ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS BY WORDS MAKES THEM LESS SIGNIFICANT WHEN IT COMES TO MAKE STATEMENT OF GRATITUDE

I think the most pleasant and satisfying aspect of writing project Is the opportinity to thank those who have contributed to it. Although the expression of gratitude always remains incomplete and inadequate no matter how extensive it is.

I would like to thank PROF.RNP SINGH HOD,CIVIL DEPARTMENT, For his proper supervision and guidance.

I would like to acknowledge my profound gratitude to MRS.MANJU MINHAS, COORDINATOR for her proper Supervision,guidance,patience and care.She is keen mentor And she left no stone unturned to complete my report.

I also wish to acknowledge support and inspiration of my esteem Teachers,Mr.S.P. Jindal and Mr.Yogesh and my group members Without whose cooperation and advice this report would not have Been a successful one.

CONTENTS
LEVELLING BY A DUMPY LEVEL

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES BY A THEODOLITE

BUILDING LAYOUT

HORIZONTAL CURVES

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

TOTAL STATION SURVEY

1. LEVELLING BY A DUMPY LEVEL:

2. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES BY A THEODOLITE:

OBJECT: To measure angles in the horizontal and vertical planes using theodolite INSTRUMENTS USED: theodolite, tripod stand, plumb bob.
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in then horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are mainly used for surveying applications ,and have been adapted for specialization purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes, the horizontal and vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision.

PROCEDURE:
Both axes of theodolite are equipped with graduated circles that can be read through magnifying lenses. The vertical circles which transits about the horizontal axis should read 90 degree when the sight is horizontal, or 270 degree when the instrument is in its second position,that is ,turned over or plunged.half of the differences between the two positions is called the index error. The horizontal and vertical axis of theodolite must be perpendicular if not then a horizontal axis error exists. This can be tested by tubular spirit bubble parallel to a line between two footscrews and setting the bubble central. A horizontal axis error exists if the bubble runs offcentral when the tubular spirit bubble is reversed. To adjust, remove half the amount the bubbles has run off using the adjusting screw. The optical axis of the telescope , called the sight axis, defined by the optical centre of the objectiove lens and centre of the cross hairs in its focal plane must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis.If not,then a collimation error exists. Index error ,horizontal axis error and collimation error are regularly determined by calibration and are removed by mechanical adjustment.Their existence is taken into account in the choice of measurement procedure in order to eliminate their effect on the measurement results.

A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centring plate or tribrach containing four thumbscrews, or in modern theodolites,three for rapid leveling ,before use , a theodolite , must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be measured using a plumb bob , optical plummet or laser plummet. The instrument is then set level using leveling footscrews and circular and more precise tubular spirit bubbles.

3. BUILDING LAYOUT:
AIM-To make the building layout plan of the given foundation by centre line method. APPARATUS- Tape, Ranging rods, Theodolite. THEORY-Type and deal these separately and so on. In this method the total length of
center lines of all walls, long and short has to be found out. Find the total center line length of walls (long and short) having same type of foundation and footing and then find the quantities by multiplying the total center length be the respective breadth and the height. In this method, the length will remain same for excavation in foundation, for concrete in foundation, for all footing and for super structure (with slight difference when there are cross wall or number of junctions).For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction of partition or cross walls with main walls. Half breadth of respective item is to be deducted from the total center length. For building having different types of walls, each set of walls shall have to be dealt separately. Find the total center length of all walls of one type and proceed in the same manner as directed above, similarly find the center length of walls of second. For the above figure, all walls are of same type. So for determination of quantity, first and find the sum of the center line of all walls.

4. HORIZONTAL CURVES
OBJECT: To draw a horizontal curve plan INSTRUMENT USED: Ranging rods, lime powder and measuring tape THEORY:
Horizontal curves are one of the two important transition elements in geometric design for highways(along with Vertical Curves). A horizontal curve provides a transition between two tangent strips of roadway, allowing a vehicle to negotiate a turn at a gradual rate rather than a sharp cut. The design of the curve is dependent on the intended design speed of the roadway as well as other factors including drainage and friction. These curves are semicircles as to provide the driver with a constant turning rate with radii determined by the laws of physics surrounding centripetal force.

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all determine an angle foe the horizontal curve to be drawn in the plan. 2. Now with the help of measuring tape take 10cm of length as from PC to PT. 3. Taking x=1m,x1=2m.x3=3m,x4=5m, take out the respective ordinates Ox, Ox1,Ox2,Ox3,Ox4. 4. Now mark the ordinates upon the line PC to PT. 5. Join all the points where the different ordinates are being marked to get the desired horizontal curve. 6. Check the curve measurements by moving the tape with constant length 10m kept at an initial point around the circumference of the curve. Length at each point should be same equal to the radius. FORMULAE USED:

CALCULATIONS: Oo= X= X= X= X= X= Ox1= Ox2= Ox3= Ox4= Ox5=

RESULT: The horizontal curve is prepared with radius and Oo ordinate equal to

5. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:

OBJECT-To find the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of noida by the usage of global
positioning system.

INSTRUMENT USED-GPS Device BASIC CONCEPT-A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by
the GPS satellites high above the earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages which includes: 1: The time the message was transmitted 2: Precise orbital information(the ephemeris) 3: The general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites. The receiver utilizes the messages it receives to determine the transmit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. The three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position on earth surface can be assumed.

COMPONENTS OF GPS: There are 3 segments of GPS:control segment,space segment,user

segment.The control segment consists of 5 monitoring stations Colorado springs,ascesion islands,Diego Garcia,Hawaii,Kwajalein islands.The space segment consists of 21 GPS satellites with an addition of 3 active spares.The user segment consists of all earth based GPS receivers.

STRUCTURE OF GPS: The user has to decode the data signal to get access to the navigation
data.For on line navigation purposes the internal processor within the receiver does the decoding.With a bit rate of 50bps and acycle time of 30 seconds,the total information content of a navigation data set is 1500 bits.The first 2 words of each sub frame are the telemetry work(TLM) and the C/A-p-code hand over work(HOW).

6. TOTAL STATION SURVEY:

OBJECT: To measure angles, coordinates and distance. INSTRUMENT: Total station, tripod stand and reflector.an electronis instrument used in
modern surveying. The total station is an electronis theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic device meter (EDM) to bread slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. Robotic total station allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the reflector and controls the total station from the observed point.

TOTAL STATION TESTS AND ADJUSTMENTS

1. The total station must be kept in correct adjustment if accurate results are to be obtained. There are six tests of the total station that the instrument operator must make in the following sequence: Plate level test and adjustment Optical plumb test. Verticality test. Horizontal collimation test Vertical collimation test Baseline calibration and prism constant verification 2. The first five testd of the total station are made with the instrument mounted on its tripod and accurately leveled. For bubble checks, the instrument is set up in the shade. For other tests the instrument is set up on firm ground and levelled. Nthe tests should be carried out in good weather conditions. 3. If handled properly, an instrument will remain in adjustment indefinitely. Needled and excessive adjustment should be avoided. 4. For this reason, some total station also have GPS system interface which do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinate .however GNSS measurement may require longer occupation period and offer relatively poor accuract in the vertical axis.

Angle measurement
Most modern total station instrument measure angle by mean pf electro-optical scanning of xternal precise digital barcode etched on rotating slass cylinder or discs within the instrument .The best quality total station are capable of measuring angle to 0.5 are second. Inexpensive construction grade total station can generally measure angle to 5 or 10 arc second.

Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished withwitjh a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid- state emitter within the instrument op[tical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey .The modulation pattern int the returning signal is read and interpreds by the computerin ther total station .The distance is determined by emitted and received multiple frequencies .Most total station use purpose built glass corner. A typical total station can mesure distance to any object that is to few 100 meter .

Data processsing
Some model include internal electronic data storage to record distance , horizontal and vertical angles measured while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an external data collector. When data is downloaded from a total station on to a computer, application software can be used to compute result and generate map of the surveyed area.

OPTICAL PLUMB TEST:

The purpose of optical plumb adjustment is to make the vertical axis of the Total station pass through the station mark when the Total Station is properly leveled and plumbed. Step 1. To test the optical plumb ,set up the Total Station over a station that is clearly marked by a cross or other well-defined point. Step 2. Accurately level and centre the instrument over the point. Step 3. Rotate the instrument through 90,180 and 270 degrees.

Look into the eyepiece of the optical plumb after each rotation. If it is in correct adjustment, the mark on the ground will be centered in thr reticle at all the positions.

VERTICALITY TEST:
The purpose of the verticality test is to make sure the vertical crossline of the reticle lies in a plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the telescope. Step 1. Totest the verticality of the vertical crossline, select a well defined distant point as near the horizontal plane of the instrument as possible. Centre the vertical crossline on the selected point. Step 2. Elevate and depress the telescope by using the vertical tangent screw . If the vertical crossline does not continuously track on the point as the telescope is elevated and depressed , an adjustment is necessary. Coordinate measurement Coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using the total station as long as direct line of sight can be established between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates ( X,Y and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a total station requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known poind or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location.