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The action of cutting is called SECTIONING a solid & The plane of cutting is called SECTION PLANE. wo cutting actions means section planes are recommended.
OBSERVER
SECTIONING A SOLID. An object ( here a solid ) is cut by some imaginary cutting plane to understand internal details of that object.
Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) NOTE:- This section plane appears as a straight line in FV.
E AN PL ON FV. CT IN SE
(A)
Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp. ( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.) NOTE:- This section plane appears as a straight line in TV. emember:After launching a section plane either in FV or TV, the part towards observer is assumed to be removed. As far as possible the smaller part is assumed to be removed.
(B)
SE CT ON IN PLA TV NE .
For TV
Fo rT ru e
Sh ap e
SECTION PLANE TRUE SHAPE Of SECTION x Apparent Shape of section SECTION LINES (450 to XY) y
SECTIONAL T.V.
To learn methods of development of surfaces of different solids, their sections and frustums.
1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.
But before going ahead, 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means its a 2-D plain drawing. note following 3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions. 4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden Important points.
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 45 to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.
21
31
X1
o
3
41 3 11 2 4 1 4
b d a
45
Y b
d
4
a c
o
2
Y1
Q 14.14: A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular faces on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view of the axis and makes an angle of 30 with the reference line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the section and development of the surface of the remaining portion of the pyramid. o
a
60 6
be
5
2 4 3 2
be b
cd c
cd b1 c1
30
o d e
a1 d1
5 6 4
41
3
31
o1
21
e1
51
11
61
Q 14.6: A Hexagonal prism has a face on the H.P. and the axis parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a vertical section plane the H.T. of which makes an angle of 45 with XY and which cuts the axis at a point 20 mm from one of its ends. Draw its sectional front view and the true shape of the section. Side of base 25 mm long height 65mm.
a f b e c d
a f 65
5
a f
1
b e
b e
2
X
a 25
a f
b e b
c d c
cd
4
cd
3
b1 a1 c1
37
b1
1 2
a1 c1
f e
f1 d1 e1
5
4 6
20
f1 d1 e1
Y1
31 21 11
41 71
X1
51
61
Q 14.24: A Cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 80 mm long is resting on its base on H.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45 to the H.P. and cutting the axis at a point 35 mm from the apex. Draw the front view, sectional top view, sectional side view and true shape of the section.
X1
e
1
f1 d
1
g c
1
o 35
j1
d j c k b l
g f e h i
f e d c b
h i j k l
l1
2 3 1 12 11
4 10
5 9
6 8
3 2 1 12
a c b
4
d
4 5 3
6 2
7 1
8 910 12 11
5 6
e f g h
o
l k i j
7 8 9 Y1
11
10
Development of lateral surfaces of different solids. (Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base) Cylinder:
H
L
A Rectangle
D
H= Height D= base diameter No.of Rectangles
Prisms:
FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF FRUSTUM OF CONE DEVELOPMENT OF FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side Top side
L
L1
L
L1
R L
3600
R= Base circle radius of cone L= Slant height of cone L1 = Slant height of cut part.
Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis is standing on Hp on its base whose one side is perpendicular to Vp. It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, through mid point of axis. Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Development of surface of remaining solid.
E RU T PE HA S
Y1
Solution Steps:for sectional views: Draw three views of standing prism. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described. Project points where edges are getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration. Join those points in sequence and show Section lines in it. Make remaining part of solid dark.
E
c d
A d e a
e d
c b
X1
a
DEVELOPMENT For Development: Draw development of entire solid. Name from cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown. Mark the cut points on respective edges. Join them in sequence in st. lines. Make existing parts dev.dark.
For True Shape: a Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane Draw projectors on it from cut points. Mark distances of points of Sectioned part from Tv, on above projectors from x1y1 and join in sequence. Draw section lines in it. It is required true shape.
c b
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is standing on its base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces of remaining solid.
O TI C SE N
SE PL C T AN IO E N
U TR
SH
E AP
OF
Solution Steps:for sectional views: Draw three views of standing cone. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described. Project points where generators are getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.Join those points in sequence and show Section lines in it. Make remaining part of solid dark. A B DEVELOPMENT C D
Y1 o
SECTIONAL S.V
X1
X
E a hb c g f d
g
For True Shape: Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane Draw projectors on it from cut points. Mark distances of points of Sectioned part from Tv, on above projectors from x1y1 and join in sequence. Draw section lines in it. It is required true shape. h
g hf
ae
bd c
F G
f e
For Development: Draw development of entire solid. Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. in sequence as shown.Mark the cut points on respective edges. Join them in sequence in curvature. Make existing parts dev.dark. H A
a b c d
SECTIONAL T.V
Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp) which is // to Vp.. Draw its projections.It is cut by a horizontal section plane through its base center. Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
Follow similar solution steps for Sec.views - True shape Development as per previous problem!
o
a h b cg df
HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANE
DEVELOPMENT A B C D o Y
a hb
c g g
f d e
g1 f f1 e e1 d d1 c1 SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
O h1 a1 b1 A o1 H G
E F
a b
a b
c f
d e
Note the steps to locate Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in sec.Fv: Those are transferred to 1st TV, then to 1st Fv and Then on 2nd Fv.
3 2 SECTIONAL F.V. 4
Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side & 55 mm axis is lying on Hp on its rect.face with axis // to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and 300 inclined to Vp bisecting axis. Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.
a b
5
c f
6
X
f e
1 8
1 ,2 3 ,8
d e
b c X1
4 ,7
b1 d1
5 ,6
c1 C
3 TR UE SH AP E
Y1
OF
SE CT I
ON
DEVELOPMENT
UE 2 TR
PE HA S
3 4 5 Y1 O
Problem 5:A solid composed of a half-cone and half- hexagonal pyramid is shown in figure.It is cut by a section plane 450 inclined to Hp, passing through mid-point of axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape of section and development of remaining part of the solid. ( take radius of cone and each side of hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.) A
ME NT DE VE LO P
1 6 7
Note:
B Fv & TV 8f two solids sandwiched Section lines style in both: Development of half cone & half pyramid: C
4 X1 2 6 1 7 X de cf f 6 5 4 3 2 c b a gb g a Y O 3 5
F.V.
2 1 D
7 4 5 6 F G A
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
D 3
E 4 5
F G 6 H
1 7 6 2
2 B 1
3 5 4
a h b
c g g
df e Y
7 A L
6 5
7 1
3 2
Solution Steps: Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc. Semicircle being dev.of a cone its radius is slant height of cone.( L ) Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name. Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.oa on Fv & bring on ob and name 1 Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest rhombus.If the semicircle is development of a cone and rhombus is some curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
o D C
2
2 6 3 5
E 4
3
B
4
a h b
1 7
c g g
f d e
Y
A
O L A
6 5
b
1 2
Problem 8: A half cone of 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on its half base on HP with its flat face parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round its surface from one point of base circle and brought back to the same point.If the string is of shortest length, find it and show it on the projections of the cone.
Concept: A string wound from a point up to the same Point, of shortest length Must appear st. line on its Development. Solution steps: Hence draw development, Name it as usual and join A to A This is shortest Length of that string. Further steps are as usual. On dev. Name the points of Intersections of this line with Different generators.Bring Those on Fv & Tv and join by smooth curves. Draw 4 a part of string dotted As it is on back side of cone.
Problem 9: A particle which is initially on base circle of a cone, standing on Hp, moves upwards and reaches apex in one complete turn around the cone. Draw its path on projections of cone as well as on its development. Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long. o
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
HELIX CURVE
DEVELOPMENT A B
1
C c g g f d e f
6 7 5 4 3
a hb
h
Y
O
4 6 5
2 3 7
D E F G H
a b
e d
c A