ng nhtr ph nay cY Soog cUDg ccS thacho day 11 qua
eoa 2 qua trinh xiiy ra trong tieng va trong each Dgtro-i 49' chii' .lUn:
- Trong lm dliu v. bit ngu<>n ttl' am dln i (A. n' iihode.ghi
tq.i fr the ki XVII. I'
) obb
_ Trong tit;og HaD thi am diu [ph] . Mt dllu ttr am dlia [p]. . .
Hai qua teiah nay n6i tiEp, xen ke DhaU lfo ra each dgc cbii' HaD aha ua :' (dim, vi .
dl,l di neu) , .
______ phI].
h9a - - - . - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - "'I
______ phi
bua _________ .. _______ .. v&
Tir. dIS dIn noll dung ph ghi V tron, chii' Nom
phi

51R..,
ppai ve

phieu veo
ffL pham
"om
,
' .. ..,;
pbi.nn
275
-
c. Cae nMm ph'} am [r] sau tM kt XV da thaDh Am 1l1'ui.[ ,dl(y
18 eon dU'o-og bien hinb. Song ciing co m .6 tru-o-ng hQ'p khang theo con au-aog tren
ma ll].i theo xu ha6'ng rOot tien t(\. Vi dt} krin ail tbanh bin troog tieng
va tbanb Tlu trong cae din chu-ng khae :
_____ sang
Ualll

____ tMr
kro-
-----r ..
___ IUD (Py)
krc7n
----rlrn
___ lIq.m (olDg)
!tram ____ '
ram
M't kha(e ta lq.i tUy co s1! tU'O'ng u-og giii'a (8] MU'o-ng va [r] cho ph6p Dgbi
rlog bai am Day c6 cbung ngu<>n g6c tir tbM mOt, vi d'} :
MU'o-ng NgC}c L,c: lIa shu sao eO
MU'o-ng Lang LiT sa sin sit san sa
MU'o-ng Lam La 88 sl\:o sun lit sBo 80
Mwog Uy' L6 8a siD eun sit IUD sau
ra rnn r6n riog rau
T"ong A" nam dich ngii cling c6 tU'Q'ng dung !!.. (sa ng) pbien am raog, va dunS
# (S8W) phieD aQl rau) ch\i-ng to cac am [r] Day 0- tM kl XV dang o9c la (e]. Do nhu-ng
dil!u a6i tren ta tUy trong chii' N6m cung c6 trU'o-ug hQ'p dung s phieo am r, vf d1} :
NO rao
OBi ru-6'i
d. Cac cach ghi am r : Am rung [r] mang llgu311 g0C Nam A di t(\n tl].i trong cac
Ma Lsi, Dam Thai laD. TroDg Mc Aslienne YR Sahum no la am sau, do du-ng sau cac
Am moi va rang nhu- trong [br] va [jr J Den thhh (y thi luc llltu nbU'
cia noi [r] va (8] MU'(rDg ch!e c6 m{H ngu<>D goc chung. Song IT giai SIlU nay thi ro nog
l"i c6 xu hU'6-ng ngU'Q'C lq.i, [r] con t()n trong s6 wag duyen hli mien BAc song D6i
chung thi dii trong ti(;ng phll thOng.
Trong trU'o-ng hVp [r) hQ'p ..... 6-i cac t6 trong clic nMm ph'}. am cu. thi tbeo
H. Maspero, [r] hoa duc v6'i cae t6 thanh [of]. Do tac d9ng ctla cae t(') It va g ma
[r) In ala tl1iu lU'Ci'i rang aii 1M l,!l "'dU thanh am lao-i (.[ ]. TrU'CrDg hQ'p phai sinb [r]
ciu-Q'c gifr ciing bi noh hU'o-ng theo thanh Am vom. V! sau. ci9 rung giam dltn xulSng, sIS 1110
dm a<!n mu-e toi thi haD sang [ ]. Luc oay. [r] va [gil khODg COD Y nghia
d6i Am vi hQc. tJ mien Bllc, do [ch] va [tr], ('x] va [s] hoa IITn vao nhau kMo theo sv
hba lAn gifra [gil "it Ed] vi vb gifra [gil, [d] va [r] kl')oog con !1! d/li J4p. nay
kM ro trong cbii' Nam cae the ki XVIII, XIX. VI d1}. :
2.76
dung rung
)1t1
..
fll!ng r1}ng
it
dao rao

dim rlm
L{li do xu hU'ng d> d va [d] c6 tU thay [r] nlnr treD nao L},i e6 khl nang duog d

thi r :

d6n run
<rong
Do XII hll'6ag dung [trl thay [gil va do [gil c6th3 thay [io] nen l!i c6 1m! n8ag dung [tr]
thi [r] :
Ji-
trIFe rIFe

trie fU'9't

trinh rUing

tr,m
rf.m
.. 2 - Quan ngfio am.
5uy eho euug thi tilt cl nhd-ng trIF bilSn dM ngii' Am u ph!n quan M Iich 8& cUPg
btt til" nhu-ng quy Dgii' Am nhlt l1inb. H. Haudricourt trong cu6n 17n vi h9c
"'9i thui (La pbonologie panobronique) ail ngbian cu-u 81}:! dM ngu- am u cae ng6n ngii"
trong m9i tblri khac nha.u. D"a vao tri thti-c ng6n ngi! hgc. ngU'M ta
eo gili thieh dlrl!C tirng 8" aM. Nhtrng khac v61 phln nay, nhfrng biiin dM tlgtr am nell
tren la nbii'og 8\1" th"o lich sO- rna it nMt ngtrM ta 06 ph9-c nguyen dU'l}'c dva vao cac
cu- Dgii" am lich 80- chung !ia atrl}'c ch!(p cttrl}'C d"a veo nhirng
phU'O'Dg tU'O'Dg 4l1i khoa lllJc.
Philn quan ngfr am nay kbOng gi vI; dbi Dgii" am ml chi giAi thieh
eaeh ghi am ena chii' N6m eta dlfa vao quy ena ogii" am h/}c. Trong cao quy nay thi
hai Iuy Ju,t sau c6 tioh chilt chi :
- n"a VilO rung ml)t dinb vi diu am dung am Day phien am khae, vi dt} dung [t] pbiSo
[4] hay dung Ed] [t], dung [kb] phien [k] v.v.
- DI}'8 TaO tlrl}'og chAp o6i tu-c '18 cO' aia phat am articulatoire) tir
m9
t
vi trf Day sang mgt vj tri ngay 06. VI d9- dung [a] tbay eho [Db]. dung [1] thay cho
[r] V.v. Trong hai quy nay thi quy treD dlrl!C sir dyng hOOD. Sau oAr, ta 14n
277
hr9't trinb bay tlrng trU'b'ng bg-p.
- a";ng t thi d:
Bay 1& troong hvp e6 n6t a phltn nay. no co dinh dang pilln nlto ttr:n
agii' 8m ljeh su- nhu-ng khOng dllDg ngfr am Ijch su- giiii thich.
V.o kholng SIlU thIS kI XII lY da dy ra qua trlnb keu h6a t > d ; p > h cba
di1u k.ha ro qua SlF so eaoh gifra tieng va cae tung don:g sau dAy:
Hm ( ngui1u ) Uflll
toong (BaD Lei, ri lL, dl}ng (-)
to-p (Cutli char; dP (-)
lata (May) lip ( - )
to (Thq.ch Bl, VAn M9ng) d ( -- )
te ( '- . ) d,; \ .-- )
tee ,. (Tha virn
5
) (--)
Qua trinb uhy pUt xay ra tru-tYc quai tr-lnh 8> t rna qua triob sau, theo M8spl';ro va thtd
eli- trong An nam djch llgii' cO' han dii hoan th!lIlh yi\o ki XV C>, cae ehl-r N6n.
nhU', (tilt> Q&t) ni'5u lr vao trU'uc tM ki XV tbi pIlai <!ltgc C9C Iii silt) COD veo
88U tM k.y XV thi Me Day khOng con qt trinn t> it uua ill! m6i qU811 h Hif> dut.
Do 46 a day c!n drrt khoat t > d V8.0 pUn quan ngil- am vi d 2 am Day c6
cung m9t .dinh vi diu am 18 diu ltril'1 - 1.;; g. t3i tM;y sach An [tam dich ngli cling
'hll'lrDg dung am diu t Han phien am ell a vi uong IUn Me nay de. milt Am k:8u.
.L
F
- r"J
,
D3 i ) = nui QU'6i (dU"c7i)
1t.
-

] = dlit

=

,..-:;, xa (ilZ(rDg

-

f,,- [lata) = la ali (2)
fIJI
tll'qng dung thay d trong chii' Nom nhu- > ttil't ding hin kha roo
- dimg t. bilu thf d :
Hai am Day co chung dinh \! ci(u an. ;<1 <fau hl"i'i'i - rang. khac nhau (y 2 : mi}t
ben la tAe dice, mi}t ben lit k6u.
hong chu' Nom:
'It

Mt dOll
..
:kl1tt dlu t,p
(1) Con dill Yet nhll" : khong co gl sit = khOng e6 fi :at (tutit).
(2) Nghia III da. QuO'c am thi co : "dati ngrro-i ili III aa :cn ".
2.18
- . dung a bilt tbi nh :
Bay Is chAp noLThoog tlul'Crng thi Ed] ghi am En] nhl1'Dg vi [D} va [nhJc1eu
lit nhu'ng am miii co cuog m9t mll-; [n] 1& am alit hl'o-i cbi cAn lui I,i m{)t chut 1& cbayb
tbaDh am hl'o-i [nhl - -- -----
hong ehfr N6m ;
..

dam nh3m
If ..

;JIt
d9
t nhgt
... ditng l thi r:
Vi troog tMug Han khong 06 am dllu (r] nen phieo DP chii' Nom phii dUDg
mgt Am kbae, thU'O'og no dung [I] vi trODg tieng tbM MU'Crng .[1] va-f.r] co_quao
y6i nbau. M{lt 80 am [I] bit ogulSn til' [r]. vi dl! : -
Sro (mon). 8run (Khme) - 19. lua
ru (Thai). Tn (abom) - 10 (-:-)
Xet cac deh d9C chii' HaD ta cling tMy I, r co moi quo ridy :
** 111'000g
rU'o-ng
reo
.. Ii rM
hifn.trong chii' Nom:
laog rirug

IAn rau
i$ lOi rai
ray
- dUng 1 bi1!u thi d:
Am vi [r] trong 1& O1{l1 am m,oh sau kbi 80 llD J;uog
gi8m xutSog t6i 4a thi n6 rlt gllo v6i d qulSc ngir. Day hac phBt Am rtb.nhd,
trllog thanb gi, trong kbi m{lt vung nhtl' PMt vin phat am 18 [r]; I va d l,i eO cUDg
dinb vi diu am iil dAu bro-i - rang. Do moi quan gifra I va duay va m6i qnaD gifra 1
r cia n6i neD trong chfr Nom cO xu hU'ung dimg 1 thi d, . dl} :

Ian dan

13i dO'i

llii
'219
- dUng k thi kh. va thf k :
Cae k va kh la nhfrng 4ffi jtt)e In-o-i. chi kb8c nbau 1 : hen Iii t!c m9
t
1. Xlit. {J c3 thi kh cor In 11m k m8Dg tiab b.t bO'i [Ie ]. Ngay nay ta cOn tUy
dh vt;t quan gifra k va kh trong vi dy. :
-- khUng
ooog -- khbog
eu-a -- Uia
-
C.' - khan
- khiu
Till! troDg chfr Nom:
cO kho
cat !thet
kha ci
kMt cg't
Dung IIg thi kh va dung thi i g
Cli 3 am kh, ng, k co chung U1Qt dinh vi ellu am : 10. Am glSc Iu-o-i. 1rong ehfr Han
thl cac Am nit,' tbuQc nhom thauh mall va manl CbUDg Am phil, vi dl} :

cam (kim)
kbAm
nglm
Jl
eln
#
...
kbln

ogAn

Irong chfr Nom :
;L
kMt opt (l,.b)
"'L
kblt oglt (ao)
agoi coi
.- dung ng ,baa thi 2 va j,: 'lg Z th# ng :
Gifra am [og] va am tlle.thaoh ;,:,u [ '1 ] (1),.<) co" dia phlit am rllt glo ohau. m{>t dAng
1. am goc In-0-1 va m{lt dA<)g la am tu; ll!-i:'lU d6 mvt chUt, vi co thi eho obau
dU'qe. tn-9"Dg nay kh" pM bifin An n.am djek ngii. {J day tit ca cae am (fltu [ogJ
V\0t .dU-9"C thi MDg [,? ], \; dl"l
4:.'
Zai (ngay)

1u
(1) 4.m dau nay kMng "";, hinb trong chii- quo" _Igir. vi d9 : ai, 08, lc, tm .... v.
..
JA:

Zan (ngan)
At:
f:t
'lien (nghien)
TU trong chfr NOm:

eo (hrug)

oghieu eo (60)

au ugaD
'W

oglt
van e6 ra la troTlg flhiio quao licb siT nhfl'ng dbi n80 da hie
qua mnh Han h6a va uhfrng dlJi oao khOng tac 4(]og, vao qua tdob oay. Cau tra
lo-i Sf rat qlfan vi ta eo oghi rAng neu m{it tae d{iog VaG hai'
thi se khOng e6 81}' ehInh am xet treo Ii thuyet. ChI kbi nao ta'} dgog vao beD thi
vo da ehtoh am m6i dO'crc ra myt each dUot khoat.
Tron, thvc c6 nhfrng aM chi tac d{ing'vao aja hnt Hao . ohO' Sl}' xac l,p am
[tr] trO'ue kt XVII, St;r aM kj> gi v.v. C6 ohii'ng bieo dM tac a{iog vae c1 hai obw
t> a, p> b. C6 nbii'og chi tae dgog mtlnh trong lija b,t thulla nh11' b> m;
t>eb; d>o; eb>gi; b>v; hI, tl>tr. gi... Nbfrng bien dM cua rieDg dia b,t thulo snh
hO'o-og vao ehloh a';l ban d. Sau d6. nhiCng bien dbi troog aja Han
co pblln'n.o !oh bll'Ooog den tfll'o-Dg cbiDh am tbO'<rng rai vao nbil'Ug tieng Han chi 4i

ciU'9'c nita cbang (Ai) (lIoa).
Cu6i cung 0- philo am alu ngoai nhii'ng lu,t ehioh Am cia tdoh bay ta ee phat bih
y m{it 8{) t11'9'08 d,e 88U : 0- cac van baD Nom sau tbe kI XVII thU'o-ng thl,.
lui't cae chii' sau :
#
cbi

",eo
)
pbii

tbub

gie
11-

dam
ffl

JL
va

rira
jl
vu-og

thiy
DO'6i etay ta khAo lat th'og chii' m{lt :
- Chii' '-9:t c6 am chj khOng eoi lh theo lu.t chIoh Am .thi>ohi vi ta thly khOng
eo xu bU'&ng th> cb. Theo TiJ: v6n lk m{it cua (ti). Sach Nhi
IlMi cung ,bi vi nfr t& tien sinh viElt ti) (,\1l DCll'o-i Dii' de trl1'cTc minb 1. tI), vf!.y -9.f
d\1.1k chi lh do luit chtnh am t>eb.
- Cbfr (dm) e6 am HaD 18 [giem] mlu I] sang HaD thanb [b)
281
..
vi hie nay titng dura co xat g"e brui. Chii' cY Nam trong mqt thb-i
dillm nao do co I;' l byam], ta tMy de am tu-O'ng tl}' trong tieng Thai:
Thai chuug
Thai trAng
Thai den '

hyam'
yam
2
yami
dam
& tieng [h] di. [y] phat d vk ta c6
#:
- Chfr tL. am Han 18 ng], am cl) d9C Ik cbii'Dg., sau Jd XVII dM
thanb am vfrng .
- Chfr thtro-ng d9C theo Am Han III Mi. Thvc ra chfr 1'I8Y Tir nguyen phien
la 'phi b6i twet. am Jt
pb6i' ; khi tra chfr * th5y ghi cphai Mi thiel, am
. thi j'f vi -ll, am d9C ,i6ng nhau, I. phili, chii' Nom d<}c lk phdi.
- Chfr thwng dung phien am thuo- chii' om, co nha nghien cvn
giii thich 18 d9c thoo chlnh Am kh>th. Thl}'c ra khOng l'hii. chii' Day dung ghi 1m khuo-.
v/Sn la thAn coa am "'urY. Trong cnlSn PMp gidng tam cia A. de Rhodes, trang 132
ta con tMy can : khucY xu-a khi chu-a c6 trb-i, chu-a c6 a!t, chu-a e6 ai gi, trang 133 lti c6
dn: tii (tang) ta khno. xu-a d1 aao (dong) Tim 'cnlSn HI' cua cung tac gil tren, 0.
trang 374 tMy ghi : ,khuo., vide thno.) ( xem thno.), trang 776 tMy ghi cthllo. Xl1'a: dosde
tiempo (tit thai ki xa xU'a), c thuo. be : desde menino, a tempore pueritie (tit thO' !n,
tir tbM con obO). tU'crng kh > th con ll!-i trong m{)t sIS it tit trong cn6n tit trea,
vi thit = khit. thOi = khai, thang = khUng.
-- Chii' :#... Nom co d9C lit gie. Chir Day 160 alta am ]Je, san
tre d lie.
- (lift) it dung. thu-b-ng du-crc Ta th'y no lk each phieo am
( IAU tbAnh hai tit 1. mft v. li4t.
- Chfr (phi!u), Nom thtr?rDg pbi!o lit veo. song ciing c6 ch3 nhtr trong
Kicll phii III xiCu. Chii' nay Tic nguyen phieo la phieu va thieu (thi yeu nhtrng
trang thile each dgc Han con c6 am xieu va :lieu. vi dl} thu-b-ng
18 xieu maa va phieu b{1t cOn cO I. xieu b{1J.
tom tat ph!D chinh am diu ta dva vao- dinh vi can am cua tMng Han va
dll l,p ra 80' 81U :
282
. ,
----------------- ---
\
BANG cAe u,,'r CHiNH - AM P. AM DAu

B MPh V TTb d n x d L Tr S Gi ch nb K oS kb g h r ?
HAN VI -
B
X X
M
Ph X
V
-
T
X X X
Th
X
it
X X X X
n

x
d X'
L X X X X X X
Tr X X
S X X
Gi
I
cb
X X
Dh
K
X X X
.. -
Dg X X
kb
,
X X X
1-'
g
b
X
-
X
r
X
I?
X
I
PHAN VAN
NgU'o-i chii' Nom quan vb theo lnh hU'uog cn. Am v.n h9cHiEng
Han. coi do 1a ph!n 4vog sau 1haoh miu bao g(')m nguyen am + am cutSi + tunh
CbU'a co .8\1' phAn nguy6n am throh v6i cac phln kbiic cua vln. Vi d1} Han Trung
cl) giai do.n cutii c6 61 vf.n trong d6 cac h9 chi nguy6n am 4oi. OgUy6D Am ha nhll' chi,
vi, pM. ngu-, mo, ca, qua via con dtrqe xep Dgang v6i de van c6 am eutSi Dhll' giai.
khoai, thai, hlu, tieu, xam, 4lm, di6m... nghi8 la chU'a tach nguy6n am, am cutii, tbaoh
ra thanh cae phfm tru ngfr' am ri!ng ma coi chUng thAnh cl}m chung.
t
nghieD CUou cae chInh am phltn vln trong chfr N6m tm6c nay chU'a haDh .
lhrq'c VU'oong Lvc cho rAng vlln Hau va vlu Nom chI o6t tcroong (IIrooog vai nhau
la 4cr'lc. Bao Duy Aoh ciing cho c 41].i kbai cae vlln Dh6m co lan
v6i nhau. Ngoai ra. cii.c vlln cac nMm gin nhau cuog lao v6; nhau, "f nhU' nh6m
a vai. nhom e, nhom ai v6'i nh6m oi, nh6m am v6'i Dh6m om, Dh6m' an v(ri. nh6m on, cac
nbom aPt cp, op, cae nh6m at lit. ott (:ac nh6m ac, &ch. 6c. (.ad. tr. 113). Cac ta.c gia
Nguyen Tti Oln va N. XtaDkcyich co c{ip tui 811 chlDb Am phlo vilD Dh1rDJ CUDI dUDg
U 81! khio slit tb6ng cbli- ebtra nit ra Ju.n ho'c neu thanh cae 1.6 Vao Quan
(sdd) ds. den cach vin trollg chtr Nom 'tr. 112 -126) nhtrng chi nhlc phln
Day trong clnro-ng Tinh chat va ellu. chic Nom va chI l::bao sat D6 troDg khuOD kbb cill
chtr Nom xet ngii' am Ijch su- m\lc 2. 3). ODg l!-i chia vhn ra thanh cac be} phi-n
nbO : am am ehinh, am cu6i... Den 81]' nghien cll'u ctla ong tinh chat mo tl
ehli- khOng dll'a ra kf5t
tim tbi cac chInh am phlin vln Jb!t dliu HI" vlln gbi Mug cbtr ai Dl!tr(}'O
leo vltn cua am xul'lt pMt xem D6 hAt ngu1hl tu- he} DaO lrong HaD 81!
tlrO'ng dtrO'Dg gitra hai bea c6 tinh chat Mu d9Dg :ten m{>t 815 Ill'Q'Dg trtrung hvp au
thi co coi in sv' hien c6 quy lu,t. Khi nao kbong co 8\1' ttrO'og u.ng
nh11' thi sC dtr<!c coi Iii
fhing Ie chinh am phlin van cdng din dll'Q'e chia th;'nh hai phan : quan sir va
quan ngfr am. Song vi cae nha nghien clhl ngfr am l!ch su- Wing tal nay vAn cbtra
den 81}' 'fIien eUa cae h{l chung ta cling ebtra co Cll'
va khao sat van Day nen (y (tay phlii xilp os hai V80 phlln
chung va khi co van di; ljch thi trlnh ha:r tMm.
Trong khi so 8anh va nit ra xct chinh am phlln trong chii' Nom, chung
ta ohia am tiet ra thanh cae sau ;
4) W{Li am tiet m;;'
5'1}' so sallh 8()' hg cho tbl'ly c6 9 Ani, f, e, 0',0', a, U, 0, 0) trong
d6 co 3 nguyen am v!ng trong Han la e, 0- Ta o. C6 3 nguyen am doi 18 ia, 11'8,
ua hllu nhtr kMng e6 trong Han ngoai m{)t vai han btru con s6t thoo ,each
d90 til!ng Han Thtr{rng :
ia eO cae tit!ng : nghia, dja
tra co tieng : thu-a. hu-a
ua c6 til!ng nao
cae nguyen am doi xult trong t\r rl'lt so-m (tnr6-c thl! kI X) xet trfn eli-
eacb c1<;Jc Han nhtrng ta 1I.li rat It tMy chung trong tieng MU'ung va phl1O'Dg
Dgii' el). Vi dl} trong 40 ttl" tro cae he} cUa coo thi c6 5 tir c6 am ani, trong
(16 c6 tu- Han I.8 Ill'frng quyen, "tu- thuiln deu co '16c nguyen am khOng doi,
ta 80 sinh:
M trung)
ltrm (- ) lai (Mtrb'Dg)
huM (- ) hOi (MtrQong.
rU9t (- ) I'I]t (Mtrlmg)
mgt 86 tir thll'<mg dung eO nguyen am doi khac trong Vi9t cling
1>4t np&n
ttl' nhihlg titlng c6 nguyen am khOng aoi, vi dy :
muOi moi (MU'<mg)
(-) pO' (Tha vu-ngl
blra (- ) pi (Sach)
dla (- ) te
( .,... )
duoi (- ) tbi (Tba vUong)
chua (- ) chu ( )
IruSn (-) ken
( )
284
md-a (-) 1. (MU'?rDg kh&)
mu6i (- ) b6i khlic)
IJu-6'c (-) dac ( )
da (- ) no (U, Lo)
gin (-) kba ' (Van mODg)
kO' plat (Ba Da)
mu-M (- ) mehit
'(khua)
mu-ng chjt (Ba os)
Ttl' d6 c6 nghi 1& cac nguyen Am dai nay xu(t trong ti8ng ttl' ritt 86-nI
do Sll ti8p me veTi Dgon ngii' Han Thai Nhu-ng fr Han tbl cac nguyen Am ia, 11"8
thwng cLl xulit c7 cac am tiet khOog mfr, coo nguybl Am doi U8 hOlto toan vlng
9ij III 8ll bien fr khu vllc ttl' gt)c Han thai 9U'UDg neo n6 do tMog 9U'ung am chi
ph6i, Tuy obien Sll biEn nay it inh hu-frng dtln kbu ttl' thulo gAy ra Sll mit can
blng khi 80 saoh tihg Han va, tieng va c6 anh bU'bDg deo trU'ang chlnh am.
N6i chung. 1u,t chinb am lr vitn rob tnao theo quy kh. che 1a ttl' am xuit
pMt ar,n Nom khOng c6 8ll dODg. dbng nlo di v6i dbng (y (trtr .6 it do lich
8Uo). cae am doi cung tU'O'ng Qong veTi nguyen am cung :
dbng trtr6'c : i, e, e, ia di veTi nh8Q
dbng giii'8 : U'. 0'. 8, ii, a, U'8 di v6i
dbng san : u, 0, o. us di v6i ohau
4 neop eo c6 1 vai trll'(rog hVp dong tbi ehAc 1& do Dgny8n oMo lieh sir. V{
dl} trong Nch Phq., Ihuyl' co hai tr11"lrng hQ'p duog k (mi) ,hi am rnq va (hi) ghi
Am bua. Chir 1:-. c6 am th1rC}'ng Iii [mid] n!o dll'q'c dUDg ghi am mq, cuog xu h'u-ung
e6 ti> thO', thi > thO', ki > cb' ... ohll' til thlly. Cbo (bi) dgc Is biia vi tru-6c tM ki
XVII .ac am u-, a, i Viet cbn c6 tnrlrDg hq-p I1n vao ohau. TroDg ttl' -'illo cna de Rhodes
ta cbo thiy nhfrng ttl' lau : ohin (Dhan), chio (chao,', ohft (nhit) ... dc ttl' D i cOD e6 Am ohU'o,
chU'n, nhu-t fr Me trung .
euog .:6 each chinh am theo dbDg D,ay dii chiu inh hll'o.n, ella ngii' am lich su-
Day ebn thly diu trong cac phU'O'Dg ogfr, vi d1,1 :
i >
k'i Llem) kM (SAe
sit (L8ng Ib) (
-
)
e>e

(Van
mf': (B!c
Tioh) the Ie ( )
"'>0'
SU' (Mll"uog #Sag) too ( )
m11"
(M11"uog KMn) mO'
e
)
chtl' (Blah Tri ThlaD) giu ( )
mvo
( )
mv
( )
285

a> '.1'a
un ("am Dan) mra ( )
JA Tin h) lira ( )
nae Sang) tnI've )
.>6
ohlti (Binh Tri Thien) chM
( )
chII' (M1l'ung Tam) nU ( )
8.- (Nghia Wei) ( )
mui (Binh Tri Thien) moi
( )
(,::> 0
d6m 116m Tinh) dom dom ( )
nO
.J
) no (
)
h6t ( ) h6t ( )
(-I)
b) am liet nua me;.
Vb k& i : trong tieog H4n chi c6 4 vln ket hllug i la ai, uy va oi, oai
ui chi c6 2 I. c mub va chili', vln O'i cung chi co mly tieng la c l?,P va c thM) chd-Dg
to chung kMng QU'C}'c pMt trong am HaD Trong khi do p. tieng Thulin nhfrng
vlin ket Mng i c6 t6i 9, d6 1. : 8Y. sy, oi, ai, U'oi, ui, tri, oai, Theo tieu If tU'o-ng
tM e6 dung ai va ay tWiy cho ay, O'i. U'O'i, tri va dung oi thay cho oi. ui t&c I. cho
nguyAn Am ehfnh tuan theo dong. SODg thvc te kh6ng fa nh1l' Do vao am dllu
Den cac am chlnh trong tJ6 fnra-fig h?,p c6 tM dong.
xet sAu xa thi 8\1' dong cua nguyen am ehlnh c6 c6 trtro-ng h?,p do Ii dO'
lich sa. Vi dy iiy Vitt la phat tll' i Muo-ni liang. vi dt}. :
ti (Mtrung Khen) day Sic B{
pI (Mtri'rng &9ng) vay (ca) ( ,)
chi (Th,ch So-n) eMy ( )
Ngay Dgi h9 i ciiog la hinb thu-c c1) ho-n ena ay va ai, vi d\l :
ni (hie trung b{l) nay (Sic
mi ( ) may ( )
CIon ghi ( ) con gai ( )
ghi ( ) gay ( )
Nguyen Van (held), cho dng c6 bien tV" dogifra ay va ay, vi dt.l >
eliy > cllY, 4y' > hAy> hay. uhy > nly, cUy > chay ...
'Do e Ta i tU'o-ng u-ng v6i nhau (i1ii trinh bRY) n@n chfr N6m c6 dung j c ghi
van 8y va ,Vi dv cae each Ph9-t thuyet va chi Nam ng!'c am dun'g ;fL (Ie) ghi ihn
va am i{Ly, dung ghi am thay. dimg ghi am aay, va dung
(iM) gbi am thay.
M9t e6 nguyen am Wc c6 dong (dt it) 'Vi d dung (hi) ghi am boi, dung
(1) Cae vi d\l ding' (y phh nay eo mOt so dl}:ll vao hili Ttr Ii?u \'Iii 51! bitn JlJj cae ngu:ill 4m l'in
Mldmg chung eua Nguylin' yiin TAj tft1llg Nr,on Ngil' si; 4/1984.
286
- l.lI
(vi) ghi Am wi. dung (vi) ghi am t'9i ... QIIY 1 ... t phfl qvat lr My Am .utSi i
ph. d'I]'C giii' nguyen.
_ - Vlln Ut Mng u : trong chi co 4 .... n ktSt Mng u Ie j4ll, 8(), !W, WU
trong khi d6 tieng ll}i co t6i 10 vln ket Mug u Ii : Lt, ifu, !u, eo, au, /lO, au, W'U, _1'1, "!J'Ii1.
5" da bAng ,nay uU''!c bit d1\p Mug each am ehf"h, ,hi cAn gi.
nguyen am eutii. tiM. nguyen am dong nao di ';&i dong Iy !long eung c6 m9t e6
Vi d9 dung 1-J} ghi am chq"t, dung j.f (hrn) ghi all" liw (eon Ii.. dill).
Tnrb'ng hl]'p IIlU ciing- c6 thl gili thioh hAng ngllyen nhan ijch.u- do !\f dbi i :> .:> A
..ta trinh tren. nay vAn con db trong 81,r 10 euh l1li. :
MlUl1,g obit. Wlr, nft,' Mt
I
Vift (Trung B?) nhlrt, mtH, ntH, litH
.,
(Btc Bg) nMt, mit; cHit
Cac mtli twog lrng u - au, iell - eo, ao - eo ... Cling e6 tim tilly -db .. tI'OII8 lj8h
srr, vi d, :
con tra 'froh) con trau (Etc B{
qua by ( ) qui bitu ( )
bu ( ) bau ( )
.. Ia eM tMt IU'nl titlng Han, d!)c eo tifng
#- mai dQc thanh cJzeo trong tUSug Vitt.
c) Lo"i am tift ,.va dOng:
Trong c6 tit c1 58 vln nn adDg (im, em, iem, U'm, (Tm, Am, am, am, U'O'm,
nm, 3m, om, u6m, oam, oam, in, en, ien, trU, 0''0, ao, an, an,. 1l0'O, un, oo,on. uyn,
\len. oen. uy60, uan, oan, oan, eng. llOg. (Tng. ang, ang, aOIl, U'(TDg. ung, oug. u6ng.
liang. oang, oSag, inh, eoh, aoh, uynh, uenh. oaoh) trong kbi IUn chi eo 23 vlto tlu-a
d6ug am. am, ieo, an, an, OD, uyen, uan, oao, ang. ang, trO'ng, ung. ODg. ong, u6ng. O8ng,
oang. iob, aoh, uynh) ma trong 06 co ohii'ng dn co rlh it chii' H dl} lin oang chi e6:
chii' hoang, hoA:ng, van uynh chI co cac chii' huynh, khuynh, tuyn);l .. ) vi V;y. cae fim Han
phli dU'l]'c eu- d\lng caeh linh billu tbj cac am tiet thultn S1! ktJAo aat
qlAa cac van hao cho tMy quy phb quat cho chinh am cae vlln nM! d6ng Is cae am cu6i phdi
(Jurc gi& nguyen, nguyen am chinh mgt a6 eo dM dong va noi chung hO'n IOl}i
am mlr, vi d,: dung ghi 8.m C{lTl, dimg R ghi am so-m, dliDg '1
(chiem) ghi am clWm, dung fL ghi am ng9n, dung ghi am oan,
'duuglt}f ghi am dung (ogl}n) ghi am nghen v.v.:. Ta cling c6 thl!
giai thfch tU'l]'ng tren, xa gltn, bAng nhfrng nguyen nhan I ch eu.. Vi dl]
at! tU'O'ng Uonggifra ia va a ngU'Q'c Ifi co quan v6i al! bien dM e > a trong ljch sir :
chfti (Van Dietl) (Bne B9)
bet ( ) bit ( )
lee ( )el\c ( )
m6i quail hI: e > a trong each dge chii' H'a:
xe xa
che - tra
me - ma (virng)
::;v hrO'Dg u-ng gifra ia va 0" c6 quaD v6i av bitl'n i > A rna ta di ehu-Dg minh
trm. Sv hrO'ng u-Dg gifra 8 va 0, 0 coo dl1u v!t trong Vitt cuog nb,," trODg c8c each
dgc cbfr H60, vi :
hyt
h9P
Dom nam
J) LO{li am tilt dong:
56 am d6!;g trong ti@lng c6 tui 56 (ip, ep, .p. ifp. IrP, up, Ap, ap, ip, 1I'0"p.
IIp, OPt op, uop, uyp, oap, oap, it, et, et, iet, (1'1, O"t, at, at, it, IrO"t, ut, Ot. 6t, uot, uJt, uet,
oet. uyH. uat. oat, oaf, ce, iet', IrC. O"c, ic, ac, ic, IrO"C, ue, Oc, OCt Doe, oac, oie, ic:b, ech,
ach, uych, uech. oach). trODg a6 Han chi c6 15 (iep, lip. ap, iet, at, at, uyet, uat, oat, ae
ae, Ire, trUC, uc, oc, vi cac nguye.n am cbinh phii QU"9'C su- dl}og linh Jl1p khoin
thi6u Vua khao sat ta tMy lau khi cblnh am cac am eut)i.4D aIrCfC giu- nguyen. Cae
nguyen am chinh dM theo dong, myt e6 thIro-Dg rO'i vao Clic hll'VDg a > e,
c > a gi6ng nhIr a cae am tilSt un rna,. vi dl}. :
(cat) ghi gMt
ghi bpe
dung ua ghi ii, vi d" :
(qu6c) ghi kMc (kholi)
T rong cac am nu-a 46ng Ta a6ng c6 doi tnl'O'Dg h9"P Am cutSi thay nhll'ng T!n
pMi gifr dll'g-c blnb cUa im nn-a d6ng), ct} la m, n. Dg c6 tbay
tM cho nhau va p, t, k c6 thay tM cho Dhau. Trong '0' Ita cU. Nguyl!n TM C!n .,a
N Xtan-ke-.,ich c64 tnrO-ng hlTP tir (1.nl1 chuyaD BaDg lin ThO' Ha XUiD H1I'O'ng (biD AB.3l8)
cung tr..o-ng h9'P 88U :
lIag > rln.
Daog )
,o!pl ) IOlPlg (w)
(:ac bg-p P. t. k thay tM Dhau cling daly a chii' N6m :

.ill' > mac (man)
Trong c'cb gieo vllo thO' fa tMy de Am eu6i m, n. nc 4ui khi c6 tbay tM
cho nbau. B.i Lick sW nu"uc to ena H3 Chd tjcb c6 cac cau ohll' 88U :
Ngan Dam glm .,60 giang san
Bi VU8 Dba Nguy{l;n <1em hang coo TAy
288
Ra tay khai phyc giang san'
r Tilmg thO' dSi c!. vfing nU"Ooc fa,,'
5b- dt c6 hVp tr&! I. do c6 II}' khae nban gih phU"O'og ngii'
nhw II}' lin gih c80 Am cu6i n v1 ug, t vl It, vi dy. : '
an aug
do
-
ciog
lao
-
laDg
.'
40,t - 40,0
cat
-
cae ..
e) J'4n n elm :
A.m 1& phlD dan, diu cAa dn, dang Ie phii tODb bay nldt 1lOIII vi t
oghia thl}'O cia D6 trong trl!'ng chlnh Am khOng C!4ng It! neD eblin, to; 4't xuaDg cu6i.
The!) & Vin QUaD (_"d) thi: ,6 vlo c6 am u (w) ,theo If tbuylt 1. 11 X 8 = 88
nbll'Dg tbl}'O te chi c6 38vlo, trong 86 oly c6 18 lito HaD (tr. 114). '
Thee, -\I' tMng Ite cu chling toi thi 06 46 vlo lDalll 1m a, trong 116 Han
chiem 19 vln. Xcm w .. u:
,
a6m uopl+1 aoo aot uOng uOc uoi
uy uypl+1 uyn uyt uynh uycb
"JD
ui'
nen 1+) net \ttnh 1+1 nacb 1+
oe nen oet
uya uyen
uye'
uO'
!San
uat uang 1+)
Oa 08ml+1 oap 1+) oat oanh oach oai
.
oan oang oae
oam oap 1+) oao oat oitng oik oay
Ghi eM: Vln co gfLch dwo-i 1& vln HaD
Vln 06 dan (+) e6 tln, s6 xult thlp.
, 56 11l"vng ,,10 tbulo Vit manl am ,u tuy ubi!u (46 - 19 = 27) nbU"ll' IU-C'S&o Binh
cna n6 rlt tMp. Ngoai m9t 85 it tl'r nhl!': quen, khuya, qu.ag. kbac ra; cac vln trtn thU'b'DI
thi: '
eacb a,>e.tn- g()C Hsn tbeo Am phi Han bay bih th& DbI!' que. que (ttr qUl1i).
quen (tn- quan). quft(tlr qu!it), khoe (til" kboa) ... ho,c cae tn- gtlc Chau Au nh .. diu luyn.
man tuyn. 0 to buyt, doang ...
Th- tU'g'ng tKanh nhlJ': quang qu,e. toang toae, huynh hUJCh. oam OfP. XOOD xoet,
choang choac.
. Th- Up lay: bang kbuang. loa, hoay, toeD boon, XolDg, hutnh hoaDe
Tn- tro h1l"Ooog phat cua hanh agJlg nbU": huO', quO', kbuO", t04c, xo,e, to{lc.
toac. loe, loe, toe ... hU"ang <tM cUa tr,!-ng thai DbI!' : hoac, toe toet,
thom tholt. loltchelt ..
Trong chii' Nom khOng c6 81}' phiin gitra vlD c6 am va dn !th6ng 06 . am
4i!u nay 81}' Ian trong phU'O"og ngir. La Van QuAD di ra cae vi dy .au :
289
'lay huay
aD qulD
thaDg thing
etSi say
va loay hoa,
lulu qub
tholln, thoq
- ctli ,oay
Do do c6 dung (sal) ghi am xoay va -1ilfJ (thang) 111 ghi Am thoallg. emu
aay eYing vi cac vIlo tbUl1D mang am DbU' cac vi dy treD n6i chung rat It
troDg chir Nom.
Xet tbng quat vi! phl1n vlln ta tbly am cang mlr thi nguyen lAc am chuyen
dM theo dong cang am cang dong thi t!c nay cang long hO'n va hie Day im
, cutSi giu.. vai tro cai eb6t. Day kh!1 d8 : tiiSng c6 14 nguyen am ya nguyen
am QOl. nell lr am mlr "IF dM kbOllg eM thea dong thi ngU"o-i ctQc pUi lI;ra chQn
1 trong 14 leha nang. se I'llt phu-c tlilP; lr am tiet mra mlr. ket Mng u c6 7 kba nang.
lret hlng i c6 6lebl nang, 8\1" I\1"a chgn c6 ,haD Ben cac am tiet nth d6ng ya dong
thi pbai dnh QeD 8\1" tll'O'ng u-ng gili'a Han va thulln {J Han leet hlng m c6 3
chuylln Bang 10 thulin ket bAng n e6 7 sang 18 thuln Icet hlng ng c6 7
san, 17 thulln ket hlng'p c6 3 "ang 15 thulin ket bAng t 06 7
sang 19 thul1n Ut Mug k c6 8 sang 16 thultn IV 1\1"1\ chQn nguyeJl am kh6
hO'n nen Sl,1' c'huylD dong cling linh bOft hj)'D.
PHAN THANH
& t(U'o-ng ehinh am, trong 3 : am diu, vltn yk thanb tM thanh Iii pbhn de
cham chU'acnhilt vi cham chll'.ac phln am dIu tbi ugU'ui dQc phii 1\1"4 ChIJD 1 trong 22 khA
nang, chim cblJ'ac pbln vlln thl ngll'Oi QQc phli J\1"a ch9n 1 troog nhien khl nang hun,
chi c6 cham chU'ac phlin thanh ditu 1& it phu-c hO'D vi ngll'o-i d9c cbi cliD Iva 1
trollg 6 kt.:! nang. Do d6 khi 1m xu't phat. ngll'ui chli' Nom ding de cham cbU"ac
phlin vlin. IAVan Quan (sd<J, tr. 127-133) da dung cae luf,t dM thanb trong Han
va trong tiEng (qua "IF to - MU'o-og) c6 gili thioh cae chlnb am thaDh
troog cbii-NoIn. nhang cu6i cung ciingpbai cong : d6 18 xet tren nhli'Dg 06t CO'
hill. ntiu 4i .4u chi se c6ohii'Dg hifn tll'9'Dg tU'O'ng u-ng khaug theo qui Iu,"t nMt
dlnL . Thc()yehting toi. tbeo tho-tIF. lu,t chtnb Am thanh difu di theo nhli'ng quy me
it: long sau :
- CiS cling thanb nao ,oi v6i thanh 11y :
Dam> nam tblog> thoang
tmb > tlmh :lult > x6t

nli' > nITa 1i . >
- khOng dU"Q'c thi cIS ging cbo blng 4i v6i blng. trtic ai yeti trk nky ytlo
di tac d{)ng kba mfoh troDg cao each d,?c Han va trong cae each ago tbll cua tieng
vi d\l :
HV) Unh, ling
(khl HV) kb.
290
l

A, (vi HV) vi
i.. (ma - HV) me
tat tai
minh
tf
e11'b-i khanh kb8ch
Ii ti
Mt
cira ago
(dolmg)
chOng obenh
vi 011'60 vao
bit
kip

bam Mp
tai
mitlng
ml}t ti
CU'Cri khAnh
II ti

e11-a 1\go
(10')
.
vi 011'6'c
bit
kjp
g,p
him
xao xac xlo
cot ket c9t
hap m{tt mIst 09t Dhat
tay '16 tay
pM ba (1) pbii phaDg
- Trong thvc c6 ohfiong trU'o-ng bg-p rna ogay bAng> bAng. trlo> tde CUD,
khong th1!C dtrq'c, vi dt.t : \
ngam> oglm
t. >
Toy ohiln khang oen oblo qua uhii'Dg ngo,i ok,. vi chung kMn,
va thU'<rn1 fO'i vlo nhthlg trmrng khaog . c6 HaD tU'O'ng maDg eUDg tbaDh (2)
khaog chu y Day thl .e lUDg tUD, khi ph!i 111. ch9D 1m 490 tMcb bg-p. Vi dy.
troog Truyfn Kzed c6 cau : RU'c7C mlrDJ 460 hOi db la). Chii' _ 460 - biD Kilp Oaab Mfu
la .'it.. (400). na,. theo t1}' d,og phli d9C 1& -400" '16i nghi. "400 41-. ,hUm
_ C!60' vao ban 06i chung 4b ghi 1. (d60).
(1) 3 tir sau cungnay (yo tir cua A. de Rhode! tM ld XVII. .
(2) Nhieu Am ti!!;t Han chi c6 viti thanh trong khi cae Am tillt ttrO'Dg u-ng thuln vln cO 4fli 6
thanh. Bien nay co tU gAy xao phltn nao t6-i lu$.t chlnh Am thanh Vi dy: :
- cac Am tU,t Han kMag mang ph\! Am aau hao giho cung chI co' thanh ngan!, lAc, hoi. f'.;,>.
dl nhtr ,,} thvc ra chUng co Am ditu tAc h9ug (?) kMng co hlnh thu-c vilu t\r. BAy 11 phil- Am itill;; HaD,
saDg Han vAn IA aillc nan cho UlC thanh bbng (ngang, sAc, Mi).
o _Cae Am tillt co Am 11 thanh min thu- tr9c (Am keu mui) nhtr lai (I), .ghi (ng), nh .. t (nh), ne (n).
minh (m) trong tigng Han lu6n cO cae thanh ngang, Dga, vi ..tt! tranh tluh trq.ng it3ng Am
. v6-i cac tir thui1n Viet.
291
/
CHlfaNG III
CACH DQC NOM vA cAe sAl DQC lrNG DVNG
..
(. CACH D(>C cHfr NOM
Chu' Nom boao tokn mtrg-o cac cMit etla ehfr Hio nhtrDg III Dltrern then cae
khac obau oen ve cau truc DO co nbih ebfr Hao ohtr <Ii tMy. Nhfrng di1!m
kb8c obau Day chlob 18 Det sang t,o cua cbfr Nom.
Rbi mtrgo ca 3 hinb-am-ngbia tbl chfr Nom bollD t080 gi6og" ebfr Han. Khi bO
di 1 JroDg 3 tbi chfr N6m Mt <Jin tboat khoi cbfr HaD va bllt db c6 ifnb 'ing t'}o. C6
ta 'V pbao dp qua trinh sang tl].o nay nhtr sau :
Khi mtrern ci 3 nhtr lr' cae Ct 86 1 va 862 (So- 03 1) chfr Han ehu-a c6 8V tbl\y
dbi gia tri : n6 vin g6c la ngoo ngfr Han. nhll'Dg di gia Dh,p ngon ngfr lr day co
Btr vay lDtrC}'Jl OgOD ngfr. Kbi hO <Ii m{>t tM ehfr Hao thay dai gia trio no. khong phl}c
V\l ngoD ngfr ilk;} nfra va ehi hOllD tOlm ph\1c vy. cho nloD ngfr chii' Han hOaD t08Jl chi
coo 18 Nom. Day co cae tru-ung berp :
- m1l'q'n bloh - am dQc DbII' cac chfr v 0,6 3.
mtrern blob - ain dQc ohtr cae chii' U 6 .6 4.
1 tlrO-og herp mtrern rieng bioh (cac ki nMy va ca) nblr cae cho' (y 6 86 5.
chir Nom btt dau c6 hioh' rieog. ngoai chfr Han, co kem yeu ttS phy, co am rieng 'fa
oghia d{Dg, tu-e la hoao toaD ph\lC VI} ngon ngii'

TCll'iYng herp mtrern hlnh -Kf am dau ohU' cie chii' U /) 86 6, maern blob-am cua
tha!lh ttS JU'erc net nbtr cac cbfr lr 07 va 8 chii' Hao cung hOllD toAD thay ma chii' e6
am ricng (df}c Dghia riecg va phl}e VI} ngoD ngfr
Trtr<rn, hc;rp mtrern bloh-oghia nhtr h{l tbn Nom va chfio Han lam tti phI} trong
cac chii' 0- 0 s6 7 va 86 8 gia tt! cO ehia lam 2 :
- & cae, hi) tbn, Nom. gUi tr! nghia traruDg hc;rp gi6ng nhtr chii' Han, abfrn,
trtro-ng hc;rp khae gia tt! nghia pbai dirlJe 11 giai qua tru-irog lien ttrlrng cUog e6
hie mit lUOD ca gia tr! Dgbia : Net sang CUll b{'l tbn Nom la 00 ohlin m,oh m{>t gia tr!
m6i: do la 8V chiDh Am do do no doh cacb cua h9 th& tMDg thtrvng.
- (1 cae chii' Hao lam thanh t6 phI} thi am hi 11rerc bO bohn toan': Gia tr! hih
ogbill tM kh8 ro Dhtrng cung c6 them gia tci m6i In chInh am. vi v*y n6 ciiog tu- each
ena mt}t' chii' Han nguyen va v6i hg tM.
292
I
Qua nbii'Dg tdnh bay tren ta e6 nit ra nb,n xet : Ul9t chii' Han bay tn(jt
chu' Hat} d!f<yC dtra VaG chtr Nom rna c6 net sang oao do chin.h la do lr eM no
d3ng quy Vf!O mgt chu'c nang van h.r m6-i la ph8.i thay dM gia tfi cii dl! pbyo V1} ChOIDgt
ngon ngfr m&i (dny 18 Khong eo dil!m oay thi khOng co elf BaDg t,o.
1. M&i ohin qua ben ngoai, chii' Nom co vo lOllS leo va tuy Dhllll1 ki tlnrc D';
co nhii'ng QllY kha che vcH m9t quan dil!m eang tl.lQ co Hnb nhilt trf cao. Khong pbii
ell- c6 trlnh HRD h\,c uyEn tham m6i d9C dtr?,c cbii' Nom hay he c6 chi'r Hall lit dQc c1U't[C
chii' Nom ml}t each dli dang.
HQc chii' Nom .Jbit pb!i nam dtrO'C. eie quy We va cic eMt cln Ii tbib
til' mgt 86 hJ'q'ng hfru cae do-n vi binh kbr.i va cae lIuy tle ma c6 dQe dtrQ'c bUg
VIJ.D rna Nom lbac nball. Tom ll}i, t1itca cac cbii' Nam thu<}c mQi tbM ki vl m9i vung
<lip nip ttl' mg' siS bii'u cac thOng .au :
thlmh HS dinh am (thanh to g6c. am xuat ph,it):
1. jhc,ng de ehfr Hiln ttli dtr<ye dl}.ng thAnh cbil' Nom. tMng nay
t.Me chilo khOng bao g{')m nhieu chfr Han lAm, tuy tbeo li thl vi chii' Han naG cung co
am Hin Vift OeD eo khii nang mlt?,n lam chii' Nom. song thl}'e khong phlrl tM. 56.
IIl'Q'Dg chii' Han c6 hang may Cb\lC v,n nlltrDg s6 ItrC}'Dg chii' Han mlt,!n lam chii' Nom If!.I
rlt h. Theo 8l:f th(ipg ke cua chung toi dIJ'a vito Bang tra thlr Nom ena ngon ngir. T"
chii Nom mla ('Ale ong Quang Xy ,.& Vii Van KfDh va s6 van ban Nom Hell
khac thi 8() )Il'gng chfr Hall dhng 1rong chu' N3m vlw khoang 1800 dO'n vi. Phin l(bl
cac QO'n V! nay co iT 86 1 (la til' \ goa Han). Do y thti-c va th6i qnen cua
ngll'M viet chii' Nt)m, cac Goon vi nay OtrVC dung pllan M troDg cac 0 2, 3, 4. 5.. 86
c!U'gc d8 nguyen hrcre oet dung tron, cac <> 6, 7, 8, 9.
2. tMng cac oO'n vi diDh am I11VC th<lng nay kho4ng 60 dO'n vi. Theo
II}' khso sat ct\a chung toi, cae dO'D vi nay atr?'c hl',!c net tir cac dO'n vi ntlm
tMDg 1.
3. HQ tMng cac chii' Han d')c theoam phi Han Han. Viqt Han
hQa) tMug nay khoing 200 dan vi va xot rieog binb tbi dl!u dii c6 q
tb60g 1.
thaoh t6 chink am:
4. tMng cae kf cMnh am dllo. kboang mU'O'i dO'o vi. V! hiohth!,
cac dan vi nay cung ela e6 th<::ng 1, vi f!. (Ctt). (ba). t (CII').
l- (ma) v.v .
5. th6ng 1>0 thn Nom hao kh?ang 60 dO'D vi va cung dtrq'c JAy ra - Doi aUDg
baD i& triJDg IJp v61 cae bg thO cna cae aO'D vi thu9C tMng 1.
6. tMug de cbii' Hao lam thanh t6 pb\} vao kboang '100-dO'o vi va eung
Is cnbfrng dO'o vi eli troni tMug 1.
7. tMng cac quy tlc chiob am (pLIo am a!u va phlo vltn) 4i 4trQ'C trioh 0-
I
ehll'o-og hai. .. .
j
TIt Cft cae tb60g vu-. trloh hAy gU tli c6 tit ohau, Dhu:ug xet riang
. blnh thi chung nlm trong tMug 1. 9il!u Ky cho pbep chUng ta ai
la treo cO' eO- aa niim virng tMog 1 c6 th3 Ian nlim aU'9'C. c4c tMog khie va Ilf
phtSi bQ'p v! cac am, ngbia gifra cae bf tMog 'y. .:
Ngoai cac thtSng freD th;;'iJl gia VaG c!u tnic ebfr Nom ra cOn ph8i tbl'lng
cae chil' NOlu tit. Song & cac chfr tlt kbong cO vi1n ude, n6 khOng ngaog
v&i cae thiSog tren, tuy v,y n6 vin dll'gc ke a cutSi slch.
gicH v! each age chfr Nom va dl}C VaG dyng, ta c6
kf cho cae lo,i chit Nom nhll' sau:
- A ta. bl!-i Nl)m do-D, khOng e6 diu lfi, chfr Nom & cac 0 I, 2. 3 va 4.
-- B III nom ghtlp. c6 clla gom chii' Nom a cae () 5,6, 7, 8 va 9.
- C lit nbii' N,'im kl:ong glIn v&i am d9C. xfiy h!og 81! Qlly O'uc. ItS
Chll- NOm 0- 6 sIS 10.
LO,!>i A If!.i chis tlianh :
At chii' d9c theo a'ill Han Illy nghilf' de chii' & G lIS 1.
ehft OI}C theo tim phi Han lay ughia. gam cae chii' & 3 illS 2 .
..
A" chii' O?C theo im IUD bO nghia, gam cae chii' (, 3 .tS 3.
A" chfr ogc dVa am Han nhll'ng kh6ng Q?C ChlDh xa. ma dc;>c do do eung
khOng lay oghia, cac chii' lr a ItS 4.
Lot'i B ciiog chia ttanh :
B, chfr Nam ntang k{ nbay. ea (bay nbfrng Id hrO'Dg tl!) duog caeh
bao cbinh Am hang hrQ'c net, gum cae chii' Nom nlm a cac 0 86 5 ,l ,IS 6.
B2 chfr Num nJ&ug cae ki. chtnh am dliu, 155m cac Nom 0- 6807.
B3 chir Nom dung b{l thn lam t! imh US phl}.g3m nhfrng chii' Nom 0- 6.6 8.
B4 chii' Nom di:lng chir Han lam th.nh t6 pb'} chlnh Am KaC cbi, g/)m ahfrng.chii'
N6m a t, 869.
C nhll' dii. roo g/)m cae chii' Nom lr 6 16 10.
Qua trinh 49C chfr Nom, n6i D19t clich t6m Ut. til qui tdoh lo,i tdr din ('ac khi nr"lg
cutlj cung di tui khi Daog age thich hgp nblt. Trong qua trinh nay. clin 1'q,n dYDg
lien nhii'ng tri tc chii' Nom \1a c1 nhfrng tri thu-e v! licb la, VaD Ma, dan t9c bQc, phong
tyc h?c. phU'onlogfr hgc ... cho den hI' t&ro-ng tac gil, pbong each tac gil V.v .. Tuy nhien.
trone khOa trlnh chii' Nom thi L hii'ng tri thti-c chii' Nom oM b.t boon ca. Qua tdob dC}c chfr
Nom nay eo cbia thanh cac bll'ac san :
1. Nh(in di?n ma chii
Trong hll'UC nay, can cO- V8.0 tv ngU'(ri ta c6 mi chii' d,o 1 tron, 3 lo,i A.
B via C.
Vi IG,!-i C qua it chi hao gom khoang Ch\lC ogt'.y dll'gc.
Gifra lOl}i A va B cung d.lllg pLan iliSi v&i nhfrng ngll'ai di chfr H'o. Thin
cling c6 nhfrng rna nl1m 0- blah thu-c truDg gian gifra A Vlt B. vi d :

HaD c1QC Is ng6n. Nom dQc la ngoD

chi, chly
..
1m, 6m
lich,
Nhfrng rna Day age thco am Han hay am Nom ciiag khong kbac nhau bao xa.
dy.og cae quy t!\c ehinh am tbl dtl eoi no III A hay B que vin nb", nbau. Tuy cling
Co vai trU'trog hgp nbll' :
294
HaD a'}c 1&
.
Luc nay phiii 1\1'8 chc;m m9t trong bai cach age. Bb"U'ng rna Dhll' treD kMDg Dmthl. va co
ke fa tbanh hUng phiiD biet.
06i 'Vo-inhfrng ng"U'ai ChU'8 hl}c mo-i 'hgc sO' qua cbit' HaD thi co thli :llIic l,p ra M
tMug 1 (cac chit' Han dii d\lDg thanh Nom), khi g,p nhfrDg rna kMngnAm trong
thtSng Day thi 06 thl! IUY ra rna III !'. B.
2. Phan tich dilt tTlic poon. to!!i
Sau kbi ali xep xong rna chii' thu9c vaolOl!-i A hay B rc>i thi l.i dV8 van cae &u trUc
blah - am - nghiil rna }lMn no VaG cac tih Boi 101J.1 A thi lOfi A2 nMn difn
nMt .. vi h6 Dlim trong tMng cae ilO'D via9c t,heo am" phi Han ail airqc ke thaoh baD'
rieng. Vi 10IJi A'J, Day thiri la loz;ai At(dgc am Han nfn b a6y cln 00 '\I' iva
cb<;n am a?c clIo thfch bgp, hic nay phii d1}'a TaO van canh.
Gifra IOlJi A1 (dgc Am H4D Illy Dghia) va A3(49c run Han Viet bonghia) trong
tbltc tt) khoDg ('.an pMD vi chung eo qua nhll' aQC, cblkhu ynghia. 51}'
pbao cbi e6 y oghia 4tH vo-i Dgtro-i h9c cbu- Nom, giup hI} tfp bito lufn. Chi
c6 lo,i A411l'hu-e t,p hO'n ca. Mu6n de djnh m9t rna ehii' c6 thu{ac IOl].i A4 (d\ra am Han Vitt
d9C hay khOng thi phii IOlJi trir WiD khi naog n6 Ie At. Ai A
3
, tu-c 1Iloz;ai trlr
caecaeh Han v. phi Han Trong th.,c te thi 10IJi A4 kMng bao gio- d1}'a v&.o Am
phi Han Tuy troog 11}'phan vAn phiixet den khl ning 490 theo 10,iam nay 1.
Clia loap A
2
" Luc nay ilft phii d.,. wo vaa clnh.
Neu xet ci m,t bloh va am cigc thi lol1.i A4 nlm u cillo-Dg ranb gi(Hqtia a9 giii'a
lo,i A va 1000i B, tu-c la mang nluyen di!-ng chii' Hao nh"U'ng Il].i 4'}c chlnh Am.
alii vo-i lo,i B thi van phu-c t,p hO'n Trong lOl}.i Day m3i mi chfr baa
hat thanh to. Yen cllu tm&c oMt la phii x6.c d10h aU'q'c ro dau 14 thanh to chinh l1inh am,
n thanh t6 nay quytit dinh each ci9c cia mi chrr ; thao!I t6 cbioh imtny_ hloh tbu-c phu-e
t,p va khac nhau nh"U'og gia tf! eua chUng xet den CUDg vb gi6ggnhau. Cin giii quyet oi!l
hOi diiiJ. to. thank to chink dfnkam Illn lll'gt v6i 10,i m{)t .
- V o-i lo,i B1 kba dO'n gij.nvi tl}' d,ng chii' HaD 1a thaoh tiS ehfnh: .
dinh am, eon cae Itl nbay, ca hay cae kf tU'O'ng 1. thADh t6 ph\l chloh am "a c6
hloh co 4inb.
- V 6i Bi ta euog daogphin aU'vc vi n6 c6 hloh dpg rieng kh8c bin
chtr Han. Cae thsoh t6 phy chtnh am cillu th"U'ung nAm beD ireu "a 16 hl'VDg cung rit hfru
h!pl, c6 daog dU'qc DgIIY. Thanh t6 cbloh diDh Iim.thU'b'ng nAm phfa dU'6i. {J
cae ma Nom n6 co ohm Mn phii vi dy : 'fa (s,p), 3ft (Iii'a). \
- Vo-i IOl!-i 8:J ciiug dhog xao ainh roo dU'Q'C thanh t6 chtnhdjnh Am vi iltimh
t6 pbl} ohioh am lis 1 troog 60 bO tM N6m ail dU'q'C thaohbang va ro, 16
l"U'Vng cbn6 khttng va <liing M Dha. Trong tr"U'!rDg hq'p. thauh. t6 chiob djnh am 18 chii'
Hao IU'q'cnet tM ciing 44 dU'g'c k& thanb bang thllm tra va xae dinh am 49C.
- Vai IOl!-iB
4
eiing cae thanh t6 phy. chinhaDlla ehii'HaoduiJg liynghia 'ey
. dung chii' Han t:Hn thann tiS phI} kbitln t1}' coa chii' Nom cO b9 -khac
hlin chu' 11110, khong th6 lin v&iehu- DbU" lo,i R
I

2'5
Tuy lihien, trong th\fC chling ta tbu'cmg nhung trli'Crng hc;rp CO 811 Ii)' khong
rltnh gifra cac IOl!-i B3 va B'h vi dv :
Ill}'
dD chi.-Jj:- phl1n 10-0 trtl'ong hq.p uU''!c diI;lg lam b{l thO trong tieu lo!}i Ba ulin {y day
ngU'Cri ta de: dang cbo rAng DO la thanh t6 ph\l. Thl."e ra cac chii' tren ti!u B4 va
-t- Is thll.Oh t6 chfDb dioh am, cae h{l nh111 t va t III cae chii' Han laID thanb
ttl phy. cbinb am chI. 9t;o chfr..f(i{i, (nan) thi *" 1.0- l\li vi tri thauh t6 ph'!}
chinh am.
sap tt./' cae thhh to troug ma ,;hrr thuQc B4 khOng tuau theo m9t
(illY Ule chc DaO ca, vi :

: thanh H; diah am

(19ng)
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d,ra v'o van clnh ma chgn thanb t6 eh{nh dlnh am. 'fuy nhieD, do tb6i quen va do dii et9c
tbttl) ma ngU'Cri d?c ClIng ('6 ra caeh d?c
Tom Iq.i. hU'cTC phan Hch diu tnie phin djllh lc.ij.i co thtl n6i gl]n It'i nhU' sau :
Sau kbi dii ril oila' chu' thu9c A l:;ay B C khoDg dang U) thi 06 2 eacb
xii- If :
- Hoi vo-i A toi van de eM yen Iii xac dinh am dgc vi nhU' etii hiet, mit chii' thu9c
Day chi c6 mr)t thaoh tiS (thanb to dioh am)." No e6 '

- d']c am Hall (At, Aa)
- d9C am phi (A
2
)
- t1:Qc am Han (A'f)
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(" nay thl eung 8e dAn -d;;n:lllm llio trong each dgc ma chii'. Sau khi da de dinhdU'9'c thal1h to
di
nb
am roi 'Yu tt?C -dlr9'C am xuat phat tbi bU'&c ticp do 18 vao thanh to ph\l chiuh am ms
xae each dIJc am, VI d'!} :
- LOl,li B1 _. dV8 vao van canh, tim each na na
- LOl,li B;! - d\r& 'vae) van cinh. din chinh am ('irlu9-
- LOl,li B3 -- d,!s VaG phl,lm triY y ngbl<l ti'.a b.) thn Ylt alta vito vau cRnh, tim each dQc
thlch h9'P'
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a . cae A", Bs ,'a B4 khi tim cacb d9C cUa mi phni d\llll cae qay tlo 49t
cblnb am.
II. CAC BAI eQc lfNG DT)NG
...:.. &! hO'o-Dg dan each dl}c mc)t -6 h8i dl}c uDg d\1I11' chUng ta t,m quy dinh ra
86 kl DbO' sau :
- thaoh til dinb am. la
- tbanh t6 dinb am tat
- th81lh to chinb am. chinI-. am ohIo
4,
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ell. chD
- am A nghia Iii O?C chtnb thimb am B a >, b
- am A 40c chinh tbar.h am B. 84046 lai 40e am C... > b> c
.-. . .
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aU-> aU-a; : A2 u; 'YI'J A, v? > :Al M!1C; :A,vans:
As aau; : A, ad > da; : A, link > .1i.. : Ha 4. nghi,
eh D tai, nghi > nghe,.JJT : Ba aa Jf can, ch Jt can> glin; @.
B3 4 . 't. long, ch!l mit, long> trong; AI ehiGng; #.. : A. >
tbay ; : Aa mi}t; : Al vlln; A.. Al nhan; 4f-:' A, 19n9 > long; B3
6a 1i. bOng, ch :t 'n tic ve tay bOng> buoDg; .flm : B4 c1a lay . eh
f Ii tay. ttiy > tay:. tip : A3 khiiu; Ba a. Me chfl.. D vt! chilo,
biSc >bll'6'c; A, > 110; : B, 4at ct{Wcla D ct{Lm >
;#-.. : At ba,"'g; -#t.. : At de; A, hOa > 'Bs aa lilns
ch fil, D vt! thit 14ng> Ill'Ilg; : a vB Tii v6ct6i > tui;
fttt ': B4 6. au ch1t D gi6 au gi6; : Bsaa *. l4ng ch
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298
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chin thieu> theo: : biii ch .;:;:. D a6 hai biii > vai;- : A,
thang;;qlt : CO" ch ::f n COD con > con; tf : Ai
A2 in; : As SM, : A, ngl! > ngl}'ay : Ascii"; . :Bs da 4-
ch;f' tan > dbn > ron; : B, 4. -
ch Jf nco, cb > co; A. > ph.; : A:. mili; : At 00; - : A2 nhupm; .-

: B, da ch l.L ,11 ",ii n9m > DOD;

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: At khack; pt : As aa; h : B, c1a lungoh.r n xu6ng lung
> xu6ng; iiffl
: At hiii;
: A, > t6'i; , A, > DO'i; :. Al .. ; it- -: _ At tink ; --
if.- : A. xanh; L: B3 aa ch D vI Dv6C.
> vUlJg; : At nhu:; : AI tM; tt-: D. -cai ch
cai > cAy; .11.. : At qujnh; : B3 aa f....- canh ch,f.. cAy, cank>unh;
Atdao; lh As trang> chaog; _:B3 c1at, guyen
eh n v19 D:n-6e quyen> quen; ,: La ch -
A-1 trao J> ehAo a:::. : B" da thai, hai ch n :::- n hai; : Atkiu-; ..
Da 4. y ch 'Ct D n6i y > : A" >n!p;& :B" c1.
baa ch 'A. "'0 4i vao bao > 'faO; : B, 4. ,. aai ch .1- nlr dtr6-i4,'i
> -dU'tYi; . : At hoa; :.Al nguyen; fl9L. : B, c1a qua1l8 ij. n g6e
quang > quanh; : Aa quat; I' : A. h9 > b9. At kim-. :B.4a_
eh,ft D t@n, tren>- t@n, t.. :.A, CrfJ7lg. :A
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299
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quilll. > con, : B3 <fa dang eh J:-- n dat, dang> du-ng; 'lef .: B
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. : A3 thiia.; ,td1 : B4 bili cb i1 n bo-i. biii > bcH; :cliri:
: At CO'; : At h9i; , : A" noo > nao; it .: B4
4a ch !it' . n ohio. long> trong; : At nhieN > nhau; : A4
de > day; . : Ai tha.> .th. ; *4- : A4 lifU > lii!u; ti- : B4 aa l(ing
eh ..i. ..86ng; B4 aa tlf ch fL n ch6t, chitt> eMt;. 11' :Bs
. nq{Li en If n thM gian, ng{ti > .l, : A, hOi> v6-i; it: A4
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302
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: A3 ngll; 'i At qua1J; t : At qulin; 'JG ; A, kl > ke; *-'; A, ,
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lu{J'C> trU'uc ; f ,", : Al trung quan; N1 : Al h(j; : At cong; 1JR:... :
At 4n ; 'lh ; Al din; ,. B3 dat Mi ch D Mi >, hOi; 'if :Ba
ds .f;f " bien. eh mitog hien > baD; IJt - B, ci.t lh trult, ch ,J, D
be lru6t > chut; fd- : At phl)n ;
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"d. cq,p ch 1--n.1]." di C@' > ; "
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: At binh::f.. : "At
Ba
: Ba
da -t. nghieu. cb nhieu > J't : At nan; 11 : At t/auO'ng; :A,
hai> hay;
chap; ..q; : A,cong;\
: Atthanlt toan ;
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: B" da
niell; ch Ii xong. nieil" > nen;
; A" q:m> :A
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: B, dat-h" II ch lily IJ> lly; : A" Inurn> mutSD; 1- : B3
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cia J& " ckio ch 0 DlI'cS-c, dao > dao; 8
3
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tMp;1J : A1 cao; . :A,"la> la; : A, ,Ung >ctln,; il. : A1
anh hung; 1! : A. dy.c > dl}c;f{t : A." Dgaog; : B3 cia vi ch j 0
DU'UC, vi > vir; 5;t. : 8
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, . t1a bE ch $ n Duue, bt > : : B, da ,fflJ khai ch y! IlU'UC. khai>khoi;
" 1!..' : B3 cia ch L Ii t,i ita > -citra; : A1 ,hdn. 1f : Ai "
bach ; : At : AI. l{llD> lam; *Ii : A
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303
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: B. tIat:J di .;};. D 4i di > di; .;jc;\]
At chien truung; "!l.: khOng; : A, khieu > kMo ;
. liJ : A2 khuyen; : At A, bao ; : Aa nh.ieu; A3 l!li ;
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2. Trlch ChiDh phg b1n T6n TMt LU'O'og
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+- Mng eh n vc mn, mly, Mnl! > h,;ng; : Al pMi'; ;Ji..:. A4
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: B3 da t long cb ". 0 ,,! mlt long> trong; .ASh : Ai cach;
B3 dat Jl ngtin ch .;1:.. a (fIt, bang dilt, ngaT}, > agio; : B. Ion
ch 4 D D1rVe, t(in > t110n; : A3 mau;!1. : A, bile, I: B, eta i-
l{Ii ch l.i:- n trAi qua l{Li > trai,; : B3 d.t It ngcin cb r tft
. ngan > agio; ;ft : A. chu12n > eMu; Jfl : B3 eta cdnh ch il a vI!
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307
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; Ai ngCfn > ngaD A2 ngan);
t... n eay, aan > dau; t.. : B3 oat ngt eh W n Qui, llwl,t > ngAt;
: A" han > hO'D; : A3 aoi; i : A3 cat:
n ve diem > dem; .' c1a -k.. lling ch 11 D ve dem,
..
l4ng > trang; fi : A. nght > ngh!: ;$:. : B3 aa *- mfLt cb ;. n bang gH.

m{lt > mit: ': A3 nao; M : A, xla; fi!r : B4 da nr ch J;;- n nay
d
4 p.'. h..-? "I-A'" '-.'
au; "''''P :. '3 ua hi C ... n hi > hai; /1. . J'\ '/tl "
fjf!' A. a{1n > dl!-l1; 5t : oat n{l(', ch I n mrae, n1.r. > mrac.
n vI! Dll'cSoC Idu > 8au; )l1t ; 1'1 ngn > nan;
iIJr ':' Ba ila 4- bOn ch D chan, bOn > bon; it
n tay, am> om: : At yen;.# : B3 oat k coi, ch ;f:. 'lulln
d5i > g6i; 4 Ba da 4- ti1n ch r- n vI! ton> ch"n;
:L
t1( nam cb n nllm, nom > nitm: 51a::.. : B3 aa 1l:. bOng, ch
n\l'ac Mng > vung; It
tri1,ng ch ./;;E/ n trtlng. > tr;'ing;
qua'" ch.:t- n vI! <li'it, qlla" > : B3 da lieu ch co,
lieu > reu;.fL B-t aa sunK rh r n xuong $/11ig > xll1)ng, BlI
aa t. aong eh' n a?llg inc tay, oong > d6ng; $... : As mai; fl5: B;l
dat /l:t ch Jt n mta, > dom; .: At hznh; : A: J.:he;
: B4 aa -tlt the cb n n n su-c the > the: : aa ! 6t ch n
308
: As thai;
A "llJi cia , .....
n dU'ui, tMp > .....
hOi ch f:t
n tho-i gian bOi > ;
J1 : > chicu; : Ba itat -t- cui, ch $ n oU'uc, > gfji ;
i*- : HJ on Mi rh i n ntr6-c, lAi >. lIuoi; : Ba ita .t. lau
-
i
: Ba ita di xuat ch t 0 vi3 noh ram,
; A, do > d6; if- : A,
tla.rtg > chAng; : A4 khuy> khuay; 1i. : B, da tt... lien ch ..l:- D 0-
treD, lien> tren; : Aj tndrng, : A
2
sl!.m; : Ai thliu; -ali
Ds da hai eh tt hai > hay; : Ba aa tr, nhi ch l:7 ,nhi > nhe;
: B .. aa L vi ch D ve, vi > ve; "*- : A, chu > cho;
B3 ita ef(ing ch n ve chan, dung> doog; $ : B, 4. A 18i ch
D lie chan, lJi > : A, ne > DO'i;
It
AJ h/;:
IJ
a
<ta -fa
D d D11'6'c. It;ng> lupg (l'Dh); :J..t
ch.:f::- 0 dat lJ> tra > ch6 ; -11 : At No-ng;
phong; ; B" cta it... lien ch -If D lIi leo lien >
loog, 19n9 > loog ;

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3. Tdch tva each ChI nam ng9C tim

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t# 'tt
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ell it n dM, a{Li > do-i, f- : At hzcung; ;f*-.. : Allc; : As
v\Ln dan; i.....f : Al thl1i blnb; if-lt. : B, da;fL II ch j.. n tre ; 11 > tre;
e':! B, c!at e... tiM ch Jl 0 d. M > vi; : A, <tang> 4ting;
1\1 kh.)u dank; .. ; A, itci > chi. > gis; : At thp; it- : AI tlm;
.'7.P b
/J11L : Ba d. doanh eb 'I 0 oU'(rc doanh > dutinh; : A, bt > byt
(W : At tien; : A1 tr,mg. Iii: : Al kink; : Al df,JC; -Nr: A1 sach
Jt : Al thrinh hien; 'It : At tlii; -a At thiinr; e... A3 ba ;
tjnh (plenb) eh 0 tj.nk (plbh) > sanh; .t4f A2 bay; "f : A, > ben;
: A, lu{in > IOfD; : At 'fItJ ; Al chi nam ; JL.: A4
m > oay; .. : A4 dli. > lia; i!.. : Al thOng; *- : At thien dja; . tz : A,
hai :> hay.. A.... it : At nhcin t'inh; ;FJ] : A2 xu-a; A, '> lr
A, tr'; > : B, 4a chiem ch * tit til' D nm. chiem> sem;
: At hmh; : B, 4. .,fL 11 ch );}.... 0 UlY, M > l1(y; : A4
m?nh. > mlDh; .<; (at) ; A, l{Lm > lam: ?*L : A. lien > teo; : A,
man> muon; : At thi.&a;
la ch a vi! in noi; la > :
: Al trnyen: : A3 kMe: + : B3 t1at
1t- eDi. ch t:Z 0 vI! ao neSi. e6i > g9i; If : AI in ; l. : A. mife > mgt;
15
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) : As fI; : Ha da r"J n!ii ch a n D6i nang. npi > noi;
g3 da nam c:h 12 a noi naDg. ncrn > nom; it..: At thi 1Jl=-
A dill/! > den; : At lfip: j:,. * : Al van t'; : As l(La ;
u: .:k -it, lJJI.
-7'.... ; Al thrinh hien : "'" /lW --e- * l'JA.,::t-
312
: At phi
: At 'Y: .
: A1
Hong phl1c dank hrccmg chan phap tink; J. : A" miii > m6i; : A1 dinh; 3f-
A. nren.' > nen;..i : A1 lhien : B3' 4a tOn. cb :t n Mug tac tay,
tOll> cht;ln '1 : A" trrr > ehir; l7 ; A. cai; A4 con> con 11j
: Ai San. beln luu truycn;
: A, aiJc> 4U'Clc ;
: A3
t1Wi
; : Al tMng;
: Al nluJp quan trung
A, ng6i;
: Al tIm;
: As chlft/g;
A trln > ch' . 1./k, \ .a .
4. Or cp ",!J. < 1 1,1.(, , -1"- .
Ba 4a nam oh
t%
n6i nang, n.am > nom;
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: A2 xe;
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:

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: B3 oa chiem c:h;t.... (tlt tIl' ) n xem. rfticrn > xem; it
A.
t
bai > bay; PH; : A. trw > ehir > gig; : A4 d!li > dtH; Aj amt;
-*- : A. chu > cho; : A" -ng(li > ngU'o-i; ft :' A3 nghi: (chii' nghia la de;
J1R1 : A. nhuq,n > nhuln; ii.. : A, gan; : A4 (tIo) > tro; :
A. > Jj'l : A4 bi?t > biet; J; : A4 mfL > mvn (chii' nghia 18. dung) ;
\'f
if
..... :
u kj c:h '0 n kj > cll'ai; .'Ii<... : Ai lang> rang;
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M; 51L. : A, ne > ..tfL.: A( dO. > oa; : Ai tra; : A1 tm/nr!;
it .;sE. -iii .. 6.b
A. n.i > nay; 'IU : A3 : A2 vQng; : A2 nhlC(J'Ilg; -4-
At tOn szr; -.t.. ""- : At hoiing an thicn ltjc; : Ai $Ilnf! ;
.: A4 chu > eho; *' : A2 them; 1?1 : Ba nat chien ch n vc con,
chicu> chiu; :ti : B3 da it' cat ch =t n cat> cat; Jf- : As thila;
A. niin. > nen; Jf : A'Jt;ra; : A4 rii > na,'.
313
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314
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'nghe;

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cam> cam,; ",jf : At ao;..JJ:tl : A, nhzr > nha-; : A2 (m; " A3 elLa:
: Ba ct. 1::.. mi' ch -It- n dan mi :> JL!i : B3 dat Ji diem ch J3 n
trang. > c16m; : (fa .J ngfJi cIt f1 D tha-i gian > ogay;
,

'if : A2 dfJC; : Al sach; .!. I : At :tt": Ba ctat,. cOi ch '*
n eay, c6i > cui; -tt : As que; *' : B3 cta cao ch '*'- n y!
cao > .Jt..: Al cOOu; :4 : At kham At kM; : B" 4a
nam 0 "m, nam > nam; : A3 chzmg; ii : A1 tnC<rllX {je ;
JII$
: At song hujnh an Ji[, : 13
3
cta l!..
truy ch .if D ga, tTUy > choy > liM; JJt : A, mai > mai; t. : A .. miln >
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: A2 8iay; fw ..
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lung ch tl1 D lung >

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315 -,
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B;, da l.. man ch t
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"kh
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n cal . an, val, mrm "," (Hln; : 4. (i{!fJ I}fl; rrr
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lJuan; .
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eh?lng.,
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bi eh 71 n
vi' bi ? + : AI ngum ; Ba da 4'\. nga ell t:2 D v! an noi,
ngli > nga;
A1 aaag hoa; t
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tu.t el! U;(/,;fJ;;

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n ve co alii > day; ;f
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mIt eh a n n:it > nutit ; : A. tram > cham > cLtim; f
A I v.in m(ng:
!o At r,T.:h, fl.lcO'ng [nng. : A1
,
(,.ilt,
it
ita 1 ch -t n ngan, n{i(:n > llgUIl: rl- : At a{}i;
,
Al
giap binh;
trJi : BJ da 6 chiell'l ch \:2 n chiem > chiep > {;h(ip;
V;iI!. : B3 nl'! .JIll.. mcinh, ch 'C2 n m{inh > m,nll > mi(;Dg;
tay, dil > gill (Iii) ;
: B4 na #.1]. nam ch .It-. 11 nim, tlam > nam; fL
B4 aa bii.i eh -t... n hay. b(ii > bay;
Jtp : A, d(ing> d',rng; .fJt j!.
,-.?? t-:?
> giODg;;6;1'; : A.., CfY; 11 JL : Ba da JL nghi ch t2 D l?ri n6i, nghi > Dgh e;
i
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; : At nganp;;

: tuye, bad ngiln 11.00;
.l..L At 88 LIlng : A" c/ni:ng > ching: : A2 cau;
tM
: At tl:icp Ian dlnh ;
if.. : At tq,p 8J liin; : Aa mau; : A .. tku > thO' :

: quI We thifn. san ;
: B4 da -ltil cit 111 n Qui, 119n > Don;
: A .. nghf > nghi ;
: Ba Iht.ttt n:;!:
--
ch n v! 'mr&c, n(ie > Die> Dric ; 5i:. : Ba 4a Jl:.. chi eh n ve niiiYc,
rhZ > cUy; Ba da b9' ch D.c uU'cYc, h(lt > 11t; 11.JIL : Ba ita J!ll.. 7nciTllz'ch
a n vf! mJnh > > -Mas; : Ba l1:it ch tt D.,/!
/,(;, > nu<>t; : 133 da da cit l2 D d17 > <IA > Dhi; #- : B3
da *- lai ch :t
D v! tay, lai> lay: : B1 da
die ch
D t:1y,
. dip> gio-;.#.. : At cue; : A .. ban > h6n; : At duung; : At
-
slich ; ,5(1' : Al a6i ; ..f]- : At atUI iii; J!. : H3 d. clti cb '1!.- n
viS Ural chi> eh6i; : AI .l)lim; .f. : A1 bd ; : A.1Ig!r >
ngtra : A .. tien > t!n; : AI bay; t: : A. Kjm Mng;
J.;- : At sam siim; t : Bs aa t Um elt tiJJ n mU'a giu. Mm > Mm ;
J!L : B3 If.t J! t!6t ch.:L D alit" aat > 41t ; .,. A: A:a dng;
lOi cit n ngva, lOi > rut.i;
At qllJct ;
; Jfl(. . : A. aui; : At trj;
" A
4
min'" '> mtrag; 1ti

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: Al Docnh eMu; t. lJ : A1 BfJng ado; 4r : A' m?nh >
317
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mlDh; : A
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u?ic > ctVQ'C; : hOa ticn ; : A4 chU-ng >

-a-: Ai C',Qc> cue (til' ca, ughia 1.
: AI "hue> quA; 1t 11. : At
: il,!, : Bl t!a t li,f" ch
n xong. nicn > nSn : Af qui: : Ba da * hi eh a D ,,(, Doi
nang hi > h&i; ll.l.: eta liy cb '(::l n viS an ooi uy > oi; : B4
: B3 da beii, cb lIJ II Mi.
blii> bo-i;

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: A3 tMe (cMt).
A4 phiii > phAi;
.
r7lJ'- : At ulji > dOi ;
At chuan > eM,,; {I,
: A1 Kf; * : AI than> than A2 than) ;
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: B:l da
fl
lzr(mg ch t.:t
D iD n6i. [,,:utlg
>
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klnh >

A;j bd vii thO);
it
: A,lifn > lien> Ian; : A
; 111;' : A1 sa At the) :

.. : A 1 tTl.ciYntf lie ;

: A4 ham>
Mm (huM 11... : '\:l mfli (buM !!ang-) ; : ,\. : HI ita :ifL
1; ch)1... n tly. M> lay; : AI > uba ; .;t-: . AI 1,1nh > ll}nh: . ;,
B;; j eh ; 0 hang gia, lilu > lio;
: AI sung> lIong;
A1 an tuyct; nang ch
13 D tro-i, nal'g > oaDg; : A1 strO'ng; : c may;
j;r . : A" lur.in :> 190; a : At hai; : A1 hoa ; : Al
tiii .coo; Jfk... : A4 htlt > han * : A, niG > Dfra; At
Cong

tOn sack;
iI!"
:r __ : At '''inh; H1- : A4 quilri > con ;
1t
At
,
t A A1 Ninh Thkh CG;
auyin ch i D nl1'6-c, quyin > quen;
A4 lao> S30 .... : At chi; 1= : A4 Lil (klu) > eu;
!t; : A4 khieu > k!leo; g< : Rl iii> If]'; ; Bs da eh
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n v! nglJ'o-j > ngtro-i ;
318

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DofD tiP dC}c (trlch Tuong san h(t.u )

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PHIEN AM:
Hq,u : e)i cha! tMiy tay chan hotti, nghe lu-i !!iu 's\re mall ghen (cae con, tMy
con PhU'q'ng CO' gMt qua la gh6t di rna thOi). Thuy bOa nang hrO'ng khae, ehlfih thu- If
chllng boa, aoi NguYOt em ta mall t6i lieu phong c6 dy_
Tam rung: Chi cho tin g?i gtlp. em tU'o-ng cO cl!n, chi lanh dir kba pban,
lao khi sac ra he oan h,o (ding 1M cbi ?).
HrJ,u: C6 chi olin Mng c:6 elF n1!c cU'o-i, tU'o-ng rjog ta h6a ra ngU'o-i, cho
noi nen ta qua (cbu- em khong bil!t. hay mlln fang c6 deo qua) I,m nghe
Thanh tI1U'g'ng DAm tMy (',hi8m bao, ngll'o-i thf(y hoa thlly manh chi thM kb&ng hiet, rang ma
dU'a con PhU'Q'ng con Co' vao, hil!m chi rna ch{nh ma thu-. -ngll'M khOog nghi 1I1-iehu-. dau
chang bq.u ell thQ-i ciing doai x6t cong, em eMy ngay cbn ehu-n tam eung bira aa .
quyen thu- (biH hlr cho nen) chi mik em qua xt\u. em ngh! mU'u chi kll chi ma trlJ' khir
n6 ai, chu- em cbi_
Czwg: LQ-i ghlm can ti, xin mu<}i ntl'O'ng (thU'a chi, 16 ngU'Q-i lr (1i'ri
pbUc tr('mg dire rna thOi, cb& 10 '111),U, 10 H; rna hl;li ngU'fri fa tbo-i ac 14m thay) cO'
tham thc)'i h?a tham, laQ'ug dl;li. tho-i phUc Hit Nhll' chi em ta ngbt lr!i rna tr(mg c6
phai hll'o-ng Te trmu vi,nh mOt dQ-i. dong thi ila phong lU'u 'ba h<). [Li' phAi tho'i 1
trfn dan mang rtgo chUa tHin dam nghieh HH'ig tui. huy ... h1 em df\u bU'o-ng 1<;c tro-i, ha sinh
glirn cung da t5t phu-::, ThU'u chi: gu"rrng trU'(TC 80i Bach sir n6i ao-i nb-i, M
matt phun ngu'ai iit nhO" !}hU'ng it; Nbll' chi em ta Mrc h/!-nh Dang Kbll'(J'Dg tu vyn,
nbUn HI" bu Ml;mh khli ta:" n0u iim llilfU ham h,i nay tt)i co thu;:' nba- ba hV. xjn
hili t[i1n hrlfug I1ghe Ulu{li phao qua, muon eb.o tron vltn gia. thai phiii klnh
nhll'irng PhilO tbi.
320
PHAN PHVCHUUNG
Trong phan nily, dang Ie tnro-c nhat phai trinh bay he th6ng cac chii' Han
c.tU'Q'c d1,111g thanh ehil NOm (g<>mkhoang 1800 chit), nhU'ng vi giao trlnh
chil Nom trong h(l sach nily b cuoi cimg. sau khi ngmyi hQc da c6 mQt v6n
. rich -loy kha phong phu chii' Har. h.: thong nay tra thanh khOng cdn
thiet. Sau dAy, chllng Wi se trlnb bay cae thong sau:
1. th6ng clietbilnb t6 (lioh thn hrQ'c net.
2. He th6ng cae chii' Han dQc theo i\m phi Hau
3. thtSng cac tMob US ph\l chinh am dAu.
4. th6ng b9 tho NOm.
5. thong cae chii' Han c1trq'c dung lam thi.nh to pbl,l.
6. Dang cac chfr NOm U\t.
rihzr
biim
1. TH6NG cAe THANH TO DINH AM LlfQ"C NET
tiit tir 7t' ; vi du: tIt nha.
tAt tir lL ; vi dQ: httafll
(Amcli eua phf,lp) :

;

1-
nnrop.

ngdm H\t tir : ;

ngim; ng5m.

tat tir : nglL

chiell tat tir
chiu (chat).
chitu . tat tir

eMu;

dictJ tat tir 1JL

deo.
thicl( r't t'
a U' "rt
:It
thfilO.
tl diim . tat tir .4 :,lJ.& ;
Hi
dam; j6 dow.
1l
ngdn
Hit tir 1Jl : :JJl ngan.
tiit tir J5f'<.. ; llIl
321
chung
khfJ .
.A
tt hai
!!!- dat
dot
tilt hi' : de.
titt tif : de.
ttit tu : cbong; chong (den).
tlit tir : kho
tat tir '11{2 : (;::... hai, hay.
tat tu : j.!!. <tat, (tat, dU-t.
tilt tll' 1:m : *& d6t. m d6t.
imat tAt fir 1& : :M, cbut.
dOli
di
cai

-..,.. hoi
khoa
giang
lang
bl)

..-.. trinh
ngullg
thil:
tat til' : don; it.. don (di).
tat tir : di.
tat tit : cAy. gai; cay.
tilt tll' :. hoi; "J9!J: hoi (n6ng).
tat tif Ta : khoe ; khoc.
tl.\t tll' * : $. giang, rang (chien).
tat tir l'k. . : lung; rirng; $:... trang;
f.li s nng.
tat h'r ; 41fj bO; boo
tat tir #j : bQ.
tat tir fL : cbTnh; lIJ.... chi/.;ng .
tat til' -f/J : 3$ b9t.
tiit tt'r Prf9. ng6ng; i' ngimg ngOng.
tat tir : dap.
tdt h'r : thO',
noi tat tir 19:- : nlli; 1$: n6i (niem); Jl:JJ: noi; '* nu6i.
qllye
<n ta"'t tll" Jig .' qu '>'i que' n
c, ,;i""J '
lw1n. lu4n ult hi' : l(;m; lr trQn; 1ifr lim.
322
f
I
'* "chll,lrll Hit tit chua;)4" tra
chi} ti\t tir * tro-; Ji.t chi; chi (11).
t- Mng . tat tir __ : $-- b6ng; bQng. bl,1Dg; *" bong.
6,aTn U\t tit : J( dijm;
n(ic tir It : '* nac, mriYc, ,
,
t, tat : - nhien; nheo; nbien.
Ihiell tat m : -Itt theo .
..
ng(lll
..
tat
Ilgac tat tir :, gl}.C, ngl!-c(cAy).
i; bien, Uit tir : 'ci1 biln.
bire tat tit : ;kit bu'c; ttl b'1c (bi).
I tr{lm ,tAt ttl *=- : f cbl}.m; giam (chAn).
mOi tat tir *" . : mui; 1l mai.
:I \l-U ...-L
:r- ni'et, nat tat h'r I.:z:." :1":'" nft: tJ.. mrt; "i:.
-tJ d,! ti\t tir * : du (rit).
thdll tat tir : _ than.
o.m dao tat tif tL dao (rao); 't' dao'(mu8 rila).
1 can tat tir t.l : v1- kin.
d{lng, tat tir,fl : 1. dllCrog; *l.. rl!-ng (sang).
1. hall titt tir : 't. hen (hoi); tl hall (hlr).
,
khOi. kh6i Hit til' : kh6i; kbOi (r<>i).
*
lieu
tat tir : 3ft,
leo; dn; :dt treo.
t- w tat tir :!t 1\18 ;' lua.

fIlm tat tir Ii
:11
lam.
323
. Tlle
nang
cui
tlien
-at
'..::..' iai
lLUJI
*f;.. th&p; th9p .
ttit tir 11.. ; 1l. n, fll

nang,
ti'it tit 1t" : ut &Qi;:it- cHoi; Nt dli.
. tAt tir Ai : den.
tAt tu- : tai; lay.
tIt til 4t ; hit,IUt ; a{t InH.
.. -'t;. G
lIr .tWJ cau (nbau).
xao t8t tir :xao; -oJll xhn xao.
Chi d"l,: Trong cr:e d .rn vi tr?ll e6 c6 mi>t sr. it hIe dau lit ehii- lJan do'., dil!1g
trong each ctl. nhU'ng !'a;l thU'o-ng ket hvp VeTi h0 tM. it khi xuat m{>t minb, ChltI1g
toi-thay vao lo"i hrQ'c n";t pbil herr v&i'tinb blnh chu' Han str d\mf( lr Naxn.
2. TH6NG CAC (Hif HAN OQC THEO AM PHI HAN Vier
2 net 1]
3 net rp
dao, J'
khan, fL
4- ntH tf trtlng. ii
if- gieng,-*"
I' flr.1 h1l6ng,
. .
GlJ ,
limh,
8 nN
hlll>ug,
324
h6i.

\IH'Ing. "ffi- kip,
nga,
hi,
bl'ing, kctl,
v6n,
i van.
l-iiSng.
bU()!ll,

nhin, tIL hen,
chim, "WYO.
hut.
l)li;! .
tim,
danb,
khco,
ngtra.
k{p.
c6i .
mili.
!

I
.

chua,

U9C,
1i.
glln.
#k-

thu-a,

,
kh6.
4
h6,

qu...:.
.J.JJ
cU'(Jp,
* ngan,

clillg,

.

-b
him,
4-
'A
0',
A
'':' "
nleIn,
$ th6',
:/.-

g;':o.
9 lIet

han.

1JOm,

kh/Tp,

hl;'n,
1
may,
l!
do,

ben,

no.

!lim.
.m
dl,

tiu,

de,
A1j
nghicn,

Illl ng

dc,ri,

nhuor,

oai,
!i..
,,,
van.
10 net

mua,
71i
duenh.

xv 11,

heo.
Mi
nc)p,
.ltZZ..
l.

,It-.
thAy,
":f..:"
0-
ghi,
-1t-
nglIQ'c,
'-
chiec.
4

kho, the.

gily,

giuO'ng,

lit
--,
J!,
gil.lc. llhurn,
ll!ng.

, <Yn}
, ,,/
11 net

eli,

bua.

bU8,

muOn,

bc)p.
fJT
chern.
'It..
thoat.

tha; tha,

khe,
11
cluh,

it.

tU8,
*
dlrng.

..
C'1I1, gm,
tff

III
JJ...
If\

dlrQ'C.

thung,
#]
va,
*-.
tan,

dt'1i,
*
may.
12 net

bUOD,
!l -J!t..
mo,

xc-t,

mongo
ga,
.t;.
to',

thO',
1-1i..
gii;ic, 4-
tim,

den,
-it

, tat. tul)t, tal
cill,
)5
t(loh. moi,
,V:;-
SliESt, J CQU,

thay,
#
ehuOng.
tt

l-
I

13 nd quen.

khoe. chen, bia, gan,

glfQ'ng,,,
,
t

tre.

gi<>ng,
eO'I, thoc, gi6ng.
325
#t
ngai,

than,

Y\lqn,

naul)n.

sat,
fWJ
gat,
".
Tang.
11 nN

dua.

mua,

go,- At
(IlW),

ca.

ngo-,

g68.

chco,

la,

it

1i
1
l
Un, au, toan,

th6i,

fm'yng.
Jt
dung, jjL

khuiY
1t
1.5 nCi {thna).

gU'am,
ca,

t<li,

treu,

Hiu.
.1(; lIet

CllB,

ebay,

gam,

gang,
.fM
gac,

che,

did,

"filch

d6c,

" eau.
17 net dl,lr:.
;fM
g:\c,

keo,

rong,
it
vi:'

loai,

hrqm.
18 net

ducc,

dam,

mil,

lis,
JA
cu(H,

}l
19 lie!

guang,
It
clUH}C,
-
eh,ny,
*-
10,
ilL
n,\H.
20 llet
Ja
10,

"

ii, dQc.
hall
"1
a
ray (riht),
nhuong, 20 net long, .... khuB,
.$Ii
thila,

lira,

lanh.
':
1
3. Ht THONG cAc THANH 16 PHI) CHiNH A.M OAU

.
1.
l
1m c,!, ':e t6 Am dau k ; .f . k16ng (trong); jt
kll}p (sl).p);
$e.
kIa (sua).
2.
1;-
Am ell, C1IDg hien t6 Am ddu k: k16ng (trong).
326
3. Am ba, bin t6 Am b: t bHing (trang); li blai (trai).
4. Am rna, to Am dilu m : mOlaL
5. M Am a, bin ytfu US b()I)g boa cua Am dau : Ml dO' (dlu);
Mllif Y,"
..3lf ?bo (vo ve).
4. TH6NG BQ THU NOM
1. b
h' t? ,. 1'fi! ,. tJ.. th'
9 nan, ro nguO'l : 1<t ngllO'I. 1C1 v, ay.
2.
1
IJ b9 dao, lro dao va dQD1 lac ve' dao : -6
I
J chern, "IJ deo, ;tlj dut.
3.r b9 Min, tro mar nha : It mai, li- chai.
't. r b9 ve mid nba, noc che: Jt- At noc.
5.
a
6.
..:t-
7. -It:-
8. .:J-
9.
,1,
10. JlJ
4l
11. tp
12.
1-
13.
't
14.
t
15.
71
btj khall, thuQc mieng: "-i- an, uJt cuoi. vlt t$ gan bo.
o hf} th'lJ. fhUt)c ve dat : #ti b1;1i, cat, 1Jf diD, noi.
btj nir, tbuQe di.m ba con gai, -1..e dflU, em.
b9 ttl', thuQc ve con chau : con, cbau,
b9 tro nhung cai nho he : WU, nho.
)II
hi) san, tbuQc Dui, quan mii: IIIq,
non,. 0 nui.
chlit.
g$p
can, thuQC ve cac khln : 'It.. man, tranh (anb).
b9 quai Xl.lD-C, thilQcve '1! di : it don, i!. dtra, it.. nrac.
br} lam, thuQc ve tAm Ii, Hnh cam: vui, gbet, 'ft, Dha.
b9 thu, thul)c ve tay : .tJ\.. hat,:JAP bo, dip,..fJl:. cilEii.
bQ thuy, thu(lc nuac: it1 ao, bO'i. 1ft C:,tll, *l dong.
16. 3j b9 tro loai mu6ng thu : tt.. cho, I*" chu9t, hum,
voi, VllQ'n.
17. a b(J nhtj.t, tro thai giant thai :.llJ1. hu()i, giC/, .:l- hom,
11(.. mai, ngay, at
327
18. JJ

19. }]

Jlguy41 cae kMi ni\,;U1, tit.r v;)t lien qlmn trang. dt\n thang:
}fiJ tltiwg, J!t- b6ng, 1!lr' dem, $. thing.
be} thuQc vc thP, v(! than tll0 ,"_ lH;lDg, h1,ltlg, du. ...
1110', rw)t.
20. ;f-, b<) vI; chtit gIl hoi)c eCij : g6c, }.t:- coi, ,f.!- lui,
.a l'oi.

21. milO, tbuQc ve lOng thll :..ft l()ng. . vAy
22. :k... be? h(;a, lhu{>c vc li.'rll, SUC Jl('lIlg : Mp, :.tl l1ung, 1$ SOl,
:It.. chap.
23. >r- h() pllien, tro vt).t mllng . JtJi manh, 11$ pben, Him,
2l b(J /lila, ihil(}C VC fang . rang. nga,
25, bfj lIglrU, tr(') loai trim hi>,' hi), trail, nghe,
26. r
'if
:r;. Ji....
2X. i:1
2CJ
8.
30 . h
.g..
;; 1.
if,
32. Je"
,f;
,
*-

328
b(1 !-(ub, trt) hel1h t(tt, "'Im !?i,iC rlHl IIgm'yj : #Jj
om, Ch(lll, 16 vf!t, ." '* m<'>11 mi')i.
bi, vc 118, V(): lr6illt da, j*J
vo,
/I,ll b, th!l'IC ve mau trHllg : lIt trang.
i)l) lhul)e ve coi, Jlti, tlhin.
dall,
b(i thue/I. tri') (h:' va thue)e tinh ellA d" hen,,i6... mid, ni,tng,
sanh, xliv.
Ihi, .I,d) df,ing tile ubin : X('ll1, di)U1, /fA
# cheo,
m(!, lhuQc ve va nhu'l,g thu lien quan uen __ cam,
t.:b{IO, * _
34. bt) mich, thuQe ve sqi, day va nbung tbu quan dfn sgi, dAy:
tr, bo, cui, it chai, j.lt buQc.
35. *- bt)lOi, cay). tro nong bie cay. hire, tiL cay.'
36. 3Plh9 vii. tbuQc lOng bay.
37. bt) nhi.tro laiva d(ln'g t"c tai, vlng.,
38. , thao. lhu)c Ioai eO va Hnh boa co:
. 18u.1 mU'iJp.,i. rau"t- thum.
39. t.

vt) Irilng, tro Ioai e6n trung vadQng v.t nbo: m6i, nghi,

ong, ... rila, .4- rutJi. ;.t. doL
h. ' , .
40. 1fJ. bt) gitie, lro riMing silng, tro nhirog' gl g6e:
It: , sirng,
41. .Jt boi, tro tien dUf cai: etla.
42. bt) tilu, tro dQog hic : dul>i.
43. b{J tue, tro cae b<)ph.n cua cbanvii sa, di "g64
, \ 'If! diu giay, dung. du6i.
'-H. '* xa, tro cAe bQ cua xe cQ vb. dQDg hie cua xe: banb
(xe), "i1 cang: '* lui.
45. ht) dgu, lIo nhfrng gi qllan den rtfQ'.U : mlim. tNt mucH,
tt..
say.
46. ji:
[;9 kim, tl'O nhfrng tbll' qll011 vA kim :
jiJ (;UOC, iil f-t;
b{1 rich, lrl) mau du:
dur,
do:
keo, thau.
\
thihn.
,18, bi} vii, ve may. '" bong, c,hf>'P. '
may, 'l-, mllc, f mua.
, '
329
49. b1 mif, tro nglyn va dl)ng hie clW 'J/}... rong
50. b(J phong. tro nhfrng githue v! gib va phung hie :igiO,

51.
thlli.
b{!lhdn, trtl thAn ltrng,lr minh. '
;.2. -t' b(> th:rc, SlF an ulSng va thlrc an : hffa.it
no. * nuOL
;)4.
:j;) ,
, 1.
J:.
2.
r
3.
f
,1. ,h
b/fll, tiluOc rAu toe . ria, t toe, l r;lu.
5. NHI!NG CHii' HAN DUNG LAM THANH 16 cHiNH AM
Am tlHrqng, nghia lit (y tren, dUll len -i.. tren, fJ:. dAng.
...
Am hl;l nghia la tr dllaj: Wr dll'o-i, xulSng, 4'r'tbiip.
Am trung, nghia lil (, gifra :1f giii-a, -tt trong.
tun ti!u. ngbia lit nho it, it, til, dllit, ..a,l"
;l, r'-. am llghi8 Iii. UJn: ea, Ian .

f), Am xnat, nghia 1ft ra : -1flh' ra.
7. -h Am do, nghla iii. hai.; I- htyi.
g, am thao, c't) : eo.
9. -k am tnrb'ng, llgh'ia la diii : dilL
w. *- nin kbi'r, nghia iii btl. Con c6 Am kbir ngh'ia Iii di : 1)(\ ,:t\!. tilly.
, .
1 J. J- am 11, nghia fa Ii Ie; d;)m dlr(J'Ug ; dl)m. nhe,
Am thUQ'ng, ngLia III Jra : ,chuQng.
13. am phung, nghia I:) huong:Al buong.
11, 'f 11m th!. nghia iii chg :, chQ'.
. lttU. nghialAd'Ay ,'" day.
16: .I,j] . a)U1V .. t; nghia 18 cha.
17.9"{.Am h'r; nghia la: 'it
18. 111 ftlnkhuf'.nghia lA cong bay lam cl.OCOl:g : 5i tong. vAy. ("Q).
HI. it-- lm.ng{)a, Ilghia 1. naln
20. am Ibl,l,nghia Iii: cbjn :.l5l chiu.
21 .il iitn chinh. ngbia la ngay ngan; thilng. ifi:
22 ... am fbl'J, IlgbIuh't gifr ; glit.
-23. -f 11m tholl, nghia 13. tic: Uic.
24 .... Am qnb, .nghla lagp l1!-i : _ g(')fn, gp.
n\5\ nghin lA d\'p ..
am (ie, nghia }[\:day; fi. (fay.
27. am d\l, nghia demo
28. cbi. nghia l1i.den: JJ! (ten.
29. :tam lao, nghlR Iii gill: _ giil.
:,0. it <\en ttli.'. IlglJla hl dili : tl6'i.
:11. ll-. :lm tile, nghTa lit au:1I:. duo
32. 4f- am biti, ngb'tll lit J::tY ;.m lay.
33 . .$- am thien; llgblal;, liluh : 4 litnh.
34. !Q-. (1m cO(', nghlu 1\ bang:.ft- hn ng.
.. ,-
... ).
khf), nghia la _ kho .
.
am ilj, nghlil lit : 1& ..
\ .
:m
I
3i.

dll, ngh'lala : 1j .
38 .. JJ- am dr, ngbia la lay : . ..fllb
3il. iltnthallg. ngill'a lil.Mn: Lien ..
331
c,
40. l!.
41.
42.

43.
\i1
44.

45 .
ntj
46.
.
47.
3i.
hm nghia Iii. lui: lui.
am Iii. 11rm: lu-ai.
ftm nhi, nghia la rna: .A- rna.
Am dien. nghia Iii flir
Am thitiu, nghia 1a it tulli : mo (tre). tre.
am khai, nghia li' mo:.tr'Jl rna, fRf} ngo.
Am kim, nghia lit nay: Pit ..... ; nay.
4
Am ngu, ngLliala RO nam : nam.
48. t am nghia la nam (thling) : ol1m.
49.:t. am, trQog, n'ghiH lit u:)ng : tt
50. Ji'X..., aID thanh, ngbia la' c6ng
51. f am ball. nghia la m(lt nua : nua.
52. f.t Am trai, nghla ill nQ': nQ'.
5il. am thon, nghia lil nuat :.:tf.{r nu6t.
51-. am doi4n, ngbia vAn, nglin ..
Am :Qguy, nghia lit ngbeo: it. ngheo.
56. t
57. f
58. -it
59. !t.

Am ngbia Iil ngilD :;ft Dp-sn.
M-
am tuu, nghia lit lay: a ngou.
am cam, ngh'i'u Iii ngQt: ngQt.
am tQ8, nghia 13 ngoi: ogoL
am xi, nghia la rang ; ding.
o - h-' '" 1'J1
urn nguO'ng, ng lU H1 ngang; ngt'l'a.
62. am ttl, nghia la rieng :
63.}i Am quang, nghialit rOng:
64. Am danb, nghia lit :..j! len. .
332
J
65. am tAy, ngbia Ii rlra : rtra.
66. Am quang, ngbia Ia sang:
67. *r am ba; ngbia Is ca sao; -fiPf sao.
68. J.. am tinb. nghia la ngoi S80: Jsf 580 .
. 6:l. Jii am nghia Iii phia sau : sau.

71.l!.
72."
73. --
74.
75.
76, (.

78. f
79,.1
Am nghia III son : son.
am di, ngbis lit con : s6t.
Am quan, ngbia 1:\ thau sutSt: f; suiSt.
hr, nghia hon; 1j hr.
A:n 'ugbiala thay the: thay'.
Am nghift la th!t : thjt.
Am liob, ngh'ia 18 thifng : ""--
. .{-
Am hIe, nghia tboi dc'ti : 'IL th6i.
s", nghia III It tha.
Am dllQ'c, ngMa 18. 'huoc: __ thu6e.
80. am xieh, agma la thtrac: 1C" thlr<Jc.
81:! Am nam, ngbia 18 con trai, giong d"e: _ trai, trong ..
82. Am qua, nghift I&. \rai ; I tnii.
83. '1f bAch, ngbia Iii lllQt tram.
84. l, "m dii, Dgbia HI Itrc'Yi nluic ; (co vii}t la' ).
85. A Am vitn, viH tat tir \II ,ngbin 18 troD; it trim.
86. am tib, Dgllia Is. tnrt'1c; a tnrt'1c, __ , trllac.
87. 7i Am thanh, nghia la mrac trona: -tt l-rong.
88. l Am "'c,ng, nglila la trOng: frOng.
89. Jl Am tim. npie Ii vi vi.
333
----------
90. tun ngbia Ht vai. vai.
9.1. %. A.m dieu. nghi8 lit viling: vleng.
92 . ..!..
93.15
94. t
fim vuO'ng. ngbia 1:':1 vua:.4 \"U8.
Am phlrO'ng. nghia Iii ,"uong; vuong.
am tbanh. ngbl'a Ii! xanh: x.anh.
95. "ii am cb. nghia lit xua :
Ghi chzl :
Xlra.
- Bang nay dlf<:"C ra caD Clf vaosach au dan eua 90.0 Duy Anh (trang 94-95)
eo !lAp xep va them I af41chUt It.
- Nhfrng chfr Hanatrqc dung lam thanh t<S phI!- Day tlly nhieu aell In nhfrng
chfr de va 40'0 giiin. ngtro-i sO' h<!c del! nllm dtrqc.
- Cae rna chfr Nom ddn trong Mng nay deu kha mu911. khoiiog thtl ki 18,
khi titlng dii qua nhlrng htr&c ban.va ena" tieng
Nbfrng chfr Nom am cft as sung eae.chi! Han thllDh t6pbl}
tr8n. VI dl!- :
Mii nO'm eft a.Ul cli ina n61htrong ke
am
m krang.
f;f
sang
11
huong

vuong

t limh (thi('llg lieng)
H-
thieng

)
4=-
tuXt
l"uot
,

\
*-
blai

trai
A ue. clay
-.
day
f
blln (vli.n)
.fH.
vfin, ngan
Khic v(Yi gia tri eGa hO thtr i\om co th13 sir d\mg trong rna chii-, cae ehir
Han lam thaoh t6 nay chi eo gin tr! chlnh am cho tirog mil chfr nl9t val tac d9ng gQ'i i ci\a
n6 cl} tM hO'n nhieu. i
6. BANG cAc CHU" NOM VIET TAT
chii' till chCt thmi II!} dill dflC chic lut chi}: I hzt()"llg illll i/flc
fr
minh
.. 1; '"
1iI ,
co

nam

IIJ
vl1y
334
f

,
1, jJJ
vii
it
it.

1-L
:.
pbung
tr..., .

y, 'y

v6 \
:t
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.
1\ thU'(1ng
11"
*
' dlrng
( <nub
,

$ duc

chang
t

lu-, 10

tbanb
if...
'$
16i

nang

\::...
'E:
ti

rt t...

-11-
.

mOt
-*
6ng
7C

. dang

tt-
I
"'7
,
kbinh

iP!

dell.

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11\
dieu
I

dail.
mu6n
t dm)
'*,
,f*t

II
diJ
1-
t
JJl.

yem
t6n
-I:.

-d!t.
non;
..... ',
m1;1c
( n(m
-15
$
tim
.,

khuy
;It
jlL
,

it!
la

(
')'

qui
ra
'*1
'/
it
;fell]
hQR
tien
;

l :::i' .. I

:f..
v{tn
S
"'-

-
cO'

sam
I
y

J;:.

,th,!c
buy

.,
kinb

t

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nilO
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..
Y!
i
lam

f ngtrai,
l.
J'-4.
rang,
l ngay

dlr()'Ug
335
TAl THAM KHAo CHiNH
(PHAN CHlr NOM)
A. LI Lu4N CHUNG ..
1. ANG-GllEN, LE-NIN. nan lL,()1I /lgir. WI i':<)i. 1962.
2. STALIN . C/nt nghlll Mac va IIhrl'llg van dE ngon lIyCr hf)e. JU Nl)i, 1958.
:t M. COHEN. L'{:crifure. P. 1953.
4. A. M ARTIXET. EC.ollOmic des clwn!Jf'lTlI'nls. 1955.
5. L.B. ZINDER. N!lii: am h!ll' dfli Clf"Tfy. lIa !'-i,d, l00l.
6. A. If.\CPRICOnrr & CL\ L'DR l.a plioJfllt :I'f' P(IIlChfHlilllll'. Presses
unin',lsitaires de France,
7. A. fU.n>HJC()UHT. ill' ;;il;.'I'J/ogie diuc;hronilJllc. P. lSi:!.
R. V.\. Sir pilid .-in'; ua pilei! lrii'f1 vall t(l (ltT a.i h9c T()nll 99'P)
B. VE CHtr
9. LE n C' Chir Nd1n IIdi IJune nair. NaIll phollg. 30.
10. Dl"O'NG VC.\?\G HA'f "iff ,\"IITil rflf! h()c 111; Ili.:U, H'I ['I;()l, l'H:I.
11. "Gt.:yEN DON(i elIl. \ :.>/ :;'11Il "(; hil, hn<:w, 19-i'!,
12. VAN filAf', ph(;f trien ('/la ('hi} (ban m:'ly:.
BAo Dl'Y .\!'l'H. Chi} S,im . nfTll(in !Inc, (,ii" 11'10. dilu !>itn Klloa xl Ha
Xi'li, 1975.
14. NGUYEN T;\1 Or lieu Ryi} um llcl1 lJ(/i v:-in dP IMi /.1 .tuat cUa efltr Nom.
ngif l/Hm.
15. lin sun.gthhn m()l s7) eli- ngii- am L'ch Sir co lien quan den van liP tM'i ki xutit
cli'u ehii- Nom, Thong Lilo khoa h<?c Tnrirll& BHTH, 1972.
HI. NGUYEN TAl va N. XTAN-KE-VICH. Bi"lm qua viii nef tinll h:nh CUll eMi'
Nom. Ngoll ngii- 2 vh3!1976.
17. HOANG XUAN HAN. Chi} Nom fhM Trhn U, phai 1'nlc Lam Yin Tu-. san KHXU
cite so 5, ti, 7, Paris, 1979-1980 ..
18, VlJ'O'NG Ll:'C. Hem ngii- SIr luljll PUll !lip. Bac Kinh, 1958.
19. TATSCRO. PM billh bill cua Vdrr ll(fu. Revue Illdoehinoise. 22 NO 2.
"20,MAl1RICE DURAND, [;()e!lvre de ia poetesse Vielnamienne lib .luan lIzr mg. P. 1!)68,
21. GASTON NfL\N. Btude du cOllSonanlisme da Qu;'c am thi {(i-p. B. de Vlnako.
22 .. P.SCH!IlEIDER. Nguy/n Blnh KhUm, porte parole de ia sageue populuire du peupie
Vieillamietl. BSEI. t XLIX. 1974.
23.' P.SCHNElDEH. ideogrt1mmes Vietnamiens. Cahier du CEHAC - 1979.
336
<
,
\
if:
. ,. ..

'- ' --, "." .::,
-.
Ttf utu NOM
24. Cac thilc b;lI1 vim hia cll!r \0111 /.,. Hnr nghi6n CtlU HiD MOm.
25. idn, bt.'id khat) slit cita HoANG XUAN liAN).
26. Pbf).l lhuyet dq.i bu() pilI!- mdll an IrlJllfJ ki'lh - ban ella vito HaD No ...
"27. TiNH. Thlip lam yia giilm (trong Hong nghia gii.c hr y thv). Thu
Khoa h,?c xii hQl AB. 306.
21t Tela bil
l
n iruyi'n ki man I(le tang bo qicii am tap elui. (ban NGUYEN THt NGHI),
"HV 1-191.
29. Clii Sam ng9c (illl giui nghla - AB. 372.
30. NGUyb. 'fRAt dm lhi t4p (ban,Pbtic 1888.
3]. LE THANH TONG' TMp gilri co Mn nyil viln crroDg. Thien nam du h, t,p).
32. FliNH fllJ,c/z van am 'Jllffe nyil fhi
33. Hi) xuAi' HuaNG. Xllan Hltang lhi ii/p.
ar. DU. Kim l'an Kifu Trill truyen (cae ban Kiru Oaab va QuaD
van (1lflYng).
35. SOAN Till J),lEM. "It in II ph(l ngam.
36. NGCYEN (jL\ TIIIEU. Cling (iliA /lgdm
37. NGUYEN BUY n.". lfaa iirn
38. NG() THi I'll hrc locin yPI1.
39. -BA ce si. n(1i Nam qu({c flylr.
40. NG() CAT, aiNU ToAl.fJai Nllm quoc su tlil'; c ....
41. siNH no. NMt d(l/lg t1llr
i
mg dam.
42. SiNH CHlEU. L(lC l'dn Tien (ban van duon"O.
43. JAW Blnh dii'ill ca - Phuc An tang han.
44. Thi Rinh giui am - van i2ll'ang tang ban.
LtCH sir nlNG VA cAe NGON NGU HUU QtMN
45. M. A Noit$ sur les M,WIIl/ de ia province S(Jn Tag. BEFEO V. 1905.
46. M.A Noles .mr les cliall'ctes rY'llin. silc el MitrIng. BEFEO VII. 1907.
47. L. MOlloyraphie de la semi !Iogellelabiale en sinc - annamile et en
anllClmite, BEFEO VIII- X, 1908 UllO.
4R. H. .Ell/de sur la phonetique bislorique tie la lanyue annamite, lesinitiales.
BEFEO, HllZ.
49. A. HAUDRICOURT. us preylollalisees en Indochine. BSLP 46, I, 1950.
50. A. HAUDRICOURT. Les voyelles breves till vietllamien. BSLP 48, I, 1952.
51; A. HAUDRICOURT. La place dll lIieinamiell dans les langues austro - asiatiqlle".
BSLP 49, 1959.
52. A. HAUDRICOURT. De I'oriyint des tons en vietnamien. J.A 242, 1954.
53. A. HAUDHICOURT. Les mlliations cansollalltique$ des occlusives initiales en mon _
khmer, BSLP, 60, I, 1965.
54. A. TlAUDRlCOUH r. Bipartition et tripartilion des sysnmes de tons dims quelques
/an!lllCS flriellt. BSLP 56, I, 1961.
55. A. IL\UDHlCOURT. The lilJlites and connections or 1I1Isiro-llsiatic in the northeast.
ASEMl V, I, Hli4.
36. E. GASP,\IWONE. I.t'xiqlle alllIGlilite Ming JA, 19:13.
337
&7. .. >\ !lCW "asiun o( fill' ChillI's!' - Vietnamese po('aoll/ary of the Ming
dillllstlf. nS();\ l!)'iS.
[)8. TnlN KINH lIO.\. A llIlt! lillf/uislic study Ull the Annnn yi yl!.
'fokyo, 1!J78.
59. KENNETH 1.'\', "tlllig of middle vietnamese phonology. B S E I.
Saigon 1!l69.
60. MICHEL FERLUS. l'ietnamien e/ proto - VietmtrO'ng. ASEMI V. 4, N4. 1975.
61. MICHEL FERLUS. Le groupe Vie/m/rang. ASEMI. V, I, 1974.
62. M. FERLUS. S" bien Mn cua nhirng am Mc giu-a trong titng Ngon ngii 2-1981
63. A. DE RHODES. PJzep giflllfl tam ngdy - Xuyen va Binb
gi<)'i Saigon, Hl6l
M.' N.D ANDREEV. \'lIn ",1/111311 gfic W:'nfj Viet. T,p chi Bong phuO' g h(JC 50 2, 1958.
6:-). N.K XOKOLOVSKAIA. V(1 s(r pluill llI;Ji cae ligon nyU- cita nMm !!llto-ng.
Ngon ngil' 1-1979.
fi6. NGUYEN TAl CAf. N.qu8n yoc I'd ql/li trinh hinh t1umh cach d<,Jc Him l'iel. Kboa
hllC xa hl)i. Hi! Nc}i, 197!).
li7. , T. MINEYA (Tam din coe Studies Oil tht! Sino - l'ietnamese. Tokyo. 1972.
Ll)'C. lifill nt.;t /If/ir ll!lhi{1I ettll trollf' /Jlill ngi"r Sir llll).n van 19p.
Bile Kinh,
VE lICH Slr TlENG' HAN
69. U. Pillt/I'S SUI: /fl phollo/O!7ie el!illeise. Archives cl'\'tudt'8
VKV, 1H75.
70. B. KAHLGREX. (;/'(/lnTllatll sa;I .. ;t -- Script Itnd phonetics ill Chinese and Sinu --
Stockholm 1940,
71. J1. KARLGHEN. PlwI/o/nyy lind all ci!'1! I china. Bulletin \V. 12.
72. A. IIAUDHlCoUHT. Cowmcnirccollstruil'(, k chiJ/ois archaiqlll'. WorIo, 10, 2.3/1954.
73. E.G. PVLLEYBL.\ .'II\.. The COlls()fI(lIIfa/ of old chinese. CASIA major, vol IX,
le, pnrtie, 1!J62. I
S.E. Tbe p/lllllemcs [)f 1{IIl'iml ehiJle.,(', Sllppl . .TAOS, N. G, 1!lj3.
74 H. M,.\SPI::nO. Le diulecte de Tehftll!l-Wl. BEFEO, XX. HJ20.
75. P. WIEGEH. (;(/rHclrres ebilu';s. 3e i'ditioll, Hll().
76. VU'(JNG Ll .. "C. ITt/II nyU- rim vril! Jllli:. Bill' Kinh, 1955.
77 VUUNG LI)'C. 1/1111 lIyil sli ('(If). Bile I\inh, l!l57.
78. VU'(JNG LI),C. C(j dl.1i lIcin Ilyil:. Trdng lIna lim xuilt ban.
'in. LATHlJ'ONG B()I. lIltll N!J(I!J Tiill Xllm Rile Il'iu lJ(ill b(J din bien. 1958.
80. LA 1 HU6'XG HOI. 1I111l nyi} am 1I(ln hpc d(,I(} /w..ln. B:ic Kinh, 1957.
81. BONG H()A. 1'rullg Qufic ngir am SIr, 1!J(i8.
82. LY VINfL Thiel vqn am M. Hac Kinh, 1!152.
8.1. HUA 7'Jw!J(:t "tm yi/Ii l(r. Tr'ullg Hoa 11m CI.lC xlliit HJ()3.
84. ,QUliNG ".:iX. Trung !ina tim CI.lC han, 1!lG3.
,CA.C nI OlEN :
ALEXANDHE DE RHODES. Tir dirll l'ic!t-B;j -La. Home, 1651.
86' .. AJZ TAllERT. Tlr di'?n -- Ln fill". 1838.
87.'Z. llONET.Tir ,dien - Ph(ip. 18tln.
88 .. HUYNH T1NH PAULe:; eVA. lJ(ti Xam qUIle dm t(r vi. l8lli>.
89. TRAN HVe R!T. 1'(r di'lll ehu' Nlim. Saigon, 1967. .
90. NGUYEN QUANG Xl' vii vO V.\N T{r diell. chfr. Num. Saigon, 19'11.
91. VII!..N NG<iN NGU truehu N(jm.' Ha N(li. 1975.
92; Hr.)! KHAT l)Ve. Xaill ll'r (({ell.

. ',

Un N01
(PHAN I)
CHUONG - VAN BIA
l-Gj(yj chlllig
2- Viin bja chiu\ KimChtlng
.3- Van bia plllJl Bit
CHUONG " - THAN T(CH
1- Gi{Yi chung
MVC LI)C
-
'2- Tb:.tn Uehthan tl'(}'j : Chir B('\ng Tit
CHlTONG '" - SAC
1- Gilti chung
2- than ogmri : Llrtl 'l;rnllg
3- than \1'(1i :TII;ltl Itwng h10 lrung
HlTONG IV - T L,
1- Gilyi ehuog
oulte : r.hU'(1ng d,lIlh (Quoc trieu hil\h
3- lang: Clnro-ng de ll;.toR XH dao (hU'ong ulte xli Lift) ..
CHlTONG V - BANG
1- Gj(yj chung
, tong Ilo.c dip cho quyen suat
. 3- nilngei't;; quall dip Iftnro-Dg
OllJONG VI - TRAY
,Gi(yj chung
2- Tplt ella quao bo chinh gi'd cbo xli tnrng ililt b()j
clh Tiphien (1'loh) giri cho cho ma ch!),
. . 1.
BAM
"
1,.. . Gi(Yi
2-' TO' biilll cua qua giri len tioh xin !lui cIlQ"
3
7
12
21
34
37
51
5."i
62
64
67
79
tN
85 .
Sf:
89
90
94
96
98
339
CHUONG V!" - 811N TIT
1-- (:;iiri chung
2 -- ilion ban' .10 l'uI)ng diit
3- Biell b?1O k hinll lin
4 -- Biell nh:ju
CHUONG IX - "eON
1-- Gioi chung
2- DUll xin trung <Iiit hal (1)
3- DO'I1 xin tnrng 11711 hili (2)
4-- HUll Xill mo- chQ'
5-- D(m xin bau eii' 11 trllang
CHUONG X - V AN HI
1-- Gi&i chunl
2-- Van tlF ban l1<)' ru01lg <1tit
3-- Van tl,r ban rUQng nat
,1-- Viin h.r lhlle rll')lIg
5- Viln tl,r yay tien
CHUONG XI - CHUC THU'
1- Gi<'ri thitu chung
2-- Chuc thu (clla chia Uli clio con)
3- Giao tlnr (anti gino tai san cho ('01)
CHUONG XII - elA PHA
1- Gioi chung
2- Gin pha Iu,> Kgo xa Cui Tri (Yen 1\10)
3- Gia pha ht;J' Hoang xu IIoilllb Nha (Giao Thi'ty)
CH110NG XIII - VAN CUNO
1- Gi&i chung
2- Van cung ong To' hong
3-- Viin cung dat 0' gia iliull
PH\, LVC
1,- nisn tllt; chii' -- Chii' tluio
2--- Nguyen \:it viftva (1(,lc chii' bUy Vii'-t NI.IIlI
...
(PHAN II)
CH110NG I: Cae mo thuc diu trllC ella chit z.;',m
CH110NG II: Cile van am h'ong cbit N(im
CH110NG III : Cilch <1gc ('hit NOIll vii <'ia' hili b}ll (11,1ftll
Phan phl,1 chm)'J)g
Tili liQtl thaw chinlJ
;
100
102
lOR
"Ill
112
114.
118
124
127
130
133
J36
137
13()
ltO
143
146
148
152
15()
162
165
171
Iii
lS:J
184
227
2!l2
321
336
-
/
.-

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