History of the English and Romanian Languages

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.
Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.

The Dacian people were the ancient inhabitants of Romanian territory. They were defeated by the Romans in 106, and part of Dacia ( Oltenia , Banat , and Transylvania ) became a Roman province . This province, which was rich in ores, especially silver and gold, was colonized by the Romans, who brought with them Vulgar Latin as the language of administration and commerce, and who started a period of intense romanization , which gave birth to the proto-Romanian language. But in the 3rd century CE, under the pressure of Free Dacians and from invasions of migratory populations such as Goths , the Roman Empire was forced to withdraw from Dacia , in 271 CE, leaving it to the Goths. It is a matter of debate whether modern-day Romanians are descendants of the people that abandoned the area and settled south of the Danube or of the romanized people that remained in Dacia.

Old English (450-1100 AD)

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.. The words be , strong and water , for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.
Part of Beowulf , a poem written in Old English.

Middle English (1100-1500)

In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800)

From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world The invention of printing also meant that there was . now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read.. Printing also brought standardization to English.. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.

Late Modern English (1800-Present)

The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries. Owing to the geographical isolation of its speakers, Romanian was probably among the first of the Romance languages to split from Latin. It received little influence from other Romance languages until the modern period (the middle of the 19th century), and is therefore one of the most uniform languages in Europe. Compared with the other Romance languages , during its evolution, Romanian simplified the original Latin tense system in extreme ways, in particular the original Latin absence of sequence of tenses .

Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up , was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon , ranch , stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English). . A brief chronology of English 55 .Hr.- 55 BC Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. Local inhabitants

AD 43 -AD 43

Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain.

speak Celtish

436- 436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete. 449- 449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins 450-480- 450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions. 1066- 1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England. English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools. . English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time. Middle English Old English

c1150 -c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English. 1348- 1348 1362- 1362

c1388 -c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales . c1400 -c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins. 1476- 1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press. Table Alphabeticall , the first English dictionary, is published. The first permanent English settlement in the New World (Jamestown) is established. Early Modern English

1564- 1564 Shakespeare is born. 1604- 1604 1607- 1607

1616- 1616 Shakespeare dies. 1623- 1623 Shakespeare's First Folio is published 1702- 1702 The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant , is published in London. Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence.

1755- 1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary. 1776- 1776

1782- 1782 Britain abandons its American colonies. 1828- 1828 Webster publishes his American English dictionary. 1922- 1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded. 1928- 1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published. All the dialects of Romanian are believed to have been unified in a Proto-Romanian language up to sometime between the 7th and 10th centuries, when the area came under the influence of the Byzantine Empire . It was then that Romanian became influenced by the Slavic languages [ 12 ] and to some degree by Greek . For example, Aromanian , one of the closest relatives of Romanian, has very few Slavic words. Also, the variations in the "Daco-Romanian" dialect (spoken throughout Romania and Moldova) are very small. The use of this uniform "DacoRomanian" dialect extends well beyond the borders of the Romanian state: a Romanian-speaker from Moldova speaks the same language as a Romanian-speaker from the Serbian Banat Romanian was influenced by Slavic, Greek (Byzantine, then Phanariote ), Turkish, and Hungarian. Late Modern English

This article deals with Romanian language, and thus only its regional variations are discussed here. The differences between these varieties are usually small, usually consisting in a few dozen regional words, some generally regular phonetic changes, and few grammar aspects. Standard literary Romanian language is identical when it comes to writing, regardless of the region or country.
Romanian (specifically Daco-Romanian) varieties ( graiuri ). [ citation needed ] Blue: Southern varieties Red: Northern varieties

The dialects of Romanian are distinguished by minor differences in pronunciation.

Classification
Compared with the other Romance languages, the closest relative of Romanian is Italian ; the two languages show a limited degree of asymmetrical mutual intelligibility , especially in their cultivated forms: speakers of Romanian seem to understand Italian more easily than the other way around. The lexical similarity with Italian is estimated at 77%, followed by French at 75%, Sardinian 74%, Catalan 73%, Spanish 71%, Portuguese, and Rhaeto-Romance at 72%. In modern times Romanian vocabulary has been strongly influenced by French, Italian and other international words. Dacian language The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient Dacians. It may have been the first language to influence the Latin spoken in Dacia, but little is known about it. About 300 words found only in Romanian or with a cognate in the Albanian language may be inherited from Dacian, many of them being related to pastoral life (for example: balaur "dragon", brnz "cheese", mal "shore"). Some linguists have asserted that Albanians are Dacians who were not romanized and migrated southward. A different view is that these non-Latin words (many with Albanian cognates) are not necessarily Dacian, but rather were brought into the territory that is modern Romania by Romance-speaking shepherds migrating north from Albania, Serbia, and northern Greece who became the Romanian people.