. 9.

.7

. ,
,
.
, .
,
.
9.1.
( ) ds
: N, Mx, My, Mz, Qy Qz .9.1. -
.

)
))
.9.1
,
, ,
, , .
.9.1 , , :

dA( N ) = dU ( N ) =

1
1 Nds
N2
N . ds = N
=
ds
2
2 EF 2 EF

(9.1)

.9.1 , , :

dA( Mx ) = dU ( Mx ) =

1
1
M ds
M x2
M x .d = M x x =
ds
2
2
GJ p
2GJ p

(9.2)

.9.1-, , :

dA( My ) = dU ( My ) =

My
M y2
1
1
ds 1
M y .d = M y = M y
ds =
ds
2
2

2
EJ y
2 EJ y
202

(9.3)


- 3.13, 6.15
7.4.
,
Mz ,
9.3 y z:

dA( Mz ) = dU ( Mz )

M z2
=
ds
2 EJ z

(9.4)
Qz
.9.1-,
4.64, ,
xz. :

xz2
U0 =
2G

(9.5)

(dV=ds.dF),
:

dU Qz

*
xz2
1 Q z S y
= U 0 dv = ds
dF = ds
2G
2G J y b( z )
V
F
F

Q 2 ds F
= z . 2
2GF J y

dF =

2
S *y

dF = k z Q z ds
F b( z )
2GF

(9.6)

kz :

F
kz = 2
Jy

S *y
F b( z ) dF [ ]

(9.7)
, , kz
.
, ,
, kz=6/5, kz=10/9
kz=2.

Qy. , 9.6
z y. ky=kz

dU Qy = k y

Q y2
2GF

203

ds
(9.8)

dU =

M y2
Q y2
M x2
M z2
Q2
N2
ds +
ds +
ds +
ds + k y
ds + k z z ds
2 EF
2GJ p
2 EJ y
2 EJ z
2GF
2GF

(9.9)
( )
9.9 ( ):

U=

M y2
Q y2
M x2
M z2
Q2
N2
ds +
ds +
ds +
ds + k y
ds + k z z ds
2 EF
2GJ p
2 EJ y
2 EJ z
2GF
2GF
l
l
l
l
l

(9.10)
,
.
, .
- ,
-.
.
9.2.


,
.
n ,
Pn, n.
AnAn
n.
. 9.2

Pn n
. ,
1875 ., :

n=

U
Pn

(9.11)
U
.
,
.
, - dPn
.
U, Pn,
:

204

U
dPn
Pn

U I = U + dU = U +

(9.12)
dU ,
.

.
dPn,
, :

U II' =

1
dPn d
2

(9.13)

U II =

1
dPn d
2

+ U + dPn

(9.14)
a .
dPn, ,

An n. dPn
, .

, , :

U+

U
1
dPn = dPn d
Pn
2

+ U + dPn

(9.15)
dPn dn /2
( )
. , 9.11,
, :
,
,

, .
9.11 ,
.. m,
.9.2,
, .

U
mk

205

(9.16)


m.
,
. , ,
, , .
.
,
-
9.1.
.
, .9.3,

.

( 7.2),

.
. 9.3


.
, 9.10,
, :

U=

M y2

2EJ
l

ds + k z

l
Q z2
kz l 2
1
P 2l 3
P 2l
2
ds =
(

Ps
)
ds
+
P
ds
=
+
k
z
2GF
2 EJ y 0
2GF 0
6 EJ y
2GF

e . (
) :

U
P 2 l 3
P 2 l
Pl 3
Pl
W=
=
+ kz
=
+ kz

P P 6 EJ y
2GF 3EJ y
GF

, .
, ,
(E2,5G), b/h.
:

W=

Pl 3
Pl
Pl 3
+ kz
=
3EJ y
GF 3EJ y

3EJ y

1 + k z
=
GFl 2

206

Pl 3
3EJ y

6 3.2,5Gbh 3
1 +
5 12Gbhl 2

Pl 3
=
3EJ y

h2
1 + 0,75 2
l

.
h/l<0,1, , - 0,0075,
, 1%.
, ,
.

, .

.
.
9.3.
, ,
,
( , ).
,
.

,
.9.4.

k,
.
.
()
,

. 9.4
. ,
, ,
. :

=0
(9.17)
9.17 ,
. .

0,
(=1),
, .

207

 ,
,
, :

N = N0

+ N

M x = M x ,0 + M x

Qy = Qy ,0 + Qy

M y = M y ,0 + M y

Qz = Q z , 0 + Qz

M z = M z ,0 + M z

(9.18)
,
- 9.10 9.18, :

U=

N2
ds + ... =
2 EF

( N0 + N )2
ds + ...
2 EF

(9.19)
9.19 ,

9.10.
9.19 9.17,
:

=
=0

( N 0 + N ) 2

ds
+
...
=

2
EF
l
=0

2( N 0 + N ) N

=
ds + ...
=
2 EF
l
=0

N0 N
ds + ...
EF

(9.20)

k=

M yM y
QyQy
M M
M M
QQ
NN
ds + x x ds +
ds + z z ds + k y
ds + k z z z ds
EF
GJ p
EJ y
EJ z
GF
GF
l
l
l
l
l

(9.21)
9.21
.
,
,
:
1. .
2.

.
3. 9.21

208


.
, .
, n ,
9.21 .
9.21 . ,
( 9.10),
.
, -
-
. ,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
,
-
.
6.2. ,
.9.5. : P, R,
EJy.

y,
9.21 :

M yM y
EJ z

ds

( ) :

M y = PR(1 cos )

(
1.2)
-,
,
.
,
1. , ds=Rd,
:
. 9.5

209

M yM y

EJ y

ds =

PR(1 cos ).1.R (1 cos )

Rd =
EJ y
PR 3
EJ y

(1 cos ) 2 d = 3

PR 3
EJ y

,
, . -
[8] [12].
6.3.
, q - .9.6. q, l,
EJy.

,

:

M yM y
EJ z

ds

y =

()

ql
qs 2
s
2
2

,
,

1
s
2

y =

. 9.6

a),
, 0 - l/2
:

M yM y
EJ z

q (ls s 2 ) s
q
ds = 2
ds =
4 EJ y
2 EJ y
0
2

ls 3 s 4 2
5ql 4

4 0
384 EJ y
3

,
, (
9.21 ) .

210

 ) ,
.2. ,
,
y
, My
.9.6.
,
. :

M yM y
EJ z

2
1
1
2 l ql 2 5 l
5ql 4
ds =
2 M y M y ds =
2
=
EJ z 0
EJ z 3 2 8 8 4 384 EJ y

,
.
9.4.

.
.

, .
) , - .
.9.7:
, - d,
D, n .
.<5 .

.9.8.
,
.
, .
, .
,

=P.D /2 Qz =P. ,
, .
, .

,
=1, .

= 1.D / 2

Qz = 1 .
,
(
) :

211

M M
GJ

D n

ds =

PD .1.D
4GJ p

ds = P

D3 n
4GJ p

(9.22)

- l=D.n.

, :

= P

D3 n.32
4G d 4

= P

8 D3 n
Gd 4

(9.23)

:

P = c
(9.24)
-
/ ( ).

. 9.7

c=

Gd 4
8 D3 n

[ N / m]

(9.25)

:

Pmax = c

max

(9.26)

max

M ,max
Wp

Pmax D 16
2 d

8 Pmax D

[ ]

8Pmax D

[ ]

(9.27)
9.25
9.27

.

. 9.8 d, D n D

.
. , ,
,
.
,
, . 16.

212

) ,
,
.9.9.
,

.
,

. :

M yM y
EJ y

D n

ds =

M y .1
EJ y

ds =

M y D n
EJ y

(9.28)

:

M y D n.64

E d 4

M y

E d4

(9.29)

. 9.9
:

c =

64 M y D n

M y ,max

max

E d4
[ Nm / rad ]
64 D n

(9.30)

, :

max

M y ,max
Wy

32 M ,max

d3

[ ]

(9.31)

9.30, 9.31,
D
.


, 2000 Mpa.
9.3.
D=1 cm
p=10 atm .
9.10. ,
.9.10

213

 []=400 Ma, G=0,8.1011 N/m2.

=1 .
:

P1 = p

D2
.12
= 10
= 7,85 k = 77 N
4
4

P2 = c

- .
2>1, .
D=2 .
9.27 :

8 Pmax D

[ ]

8.77.0,02
= 2,142.10 3 m
6
.400.10

d=2,5 mm. : c=P2/ =77 /

0,01=7700 N/m. 9.25 :

n=

8 D3 c
Gd 4

8.0,02 3.7700
= 7,88
0,8.1011.0,0025 4

8 .
9.5.
)
, ,
. 1 2
.9.11. ,
.
:
1) 1
2. ,
.
1,
,
:
. 9.11

( P1 ) =

1
P1
2

A ,1

(9.32)
,1 .
1. - ,
, .

214

 2. (.)
, 1 (.).
, :

A( P2 ) =

1
P2
2

( P1 ) = P1

B,2

A, 2

(9.33)
1 9.33 ,
.
2)
. ,
2, :

1
P2
2

( P2 ) =

B, 2

(9.34)

1 :

A( P1 ) =

1
P1
2

( P2 ) = P2

A ,1

B ,1

(9.35)

, . :

1
P1
2

A,1

1
P2
2

B,2

+ P1

A, 2

1
P2
2

, :

P1

A, 2

B,2

1
P1
2

A ,1

+ P2

B ,1

(9.36)

= P2

B ,1
(9.37)
,
. :
,

,
.

)
9.37 ,
(1=2), :

A, 2

B ,1

(9.38)
9.38 ,
:
,

, . .9.12.

215

 .
- 1 I,
B 2 J, 9.38 :

i, j =

j ,i

(9.39)

,
(9.39)

.


9.37 9.38

, ,
.9.12
.
,
.
.10.

, .1.

. ,
.
10.1. .
.
)
,
. ,
, :
, , - ,
.10.1.

)
)
)
.10.1.

216

 (.10.1-)

. .
( ).
(.10.1-)
.
, ,
. (
).
- (.10.1-)
, .
,
, ,
. (
).
(.10.1) ,
.
. .
().

(.10.1)
,
.
().
, ,
.


. ,
,
.
.10.1-
( 12
),
.

, ,
() .

.3 - .6 ,
. , ,
.. .
, -

217

 , -.
,
.
.18 ,
.
)
,
,
. (n),
(m)
(s), :
n = m s
(10.1)

, . , ,
(, ..),
. -

( -),
.

(ne) (ni).
.
)

,
. 10.1.

)
)
.10.2.
.10.2- ,
,
. .10.2-
. .10.2
, ,
.

.

218

)
,
.

a)

. 10.3
(. 10.3-)
. , ,
,
,
.
(.10.3-)
, ,
( ).
(.10.3-)
, ,
.
(.10.3-),
, .
(.10.3-)
.
()
.
)

.

:
. 10.4

n = ne + ni

(10.2)
.10.4

.
10.2.
:
n.

219

( ) .
(n ),
.
,
.
)

.
, .
, - .
, ,
,

.
, ,
. ( 1.7), ,
.
.10.4.
( ) . 10.5.
, .
() . )
. ) ,
. )
,
( ).

)
)
.10.5.

( ).
(
)
.
- .

,

-. :
.10.6

220

 ,
. .
10.6.
,
(.1.24-).
)

,

,
- 1, 2,...,n.
.10.4
.10.5.10.7
, ,
.10.7.
, 2 3
, .
.
)
(.10.7)
,
1
.
1,
2 3.
1
(, , ).
:

1 = 1,( 1, 2 , 3 ) + 1, = 0

(10.3)
1,
1 .
1,1
1 1=1, 1,2 2=1 .,
:

1,( 1, 2 , 3 ) = 1,1 1 + 1, 2 2 + 1,3 3

(10.4)

10.4 10.3:

1,1 1 + 1, 2 2 + 1,3 3 + 1, = 0
221

(10.5)



1 2.

2 ,1

1 +

2, 2

2 +

2,3

3 +

2,

= 0

3,1 1 + 3, 2 2 + 3,3 3 + 3, = 0

(10.6)
10.5 10.6
1, 2 3.
n
, , :

1,1 1 + 1, 2 2 + ... + 1,n n = 1,

1 +

2, 2

2 + ... +

2,n

n =

2,

...
n ,1 1 +

n, 2

2 + ... +

n ,n

n =

n,

2 ,1

(10.7)
10.7
. ,
(
,
). ,
10.7 :
.X=B
(10.8)
- ,
, , .
i,j
i , j,
-,
, :

i, j =

M y ,i M y , j

EJ y

ds

(10.9)

, i j .
, i,j= j,i ,
10.9. 10.8
.
,
.
i,:

222

 i,P =

M y ,i M y , P
EJ y

ds

l
(10.10)
My,p .
10.9 10.10
. ,
.
10.7,
.10.7 .
,
.
,
( EJy=const),
10.7 .
,
.
,
.
) 10.1.
My , .10.8-.
EJy e .

a)

. 10.8
.
).
).
:

1,1 1 = 1,

,
( )
1=1 ( ).
: 11

223

 1 1 1 .
:

1,1 =

1
EJ y

3
2
1 22
a + 3a h
a a + ha.a =
3EJ y
2 3

1, =

1 Ph 2
a
EJ y 2

X1 =

1,
3Ph 2 a
3.7.4.1
=
=
= 6 kN
3
2
1,1 2( a + 3a h) 2(1 + 3.1.2)

) (
), 1 .
( ) ).
)
, ,
, .
, .
.3 ,
-
.

, .
.
,
( ) .10.9-,
. .10.9-,
.

n=2 (
). ,
. 10.9-.

)
)
.10.9
,
10.7, -
. ,
,
, ..:

224

i, j

Ni N j
EF

ds =

Ni N j

k = 1 EF
r

lk

i,P

Ni N P
ds =
EF

Ni N P

l k
k = 1 EF k
r

(10.11)
r- .
10.3.
)
, ,
. 10.10-.
.
.

a)

.10.10
,
.
10.10-.
, ,

. 10.10 .

- .10.11.
N, My Mz, Qy, Qz
Mx.

. 10.10 ,

.10.11

225

 .
.
)
: ,
(.10.10-),
. .

,
.10.12.

.
,

,

.10.12
,

(1), (2)
(3). ,
, .
:

1,1 1 + 1, 2 2 + 1,3 3 = 1,

2 ,1

1 +

2, 2

2 +

2,3

3 =

3,1

1 +

3, 2

2 +

3, 3

3, 3 =

2,
3,

(10.12)

.10.13, ,
.

.10.13

. , ,

226

 ,
,
.

,
.
1,3, 2,3 3, .
:

1,1 1 + 1, 2 2 = 1,

2 ,1

1 +

2, 2

2 =

2,

3, 3 3 = 0

(10.13)
, 1 0, 2 0, 3=0, .
,
.
, My
N , Qz - .
)
: ,
(.10.10-),
.
.

, .10.12,
, .
,
10.12.
, .
10.13. ,
.10.14.
, 1,3, 2,3, 1, 2, .
:

1,1 1 + 1, 2 2 = 0

2 ,1

1 +

2, 2

2 = 0

3, 3 3 = 3, p

. 10.14

(10.14)
1= 0, 2= 0,
30, .
,
,

227

 . Qz
, a N My .
,
, -
, ,
-

.


. ,
o .10.10-,,
,
,

.10.15
.
Q (,
) .10.15-, ,
.10.15-,
.
, ,
. .
,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.10.16-,

,

,

,
. 10.16

, , .
) 10.2.
, .10.17-a. : P, R,
EJy=const.

228

)
.10.17

.

, 1
2. , ,
. 2
:

x= 0

2X 2 P = 0

X2 =

P
2

.
1 :

1,1

X1 =

1, p

) ). :

M1 = 1

M y,P =

P
R (1 cos )
2

-.

1,1

1
R
Rd =
EJ y
EJ y

1, 2

= 2

PR(1 cos )

2 EJ y

Rd =

PR 2

1
EJ y 2

1, P

1 1
= PR = 0,182 PR
1,1
2
:

X1 =

MA =

PR
+ X 1 = 0,318 PR
2

M B = X 1 = 0,182 PR

) 10.3. .
10.18, . : P, l, EJy =
const.

229

)
)
)
)
.10.18
( ),
.
.
). , .10.1.
).
10.4. -
,
. 10.19.
.
e XY,
Z . 10.19-,
My, Mx
Qz. ,
. 10.19-.

,
, ,
, .:

i, j

M x ,i M x , j
GJ p

ds +

M y ,i M y , j
EJ z

ds

i, p

M x ,i M x , p
GJ p

ds +

M y ,i M y , p
EJ z

ds

(10.15)

)
. 10.19

230


.

.
,
, .
,
. .
.10.19-
. ,
,
- , .
,
, -.
My - Mx Qz.
.10.19- ( )
, .10-19-
( ) ,
.
,
, ,
.

.
,
,
.
10.5. . .
,
. ,
. .
, r , r-1
.
,
.
, , ,
-, .. ,
.
)
,
, .10.20-.
, (EJy=const).

231

.10.20
,
.10.20-.
.
.10.20-.
, ,
1, 2,...,n (n=1..r-1),
.
n
. k ( k
) :

,1

X 1 + ... +

k ,k 1

X k1 +

k ,k

Xk +

k ,k + 1

232

X k + 1 + ... +

k ,n

Xn =

k, p

10.16)

 ,
Xk=1
. Xk=1 (.10.20-)

. ,
,
Xk=1.
k,k-1, k,k+1, k,p k,k.
Xk-1=1 Xk+1=1 . 10.20-,.
.
10.20-.
,
:

k ,k

k ,k 1

k ,P

1 1
2
1
2
1
( lk 1 + lk )
l k 1 .1. .1 + l k .1. .1 =
EJ y 2
3
2
3 3EJ y

1
EJ y
1
EJ y

l
1
1
l k 1 .1. .1 = k 1
3 6 EJ y
2

k 1

k ,k + 1

1
EJ y

lk
1
1
l k .1. .1 =
3 6 EJ y
2

ak 1
a
1 Sk 1 Sk

+ k . k =
+
lk 1
l k EJ y l k 1 l k

(10.17)
(-1)

(k-1) , ,
(Sk-1). -1 k-1= Sk.
.
10.17 10.16 , :

S
S
X k 1lk 1 + 2 X k (lk 1 + lk ) + X k + 1lk = 6 k 1 + k
lk 1 lk

(10.18)
,
Xk-1= , Xk= Xk+1=, lk-1=l
lk=l, 10.18 :

S
S
M l + 2 M (l + l ) + M l = 6 +
l
l

(10.19)
10.19
.

233


,
.

. - ,
, ,
[12].
,
( ),

.
,
- ,

.
.
)

,

.
1)
,

,


.10.21-.
. 10.21

, .
2. ,
, . 10.21-.
3. ,
,
.10.21-.
) 10. 4.
.10.22.
e EJy=const.
.
1.
,

234

.10.22

2 l ql 2 l ql 4
S = 2.
=
3 2 8 2 24

1 Pa
Pa 3
S = 2 a
a=
2 2
2

.
10.19:

ql 4 Pa 3

0.l + 2 M 1 (l + 2a) + ( m).2a = 6

+
24l 2.2a
, -
(),
.

1= -9,39 kNm.
,
.

235

.10.23.
. ,
, .10.22-,.
10.6.

-, 9.3.
.

.10.24
.
, .10.24-,
.
-, ,
.
.
.10.24- .
,
.
,
, .10.24-
.
,
,

236

, .
),
). ()
, ). , ,
- .
10.5.
.10.22, ,
EJy =745,5 Nm2 .

(.10.22-)
.

,


, ,

.10.22.
,

.10.25
, .
10.25, My .10.22-.
y
.
, :

1
EJ y

1
3,94
1

= 5,285.10 3 m
2.1.1,74 + .2.1.2,2 =
2
2
745
,
5

.11.

11.1. . .
) .
.11.1:
( ) ( ).
.

. ,
. ,
, ,
.

237

 .
) . 11.1
,
.
),
.
:

, ,
;
, .


,
.11.1
. . 11.2
(

): ) ; )
( )
; )
; ) ,
,
. ,
.

)
)
)
.11.2.
, q
, .
.
(n)
,
[P], [q]:

238

[ P]

[q]

q
n

(11.1)
, q , n ,
(n>1). ,
,
, .5.
-
.
, ?
:
1) . -.
,
.
2) ,
. ,
.
3) .
.11.2-.
) .

,
, .11.3.
,
, ,

.

,
(
)

.
.11.3
,
.. :

M y PW = 0
239

(11.2)

EJ yW '' = M y

(11.3)

11.3 11.2, :

EJ yW '' + PW = 0
:

k2 =

P
EJ y

(11.4)
(11.5)

11.3 :

W '' + 2W = 0

(11.6)

W = C1 sin kx + C2 cos x

(11.7)
1 2 .
:
1) x=0 W=0, 2=0.
2) x=l W=0, :

C1 sin kl = 0

(11.8)
: 1=0.
, 2=0,
11.7 W=0,
, .
. 11.8 :

sin kl = 0

(11.9)

11.9 :

kl = n

(n = 0, 1, 2,..)

(11.10)

11.5 11.9 :

P=

n 2 2 EJ y
l2

(11.11)

n=0 , >0. -
, , 11.11 n=1.
, 11.7, .
.
:

240

P =

2 EJ y
l2

(11.12)

:
n

W = C1 sin k x = C1 sin

x = C1 sin

(11.13)

1744 .
, 11.2 .
,
. 19
20 ,

, .

.
( TV Discovery). 1907 .
() . (
70 ) ,
.
.
- ,

.
. ? ,

.
,
.
.
11.11 11.13 ,
. n=2 :

P=

4 2 EJ y
l

, W = C1 sin

2
x
l

(11.14)
n=1,2 3
.11.4. ,
, 11.12,
.11.4

.
.

241

 , 1,
.
,
11.6 ,
11.3,
. ,
,

7.18.
:

EJ y

W"

(1 + (W ') )

3
2 2

+ PW = 0

(11.15)
- .
(
) (11.4 11.15) .
,
, .
11.2.
.
)
- , ,
Y.
.

.


(.11.3), .
,
, - .11.5.
, ,
,
.11.3.
11.12
, l 2l:
.11.5

P =

2 EJ y

242

(2l ) 2

(11.16)

P =

EJ y

( l ) 2

(11.17)
,
. (.11.3) - =1,
.11.5 =2.
, l
, .
.11.3 ,
11.13.
:

. .11.3
, =1,
.11.5
, =2.
.11.6
, .
.

. 11.6
) , , .
11.6,
:

W IV + k 2W II = 0
243

(11.18)

 - 11.6.
:

W = C1 + C2 x + C3 sin kx + C4 cos kx

(1.19)
:

W ' = C2 + C3 k cos kx C4 k sin kx

W '' = C3k 2 sin kx C4 k 2 cos kx

(11.20)
.11.6 ( ,
)
:
1. x=0 W=0 C1+C4=0
2. x=0 W=0 C2+C3 k=0
3. x=l W=0 C1+C2l +C3 sinkl+C4 coskl=0
4. x=l My=0 W=0 C3 sinkl+C4 coskl=0

:

1
0
1
0

0
0
1
1
k
0
l sin kl cos kl
0 sin kl cos kl

C1
C
2
= 0
C3
C4

(11.21)
11.21
:

1
0
det
1
0

0
0
1
1
k
0
= 0
l sin kl cos kl
0 sin kl cos kl

(11.22)

, :

tgkl = kl

(11.23)
-
kl=4,493 ( ). 11.5 :

244

P 2
k l =
l = 4,49 2
EJ y
2 2

P =

4,49 2 EJ y
l2

EJ y

4,49

EJ y

( 0,7l ) 2

(11.23)
.., =0,7
)
.

,

y
.

Jy<Jz
( 11.17).

,
. 11.7
,
. 11.7,
.
:

P , y =

2 EJ y
( y l )2

P , z =

2 EJ z
( z l )2

(11.24)
y z ,
. ,

. ,
-.

( 2.10), :

J y = Fi y2

J z= Fiz2

iy , iz - . 11.25 11.24:

245

(11.25)

 2 EF

P , y =

y l

i
y

P , z =

yl

2 EF
z l

iz

(11.26)
:

zl
iz

z=

iy

(11.27)
y z ()
. 11.27 ,
(, )
( ).
180 . (
, ) - .
11.27, 11.26 :

P , y

2 EF
=
2y

P , z

2 EF
=
2z

(11.28)
, -
, -.

- . 11.28
, ,
:

yl
iy

zl
iz

iy

z
iz

(11.29)

, .11.7 :

iy =

Jy
F

bh 3
=
12bh

h
12

; i z = ... =

b
12

= 1; z = 0,5

11.22, , h=2b
.
,
.

246

11.3. .
.
)


/.
. :

F
(11.30)
11.28 ( , ,y <
,z), :

E
2

(11.31)
,
11.30.
)
,
. , ,
11.31,
, , ..:

E
2

p ,

p ,

(11.32)

, .:

11.32 :

p ,

(11.33)
(11.34)

247

 11.34
. , ,
, ,
( 11.33). 11.33
, , 100.
)
11.31
, .11.8.
.

.11.8.

, >
. , -
, .
,
.

,
, .
. ,
,

248

 ,
.
(
), ,

, .11.18.
.
.
- , :

= (1 )

(11.35)
.
=304 Mpa, B=368.10-5.

, , .
11.4. . .

( ),
- ( )
.. .
) .
11.1 11.17, :

[ P]

P
n

2 EJ y
n ( l ) 2

(11.36)

Jy

[ P]n ( l ) 2

(11.37)

.
,
,
-
11.34. (

). , 11.34 ,

249

 .
.
) -.
:

[ ] =

(11.38)

Pn
P
=
[ ]

(11.39)
, - ,
11.35.
,
, 11.39 ,
- .
11.39:

[ P] = F

P
(11.40)

) .
.
, :

[ ] = [ ]

(11.41)
[] ,

. 1 !
- [8],[12].

.11.8.
:

P
P
=
[ ] [ ]

(11.42)
,
, 11.42 .
( =0,5), ,

250

 ,
:

[ P] = F [ ] P

(11.43)
, - ,
.
, 11.42.
) 11.1.
() (.11.9)
,
P=180 kN,
l=1,3 m, ( 5)
=2.10 11 -s = 270 MPa.
11.2- ,
,
(

,
) ,


h=2b, b, h
.

. -
. 11.9
11.37:

Jy

[ P ]n ( l ) 2

2E

180.10 3.6.(1.1,3) 2
= 92,5.10 8 m 2
2
11
2.10

b:

bh 3
8 4
Jy =
=
b
12 12

b=

12 J y
8

= ... = 3,43.10 2 m

yl
iy

yl
h

12 =

1.1,3
12 = 68,2
2.3,43.10 2

-
.

251

 .
, . b=5
cm, h=10 cm. :
yl
1.1,3
y=
12 =
12 = 45
h
10.10 2
45 5
[12], =0,875.
11.42 :
6
s
4 270.10
[ P ] = F [ ] = F
= 5.10.10
0,875 = 197 kN
n
6

- ,

.

11.40.
, =45 11.45
=304(1-368.10-5.45)=254 Mpa. 11.40 :

[ P] = F

= 5.10.10 4

254.10 6
= 212 kN
6

11.5. .
-
, .
,
. ,
.

. ,
, - . ,
.

. 11.10

252

 ,
( ) ,

.
, .11.10.
:

A = P .

(11.44)
,
, , .
U.
A=U :

P =

(11.45)
.
U .

:

U=

M y2

2 EJ
l

dx =
y

( EJ yW '' ) 2
2 EJ y

dx =

1
EJ y (W '' ) 2 dx

2l

(11.46)
,
(
7.19).
,
.11.10. d
:

d = dx dx cos = dx(1 cos ) = dx(1 1 +

..)

dx

cos
, , .
:

d =
l

dx =

1
(W ' ) 2 dx

2l

11.46 11.47 11.45 :

253

(11.47)

 EJ

P =

(W '' ) 2 dx

(W )

' 2

dx
(11.48)

11.48 .
.
.
11.48
W ? ,
W ,
.
, .
11.2. .11.10
, (EJy = const).
11.48
W, .
:

W( x )

x
= C sin

x
W = C cos

l
l
'

x

W = C sin
l
l
''

()

() 11.48 :
4

x

EJ y C sin 2
dx
l
l
l

x
dx
EJ y l
2 EJ y
2 EJ y
l
=
=
.1 =
2
2
2

x
l
l
l2
2

2
2
cos
dx
l
l C l cos l dx
l
2

P =

sin

()
, - 11.1
11.6. ,
11.13 ,
.

,
, :

W( x ) = Cx ( x l )

W ' = C (2 x l )
254

W '' = 2C

()

,
W(0)=W(l)=0, ,
, ,
, . () 11.48
:

EJ y 4C 2 dx

P =

(4 x 2 4 xl + l 2 )dx

4 EJ y C 2 l
2 3

C l

12 EJ y

l2

()
(), 20 %
.
W. -
,
( ).
l

11.6. /

. ,
, .
.11.11 ,
.

:

EJ yW '' = y

), :

(11.49)
(

M y = P (e + f W )

(11.50)

:
. 11.11

EJ yW '' = P(e + f W )

W '' + k 2W = P (e + f )
(11.51)

k2 =
11.51 :

255

P
EJ y

(11.52)

W = C1 sin kx + C 2 cos kx + (e + f )

(11.53)
(C1, C2
f) :

1. x=0 W=0 C2= - (e+f)

2. x=0 W=0 C1=0
3. x=l W=f f = -(e+f)cos kl + (e+f)
:

f + e=

e
cos kl

11.53. :

W= e

1 cos kx
cos kl

(11.54)
, ,
. , :

kl =

(kl ) 2 =

P 2 2
l =
EJ y
4

P=

EJ y

( 4l ) 2

,
.
11.54 ,
, . ,
, ,
.
11.49 11.54:

M y = EJ yW '' = ... = Pe

cos kx
cos kl

(11.55)

=0:

M y ,max = Pe
cos

Pl 2
EJ y

(11.56)
,
(). ,

256

 ,
,
.
,
. 11.51 :

W '' k 2W = P (e + f )

(11.57)

, ( ) -

. 11.54 :

W= e

1 chkx
chkl

(11.58)
,

.
11.7.

.

. 11.12
,
. 11.12. W1
, W
.
W1
:

EJ yW1'' = M 1
1 .

257

(11.59)


, W, 1
+ P.W. W :

EJ yW '' = ( M 1 + P.W )

(11.60)

M1
EJ y

(11.61)

W '' + k 2W =
:

k2 =

P
EJ y

(11.62)

11.61, :

W IV + k 2W '' =

q
EJ y

(11.63)

.

.
.
1, 11.59 11.60. :

EJ yW '' = EJ yW1'' P.W

(11.64)
. ,
(
.11.12), .. :

W1 = f1 sin

x
l

W = f sin

x
l

(11.65)
f1, f
.
11.65. :

EJ y f

2
2
=
EJ
f
y 1 2 + Pf
l2
l
258

(11.66)

 (f)
:

P
f 1

2
EJ y 2

= f1

f =

f1
P
1
P

(11.67)

,
, ,
.
, .
, .
,
11.67 :

y =

M1
P
1
P

(11.68)
.
,
11.67 11.68.


, .
, 11.65, ,
.
11.8.
.
.
(11.17)
(11.48) ,
.
(1,9-2,2).1011 (
14 %), 600 %.
,
, , .
,
. ,

259

 ,
- .

.

( 11.29),
.


, .
.
.
.11.13 -
l0
.

Y
:

yl

y=

J y ,1
F1

(11.69)
Jy,1
y.
Z o
:

z=

2
z ,1

2
z ,0

(11.70)
z,1 -
Z; z,1
l0 :
.11.13

z ,1

zl

J z1 + ( 0,5a ) F1
F1
2

z ,0

l0
J z1
F1

(11.71)
11.70 .
Z ,
.

260

.12.

, ,
.
12.1.
(.12.1) ,
(h)
(a) : h
a/10.
, .

,
:
1. .
,

. ,
.

2.
.

.12.1

3.

, ,
.
19
.
,

: ,
.
)
,
r dr
.12.2.
U , -
U+dU. - ,
r ,
.
,

. 12.2
261

 .
:
(12.1)
A' B ' AB (dr + U + dU U ) dr dU

r =

AB

dr

dr

,
, ,
. (L) ,
. ,
:

L A' L A
2 ( r + U ) 2 r U
=
=
LA
2 r
r
(12.2)
)
,
d,
dr
dz .12.3.
,

.
,
.

.12.3

. ,
,
:

t =

( r + d r )( r + dr ) d dz r rd dz 2 t drdz sin d 2 = 0 (12.3)

, sin (d /2) = d /2, :

t +

d r
r= 0
dr

d
( r r )
dr

= 0

(12.4)

)
.12.2 .
( 4.51),
x, y z r, t z. :

262

1
[
E

(12.5)

r
, z :

t ,

r=
.

E
1

( t + z )]

( r + t ) +

t =

1
[ t (
E

+ z )]

t=

E
1

( t + r ) +

(12.6)

z , -
)
12.1 12.2 12.6:

r=

E dU
U
+ +

2
r 1
1 dr

t=

E U
dU
+

+
2
dr 1
1 r

(12.7)
z

, U,
. 12.7
12.4 :

d 2U 1 dU U
+

= 0
dr 2 r dr r 2

(12.8)

d 1 d

(U .r ) = 0

dr r dr

(12.9)

12.8 12.9 ,
.

12.9
.
. U,
12.7 .
12.2. .
.
) :

12.9, :

U = C1 r +

C2
r

C
dU
= C1 22
dr
r
263

(12.10)


:
(12.11)

r r= a

= pa

r r= b

= pb

pa , pb ,
.
12.10
12.7, 12.11.
1 2,
:

C1 =

1 p a a 2 pb b 2

E
E
b2 a2

C2 =

1 + a 2b 2
( p a pb )
E b2 a2

(12.12)

12.12 12.10
:

U=

1 p a a 2 pb b 2
1 + ( p a pb ) a 2 b 2
r
+
zr
E
E b2 a2
r
E
b2 a2

(12.13)

, 12.13 12.7.
, :

r ,t

p a a 2 p b b 2 ( p a pb ) a 2 b 2
2
b2 a2
b a2 r2

(12.14)

(-) r, (+) t .
12.14 , :

r+t = 2

p a a 2 pb b 2
= const
b2 a2

(12.15)

..,
, ,
.
) 1: , .
- .
12.13 12.14, = b=0.
:
(12.16)
2
2
2
2

U=

pa
b
(1 )r + (1 + ) z r
2
2
r E
E (b a )
264

r ,t

pa b
1
b a 2 r 2
2

 r t .12.4.

. (
z) .
:

III

= 1

= t

= p

b2 + a2
2b 2

p
)
=
p
[ ]
b2 a2
b2 a2

(12.17)

.

, ,
.

-,

.

. 12.4

III
b

= p

2b 2
= 2 p (12.18)
a2
2
b 1 2
b

.., 2.
12.16
:

r ,t b

pa 2b 2

a2
b 2 1 2
b

a2
1 1
2 2 = p 2
r
r
b

(12.19)

, ,
. r=4a
/16 =6,25 % . 12.5-.
.
, , ,
,
. ,
. 12.5-. .
,
- 2,5d, d - .

265

 , ,
.12.5-.

,
2,5d, d - .

. 12.5
) 2:
,
12.13 12.14, =0 b=.

U=

r ,t

pb 2
a2

zr
(
1

)
r
+
(
1
+

)
r E
E (b 2 a 2 )
pb 2
a2

= 2
1

b a 2
r 2

(12.20)

.12.6. ,

12.17.

.

. 12.6 ,

,
. , 12.20

266

=0. , r , t= -p, ..
.
12.3.
- ,
, -
2 12.18.
(s 2p), , ,
, p max = s /2.
- s 2000 MPa,
, , 1000 MPa (10 000
atm).
: (
)
? . .

, -
,
.
:
1 2 (.12.7),
1 - 2. 2
, 1 .
,

1 , 2 -
. .

(.12.6),
.12.4.
( . 12.7) .

. 12.7

267

 ,
, .12.4.
- ( )
,
.
)
,
,
, ,
.12.8.

,

. :

. 12.8

U 2 U1 =

(12.21)

U2, 12.16:
p=pk, a=c, r=c:

U2 =

pk c 2
b2

(
1

)
c
+
(
1
+

)
c
E (b 2 c 2 )

(12.22)

, U1, 12.20: p=pk, b=c, r= c:

U1 =

pk c 2
a2

(
1

)
c
+
(
1
+

)
c
E (c 2 a 2 )

(12.23)

12.23 12.22 12.21,

o :

pk =

E (b 2 c 2 )(c 2 a 2 )
2c 3
(b 2 a 2 )

(12.24)

, . 12.7
.
) .
p,
, .

268

 ( .12.7)
, .12.9.

,
.


( ) ,

.

.12.9

t,

r,A

t ,B

III
, A

r,B

III
, B

(12.25)
:
(12.26)

, .12.9,
12.24.
, :

2p
cb 2 (c 2 a 2 )
E b 2 (c 2 a 2 ) + c 2 (b 2 c 2 )

(12.27)

12.27,
. ,
, .
,
12.27 12.24 12.25. :

2b
1

= p 2
1
2
2
2

b
c
(b a )
+ 2

2
2
2
(b c ) (c a )

(12.28)

b
,
. :

269

(12

= 0
c

c=

ab

.29)

12.29 (
).
,
12.29 12.28:

, min

= p

b
b a

(12.30)

, ,
12.17.
,
:

, min

= p

b (b 2 a 2 ) b + a
=
(b a ) 2 pb 2
2b

(12.31)

, (
a b ) ,
.. .
(<<b), .
, ,
- .
,

( , - ).

. 12.10

)
,

.
,
,
(
).

.. ,

270

 .12.10. .
.
) 12.1. d=15 cm
n =300 min-1 N=800 kW.
, ,
a a, a
.12.11.
, f=0,2, :
D=20 cm l=30 cm. =2,1.1011 N/m2.

.

:

M = 9,55

N
800
= 9,55
= 25,5 kNm
n
300

, :

.12.11

l d
d2

M = pk d f =
lfpk
2 2
4

,
:

d2
lfp k >
4
4 M
4.25,5.10 3
pk >
=
= 48,1 MPa
d 2 lf
0,15 2.0,15.0,2

M >

12.24,
: a=0, b=D/2=0,1 m, c=d/2=0,075 m.
2=157 m.

pk
E b 2 c 2
b2

=
2
c
=
2c b 2
E
b2 c2
48,1.10 6
0,12
=
2
.
0
,
075
= 78,5.10 6 m = 78,5 m
11
2
2
2,1.10
0,1 0,075
pk =

,
( ) :

271

 dT = 2

2
157.10 6
T =
=
= 87,2
6
d 12.10 .0,15

=12.10-6.
.

48,1 MPa.

.
2.17, :

III

2b 2
2.0,12
6
= pk 2
= 48,1.10
= 220 MPa
b c2
0,12 0,075 2

12.4.
h
b, - .12.12, .

. 12.12
)

,
. 12.1 12.2 .

r =

dU
dr

t =

U
r

(12.32)

)
,
,
:

272

dP = dm 2 r = (rd drh) 2 r = 2 r 2 hd dr (12.33)

g
g
, g-
.

:

( r + d r )(r + dr )d dz r rd dz 2 t drdz sin d + 2 r 2 hd dr = 0

2

g
(12.34)
, :

( r r ) t = 2 r 2
dr
g

(12.35)

)
.
, , :

E
1

( r + t )

t =

E
1

( t + r )

(12.36)

12.32, :

r=

E
1

U
dU
+

r
dr

t=

E
1

dU
U
+

dr
r

(12.37)

)
.
12.37 12.35 , :

d 1 d
1

(U .r ) =

dr r dr
E

2
r
g

(12.38)

12.38, :

U = C1r +

C2 1 2

2r 3
r
E 8g

(12.39)

:
1. r=0 U=0 C2=0.
2. r=b r=0. 12.37, :

273

U
dU
+

r
dr

= 0

(12.40)

r= b

12.39 :

1
C1 =
E

3+
2b 2
8g
1+

(12.41)

12.39 12.36,
:

2
=
(3 + )(b 2 r 2 )
8g

2
1 + 3 2
=
(3 + )(b 2
r )
8g
3+

(12.42)

. 12.13-.
.

)
)
. 12.13.
, , ( ),
.

. -
, .

274

)
, .
12.39
- .12.13-:
1. r= r=0.
2. r=b r=0.
12.37, :

U
dU
+

r
dr

= 0
r= a

U
dU
+

r
dr

= 0

(12.43)

r= b

12.39 12.43
, :

C1 =

1
2 (3 + )(b 2 + a 2 )
E 8g

C2 =

1+
2 (3 + )b 2 a 2
E 8g

(12.44)
12.39 12.37.
:

2
a 2b 2
2
2
=
(3 + )(b + a
r2)
2
8g
r

(12.45)

2
a 2 b 2 1 + 3 2
2
2
=
(3 + )(b + a +

r )
8g
3+
r2

.12.14.

.12.13-.

,
r= (ab).

, -
. ,
,

- .12.14.
,
.

275

 , ,
.

. , .
:

= 1 3 = t 0=

2b 2

(3 + ) s
8g
n

(12.46)

.b=V
( ).
V, :

8 s g
n (3 + )

(12.47)

343,
(s=800 MPa), n=2 ,
345 m/s. V= b,
, ,
. b=1 m ( 2 m)
345 s-1 ( 3400 /), 0,05 m
( 0,1 m), 65 000
/. ,
.
. 13.
.1 , ,
- .
,
, ,
.
()
, ,
.13.1. -
(), (), ()
-(). ,
().

276

)
) )
)
)
.13.1.

, .
, (
), ( )
.
,
.
. -
,
.
, -, -.
13.1. . .
)

.13.2- h.
)
)
)

.13.2.
, ,
(z) ,
( ).
m,

.

277

, ,
,
.
. (
),
.- t.
p,
z.
(
),
m ( ),
t ( ).

! ,
() ,
, .
)
,
.
13.2-. , n
:

pds1ds2 2

d
d
sin
2 t sin
= 0
2
2

(13.1)

,
ds1 = t.d , ds2 = md, , :

m t p
+
=
m t h

(13.2)

(1740-1827),
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
.13.2-. ,
z:

R z m ( 2 t sin h ) sin = 0
278

Rz
2 t h sin 2

(13.3)

 Rz z. 13.2 13.3
m t.
Rz .
) T

:
,

,

,
.

F,
p
.13.3. ,

dF z :

.13.3

dR z = ( pdF ) cos = pdF '

dF ,
z. :

Rz =

F'

pdF = p dF = pF
'

'

F'

'

(13.4)

.
)
:

,
.

. 13.4
.13.4.
, h e

279

.h, -
.
:

Rz ,1 = hF1

(13.5)

Rz , 2 = hF2

.hF
( .13.4 ).
13.5 F1=F2,
.
,
.
) 13.1.


D=0.32 m, R=0.35 m
h=2,5 mm .13.5


p=10 atm.
1. .

D/2.
,
(m
).
13.2 ,
t :

. 13.5

t =

p t
pD 10.10 5.0,32
=
=
= 64 MPa
2
2h
2.2,5.10 3

,
, ,
13.3,
=90, Rz=p.D2/4. :

p D 2 .2 pD
=
= 32 MPa
4.2 Dh 4h

1=t=

pD
2h

280

pD
4h

= 0

III

= 1

pD
= 64 MPa
2h

,
.
2. .

,
.
:

p
2
=
R
h
m

pR 10.10 5.0,35
= t =
=
= 70 MPa
2h
2.2,5.10 3

70 Mpa.
13.2. . .

,
.

(
- ),

, .


.

.


. 13.6 R h - .
13.6 :
1. (
).
2. , ,

, .
.

281

3.
.
- , h/R 1/20.
)
dx .13.6,
(W)

(). :

dW
dx

(13.6)

/ (0),
, .
.13.7, , z
:

A' B ' AB ( dx + z ( + d ) z ) dx
d
=
= z
AB
dx
dx

x = 0 + = 0 + z

d
dx

(13.7)

.13.7
(Y),
,
,
:

y=

2 ( R + w) 2 R w
=
2 R
R

(13.8)

)

,
.

282

E
1

E
1

d
w

+
0 + z
dx
R

E w
d
( y + x ) =
+ 0 + z
2
dx
1 R

( x + y ) =

E
1

(13.9)

)
, ,
.13.8.
, .
,
, .
:

N x dy =

h/2

xdydz

N y dx =

h/2

M x dy =

h/2

x zdydz M y dx =

h/2

h/2

dxdz

h/2
h/2

zdxdz

h/2

(13.10)

13.9
, :

(13.11)
.13.8
(13.11)
Eh
w
Eh w

N x=
+
N y=
+ 0
2 0
2
1
R
1 R

2
2
d W
d W
Mx = D
My = D
2
dx
dx 2

D .

D=

Eh 3
12(1 2 )

(13.12)

13.11 ,
W .

283

 Ny 13.11 W Nx:

N y = N x + Eh

w
R

(13.13)

)

.13.9.
, (Nt, Mt) a,
. ,
, (Q
).
:

x= 0

My = 0

Z= 0

( N x + dN x )dy N x dy = 0

N x = const

(M x + dM x )dy M x dy Qdydx = 0

(13.14)

dM x
= Q
dx

d
= 0
2
Ny
dQ
= p
dx
R

(13.15)

(Q + dQ)dy Qdy pdxdy + 2 N y dx sin

(13.16)

)

:

N
d 2M
= p y
2
dx
R

(13.17)

13.17 13.11
:

d 4W
p

+ 4k 4W =

Nx
4
D RD
dx
(13.18)
.13.9

4k 4 =

Eh
12(1 2 )
=
R 2D
R 2h 2
(13.19)

284

 13.18
. Nx
. 13.18 :
(13.20)
kx
kx
*

W= e

(C1 sin kx + C 2 cos kx) + e (C3 sin kx + C 4 cos kx) + W

W* - 13.18,
.
(x 0)
.
(x l) .
.
)
W, 13.11
, .
13.9 13.11 :

x=

N x 12 M x
+
z
h
h3

N y 12 M y
+
z
h
h3

y=

(13.21)

,
.
z = h/2:

x , max

N x 6M x

h
h2

y , max

Ny
h

6M y

(13.22)

h2

(+)
.
) 13.2.

(.13.10)
.

. : R, h, E, .
13.18
=const :

W* =

.13.10

p
4k 4 D
()

285

W = e kx (C1 sin kx + C 2 cos kx) +

p
4k 4 D

()

: =0
W=0 W=0. , :

C1 = C 2 =

p
4k 4 D

()

() :

W =

p
1 e kx (sin kx + cos kx)
4k 4 D

()

,
p/4k4D,
13.19 pR2/Eh.
:

t =

W t
=
R E

W=

t R pR 2
=
E
Eh

()

( ),
0,05 (..5%):

e kx (sin kx + cos kx) 0,05

()
( =0.3)
x* 2,7(Rh)1/ 2. h R/20 ( ),
x* 2,7(Rh)1/ 2=0,6R., .e. ,
,
. ( .13.10 * ).
,
, 13.11,
0=0. , W=0, Nx=Ny=0.
Mx My=Mx. :

M x = DW '' = ... = D

p
p kx
2k 2 e kx (cos kx sin kx) =
e (cos kx sin kx)
4
4k D
2k 2
()

286

 ,
, =0:

M x , max =

p
= ... =
2k 2

x, max

prh
12 (1 )

= 6

x
=
h2

()

pr
pr
= 1,82
h
12 (1 2 ) h

= 0, 3

3,63 - pr/2h ,
.
, ,

.
.
.
[17] ,
.
13.3. ,
,
. ,
.13.11.


:

h.

e
h/2, R 5h.
. 13.11
.
(
)

.
.
A) .
( )
r dr .13.12. ,

287

 z
, :

r=

A' B ' AB ( dr + z ( + d ) z ) dr
d
=
= z
AB
dr
dr

(13.23)
-
.
, .
,

:

.13.12

t =

L A' L A 2 ( r + z ) 2 r

=
= z
LA
2 r
r

(13.24)

)

r t,
13.23 13.24
:

Ez d

+
2
1 dr
r
E
Ez
d
t=
( t + r ) =
+

2
2
1
1 r
dr

r=

E
1

( r + t ) =

(13.25)

,
.
)
.13.13 ,

, d
, dr.
,
, . :

M r rd =

h/2

h/2

( r rd dz ) z

M t dr =

h/2

h/2

288

dr dz ) z

(13.26)

 13.25 , :

d
M r = D
+
r
dr

M t = D +

dr
r

(13.27)

D
:

Eh 3
D=
12(1 2 )

(13.28)

)



.13.14.

.13.13
(t)
. (Mr)
(Q),
,
.

t:
(13.29)

( M r + dM r )(r + dr )d M r rd + Qrd dr +
+ prd dr

d
dr
2M t dr = 0
2
2

, :
(13.30)

.13.14

d
( M r r ) M t + Qr = 0
dr

)
13.27 13.30 ,
:

d 1 d
Q

( r ) =

dr r dr
D

289

(13.31)

 13.31
, . Q
,
,
( ).
,
13.31 :

= C 1r +

C2 1

r Qdr dr
r Dr

(13.32)

C1, C2 ,
.
n , 2n.
,
13.27 .
)
13.27,
:

r=

12 M r
z
h3

t=

12 M t
z
h3

(13.33)

z =h/2:

r , max

6M r
h2

t , max

6M t
h2

(13.34)

(+) .
)
.13.11
:

dW
= tg ( ) = tg
dr

(13.35)

:
(13.36)
W = dr + C

290

 3 ,
.
) 13.3.
13.1, ,
. : R=0,16 m, h=2,5 mm, []=160 Mpa.
,

p .13.15.

r
( )

Z :

z = 0 p r 2 Q 2 r = 0 Q =

pr
2
(a)

13.32 :

= C 1r +

C2 pr 3

r 16 D

()

:
.13.15
1. r=0 =0 C2=0.
2
2. r=R =0 C1=pR /(16D). :

p
R 2r r 3
16 D

()

13.27 :

M r=

p 2
R (1 + ) r 2 (3 + )
16

M t=

p 2
R (1 + ) r 2 (1 + 3 )
16

()

.13.15. ,
()
.
:

291

r=

6M r
pR 2 6 3 pR 2
=
2
=
16 h 2 4 h 2
h2

t=

6M t
pR 2 6 3 pR 2
=
2

=
16 h 2 4 h 2
h2
()

1=r, 2=t, 3=0, III =1-3=t.

III

3 pR 2
[ ]
4 h2
4[ ]h 2 4.160.10 6.0,0025 2
[ p]
=
= 0,52.10 5 Pa 0,5 atm
3R 2
3.0,16 2
(e)

, ,
. 1 atm
. ,
10 atm
,
.
.18
[17] ,
( ) .
. 14.

14.1.


, .5. ,

. ,
,
, ,
,
- ,
, -
. ,

,

.

.

292

 /.
, (
3) , .4.1-.

)
)
. 14.1. -
- e
p s ,
s>>p. ,
, , .14.1-,
, ,
, ,
- .

, .14.1-,
,
.
.
- , /
.
,
, ,
.


, , .
e
. ,
, ( , ,
sin =, - ),

293

 . (
- ) .
. (:

).
)
)


,

.

.14.2. )
1 2
,

. 14.2
P1, P2, a
)
2, 1. ,
(.B) .
,
?

,
( )
.
,
.

.
. /,
,

.
14.2. , /

/
, ,
/,
.

294


.
, .14.3.
, ,
s.

.
,
.
)

.14.3
.
N2=N3.
:

Z= 0

N1 + 2 N 2 cos = P

(a)

l2 = l1 cos

N 2l
Nl
= 1 cos
EF cos EF

N 2 = N1 cos 2

()

) ), :

N1 = P

1
1 + 2 cos 3

N2 = N3 = P

cos 2
1 + 2 cos 3

()

, - ,
- , ,
[]=s
:

max

N1 P
1
=
=
F
F 1 + 2 cos 3
295

Pmax,[ ] =

sF
1 + 2 cos 3

()

)
,
, ,
,
( -).
,
.
N1=N2=N3=sF. )
:

s F + 2 s F cos = P

Pmax, =

sF
1 + 2 cos

()

) )
, , Pmax,
>Pmax, . =30 , Pmax, =1,19 Pmax, , .

19 %. ,
,

.
14.3. -

.5 ,

, .14.4-.

a)
)
)
)
. 14.4. -
s -
, , ,
, :

max =

M
Wp

=s

M , = sW p = s
296

D3
16

(14.1)

 ,
, , -

. . 14.4- ,
,
,
() .
,
s - .
,
,
:

dM = s (2 d )

D/2

M , =

s 2

d =

D3
s
12

(1
.2)
14.1 14.2 ,
,
33 % ,
.
0

W p , =

D3
12

(14.3)

.
(14.3)

( 6.10)
33%, ,
, , ,
33%.
-,
.
14.2:
, .14.5-,
.
)
.
:

+ B = m
297

(a)

I +

II

= 0

(
)

( M A m) 1
MA 2
l+
l= 0
GJ p 3
GJ p 3

() (), :

MA =

m
3

MB =

2m ()
3

, . 14.5-.

,

:

. 14.5

max

M ,max
Wp

2m.16 32 m
=
=
3 D 3 3 D 3

mmax,[ ] =

3
s D 3
32

()

)
,
14.2, ..
.
() :

D3
D3
+s
= m
12
12

mmax, =

1
s D 3
6

()

,
, 1,78 -
, .
14.3. -
,
. .7,

298

 ,
.14.6-,

Y .

)
)
.14.6. -

,
:

max

My
Wy

= [ ] =

M max,[ ] = W y

(14.4)

,
, ,
- - .
,
.14.6-.
,
.14.6-.
, ,
.14.6- :

dM y = s dFz

M y , =

zdF =

( S + S )

(14.5)

F + F

F, F ,
.
.
, ,
, - .
,
:

299

N=

F + F

dF = s dF
F

dF = ( F

F ) = 0

F = F

(14.6)
,

.

14.5
.

W y , = S + S

(14.7)

b/h
:

S = S = b

hh
24

S + S = b

h2
= W y ,
4

(14.
8)

14.8,
1,5 -
7.9.
- , 1,18 .
, ,
, 18% 50 %.
-.

a)

)
. 14.7

.14.3. ,
(.14.7)

300

EJy=const
.
a)
, .
, .10,
.14.7-.
.
,
:

max

M y ,max
Wy

ql 2
=
= [ ] =
12W y

q max,[ ] = 12

Wy
l2

(a)
)
,
. ,
= sWy, . -
. ,
.14.7-. ,
- , ,
.
.
,
:

M y , max

x= l / 2

q l 2
8

M =

q max, =

16
l2

= 16

W y ,
l2

()

, , :

q max,
q max,[

16W y ,
12W y

()

, () 2, .
- ,
.

301

. 15.
15.1. .
.
,
,
. ,
-,
, -
.

:
,
,
,
.15.1
.15.1.
,
, ., , .
,
. (.15.2)
.
M = Pa. ,
:


z (.12.5-)

:

z=

. 15.2

d-
, -
.

:

Pa
z=
z
Jy
Jy

=
302

d
sin t
2

Pa d
sin t
Jy 2

.., .
, .
, ,
.

.
, , .


.15.3 . :

-
, .
:

,
.15.3

, , , .
(
), ,
.
,
.
, ..
.
,
,
.

,
, .
,
.
)


, .
15.4. :

():

.15.4
303

max

min

(15.1)

 (m):

max

+
2

min

(15.2)

(r):

r=

min

(15.3)

max

r
(r= -1) .15.5-, (r=0)- .15-5-
.15.4.

)
.15.5
(.15.6)
. , ,
.15.6,
.

.15.6
)
,
.
-1
, 0 - .

.15.7.
,
,

304

, .
.15.8, N,
,
a.
.
(10-12),
. ,

, -

LogN .15.8-.

,
.

.15.7. - .

20000
/.

)
. 15.8
, ,
, :
N=107 , N=108 .
,
.
,

:
: -1(0,40,5)B, -10,5-1.

305

 : -1 400+B/3 [Mpa].
: -1(0,250,5)B.

.

2.
) . .
-
. ,
,
.

)
.15.9.
..
, m-a .15.9-.
(m=, a = 0 )
, D (m=0, a = -1)
. ,
m,a, ,
. ,
,
m a ,
. ( m ,
.15.7 , ,
)

, .
, - m a
( . - ) ,
/
:

306

OB
OA

n=

(15.4)

()
.15.9-,
.
..
.15.9-, C D . ( .C
, .D
).
,
.

15.4. OAL OBD .15.9 :
OB OD
OD
1
n=
=
=
=
(15.5)
OA OL
OK + LK a + LK
:

LK
AK
=
OD OC

LK = OD

AK
=
OC

(15.6)

15.5 :

n=

(15.7)

m a
, -1
,
,
,
.

n=

1
a + 1

m
B

(15.8)

15.7 15.8
( , ),
.
, -.

307

15. ,

)
, ,

, ,
.
() .15.10-,
, ,

, e .
- - 15.4.

)
)
.15.10.

. 15.10-, ,
.
.
..
,

:

max

, =

max

(15.9)

, ,

, .
. 15.10 :

N
(bh d 2 / 4)
308

, =

16 M

d3


N/F, F-
1-1.

,
[8] .

. ,

- .
,
15.9
. ,

( )
. ..
- r,
. (r=1) :

+1

B
'
B

(15.10)

, -
.

,
(s) .

.
,
.
+1=1.
.

,
. ,
, ..
+1=. , ,
+1=1. ,
, .
- ,

309

. , ,


:

(15.11)

1
'
1

-1 -
, -1-
. -1
, .
-1,
:
(15.12)
= 1 + ( 1)
1

-
. :
=1; =0,6-0,8 (-
- ); =0.

,
15.7 15.8 ? ,
m :

+1

(15.13)

.15.9
.
,
,
.
, . 18.11.
,


.
Comet 50-
,
[35]. ,

310

 ,

,
.15-11-.
,

.
, .

.15.11.

)


,

.

,
:

.15.12

'
1,
1

(15.14)

- -1,

, ; -1
,
, .

311

.
15.12, : 1 -
(); 2 - ; 3 - ,
; 4 - ; 5 -
; 6 ; 7
.

,
.

(15.15)

-
, ,
, , 15.7
15.8 .
, ,
.

,
,
.
.
)
, -
. ,
,
- , .

..
,
,

:

'
1,

(15.16)

- -1,

;

.15.13
312

-1
, , d=8-10
mm.

.15.13,
1 , 2 -
, 3 -
, 4 -
.

,
:

(15.17)
- , ,
-
,
15.7 15.8, .
15.3.
(15.3),
(15.15) (15.17),
a 15.7 (
) 15.8 (
) :

n =

+ + 1

n =

1
B

1
1

+ + 1 m

1
B

(15.18)

, -1 +1
.

,
:

n=

n n

(15.19)

n + n
2

15.19
. ,
- - n n .

313

 15.1.
8.3,
-1=300 Mpa, s=250
Mpa.
-1=1,3. .
8.3
,
( ): =8,84 KNm. =26,36
kNm. d=0,104 m.
,
, .
.
15.19,

15.15.
, =1.
(.15.13), =1.
:

M 32 M 32 .8 ,84 .103
=
=
= 80,05 MPa
Wy
d3
0 ,104 3

n =

300
= 2 ,88
1,3
80 ,05
1 .1

max =

M
W

16 M

d3

16.26,36.103
= 73,93 MPa
0,1223

(
) :

n =

max

250
= 3,38
73,93

n=

n n
n2

n2

2 ,88.3,38
2 ,882 + 3,38 2
314

= 2 ,19

15.4.
.
(1893-1963) -
. 1920 .

2-3 ,
- (
) ,
.
[6]. ,
0.1 mm 70-140 MPa,
2-3 11300 MPa (80 ),
14000 MPa.
,
,
.
.
, .
)

(1913), ,


.

, 15.2. ,
(
) b .
15.14,


:
(15.20)
a

= 1+ 2

, a=b,
k=3.
.15.14
(b0),
,
, 15.20, .
,

315

, ,
. ,
.

.15.4,
2,
,

, .15.15.


. , 17.1

.
.15.5 ,
,
,

.
4.64,
:
.15.15
2
U0 =
2E
, ,
, Uo
. . 18.5 ,
a,
=. :

a a a 2 2
(15.21)
=
2
2E

2.1.
, ,
(J/m2
), .
:
U = U 0 .2

U s = 2 a

(15.22)

G=2. :

316

(15.23)

U s = Ga

- Us
U , , :

U = U s U = Ga

a 2
2E

(15.24)

,
(Us),
(U).

, .15.16.

:

dU d
a 2
Ga
=
da da
2E

a
= G
E

= 0

(15.25)
:

.15.16

Gc E = a

(15.26)
15.26
- ,
. ,

, 50-60 %

.. ()

. ,
, ,
15.21,
-

15.22. . 15.17 ,

( 2)

-,
. 15.17
, -
( 1). 15.26 Gc

317

 [J/m2], .
Gc=0.01 kJ/m2 -[34].
15.26
:

ac =

Gc E
2

(15.27)

15.27 ,
.
.

,
. 15.26 :

Gc E
a

(15.28)

15.2.
, : E=69 GPa, Gc=0,01 kJ/m2, ,
3600 MPa.
15.27:

ac =

Gc E 0,01.10 3.69.10 9
=
= 17.10 9 m
2 .(3600.10 6 ) 2

, 17
.
15.3.
40 mm 480 Mpa.
, 100 mm ?
15.26.
:

Gc E = a1

2
1

= a2

2
2

a1
40
= 480
= 304 MPa
a2
100

) .

318

 ,
, .

-.

(1948).


.
15.17,

.15.17
(15.29),
: r
; - r

xy

KI

3
cos 1 sin sin

1/ 2
( 2 r )
2
2 2

(15.29)

KI

3
cos 1 + sin sin

1/ 2
( 2 r )
2
2 2
KI


3
=x=
sin cos cos

1/ 2
( 2 r )
2
2
2

I ,
:

K I = Y ( a )1/ 2

(15.30)
Y ,
. I , ,
(I ). ,
II III
.15.18.
. -
.
,
15.30 [Pa.m1/2] .
, ,

319

 .
.
, -
. .15.14 :

B
a

K I = ( a )1/ 2
tan

a
B

1/ 2

(15.31)

B .

.15.18.
15.29 ,
. ,

,
- I.,C ,
:

Y ( a)1/ 2 = K I ,C

(15.32)

,
,
, ,
1,25 mm, .
2.
15.32 ,
15.26 .

,
.

320

 15.32 15.26 ,
, GC K1,C
(Y=1) :
(15.33)
K = ( EG )1 / 2
1,C

15.4. .
,
: a)
s =300 MPa 150 MPa.m1/2 )

s=1000 MPa 80 MPa.m1/2.
.13 , -
, .

. O 15.32,
( t)
,
:

ac =

K 12,C

2
s

150 2
a) ac =
= 0,0796 m
.300 2

80 2
) ac =
= 0,0020 m
.1000 2

.., - ,
.
. 16.
,
, ..
, . ,
. ,

.

- (, ), -
, .

.
.

321

16.1.
)
:

x = X a sin( t + )

(16.1)

. 16.1.
, (rad/s),
- (rad). ,


T (s).

,
. 16.1
.
,
, : (f) ,
(Hz) N (min-1).
:

2
[rad / s ]

f =

1
[1 / s]
T

= 2 f

N
30

N = 60 f [1 / min]

(16.2)
,
, ,
16.1. .

,
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
16.1,
. .

, ,
, ,

322

 . ,
.

, ,
. -
.
,
, .
1,2,... () .
,
.16.2, ,

. -
,
,
.
)

m, ,

.16.2.

-,
(m)
,

x .

.16.2

,
,
, . ,
, : (mg),
(cx),
( mx) ,

.
:

323

mg mx cx = 0

mx + cx = mg

(16.3)

x +

x= g

= c/m

(16.4)

16.4 .
:
(16.5)
g

x = X a sin( t + ) +

Xa , ,
.
:

gm
= mg 1,1 = x
c

(16.6)

1,1=1/
( 9.26).
.
16.5 ,
,
16.4 16.6 :

c
=
m

1,1 m

g
x

(16.7)

16.7 ,
, 1,1,
.
, .9 .10.
, ,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
16.7 ,
(
),

324

, .
.
.
( .16.8),
. 16.7
m I
, a 1,1
, .
) 16.1.
, .16.3.



-.

.
:

. 16.3

1,1=

1
1 1 2
l3
M yM y =
l.l. l =
EJ y
EJ y 2 3
3EJ y

1,1 m

3EJ y
ml 3

) 16.2.
, .16.4

,

.


,
,



, .10

.16.4

.

. :

325

1
7 l3
1,1=
M y M y = ... =
EJ y
12 EJ y
:

1,1 m

12 EJ y
7ml 3

) 16.3.
, .16.7.

,
.

1,1

1
1 1 22
2a 3
=
M yM y =
2 a a=
EJ y
EJ y 2 3
3EJ y

:
:

.16.7

1
=
1,1m

3EJ y
2ml 3

) 16.4.
I
[kg.m2], .16.8.

:

1,1 I

1,1
.

-:

.16.8
1
1
1 1
l
1,1 =
M y M y =
2l. . =
GJ p
GJ p
2 2 2GJ p
326

O :

1,1 I

2GJ p

l.I

)




.
16.9. ,

,

.
. 16.9



a
,
.

.
, - ,
F = bx b .
:

mg mx cx bx = 0

mx + bx + cx = mg

(16.8)

x + 2nx + 2 x = g

(16.9)

2=

c
m

2n =
327

b
m

(16.10)

 16.9 [30]:

x=

+ X a e nt sin( 1t + )

, 1=

2 n2

(16.11)

- .
16.11 , ,
(1) -
(). 1
(
(b).
16.11
, :

x(t )
x(t + T1 )

X a e nt sin( 1t + )
X ae

n ( t + T1 )

sin ( 1 (t + T1 ) +

= e nT1 = const

(16.1
2)

enT . ( b) , -
.
16.2.

.16.9 ,
:

P = Pa sin t

(16.14)
, -
.
)

16.8, :
(16.15)

mg + Pa sin t mx cx bx = 0

m :

x + 2nx +

x=

328

Pa
sin t + g
m

(16.16)

 2=

c
m

2n =

(16.17)

b
m

16.16 16.11
, :
x=

g
+ X a e nt sin( 1t + ) + x *
2

(16.18)

, -,
. ,
,
.
,
. .
, 16.14,
, * [30]:

x* =

Pa
sin( t )
c

(16.19)

2
2

tg =

4n 2
+
4

2n
2

(16.20
)

Pa/c = P.1,1 e
, 16.19 :

x * = x sin( t )

(16.21)

, 16.20,
, x
*.
16.18, 16.21 ,
16.14
.

, 16.20

, ( n).

329

 / .
16.10 n.


- / =1.
.


(16.20)
:

2n

(16.22)

(n=0),

.


(
)

.

. 16.10

, .

.
,
- (0,8-1,2) .

, - (
, ).

, .
(
, ),
() .
-
- .

330

 - ,
,
- ( .16.10),
- , , ..
.
- ,
-
-.
, .
, ,
,
. , ,
.
,
, .16.10. n=0, 16.20
:

(16.23)

, ,
.
16.21.
:

(16.24)

Pa , .

)
, .,
, , .
.

() .16.11,

:
(16.25)
2

P = m e
331

 m , - , e . ,
:

PV = m 2 e sin t

PH = m 2 e cos t

(16.26)
16.14,

,
.
.
-
, (
)
. 16.11 ,
,
.
) .16.4. (l=1,5 m) -
N12 (Jy=304 cm4) m=140 kg,
m0=40 kg n=3000 min-1 .16.12. =1 mm.
.

,
.

.16.12
.

1,1 :

1,1 =

1
1 1l l 2l
l3
M yM y =
2
=
EJ y
EJ y 2 2 4 3 4 48 EJ y

1
=
1,1 (m + m0 )

48EJ y .2
( m + m 0 )l 3

332

48.2.1011.304.10 8.2
= 310 rad / s
180.1,5 3

 , .
:

n 3000
=
= 314 rad / s
30
30

.
, -
N8, Jy=89,4 cm4
Wy=22,4 cm3.
() =167,7 rad/s.
314 rad/s, ,
( / =314/167,7=1,87), ..
.
:

P = m0 2e = 40.314 2.1.10 3 = 3,944 kN

, ,

:

y
P l
3,944.103.1,3
=
=
= 33 MPa
2Wy 4.2Wy
8.22,4.10 6

1
= 0,4
1 1,87 2

= 13,2 MPa

( ):

0=

y
2W y

Gl 180 .9,81.1,3
=
= 12,8 MPa
4.2W y 8.22,4.10 6

= 0+

= 12,8 + 13,2 = 26 MPa

)
16.14,
- (.16.13),
16.27, 16.14.

333

 16.16 ,


. [17]
.

P(t ) = P +

k= 1

Pk sin ( k t +

(16.27)

. 16.13
16.3.
)

,

.

(.16.13)
,

1 2.
.16.14
,
, ,
.
(,
) -
.
, e ,
( - )
, .
1 2
( .10) :
(16.28)
= X + X
1

1,1

1, 2

2 = 2,1 X 1 + 2, 2 X 2
334

 1, 2 ,
m1 m2, ij (i=1,2; j=1,2) ,
i a a, j.
-
.
1 2
:
(16.29)

X 1 = m1 1

X 2 = m2 2

16.29 16.28, :

1 = 1,1 ( m11 ) + 1, 2 ( m2 2 )
= ( m ) + ( m )
2

2 ,1

1 1

2, 2

(16.30)

16.30 :

1 = A1 sin( t + )

2 = A2 sin( t + )

(16.31)

1, 2- .
16.31 16.30, :

m1 1,1 2 1
m2 1, 2 2
A1
= 0
2
2
m1 2,1
m2 2, 2 1 A2

(16.32)

,
:

det

m1 1,1 2 1
m2 1, 2 2
= 0
m1 2,1 2
m2 2, 2 2 1

(16.33)

16.33 .

,
:

=
2

m1 1,1 + m2

2, 2

(m1 1,1 m2

2m1m2 ( 1,1

2, 2

2, 2

) 2 + 4m1m2 12, 2

12, 2 )
(16.34)

335

 ,
. n
n.
,
.
- .
,
.
)


()

. ,

.16.14,
1
.16.15
2 1,
16.32 .

. 1=1,
.
:

A1 = 1

A2 =

1 m1 1,1
m2 1, 2

2
1

(16.35)

2
1

, 16.32 2
, .
, ,
.16.15 .

, ( ).
,
, ,
.
,
- .
, 1 2
, .. .
:

336

 1 = A sin( 1 t + 1 ) + B sin(
2 = A sin( 1 t + 1 ) + B sin(

2
2

t+ 2)

(16.36)

t+ 2)

, , 1 2
.
) 16.5.
.16.14, m1=m2=m, EJy=const.
i,j
( .16.14):

1
4l 3
1,1=
M 1M 1 =
EJ y
9 EJ y

1
4l 3
2,2=
M 2M 2 =
EJ y
9 EJ y

1
7l 3
1,2= 2,1 =
M 1M 1 =
EJ y
18EJ y

m1=m2=m 16.28, :

1 1,1 1, 2
m 12,1 12, 2

12 = 1,2

EJ y
ml

2
2

= 18

EJ y
ml 3

12 16.29 ( m1=m2=m), 1=1, 2=1.
22 16.29, 1=1, 2= -1.
.16.15.
, ,
.
) 16.6.

,

I,
c=GJp/l .16.16.

I 2 2 + c ( 2 1 ) + c( 2 3 ) = 0

. 16.16

337

()

I1 1+ c ( 1 2 ) = 0
I 2 2 + c( 2 1 ) + c( 2 3 ) = 0
I 3 3 + c( 3 2 ) = 0
:

1 = A1 sin( t + ) 2 = A2 sin( t + ) 3 = A3 sin( t + )

()
() ()
:

c I 1
c
0

c
2c I 2
c

0
c
c I 3

A1

A2 = 0
A
3

()

.
,
:

(c I 2 ) ( 2c I 2 )(c I 2 ) 2c 2 = 0

()

12 =

c GJ p
=
I
l.I

22 =

3c 3GJ p
=
I
l.I

3= 0

()

.
, ,
() (),
A1=1,
. .16.16.
16.4.
-
. ,

. , ,

338

 ,
?


, .
- .
, ,
.
,

- ,
().
)

,
.

t,

x
.16.17
, . =(x,t).

:

EJ y

4
= q ( x ,t )
x4

(16.37)

,
:

q ( x ,t ) =

dxF
dm
=
= F
dx
dx

(16.38)

F , -
.
:

EJ y

4
2
+
F

0
x4
t2

(16.39)

16.33
, .

339

 ,
, t:

( x ,t ) = W( x ) sin( t + )

4 d 4W
=
sin( t + )
x 4 dx 4

2
= 2W( x ) sin( t + )
2
t

(16.40)
W(x)
( ). 16.40 16.39,
:

EJ y

d 4W
F 2W = 0
4
dx

(16.41)

16.41, 16.39,
. :

d 4W
k 4W = 0,
dx 4

k4 =

F
EJ y

(16.42)

16.42 :

W = C 1 sin(k x) + C 2 cos(k x) + C 3 sh(k x) + C 4 ch(k x )

(16.43)
C1,..,C4 ,
.
.16.17 :
x=0 W(0)=0 W(0)=0; =l W(l)=0 W(l)=0.
W:

W ' = C 1 k cos(k x) C 2 k sin( k x) + C3 k ch(k x) + C 4 k sh(k x)

W '' = C 1k 2 sin( k x) C 2 k 2 cos(k x) + C 3 k 2 sh(k x) + C 4 k 2 ch(k x)
(16.44)
, 2=4=0.
:

C1 sin(k l ) + C 3 sh(k l ) = 0
C1 sin(k l ) + C 3 sh(k l ) = 0

(16.45)

,
:

340

det

sin( k l ) sh( k l )
= 0
sin( k l ) sh( k l )

2 sin( k l ) sh( k l ) = 0 (16.46)

sh , :

k l = n

sin( k l ) = 0

(16.47)

k 16.36 :

n 2
l2

EJ y

(n = 1,2,3... )

(16.48)

,
.

1,..,4. - , 2=4=0.
16.45 sin(kl)
, 3=0. 16.43 :

W = C 1sin( kx) = C1 sin( n

x
)
l

(16.49)

,
,
..
,
16.49 16.40:

= C1 sin(n

x
) sin( t + )
l

(16.50)

K C1

.


.




. .16.1

341


.
() .
,
, .
,

.
[3].
16.5.
,
, - ,
.
,
,
,
.
, ,

.
K0=U
(16.51)

, .
,
.
)

mo

Vo
.16.18
,
.
-
. Pmax
f .
0 :

V02
K 0 = m0
2

(16.52)

U :

342

U=

1
1
Pmax f = Pmax P max
2
2

1,1

1 2
Pmax
2

1,1

(16.53)

16.52 16.53 16.51, :

Pmax = V0

m0
1,1

(16.54)

f = P max

1,1

= V0 m0

1,1

(16.55)

) 16.7.
. mo=250 kg, Vo=1,5 m/s
.16.19.
, l=5 m,
D=35 cm, - d=24 cm
E=2.1011 Pa.

1,1

.16.19
:
Jy =

1,1 =

l3
53.
m
=
= 3,63.10 7
11
4
3EJ y 3.2.10 .5,74.10
N

4
4
D 4 d 354 24
4
4
1 =
1
= 5,74.10 cm

64 D
64 35

16.48 :

Pmax = V0

m0
250
= 1,5
= 39,4 kN
1,1
3,63.10 7
343

max

Pmax l Pmax l.D 39,4.103.5.0,35

=
=
= 60 MPa
Wy
2J y
2.5,74.10 4

)
mo Vo
, .16.20 .
.

:

K 0 + 1 2 = U

(16.56)
0
, 1-2

(f) , U
.
:

1 2 = m0 g. f
.16.20

U=

2
1
1 f
1 f
Pmax f =
f =
2
2 11
2 11

(16.57)
16.57 16.56 :
2
f
2m0 g 11 f 2 K 0 11 = 0

(16.58)
m0g11
, ..:

f = m0 g 11
(16.59)
16.58 :
2
f
2 f f 2 0 11 = 0

(16.60)
f
:

f = f 1 +

1+

2 0 11
f 2

344

= f

(16.61)

 - .

= 1+ 1+

(16.62)

2 0 11
f 2

(16.63)
16.62 , 0=0, =2, ..
.
) 16.8.
m0, H
l EJy, .
16.21.

,

, .
K0=m0.gH
()
.16.21
1,1
16.4:

11 =

l3
48 EJ y

()

f = m0 g. 11

()

(), () () 16.56 :

= 1+ 1+

2 H 48EJ y
2 0 11
2m gH
2H
2H
= 1 + 1 + 0 112 = 1 + 1 +
= 1+ 1+
= 1+ 1+
2
m0 g 11
f
f
m0 gl 3
( m0 g 11 )

)
,
.

345

, ()
m1 .16.22 . ,
m0 m1

V1.

. 16.22
m0V0 = (m0 + m1 )V1

V1 = V0

m0
m0 + m1

(16.64)
(16.65)

K=

m0
m0
1
1
1
1
= m0V02
(m0 + m1 )V12 = (m0 + m1 ) V0
= K0
m
2
2
2
m0 + m1
m0 + m1
1+ 1
m0

,
, 16.62
16.65

= 1+

1+

2 0 11
m
2
1 + 1
f
m0

(16.66)

O 16.66 ,
.
) 16.9. Im n
-1

I1.

. 16.23.

.
,

. 16.23

346

 (0)
,
(U).
( 16.59), ,
:

K = K0

1
I
1+ 1
Im

1
1
I m 2
I
2
1+ 1
Im

()

U=

1
1
1 2
M = M M 1,1 =
1,1
2
2
2

()

1,1
.

1,1 =

1
1 1l 12
l
M yM y =
2
=
EJ y
EJ y 2 2 2 3 6 EJ y

()

( () ())
:

M =

I m 2
1,1

1
I
1+ 1
Im

2
1 6 EJ y
n
Im

30 1 + I 1 l
Im

(
)

) .
16.60 ,
,
.
:

, ..
.
-
.

347

17.
(, FEM Finite Element Method)
.
()
( ),
. ,
.
,
,

- .
,
,

. ,

,
- ,
, , , ,
, .
.

, [36], .

, , .
17.1.
, ,
.
,
.
. .

.17.1 ,
(h),
.
.

XZ, .
348

.17.1.
- ,
:
;
-; , ,
.
,
, .
100
.
)

I, J, K - (.17.1) U, W,
,
XZ. () :
Ui
W
i
U
e = j
Wj
Uk

Wk

(17.1)

N ,
2N,
.

349

 ,
:
U ( x , z ) = N iU i + N jU j + N kU k
W( x , z ) = N iWi + N jW j + N kWk

(17.2)

Ni, Nj,Nk - x,z.

, (17.2) ,
, ..:
U ( xi , zi ) = U i

U(x j , z j ) = U j

W ( x i , zi ) = Wi

W (x j , z j ) = W j

U ( xk , zk ) = U k
W ( x k , z k ) = Wk

(17.3)

, N
:
N i ( xi , zi ) = 1

Ni (x j , z j ) = 0

N i ( xk , zk ) = 0

N j ( xi , zi ) = 0

N j (x j , z j ) = 1

N j ( xk , zk ) = 0

N k ( xi , zi ) = 0

N k ( xk , zk ) = 0

N k ( xk , zk ) = 1

(17.4)

(17.4) .
17.2.

.17.2.
Ni, Nj, Nk
.
,
, , ..:
N i ( x, z ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 z
N j ( x, z ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 z

(17.5)

N k ( x, z ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 z
,, ,
(17.4).
Ni,
i:

350

 1 + 2 xi + 3 z i = 1
1 + 2x j + 3z j = 0

(17.6)

1 + 2 xk + 3 z k = 0
(17.6) :

1=

ai

bi

ci
2

(17.7)

- ijk, a, b, c
:

a i = x j zk xk z j

bi = z j z k

ci = x k x j

(17.8)

(17.7) (17.8).
: ,
,
.
(17.5) e
,

- (17.2).
:

U N i
=
V 0

0
Ni

Nj
0

0
Nj

Nk
0

f e = N .

Ui
W
i
0 U j

N k W j
U k

W k

(17.9)

(17.10)

U
fe =
W

(17.11)

Ni
N=
0

0
Ni

Nj
0
351

0
Nj

Nk
0

0
N k

(17.12)


, ,
, ..
, .
:

.17.3.

1:

, ..,
.
,
,
, ,
, ,
-. 17.3
2:
.
-
1,1,1.
3:
()
.
.
)
,
.

,
:

352

U
x

W
z

xy

U W
+
z
x

(17.13)

x

= z

xz

(17.14)

(17.13) :

x x

z = 0

xz

U

z W

(17.15)

e = L.f e

(17.16)

L :

x
L= 0

(17.17)

(17.10) (17.16) :
e = LN e
(17.18)
e = B e
:
(17.19)

B = L.N
:
(17.17) (17.12) :

Ni
x

B= 0
Ni
z

0
Ni
z
Ni
x

Nj
x

0
Nj
z

0
Nj
z
Nj
x

Nk
x

0
Nk
z

b 0 b
0
i
j

1
Nk
0 ci 0
z =
2
Nk
ci bi c j
x

(17.20)

bk

cj
bj

0
ck

ck
bk

(17.21)

353

 (17.19)
.
, (17.21)
- (17.8).

.
:
x0 T

0 = z0 = T

xz ,0 0

(17.22)

-
; - .
, .
)
,
:
1
(
E
1
z = (
E

xz = xz
G

z) + T

x) + T

(17.23)

,G,
.
, :
E
E
( x + z )
(1 + ) T
2
1
1 2
E
E
z=
( z + x )
(1 + ) T
2
1
1 2
E
E 1
xz = G xz =
xz =
xz
2(1 + )
1 2 2

354

(17.24)

e = z

xz

(17.25)

(17.24) :
e = D( e 0 )

(17.

D=

E
1

1
0

0
0
1

(17.19) (17.26) :
e = D( e 0 ) = D e D 0 = DB e D 0

(17.26)
27)

(17.28)

,
. D
(17.21) B (17.26) , ,
. .17.17.
.

, -.
,
. ,
.17.4 .
. ,
.
, -
-.

.17.4.

355

 ,
,
.
: XZ
.
h :

h = h y = h

1
( x + z )
E

)

. Fx
Fz, ,
X Z - .17.1.
F:
, ,
.
Fx ,i
F
z ,i
Fx , j
Fe =

Fz , j
Fx ,k

Fz ,k

(17.29)

) .
.


,
,
.

, ,
, ,
, :

A F + A Q = A

(17.30)

: F - , AQ -
A - .

356

 ,
( - *),
,
(17.19) :

e* = B

(17.31)

, , :

A0 = (

*
e

) T

= ( B

= (

* T
e

) BT

* T
e

(17.32)

:
, (AB)T=BTAT.

(17.32) :

A = (

* T

d ( vol )

(17.33)

, ,
, :

AQ0 = ( f * ) T .Q

(17.34)

Q - ,
:
Q
Q = x
Qz

(17.35)

(17.10), (17.34) :

AQ0 = ( Nd e * ) T Q = (

* T
e

) N TQ

(17.36)

(17.36)
;

AQ = (

*
e

Q d ( vol )

(17.37)

A F = {

*
e

} T Fe

(17.38)

(17.33), (17.37) (17.38) (17.30), ,

:

Fe =

B
T

d ( vol )

Q d ( vol )

(17.39)

(17.28), :

Fe = [ B T DBd ( vol )] e

D 0 d ( vol ) N T Qd (vol )

357

(17.40)

 (17.40) .
.
:

Fe = Ce e F ,e FQ

B DB d (vol )
= B D d ( vol )
= N Qd ( vol )

Ce =

FQ

(17.41)

(17.42)
(17.43)

.44)

(17.42),
,
. , D
( (17.21) (17.26)). (17.30)..(17.40)
,
.
, , D
d(vol ) = h , h ,
:
C e = BT DB.h

(17.45)

, ,
.
- (17.21)
:

B = Bi

Bj

Bk

bi
1
Bi =
0
2
ci

(17.46)

0
ci
bi

(17.47)

cik

c jk
ckk

(17.48)

C :
cii

C = c ji
cki

c ij
c jj
ckj

rs 22 ,
:

358

c rs = (Br )T DBs h

(17.49)

) . .

17.41.
, .
,
( , ), ..,
j :

(Fe ) r =

r = 1.. m

(C e e F FQ ) r = P j

r = 1..m

(17.50)

m - , j,
Pj- j.
(17.50),
i,j,k , ( ),
:
.. ..
.. c
ii

.. ..

.. c ji
.. ..

.. cki
.. ..

.. ..
.. cij
.. ..
.. c jj
.. ..
.. ckj
.. ..

.. ..
.. cik
.. ..
.. ccjk
.. ..
.. ckk
.. ..

.. ..
..

.. i Pi + F ,i + FQ ,i

.. ..
..

.. j = Pj + F , j + FQ ,k

.. ..
..

.. k Pk + F ,k + FQ ,k

.. ..
..

(17.51)

, (17.51)
:
C = F
(17.52)
( 2n X 2n,
n - ), -
, F - .
C
,
.
)
- .
- .

359

.1)

X Z.
.2)
(17.43).
:
zj
x
k
Eh T zk
F =

2(1 ) xi
zi

x j

zk
x j
zi
xk
zj

xi

(17.53)

.3)
(17.44).
x y ( ),
. ,
,

,
Z, :
0
1

h 0
FQ =

3 1
0

1

(17.54)

- .
,
Z.
(17.44).

.
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-

.

360

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17.48
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X Z, .
X Z
.
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k.1). . .

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)
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361

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b/h=95/105, 1 mm) ,
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2.

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3.

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q
=
4
EJ y
dx

3.2

d 2U
t
=
2
EF
dx

d 6U
d 4U d 2U
R4
+
2
+
=
d 6
d 4 d 2 EJ y

dq

t [16]
d

d 4W
q
+ cW =
4
EJ y
dx
d 4W
Eh
p
N
+ 2 W=

4
D
RD
dx
R D
d 1 d
( r ) = Q

dr r dr
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d 1 d
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5.

d 4W
P d 2W
+
= 0
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364

7.5

13.2
13.3
12.1

11.2

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4w F 2w
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16.3

2u 2 u

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7.

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DIML =M
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[1..3280]
NEL =3
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372

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160.10

- N 12
: Wy=58,4.10-6 m3, Jy=350.10-8 m4, Sy*=33,7.10-6 m3,
d=4,8.10-3 m.
- 0,5%, .

:

max

Q z S *y
J yd

18,1.10 3.33,7.10 6
= 36 MPa < [ ]
350.10 8.4,8.10 3

,
,
(W) .18.12,
, Jy=1.

379

 (Jy=350.10-8 m4),
,
.
:

W max=

W ( Jy = 1) 1,85.10 8
=
= 5,286.10 3 m
8
J y () 350.10

10.5.
18.5.
, .18.13 a.
.
,
. -
, ,
, .
-
, ,
.
,
18.5.
-
1: / ()

* .1. (Z)
____________________________________________________________
#1

[ 15 ]
NAME =
#2

[N,KN,MN,KG,T]
DIMF =KN
#3
[M,CM,MM]
DIML =M
#5

[1..3280]
NEL =5
#6

[2..3280]
NOD =6
#7

[1..50]
NMAT =1
#8

[1..50]
NPRO =2
#9
. . [0..1]
NLD =1
#10
[0-, 1-] ITEM =
#11
[0-, 1-] IGRA =
#13 [0-, 1-] IDIS =
#16 . - [0-., 1-] SYST =
* .2. (Z)

380

__________________________________________________
.| |. |.||. |
.| . | |
|
|.|
I |
E
| NU
| GAMA
| RO
| ALFA
|
-----|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
# 1 2.09e+08
0.291 7.80e+01 7.95e+00 1.15e-05 ACT6
* .3. (Z)
____________________________________
.|
F
|
Iy' |
Wy' |IN |
-----|--------|--------|--------|---|
# 1 3.60e-03 4.92e-06 9.84e-05
4
Square pipe B=1.000e-01, H=1.000e-01, b=8.000e-02, h=8.000e-02

7.07e-04 3.98e-08 2.65e-06

O-Profile D=3.000e-02

* .4.
____________________________________________________________________
|
|.|o| ||.|. |. |
.|
I | J1-J2
|MAT |PROF|TYPE| R
| C
| T1 | T2 | H
|
-----|---R----------|-L--|--L-|--D-|--Z---|--Z---|--L---|--L---|--L# 1
1-3
1
2
B00
# 2
2-3
1
# 3
3-4
R11
1
# 4
4-5
R11
1
# 5
5-6

* .5.
___________________________________________________
.| . | . | |. |. ||
|
|
|. | X | Z |. Y |
J | X,r
| Z, | CODE | U
| W
| Ty |
-----|---R----|---R----|--D---|--Z---|--Z---|--Z---|
# 1
0
0
110
# 2
2
0
111
# 3
2
3
# 4
3
4
# 5
4
3
# 6
4
0
110
* .6. (L)
__________________________
.| Px | Pz | My |
|______|______|______|

381

J |.1|.1|.1|
-----|------|------|------|
#5
10
* .8. (L)
_________________________________
| qx1 | qx2 | qz1 | qz2 |
|______|______|______|______|
I |.1|.1|.1|.1|
-----|------|------|------|------|
#2
5
5

&

.18.13.

382

18.5.
(.18.1- )
,
.

11.18. :
- /,
. ,
, .
.4 ( ), N (
-).
.
. ,
() (10, 20, ... 100
), .
( ).
n0 ( n1, n2, n3...
/), ,
. ,
n0, ,
/ .
,
. - ,
. , n0
.
18.6. ,
.18.14, l=1 m EJy=const.

,
.

EJy=1,
.18.4
( -)
E=1 Jy=1.
,
EJy ( ).
() , N .4
1, 0. ,

383

 .
, .
.6 2
Y ( Py = -1). (:
J2 . 2 1.
, /,
).
/
()
, 1 .
:
-
15: / ()

* .1. (Z)
____________________________________________________________
#1

[ 15 ]
NAME =
#2

[N,KN,MN,KG,T]
DIMF =N
#3
[M,CM,MM]
DIML =M
#5

[1..3840]
NEL =2
#6

[2..3840]
NOD =3
#7

[1..50]
NMAT =1
#8

[1..50]
NPRO =1
#9
. . [0..1]
NLD =1
#16 . - [0-., 1-] SYST =
* .2. (Z)
_______________________
.| |. |
.| . | |
I |
E
| NU
|
-----|--------|--------|
#1
1
0.3
* .3. (Z)
________________________________
.|
F
|
Iy' |
Wy' |
-----|--------|--------|--------|
#1
1000
1
1

384

* .4.
__________________________________________
|
|.|o| | |
I | J1-J2
|MAT |PROF|TYPE| N
|
-----|---R----------|-L--|--L-|--D-|--Z---|
# 1
1-2
1
1
1
# 2
2-3
0
* .5.
______________________________
.| . | . | |
|
|
|. |
J | X,r
| Z, | CODE |
-----|---R----|---R----|--D---|
# 1
0
0
110
# 2
0.5
0
# 3
1
0
010
* .6. (L)
__________________________
.| Px | Pz | My |
|______|______|______|
J |.1|.1|.1|
-----|------|------|------|
# 1
1
# 2
-1
0

&

0-70 ( 1)
: n0=18,665, n1=68,372 - .18.15.
. 18.16.
, .
P1=18,67 N P2=68,37 N (
EJy=1).
.
[30],
:

P =

18,7 EJ y
l2

EJy=1 l=1, ,
.

385

. 18.15.

. 18.16.

18.6.

(.18.1-
)

,

:
,
, ,
().

,
13.2
13.3
. (

[17]).
.18.17
:

386

 , ,

, ,

, .
18.7.
,
.18.17,
=10 atm.
,
13.1,

(64 Mpa)
(70 Mpa).
( 3 4) , .
-.
,
18.8- ,
,
,
,

-
2: ()

* .1. (Z)
____________________________________________________________
#1

[ 15 ]
NAME =
#2

[N,KN,MN,KG,T]
DIMF =KG
#3
[M,CM,MM]
DIML =CM
#5

[1..50]
NEL =5
#6

[2..51]
NOD =6
#7

[1..50]
NMAT =1
#9
. . [0..1]
NLD =1
#10
[0-, 1-] ITEM =
#11
[0-, 1-] IGRA =
#12
RPM =
#13 [0-, 1-] IDIS =
#16 . - [0-., 1-] SYST =
* .2. (Z)
__________________________________________________
.| |. |.||. |
.| . | |
|
|.|

387

I |
E
| NU
| GAMA
| RO
| ALFA
|
-----|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
# 1 2.10e+06
0.295 7.80e-03 7.95e-06 1.13e-05 ACT3
* .4.
__________________________________________________________________
|
|.| |.|.||R |. |
I | J1-J2
|MAT |TYPE| h1 | h2 | R
| Rt | T1 |
-----|----R---------|-L--|-D--|--L---|--L---|--Z---|--Z---|--L---||
# 1
1-2
1
S11 0.25
0.25
35
# 2
2-3
S11
35
# 3
3-4
T11
6.8
9
# 4
4-5
L11
# 5
5-6
L11

* .5.
___________________________________________________
.| . | . | |. |. ||
|
|
|. | X | Z |. Y |
J | X,r
| Z, | CODE | U
| W
| Ty |
-----|---R----|---R----|--D---|--Z---|--Z---|--Z---|
# 1
-6
0.7
# 2
-5.6
6
# 3
-4
12.8
# 4
2
16
# 5
15
16
# 6
30
16
100
* .8. (L)
___________________
| qz1 | qz2 |
|______|______|
I |.1|.1|
-----|------|------|
# 1
-10
-10
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

&

.
18.18.
:
,
( .18.18-
.18.18-, ),
.

388

 (640 MPA),
,

(239 Mpa)
(70 Mpa).

.18.18. 18.7
18.7.
(.18.1- )

,
( ) ().

()
. /
,
. ,

389

 .

, [17].
18.8. ,
d= 3 cm
5, m=20 kg . 18.19. l=1 m.
.
- . ,
,

.2

, 1.10-20.
.18.19
-
8: / ()

* .1. (Z)
____________________________________________________________
#1

[ 15 ]
NAME =
#2

[N,KN,MN,KG,T]
DIMF =N
#3
[M,CM,MM]
DIML =M
#5

[1..400]
NEL =3
#6

[2..400]
NOD =4
#7

[1..50]
NMAT =1
#8

[1..50]
NPRO =1
#9
. . [0..1]
NLD =1
#13 [0-, 1-] IDIS =
#16 . - [0-., 1-] SYST =
#17
[0-, 1-] Kshear =
#18
[0-, 1-] Kinert =
* .2. (Z)
__________________________________________________
.| |. |.||. |
.| . | |
|
|.|
I |
E
| NU
| GAMA
| RO
| ALFA
|
-----|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
# 1 2.13e+11
0.308 7.80e+04
1e-20 1.18e-05 ACT5
* .3. (Z)
____________________________________
.|
F
|
Iy' |
Wy' |IN |
-----|--------|--------|--------|---|
# 1 7.07e-04 3.98e-08 2.65e-06
1 O-Profile D=3.000e-02

390

* .4.
________________________________________________________
|
|.|o| || |.|
I | J1-J2
|MAT |PROF|TYPE| R
| M
| I
|
-----|---R----------|-L--|--L-|--D-|--Z---|--Z---|--Z---|
# 1
1-2
1
1
20
# 2
2-3
20
# 3
3-4
* .5.
___________________________________________________
.| . | . | |. |. ||
|
|
|. | X | Z |. Y |
J | X,r
| Z, | CODE | U
| W
| Ty |
-----|---R----|---R----|--D---|--Z---|--Z---|--Z---|
# 1
0
0
110
# 2
1
0
# 3
2
0
# 4
3
0
010
* .6. (L)
__________________________
.| Px | Pz | My |
|______|______|______|
J |.1|.1|.1|
-----|------|------|------|
#1
1

&

,
.18.20, (1-
, 2- ),
( 0) , (
100) ( 1).

(rad/s). .18.21 ,
.
16.3 16.5.

: =2,13.1011 Pa,
Jy=3,98.10-8, m=20 kg l=1 m,

391

.18.20.

.18.21. 18.8
18.8.
)
.
T
F1.
.
XYZ
XYZ
, . Z
(+Z ). XZ.
.
X'Y'Z'
X'Y'Z'
. X'
, Y' Z'

392

 . Z' XZ
.

, .

!
:
. 2100000
( ) 2.16. -0.000078 =
-7.8-5.

1. , , #.
.
2.
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. .
3.
.
.

, ,
.

I- ( 1
).
E - . .
NU - . .
GAMA- . ,
.
RO
- . ,
.
ALFA - .
, .

I - ( 1
).
F - .
Iy' -
Y'.
Wy' - Y'.

393

IN ( 1 10
.18.9)

I -
J1 - J2 - .
: /
, .
( , )

. - .
- .
MAT - ( ),
.
PROF - ( ),
.
TYPE - . m.
- ( ). :
B - .
R - .
E - .
D
L .
S .
T .
C .
P ().
0 1,
(0- , 1-
).
: B10 , ( J1)
( J2).
:
B11, - L11.

B, R, E.
L, S, C, T, P.
B, R, D.
.
R - (
).
Rt .

394

C - .
E.
H - ,
Z'. , .
h1 .
h2 (
)
T1 -
Z'.
T2 -
Z'.
.
N - ( )
M (
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I
- (
). , ,
, .

J -
X - X .
Z - Z .
,
r (,
), Z ( ) X r.

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( ), ( )

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( ),
( ).
Z .
CODE - .
.

395

 0 1, ,
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.
,
CODE.
: 111 .
110 , Z.
.
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.
.
U, W - X Z
. .
Ty - ( )
Y . ( )
.

Px, Pz - .
.
X, Z .
My - .
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qX1, qX2, qZ1, qZ2 -
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.
Z (
).
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,
.

396

 1.

( [8],[11],[19],[35] )

(, )

(, )

()

()

-
-
-

(.)
[$]

kN/m3

[Gpa]

[-]

78

4
208

0,3

.
.
.
.10-6
1/deg
6
11,1

2
0,40 $/kg
1,00 $/kg

78,1

210

0,28

11,5

77,9

212

0,26

11,7

78,4

216

0,31

12,2

8,00 $/kg

78,2

211

0,27

12

0,40 $/kg
3,50 $/kg

71,4
73,1
26,2

120
168
70

0,25
0,26
0,34

10,1
10,3
21,9

3,00 $/kg

85,3

107

0,38

18.3

4,50 $/kg

85,4

108

0, 34

17,5

16 $/kg
1,7 $/kg

46,5
50

100
160

0,36
-

9,4
12

35 $/m3

23

19

0,2

12

150 $/m3
300 $/m3
320 $/m3
1,35 $/kg

5,2
6,8
7,6
24

28
12,4
13,8
14
63

0,49
0,48
0,43
0,23

5,5
3,7
3,5
4,9
8,8

4,00 $/kg
7,00 $/kg

397

2
1,50 $/kg
9,00 $/kg
1,00 $/kg
4,30 $/kg
2
1,60 $/kg
4,00 $/kg
1,10 $/kg
4,90 $/kg
1,50 $/kg

3
9,1
13,5
13,8
9,5
11,4
3
11
12
9,0
12
13,7

4
0,0078
18
10
1
2
4
2,5
0,025
1,2
2,7
1,5

5
0,47
0,42
0,42
5
0,495
0.42
0,42
0,42

9,00 $/kg
0,23 $/kg

1,8
9,2

0,032
9,1

0,25
0,28

6
230
20
35
225
103
6
110
121
86
70
75
180
55

2.
( [8],[11],[19] [35] )
.

/
/
s [Mpa]

[] /
[]-1

B [MPa]
]
[MPa]
K1,C

[
[MPa]
MPam
1
2
3
4
5
6

195-340
320-720
140-160 140-300 100-200

140-160

170-1000
260-1080
60-250
120-460 30-150

60-250

250-890
400-1040
100-400 170-480 30-150

100-400
(, )

500-1240
620-1320
150-500 180-540 30-150

150-500
(, )
200-955
310-1150
80-450
215-475 30-150

80-450

140-180
28-80
30-105
6-20
600-1000
120-250

398

()

()
1

2
50-410
91-450
50-500
2
470-1100

61

70

74

()

1500
-

70-80

25

40

32

30

3
210-250
1400
130-490
200-700
200-800
3
650-1200
900-2000

4
40-100
140-200
80-120
80-120
70-140
70-140
60-120
60-120
4
200-480
200-480

5-48
0,16
115
130
130
2000
16-38
60-100
110-250
18-35
56-65
45-65
40

0,6-2,45
4,5-33
0,16
2-3,5
7-10
10-12
9-13
13-15
9-13
13-15
2,5

399

50-70
50-70
30-40
30-40

5
70-156

50-165

22-45

120-160

90-100

130-280

80-90

5
260-500

6
30-120

0,2-0,4

8-13

0,3-0,7

35
20
3,5
3

0,3

35

70

53
1,4
88

3
45
85-90
70
-

6
3
2,6
0,5
0,1
0,1

1. ., . -, 1990.
2. . ., . . .1976.
3. . . . ., , , .
. . . 1968.

4. ., . .
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

.1975.
., . .
. 1973.
., .. . 1975.
.., .., . . .
1975.
., ., ., .,
. . . 1992.
., . -. 1999.
., . . . 1975.
., . . . 1970.
., . . .
1965.
., .. . 1983.
., . ..1992.
., . .. 1996.
., .,
. -. 1981, 1986.
., .
-. 1999.

400

18. . . ., . . .
1979.

19. . . .,
. . . 1975.

20. ., . . . 1985.
21. . ., . . . 1975.
22. . ., . . . 1975.
23. ., ., ., .,
. -. 1982.

24. ., .,
. . . 1979.

25. . ., . , .
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

1974.
. ., . .1. . 1932.
. ., . ..1976.
. ., . .
1957.
. ., . .
. 1964.
. ., . . . 1965.
. ., -
. . . 1975.
. .,
. 1973.
.., .
.1. . . 1975.
Benham P., Crawford R., Armstrong C., Mechanics of Engineering
Materials. Longman Singapore Pubshers Ltd, 1996.
Rovlance D., Mechanics of materials. Jhon Wiley&Sons, Inc. 1996.
Zienkiewicz O., The Finite Element Method. 3 edition. McGraw Hill,
London. 1982.

401

ISBN 954-20-0166-5


:
/2001
60 84/16
25,25
- -
9010, ., N1.

402