Dams with an Inclined Cutoff

Abbas Z. Ijam
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Mu'tah University, Mu'tah, Jordan
e-mail: azijam@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
An analytical solution is obtained for seepage flow below a dam structure with inclined cutoff
located anywhere along the base of the dam. The equations derived have been used for
computation of hydraulic gradient along the downstream bed and for the pressure at key
points. Results are presented for different values of cutoff location, inclination angle, and
floor length/ depth of cutoff ratio.

KEYWORDS:

Dams, Cutoff, Inclined, Seepage

INTRODUCTION
For dams built on permeable soil foundation, the water percolates through the soil and exerts
uplift pressures and may carry soil particles with it leading to undermine erosion. Therefore a
dam founded on permeable soil has to be designed against uplift and piping. Cutoffs, like sheet
piles or concrete curtains, can be provided to reduce uplift and seepage forces resulting in
appreciable saving in dimensions of the dam structure. Solutions for various problems have been
given by Harr(1) applying conformal transformation. Ijam(2) has analyzed seepage below
hydraulic structures with an inclined cutoff at downstream end of the base of the structure.
Construction of deep cutoff in front of the concrete structure of the dam to remedy the developed
seepage problems has been discussed and presented by Di Cervia(3). Solution for seepage
beneath an impervious dam with sheetpile on a layered soil has been presented by Zheng-yi Feng
and Jonathan(4), extensive analyses were performed for different conditions including dam width
and sheetpile depth. Plastic concrete cutoff walls were constructed in a number of dam
projects(5,6) to control the seepage and to increase the safety of the structures. Exact analytical
solution is required for seepage flow below dams with inclined cutoff located anywhere along the
base of the dam.

- 1427 -

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1428

METHOD OF SOLUTION
Problem Definition

Figure 1: Transformation Layout

The velocity potential, , of the flow through the pervious medium under the dam satisfies
the two dimensional Laplace's equation,
2 = 0

(1)

In which = k h; h = the head; and k = coefficient of permeability. Along the downstream bed,
FG, the potential is assumed to be zero, then along the upstream bed, AB, the potential is = k
H, in which H = the upstream head measured above the downstream water level, H=H1H2. The
foundation profile BCDEF as shown in Figure 1, forms the inner boundary and represents a
streamline = 0. To obtain the mapping from the z-plane to the w-plane both the profile of the
dam in the z-plane and the complex seepage potential in the w-plane have been transformed onto
the lower half of the same semi-infinite t-plane using the Schwarz- Christoffel transformation.

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1429

THEORETICAL SOLUTION
Figure 1 shows the profile of the dam in the z-plane in which z =x+iy. The z-plane is transformed
onto the real axis of the t-plane, points C and E are placed at 1 and +1, points B, D, F, and P lie
at tB, a, tF, and tP respectively. The values of these transformation parameters have to be
determined.
The Schwarz-Christoffel transformation (1) that gives the proceeding mapping is:
z=M

(1 + t) (t a) (1 t) 1 dt + N

(2)

where M and N are constants. Since the domain in the z-plane is comprised of a radial slit,
Vergin's transformation (1) is also applicable to this domain. According to Vergin's
transformation, the mapping of the flow domain with radial slit onto the lower half of the t-plane
is given by,
1

(3)
z = C (1 + t)
(1 t)
where the vertices C, D and E transform into points t = 1, a, and +1 respectively. Therefore Eq.2
= Eq. 3 and after differentiating both sides of this equality we obtain,
(1 + t)

(t a) (1 t)

= C (1 + t)

(1 t)

(t + 2 1)

(4)

From equation (4), we obtain M = C and a = 1 2. At point D, the tip of the cutoff, t = a and z
=se

C=se

, which after substitution into equation(3) gives,

/ [(1 + a)1 (1 a)]

And equation (3) becomes,

z=se

[ (1 + t) / (1 + a)]

(5)

[(1 t) / (1 a)]

Determination of tB and tF involves considering points B and F for which zB = b1 and zF = (b

b1) and substitute these values in Eq.5 with taking a = 12 and e

and

= (1) , Eq.5 becomes,

1
b1/s = [(tB + 1) / (2 2)]
[(tB 1) / 2]

(6a)

1
[(tF 1) / 2]
(b b1)/s = [(tF + 1) / (2 2)]

(6b)

From equations (6a) and (6b), tB and tF can be found by iteration for any value of b1, b, s, and .

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1430

Let P be any point along the segment ABC and EFG for which z = zP = xP + iyP = xP and let tP

the location of point P on the t-plane. Using Eq. 5 with a = 12 and e

becomes,

1
xP/s = [(1 + tP) / (2 2)]
[(tP 1) / 2]
From Eq. 7, tP can be found by iteration for any value of xP, s, and .

= (1) , equ.(5)
(7)

Mapping of Complex Potential Plane

The complex potential, w, is defined as w = + i in which = the velocity potential
function and = the stream function. The w-plane for the flow domain is shown in Figure 1. The
Schwarz-Christoffel transformation of the w-plane onto the lower half of the t-plane can be
written as,
w = M1

(t t )1/2 (t t ) 1/2
B

(8)
dt + N1

in which M1 and N1 are constants. Integrating Eq. 8,

w = iM1 Sin1[(2t tB tF) / (tF tB)] + N1

(9)

Using the following conditions; at point F, t = tF and w = 0 and at point B, t = tB and w = k H.

Substituting these conditions in equ. (9), the constants are:
M1 = k H/(i) and N1 = k H/2
therefore equ. (9) becomes,
1
(10)
w = k H/ . Sin [(2t tB tF) / (tF tB)] kH/2
t = 0.5 (tF tB). Cos[w/(kH)] + 0.5 (tF + tB)

(11)

Finally substituting equ. (11) for t into equ. (5) for z, one gets the required transformation
between all points in the z-plane and w-plane.

Pressure Distribution, Pr.

Since = 0 along the contour of the dam BCDEF, therefore equ.(10) becomes,
1
= k H/ . Sin [(2t tB tF) / (tF tB)] kH/2

(12)

The potential function at key points such as points C, E, and D are obtained by substituting t=-1,
t=1, and t=1-2 in equ. (12) respectively.
For design purposes, one needs to know the pressure distribution along the solid boundary of the
dam. The velocity potential function, , is defined as,
(13)
= - k ( Pr/w y + H H1 )
Substitute equ.(12) into equ.(13), the pressure equation is,

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1431

Pr/w = H1 + y H/2 H/ . Sin

[(2t tB tF) / (tF tB)]

(14)

To find the pressure, it is necessary to find t corresponding to a given z along the solid boundary
of the dam.

Exit Gradient, Ie.

The exit gradient along the downstream bed FG is given by,
Ie = i/k . dw/dt . dt/dz

(15)

dw/dt and dt/dz are obtained by differentiating equ.(8) and equ.(2) respectively,
1/2
1/2
dw/dt = M1 (t tB)
. (t tF)

dt/dz = [(1 + t) . (1 t)

] / [ M(t a)]

Substituting the expressions for dw/dt and dt/dz into equ.(15) and after substituting the
expressions for M1, a, and t = tP,
Ie=[H/(s)][(22)

(2) (tP +1) (tP1)

]/[(tP1+2)(tPtB)1/2(tPtF)1/2]

(16)

The exit gradient at any point beyond point F can be determined from equ.(16). The values of tB,
tF and tP are given by equ.(6a), (6b) and equ.(7) respectively.

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The equations derived herein can be used for computation of pressure distribution along the
solid boundary of the dam and exit gradient along the stream bed downstream of the dam. The
values of tB and tF are determined by solving equations (6a) and (6b) for different values of b/s,
b1/b, and . Points B and F are located as shown in Figure 1. Results for tB and tF are shown in
Appendix B, Table B1 and Table B2.
Pressure distribution: The potential function at key points C, E, and D are determined by
using t=-1, t=1, and t=1-2 in equation (12) respectively. The pressure is then determined from
equation (13). For the sack of discussion, results are presented only for b/s=1 and H2=0. The
pressure head ratio Pr/wH at points C, E, and D are shown in Appendix B, Table B3 for different
values of cutoff location along the dam base and different cutoff inclination. The results in
Appendix B, Table B3 reveal that the pressure is reduced when the inclination of the cutoff is
towards the downstream side of the dam, and it is increased when the inclination is towards the
upstream side. For the case of downstream inclination, Figure 2 shows the percentage of
reduction in pressure at point E in comparison with that of vertical cutoff. It is clear that a
valuable reduction in uplift pressure is obtained from making the cutoff inclined from the vertical
position towards the downstream side of the dam. This will increase the stability of the dam
against the sliding and/or tension development.

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1432

Figure 2: Percentage of reduction in pressure at Point E in comparison with Vertical Cutoff.

Exit gradient, Ie: The exit gradient at any point beyond point F along the bed downstream of
the dam can be determined from equation (16). From equation (6), tp can be found by iteration for
any combination of x*/s, b/s, b1/b, and .
In case that the cutoff is not exactly at the downstream end of the dam base, the Ie is found to
be infinity at point F, then decreasing with distance along the downstream bed. Figure 3 shows
this variation for a vertical cutoff at the upstream end of the dam, and in Figure 4 for a vertical
cutoff at the middle of the dam base. The effect of inclination is not shown in Figure 3 and Figure
4 due to its minor effect.

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1433

Figure 3: Exit gradient along the downstream bed with cutoff at upstream end of the dam base.

Figure 4: Exit gradient at downstream bed with cutoff at middle of the dam.

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1434

In case that the cutoff is exactly at the downstream end of the dam base and when the
inclination is towards the upstream side, the Ie is infinity at point F, then decreasing with distance,
the effect of inclination is increasing Ie in comparison with vertical position.

Figure 5: Exit gradient at downstream bed with inclined cutoff at base toe of the dam for b/s=1.
In case that the cutoff is exactly at the downstream end of the dam base and the inclination is
towards the downstream side, the Ie behaves differently. The variation of Ie along the downstream
bed is shown in Figure 5 for b/s=1, b1/b=1, and , (=90-). The exit gradient, except for =0,
at point F is zero since the angle between the streamline segment DEF and the equipotential line
EFP at point F is less than 90. The Ie beyond point F increases to a maximum value and then it
decreases with distance. As seen from the curves in Figure 5 the Ie , for a distance x*/s0.75
beyond point F, decreases because of cutoff inclination and the reduction increases as increases.
Thence the Ie starts increasing slightly with increasing . Therefore it can be concluded that using
cutoff at end of the dam structure inclined towards the downstream side is beneficial in increasing
the safety against soil undermining and shifts the danger of piping further downstream from the
toe of the dam.

CONCLUSIONS
An exact solution has been obtained for seepage flow below a dam structure with inclined
cutoff located anywhere along the base of the dam. The equations derived have been used for
computation of pressures at key points and the hydraulic gradient along the downstream bed
level. The results reveal that the pressure is reduced when the inclination of the cutoff is towards
the downstream side of the dam. This increases the stability of the dam against sliding and
decreases the possibility of tension stress development in the dam material. A significant

Vol. 16 [2011], Bund. P

1435

reduction in hydraulic gradient along the downstream bed is obtained for dam structure with
cutoff exactly at the downstream end of the base and inclination towards downstream side. This
increases the safety against soil undermining and shifts the danger of piping further downstream
from the toe point of the dam.

REFERENCES
1. M.E. Harr, Groundwater and Seepage, Courier Dover Publications, 1992.
2. A.Z. Ijam, "Conformal Analysis of Seepage Below a Hydraulic Structure With Inclined
Cutoff", Int. J. for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol.18, No.5,
1994.
3. A.R. Di Cervia, "Construction of the Deep Cutoff at the Walter F. George Dam",
Geosupport Conference 2004, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A
4. Zheng-yi Feng and Jonathan, T.H.Wu, "The Epsilon Method: Analysis of Seepage
Beneath an Impervious Dam With Sheet Pile on a Layered Soil", Canadian Geotech. J.
Vol.43, 2006.
5. Dyer, Duane, Fanning and Bill, "Wolf Creek Dam-Concrete Diaphragm Walls, Final
Completion Reports", Defence Technical Information Center, U.S.A, Dec. 1988.
6. T.W. Kahl, J.L. Kauschinger and E.B. Perry, "Plastic Concrete Cutoff Walls for Earth
Dams", Technical Rept. REMR-GT-15, Waterways Experiment Station, 1991.

Appendix A - Notation
a value of t corresponding to point D
b dam base width
b1 location of cutoff from upstream end of the dam base
c
constant
EG = Ie . s/H
h head at any point
H1 head at upstream side
H2 head at downstream side
H =H1 H2
Ie exit gradient
k coefficient of permeability
M, M1, N, N1 constants
Pr pressure
s
cutoff length
t
parametric plane
x* downward distance from dam base toe point
w complex potential
z
complex potential

angle in units of radians

w unit weight of water

angle of inclination in degrees

stream function
velocity potential function

Appendix B - Tables
Table B1: tB values
b/s
0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150

b1/b= 0

b1/b=0.25

b1/b=0.5

-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

-1.095164
-1.058500
-1.033737
-1.018000
-1.007782
-1.002700
-1.000578
-1.000051
-1.000000
-1.216188
-1.145378
-1.094040
-1.056829
-1.030779
-1.013929
-1.004608
-1.000009
-1.000033
-1.486000
-1.360000
-1.256245
-1.180000
-1.118034
-1.070714
-1.036000
-1.012931
-1.002082
-1.772542
-1.590688
-1.541606
-1.340713
-1.250000
-1.180000
-1.112085
-1.060990
-1.022542

-1.216188
-1.145378
-1.094040
-1.056829
-1.030779
-1.013929
-1.004608
-1.000900
-1.000033
-1.486000
-1.360000
-1.256245
-1.180000
-1.118034
-1.070714
-1.036000
-1.012931
-1.002082
-2.069110
-1.900000
-1.666667
-1.528060
-1.414214
-1.318600
-1.236868
-1.166049
-1.103973
-2.677361
-2.364285
-2.130399
-1.948132
-1.810000
-1.686106
-1.594313
-1.528481
-1.500000

- 1436 -

b1/b=0.75
-1.347645
-1.245846
-1.169722
-1.111755
-1.068000
-1.036295
-1.015390
-1.004146
-1.000372
-1.772542
-1.590688
-1.451606
-1.340713
-1.250000
-1.180000
-1.112085
-1.069110
-1.022542
-2.677361
-2.364285
-2.130399
-1.948132
-1.810000
-1.686106
-1.594313
-1.528481
-1.500000
-3.610000
-3.179184
-2.868162
-2.632719
-2.462214
-2.338878
-2.265783
-2.260001
-2.339364

b1/b=1
-1.486000
-1.360000
-1.256245
-1.180000
-1.180000
-1.070714
-1.036000
-1.012931
-1.002082
-2.069110
-1.900000
-1.666667
-1.528060
-1.414214
-1.318600
-1.236868
-1.166049
-1.103973
-3.296361
-2.905072
-2.620000
-2.401705
-2.236068
-2.113120
-2.031629
-2.000000
-2.046107
-4.600001
-4.010368
-3.699999
-3.354608
-3.162277
-3.043001
-3.000000
-3.053019
-3.251027

Table B1: continues

b/s

b1/b=0

b1/b=0.25

b1/b=0.5

b1/b=0.75

b1/b=1

30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150

-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

-2.371371
-2.099504
-1.900000
-1.732336
-1.600781
-1.491996
-1.401407
-1.326972
-1.270900
-3.921062
-3.470001
-3.120072
-2.900001
-2.710001
-2.569922
-2.520001
-2.520001
-2.639322
-5.495150
-4.849590
-4.401698
-4.088500
-3.900000
-3.900000
-3.900000
-3.900000
-4.189999
-7.089999
-6.257699
-5.701705
-5.349998
-5.099019
-5.002869
-5.059998
-5.272887
-5.756611

-3.921062
-3.455003
-3.120072
-2.873000
-2.692582
-2.569922
-2.506294
-2.516240
-2.639319
-7.080001
-6.257496
-5.701705
-5.328200
-5.099018
-5.002863
-5.048923
-5.272886
-5.756613
-10.28000
-9.091004
-8.323219
-7.833920
-7.566373
-7.504276
-7.669999
-8.095626
-8.924406
-13.43245
-11.92859
-10.95625
-10.35399
-10.04988
-10.02277
-10.29309
-10.93250
-12.10216

-5.500002
-4.849589
-4.401997
-4.088440
-3.881043
-3.769345
-3.759284
-3.880001
-4.184021
-10.25299
-9.088784
-8.323218
-7.840001
-7.566400
-7.504276
-7.662780
-8.095627
-8.924407
-15.02349
-13.35001
-12.27478
-11.61647
-11.29500
-11.28479
-11.61110
-12.60000
-13.69256
-19.79866
-17.61740
-16.23456
-15.50000
-15.03600
-15.07660
-15.56960
-16.61939
-16.61939

-7.077599
-6.257496
-5.701705
-5.328101
-5.099019
-5.002861
-5.049999
-5.272886
-5.756611
-13.43246
-11.92861
-10.95625
-10.50000
-10.04989
-10.02274
-10.31000
-10.93244
-12.10216
-19.79866
-17.61740
-16.23456
-15.50000
-15.03600
-15.07660
-15.56960
-18.46670
-18.46670
-26.16801
-23.33000
-21.51924
-20.47139
-20.02498
-20.14000
-20.85345
-22.31209
-24.83799

10

15

20

- 1437 -

Table B2: tF values

b/s
0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

b1/b

30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150

b1/b= 0

b1/b=0.25

b1/b=0.5

b1/b=0.75

b1/b=1

1.002082
1.012931
1.036000
1.070714
1.118034
1.180000
1.256245
1.360000
1.486000
1.103973
1.166049
1.236868
1.318600
1.414214
1.528060
1.666667
1.900000
2.069110
2.046107
2.000000
2.031629
2.113120
2.236068
2.401705
2.620000
2.905072
3.296361
3.251027
3.053019
3.000000
3.043001
3.162277
3.354608
3.699999
4.010368
4.600001

1.000372
1.004146
1.015390
1.036295
1.068000
1.111755
1.169722
1.245846
1.347645
1.022542
1.060990
1.112085
1.180000
1.250000
1.340713
1.451606
1.590688
1.772542
1.500000
1.528481
1.594313
1.686106
1.810000
1.948132
2.130399
2.364285
2.677361
2.339364
2.260001
2.265783
2.338878
2.462214
2.635719
2.868162
3.179184
3.610000

1.000033
1.000900
1.004608
1.013929
1.030779
1.056829
1.094040
1.145378
1.216188
1.002082
1.012931
1.036000
1.070714
1.118034
1.180000
1.256245
1.360000
1.486000
1.103973
1.166049
1.236868
1.318600
1.414214
1.528060
1.666667
1.900000
2.069110
1.500000
1.528481
1.594313
1.686106
1.810000
1.948132
2.130399
2.364285
2.677361

1.000000
1.000051
1.000578
1.002700
1.007782
1.018000
1.033737
1.058500
1.095164
1.000033
1.000900
1.004608
1.013929
1.030779
1.056829
1.094040
1.145378
1.216188
1.002082
1.012931
1.036000
1.070714
1.118034
1.180000
1.256245
1.360000
1.486000
1.022542
1.060990
1.112085
1.180000
1.250000
1.340713
1.451606
1.590688
1.772542

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Continues on the next page.

- 1438 -

Table B2: continues

b/s

b1/b=0

b1/b=0.25

b1/b=0.5

b1/b=0.75

b1/b=1

30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150

5.756611
5.272886
5.049999
5.002861
5.099010
5.328101
5.701705
6.257496
7.077599
12.10216
10.93244
10.31000
10.02274
10.04989
10.50000
10.95625
11.92861
13.43246
18.46670
16.61939
15.56960
15.07660
15.03600
15.50000
16.23456
17.61740
19.79866
24.83799
22.31209
20.85345
20.14000
20.02498
20.47139
21.51924
23.33000
26.16801

4.184021
3.880001
3.759284
3.769345
3.881043
4.088440
4.401997
4.849589
5.500002
8.924407
8.095627
7.662780
7.504276
7.566400
7.840001
8.323218
9.088784
10.25299
13.69256
12.60000
11.61110
11.28470
11.29500
11.61647
12.27478
13.35001
15.02349
18.46670
16.61939
15.56960
15.07660
15.03600
15.50000
16.23456
17.61740
19.79866

2.639317
2.516240
2.506294
2.569922
2.692582
2.873000
3.120072
3.455003
3.921062
5.756613
5.272886
5.048923
5.002863
5.099018
5.328200
5.701705
6.257496
7.080001
8.924406
8.095626
7.669999
7.504276
7.566373
7.833920
8.323219
9.091004
10.28000
12.10216
10.93250
10.29309
10.02277
10.04988
10.35399
10.95625
11.92859
13.43245

1.270900
1.326972
1.401407
1.491996
1.600781
1.732336
1.900000
2.099504
2.371371
2.639322
2.520001
2.520001
2.569922
2.710001
2.900001
3.120072
3.470001
3.921062
4.189999
3.900000
3.900000
3.900000
3.900000
4.088500
4.401698
4.849590
5.495150
5.756611
5.272887
5.059998
5.002869
5.099019
5.349998
5.701705
6.257699
7.089999

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

10

15

20

- 1439 -

Table B3: Pressure Head Ratio, Pr/H, at Key Points for b/s=1

Point

b1/b

= 30

= 45

= 60

= 75

= 90

0.0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
0.0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
0.0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0

1.000
0.799
0.709
0.646
0.598
0.301
0.261
0.239
0.225
0.214
0.143
0.064
0.018
0.002
0.000

1.000
0.835
0.745
0.683
0.624
0.374
0.337
0.308
0.290
0.273
0.179
0.106
0.047
0.012
0.000

1.000
0.868
0.783
0.718
0.667
0.438
0.405
0.374
0.350
0.341
0.211
0.145
0.80
0.028
0.000

1.000
0.898
0.817
0.751
0.698
0.498
0.470
0.437
0.410
0.389
0.242
0.183
0.113
0.049
0.000

1.000
0.926
0.852
0.785
0.728
0.555
0.531
0.500
0.469
0.445
0.272
0.215
0.148
0.074
0.000

=
105
1.000
0.951
0.887
0.817
0.758
0.612
0.590
0.563
0.530
0.501
0.302
0.249
0.183
0.102
0.000

=
120
1.000
0.971
0.920
0.855
0.789
0.672
0.650
0.626
0.595
0.549
0.333
0.282
0.216
0.132
0.000

=
135
1.000
0.987
0.959
0.894
0.821
0.736
0.710
0.692
0.664
0.617
0.365
0.317
0.249
0.165
0.000

2011 ejge

- 1440 -

=
150
1.000
0.998
0.995
0.936
0.857
0.809
0.775
0.761
0.739
0.676
0.401
0.354
0.278
0.201
0.000