FEM

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
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The Finite Element Method for the Analysis of Non-Linear and Dynamic Systems
Prof. Dr. Michael Havbro Faber Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Method of Finite Elements II
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Contents of Today's Lecture
Motivation, overview and organization of the course Introduction to non-linear analysis Formulation of the continuum mechanics incremental equations of motion
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Motivation, overview and organization of the course
Motivation In FEM 1 we learned about the steady state analysis of linear systems however, the systems we are dealing with in structural engineering are generally not steady state and also not linear We must be able to assess the need for a particular type of analysis and we must be able to perform it
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Motivation What kind of problems are not steady state and linear? E.g. when the: material behaves non-linearly deformations become big (p- effects) loads vary fast compared to the eigenfrequencies of the structure General feature: Response becomes load path dependent
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Motivation What is the added value of being able to assess the non-linear non-steady state response of structures ? E.g. assessing the: - structural response of structures to extreme events (rock-fall, earthquake, hurricanes) - performance (failures and deformations) of soils - verifying simple models
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Collapse Analysis of the World Trade Center
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Collapse Analysis of the World Trade Center
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Analysis of ultimate collapse capacity of jacket structure
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Analysis of ultimate collapse capacity of jacket structure
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Analysis of soil performance
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Analysis of bridge response
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Steady state problems (Linear/Non-linear): The response of the system does not change over time
KU = R
Propagation problems (Linear/Non-linear): The response of the system changes over time
MU (t ) + CU(t ) + KU (t ) = R (t )
Eigenvalue problems: No unique solution to the response of the system
Av = Bv
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Organization The lectures will be given by: M. H. Faber
Exercises will be organized/attended by: Jianjun Qin By appointment, HIL E13.1.
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Organization PowerPoint files with the presentations will be uploaded on our homepage one day in advance of the lectures http://www.ibk.ethz.ch/fa/education/FE_II
The lecture as such will follow the book:
"Finite Element Procedures" by K.J. Bathe, Prentice Hall, 1996
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Overview
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Overview
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Overview
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Introduction to non-linear analysis
Previously we considered the solution of the following linear and static problem:
KU = R
for these problems we have the convenient property of linearity, i.e:
KU = R, = 1 U = U, 1
If this is not the case we are dealing with a non-linear problem!
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Previously we considered the solution of the following linear and static problem:
KU = R
we assumed: small displacements when developing the stiffness matrix K and the load vector R, because we performed all integrations over the original element volume that the B matrix is constant independent of element displacements the stress-strain matrix C is constant boundary constraints are constant
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Classification of non-linear analyses

Type of analysis Description Typical formulation used Materiallynonlinear-only (MNO) Stress and strain measures used Engineering strain and stress
Materially-nonlinear Infinitesimal only displacements and strains; stress train relation is nonlinear Large Displacements and displacements, large rotations of fibers rotations but small are large; but fiber strains extensions and angle changes between fibers are small; stress strain relationship may be linear or non-linear Large Displacements and displacements, large rotations of fibers rotations and large are large; fiber strains extensions and angle changes between fibers may also be large; stress strain relationship may be linear or non-linear Method of Finite Elements II
Total Lagrange (TL) Second PiolaKirchoff stress, Green-Lagrange strain Updated Lagrange (UL) Cauchy stress, Almansi strain
Total Lagrange (TL) Second PiolaKirchoff stress, Green-Lagrange strain Updated Lagrange Cauchy stress, (UL) Logarithmic strain
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P 2
= P/ A = / E =L
E
1
P 2
< 0.04
Linear elastic (infinitesimal displacements)
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P 2 L
P/ A
Y = P/ A Y Y = +
E ET
1
ET
P 2
< 0.04
Materially nonlinear only (infinitesimal displacements, but nonlinear stress-strain relation)

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y
< 0.04 = L
Large displacements and large rotations but small strains (linear or nonlinear material behavior)
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Large displacements, large rotations and large strains (linear or nonlinear material behavior)
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P 2
P 2
Chang in boundary conditions
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Example: Simple bar structure

Area = 1cm 2
t
E = 107 N / cm 2 ET = 105 N / cm 2
u
t
Y
E
1
ET
Y : yield stress Y : yield strain
Section a
Section b
La = 10cm
t
Lb = 5cm
R
4 3 2 1
Y = 0.002
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Area = 1cm 2
t
E = 107 N / cm 2 ET = 105 N / cm 2
ET
u
1
t
R
t
= 0.002
R
4 3 2
Section a
Section b
La = 10cm
t
Lb = 5cm
t u t u t a = , b = La Lb t
R + t b A = t a A
(elastic region)
t
= Y +
Y
ET
(plastic region)
(unloading) E
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E = 107 N / cm 2 ET = 105 N / cm 2
t u t u a = , b = La Lb
Area = 1cm 2
u
t
Y
E
ET
R + t b A = t a A
R
t
(elastic region)
t
Section a
Section b
R
4 3 2 1
= 0.002
= Y +
=
Y
ET
(plastic region)
La = 10cm
La = 5cm
(unloading) E
Both sections elastic

t 1 1 R t R = EA t u ( + ) t u = La Lb 3 106
R 2 tR , b = a = 3A 3 A
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t
E = 107 N / cm 2 ET = 105 N / cm 2
t u t u a = , b = La Lb
Area = 1cm 2
u
t
Y
E
ET
R + t b A = t a A
R
t
Section a
Section b
R
4 3 2 1
= 0.002
(elastic region)
t
La = 10cm
Lb = 5cm
= Y +
=
Y
ET
(plastic region)
(unloading) E
Section a is elastic while section b is plastic
3 section b will be plastic when R = Y A t t 2 u u a = E , b = ET ( Y ) Y La Lb

t
R
4 3 2 1
0.1 0.2
t
EA t u ET A t u t R= + ET Y A + Y A La Lb
t
u=
R / A + ET Y Y R = 1.9412 10 2 1.02 106 E / La + E / Lb

t
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What did we learn from the example?
The basic problem in general nonlinear analysis is to find a state of equilibrium between externally applied loads and element nodal forces
t
R tF = 0 R = t R B + t R S + t RC F = t RI F=
m
t
We must achieve equilibrium for all time steps when incrementing the loading Very general approach includes implicitly also dynamic analysis!
t t
V (m)
B ( m )T t ( m ) t dV ( m )
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The basic approach in incremental analysis is

t +t
R t +t F = 0
t +t
assuming that
t +t
R is independent of the deformations we have
F = tF + F
We know the solution tF at time t and F is the increment in the nodal point forces corresponding to an increment in the displacements and stresses from time t to time t+t this we can approximate by
F = t KU
Tangent stiffness matrix
tF t K= t U
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We may now substitute the tangent stiffness matrix into the equlibrium relation
t
KU =
t +t
R tF
t +t
U = tU+U
which gives us a scheme for the calculation of the displacements the exact displacements at time t+t correspond to the applied loads at t+t however we only determined these approximately as we used a tangent stiffness matrix thus we may have to iterate to find the solution
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We may use the Newton-Raphson iteration scheme to find the equlibrium within each load increment
t +t
K ( i 1) U ( i ) =
t +t
R t +t F ( i 1)
(out of balance load vector)
t +t
U ( i ) = t +t U ( i 1) + U ( i ) with initial conditions U (0) = t U;

t +t
t +t
K (0) = t K ;
t +t
F (0) = t F
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It may be expensive to calculate the tangent stiffness matrix and, in the Modified Newton-Raphson iteration scheme it is thus only calculated in the beginning of each new load step in the quasi-Newton iteration schemes the secant stiffness matrix is used instead of the tangent matrix
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We look at the example again simple bar ( two load steps)
( t K a + t K b ) u ( i ) =
t +t
t +t
R ( t +t Fa ( i 1) t +t Fb ( i 1) )
u ( i ) = t +t u ( i 1) + u ( i ) with initial conditions u (0) = t u;

t t t +t
t +t
Fa (0) = t Fa
t
t +t
Fb (0) = t Fb
CA ; Ka = La
Kb =
CA Lb
= E if section is elastic C = ET if section is plastic
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We look at the example again simple bar

Load step 1: t = 1: ( 0 K a + 0 K b )u (1) = 1R 1Fa(0) 1Fb(0) 2 104 u = = 6.6667 103 1 1 107 ( + ) 10 5 Iteration 1: (i = 1)
(1) 1 (1)
= 1u (0) + u (1) = 6.6667 103 = =

1 (1)
1 (1) a
u = 6.6667 104 < Y (elastic section!) La u = 1.3333 103 < Y (elastic section!) Lb
1
1 (1) b 1
1 (1)
Fa(1) = 6.6667 103 ;
Fb(1) = 1.3333 10 4
Convergence in one iteration!

1
( 0 K a + 0 K b )u (2) = 1R 1Fa(1) 1Fb(1) = 0

u = 6.6667 ` 3 10
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Load step 2: t = 2 : ( 1K a + 1K b ) u (1) = 2 R 2 Fa(0) 2 Fb(0) (4 104 ) (6.6667 103 ) (1.333 104 ) u = = 6.6667 10 3 1 1 107 ( + ) 10 5 Iteration 1: (i = 1)
(1) 2 2 2 1
u (1) = 2u (0) + u (1) = 1.3333 10 2
(1) a = 1.3333 10 3 < Y (elastic section!)
b(1) = 2.6667 103 > Y (plastic section!)

1 (1) Fb(1) = ( E T ( 2 b Y ) + Y ) A = 2.0067 10 4
Fa(1) = 1.3333 10 4 ;
( 1K a + 1K b ) u (2) = 2 R 2 Fa(1) 2 Fb(1) u (2) = 2.2 103

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i 2 3 4 5 6 7
u (i)
1.45E-03 1.45E-03 9.58E-04 6.32E-04 4.17E-04 2.76E-04
u 1.55E-02 1.70E-02 1.79E-02 1.86E-02 1.90E-02 1.93E-02
(i)
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The continuum mechanics incremental equations
The basic problem: We want to establish the solution using an incremental formulation The equilibrium must be established for the considered body in its current configuration
In proceeding we adopt a Lagrangian formulation where we track the movement of all particles of the body (located in a Cartesian coordinate system) Another approach would be an Eulerian formulation where the motion of material through a stationary control volume is considered
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The basic problem:
u1 u = u2 u 3
Configuration corresponding to variation in displacements u at

t +t
Configuration at time t + t
x3
Surface area Volume

t +t
t +t
Configuration at time t Surface area t S Configuration at time 0 Surface area 0 S Volume 0V Volume tV
x2
x1 (or 0 x1 , t x1 , t+t x1 )
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The Lagrangian formulation We express equilibrium of the body at time t+t using the principle of virtual displacements t +t t +t eij d t +tV = t +t R
V
x3
u1 u = u2 u 3

t +t
Configuration at time t + t Surface area Volume

t +t t +t
x2
x1 (or 0 x1 , t x1 , t+t x1 )
t +t
t +t
t +t eij = (
: Cartesian components of the Cauchy stress tensor u j 1 ui

2 t +t x j + t +t xi
) = strain tensor corresponding to virtual displacements
ui : Components of virtual displacement vector imposed at time t + t

t +t t +t t +t
xi : Cartesian coordinate at time t + t R=
V : Volume at time t + t
t +t
t +t
f i B ui d t +tV +
t +t
Sf
t +t
fi S uiS d t +t S
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The Lagrangian formulation We express equilibrium of the body at time t+t using the principle of virtual displacements
t +t
x3
u1 u = u2 u 3

t +t
u
Configuration at time t + t Surface area Volume
t +t t +t
x2
x1 (or 0 x1 , t x1 , t+t x1 )
R=
t +t
t +t
fi B ui d t +tV +
t +t
Sf
t +t
fi S uiS d t +t S
where
t +t t +t t +t
fi B : externally applied forces per unit volume fi S : externally applied surface tractions per unit surface S f : surface at time t + t
t +t
uiS : ui evaluated at the surface
Sf
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The Lagrangian formulation We recognize that our derivations from linear finite element theory are unchanged but applied to the body in the configuration at time t+t
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In the further we introduce an appropriate notation:

Coordinates and displacements are related as:
t
xi = 0 xi + t ui xi = 0 xi + t +t ui
t +t
t +t
Increments in displacements are related as:

t ui =
ui t ui
Reference configurations are indexed as e.g.:

t +t S 0 i
where the lower left index indicates the reference configuration
t +t
+ ij = tt+tt ij
Differentiation is indexed as:

t +t 0 i, j
t +t ui u = 0 , xj
0 t +t m , n
0 xm = t +t xn

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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Contents of Today's Lecture

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Collapse Analysis of the World Trade Center

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Collapse Analysis of the World Trade Center

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Analysis of ultimate collapse capacity of jacket structure

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Analysis of ultimate collapse capacity of jacket structure

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Analysis of soil performance

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Analysis of bridge response

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Organization The lectures will be given by: M. H. Faber

Exercises will be organized/attended by: Jianjun Qin By appointment, HIL E13.1.

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

The lecture as such will follow the book:

"Finite Element Procedures" by K.J. Bathe, Prentice Hall, 1996

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Motivation, overview and organization of the course

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Introduction to non-linear analysis

for these problems we have the convenient property of linearity, i.e:

Method of Finite Elements II

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

Introduction to non-linear analysis