Written according to the New Text book (2011-2012) published by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher

Secondary Education, Pune.

Salient Features:
Written as per the new textbook. Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus. Facilitates complete and thorough preparation of HOTS section. Variety of questions provided in order of importance. Complex and intellectually challenging questions in the form of activities. Constructions drawn with accurate measurements. Attractive layout of the content. Self evaluative in nature.

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First Edition : May 2012

Price : ` 110/-

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PREFACE
HOTS stands for Higher Order Thinking Skills. As the name implies, this book is filled to the brim with questions that challenge your Thinking Skills. Unlike the traditional methods that focus on drill and repetition as a mode of education, HOTS brings out the problem solving ability of a child. Inclusion of HOTS in a Question Paper is to attest if the students factually have an in depth understanding of the said topic. It is not just how much but how well you understand the subject. These twisted and brain challenging questions (HOTS) that form a part of the Question Paper demand an out of the box thinking. Students are assessed through this format of Questions in terms of skills pertaining to their analyzing, reasoning, comprehending, application and evaluation of a subject. This book is full of such thought provoking and curiosity crunching questions across the subjects of Algebra, Geometry and Science. The Questions throughout are framed in an innovative format including Maps, Crosswords and Tree Diagrams. The emphasis in this courseware lies not just on the subject knowledge but also its applications in real life. With a progressive thought we have thoroughly followed the new syllabus pattern while composing this book. There is no doubt that in the long run this book would be a proven aid for students to encounter questions pertaining to Higher Order Thinking Skills. We wish all the aspirants all the best and hope this book turns out to be a formidable aid in your tryst with success.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully Publisher

Contents

Subject

No.
1 2 3

Topic Name
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression Quadratic Equations Linear Equations in Two Variables Probability Statistics I Statistics II

Page No.
1 10 22 32 40 52

Algebra
4 5 6

1 2 3

Similarity Circle Geometric Constructions Trigonometry Co-ordinate Geometry Mensuration

69 82 95 104 120 134

Geometry
4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

School of Elements The Magic of Chemical Reactions The Acid Base Chemistry The Electric Spark All about Electromagnetism Wonders of Light Part I Wonders of Light Part II Understanding Metals and Non-metals Amazing World of Carbon Compounds Lifes Internal Secrets The Regulators of Life The Life Cycle Mapping our Genes

149 154 158 163 168 171 175 179 183 188 193 199 204

Science andTechnology

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

01
1. Solution:

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

1 Mark Questions
4. Find the first two terms of the following sequence. ( 4n 3 ) 3n + 3 Sn = 2 Solution: ( 4n 3) 3n + 3 Sn = 2 ( 4 1 3) 31 + 3 S1 = 2 ( 4 3) 3 + 3 1 3 + 3 6 = = = 2 2 2 S1 = 3

Find t5, if a = 5 and r = 2. Here a = 5, r = 2 tn = arn 1

t5 = 5 (2)5 1 = 5 (2)4 = 5 16

t5 = 80

2.

If Sn = np +

1 n(n 1)Q where Sn denotes 2 the sum of first n terms of an A.P. Find the common difference of the A.P.
Sum of n terms of an A.P is given by Sn =
n 1 [2at(n 1)d] = na + (n 1)d 2 2

S2 =

Solution:

( 4 2 3) 32 + 3 2 ( 8 3) 9 + 3 = 2 5 9 + 3 45 + 3 48 = = = 2 2 2 S2 = 24

1 Compare with Sn = np + n(n 1)Q 2

d=Q Find tn of the following A.P.

5 1 , 1 , 1 , tn 6 6

If x 1 is the geometric mean between (x + 5) and (x 3) then find the value of geometric mean. Solution: We know that, G = ( x + 5 )( x 3) 5.
(x 1)2 = (x + 5)(x 3) x 2 2x + 1 = x2 + 2x 15 4x = 16 x=4 Geometric mean = x 1 = 3

3.

Solution:

5 1 , 1 , 1 . 6 6

The given A.P is where a =

5 1 ,d= 6 6

tn = a + (n 1)d = = tn =
5 1 + (n 1) 6 6

6. For a G.P 3, 3, 3, 3, ..... find Sn. Solution: 3, 3, 3, 3,......... are in G.P. 3 = 1 Here, a = 3, r = 3 1 ( 1)n 1 rn = 3 Sn = a 1 r 1 ( 1)
1 ( 1)n = 3 1+1

5 n 1 + 6 6
n+4 6

Sn =

3 [1 (1)n] 2

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

TARGET Publications

2 Marks Questions
7. A person has 2 parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great grandparents and so on. Find the number of his ancestors during the ten generations preceeding his own. Solution: Here, a = 2, r = 2, n = 10 a ( r n 1) Sn = r 1 2 ( 210 1) S10 = 2 1 11 =2 2 S10 = 2046

The first, second and last terms of an A.P are a, b and 2a. Find the number of terms in A.P. Solution: a, b, ......., 2a are in A.P Since, tn = a + (n 1)d 2a = a + (n 1)(b a) 2a a = (n 1)(b a) a = (n 1)(b a) a n1= ba a a +ba n= +1= ba ba

10.

The number of ancestors preceeding the person is 2046

n=

b ba

Find the sum of all natural numbers lying between 50 and 500, which are multiple of 5. Solution: Required numbers are 55, 60, 65, 70, ......., 495 This is an A.P where a = 55, d = 60 55 = 5 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d = 495 55 + (n 1) 5 = 495 5(n 1) = 495 55 440 n1= 5 n 1 = 88 n = 89 Here a = 55, l = 495, n = 89 n 89 89 Sn = (a + l) = (55 + 495) = 550 2 2 2

8.

11.

Sn = 24475

Find the sum of all three digit numbers which leave the remainder 3 when divided by 5. Solution: The sequence is 103, 108, 113, ., 998 The sequence is an A.P with a = 103, d = 5, tn = 998 = a + (n 1)d tn 998 = 103 + (n 1)5 998 = 103 + 5n 5 5n = 900 n = 180 n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 180 = [2 103 + (180 1)5] 2 = 90[206 + 179 5] = 90 1101

Sn = 99090

9.

The first term of a G.P is 1. The sum of its third and fifth terms is 20. Find the common ratio of the G.P Solution: First term of the given G.P is 1. Let r be the common ratio of this G.P . t3 = 1r3 1 = r2 and t5 = 1r(5 1) = r4

t3 + t5 = 20 r2 + r4 = 20 r4 + r2 20 = 0 (r2 + 5)(r2 4) = 0 r2 5 r2 = 4 r = 2

and
2

First term of a G.P is x2. If 10th term of the sequence is x20 then find 2nd term. Solution: Here a = x2, t10 = x20 We know that, tn = arn 1 t10 = x2 r10 1 t10 = x2 r9 = x20 x 20 r9 = 2 x r9 = x18 12.

18

r = x 9 = x2 t2 = ar2 1 = x2 (x2)1

Common ratio = 2 or 2

t2 = x4
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

r6 =

13. If for on A.P, Sn = 0.02 (2n 1), find tn. Solution: Sn = 0.02 (2n 1) We know that, tn = Sn Sn 1 tn = 0.02(2n 1) [0.02 (2n 1 1)] = 0.02 (2n 1) [0.02 (2n 21 1)] 0.02 2n + 0.02 = 0.02 2n 0.02 2 = 0.02 2n 0.01 2n
tn = 2n (0.01)

1 5 55
1 5

r6 = 5

r=

8 1 1 t9 = ar8 = 5 = 7 5 5 1 t9 = 78125

The sum of the first ten terms of an A.P is three times the sum of the first five terms, then find ratio of the first term to the common difference. Solution: We know that, n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 10 [2a + (10 1)d] S10 = 2 S10 = 5(2a + 9d) 5 S5 = [2a + (5 1)d] 2 S5 = 5 [2a + 4d] 2 According to given condition, S10 = 3 S5 5 5(2a + 9d) = 3 (2a + 4d) 2 10(2a + 9d) = 15(2a + 4d) 2(2a + 9d) = 3(2a + 4d) 4a + 18d = 6a + 12d 2a = 6d a =3 d

14.

11 , 5, 2 are needed to give the sum 25? Explain the reason for getting two answer. Solution: 1 Here, a = 6, d = 2 Let 25 be the sum of n terms of this A.P Where n N Sn = 25 n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n 1 25 = 2 6 + ( n 1) 2 2 n n 25 25 = 2 2 100 = n2 25n n2 25n + 100 = 0 (n 5)(n 20) = 0 n 5 = 0 or n 20 = 0

16.

How many terms of an A.P 6,

n=5

or

n = 20

Both the values of n are natural numbers and hence admissible. 17. and ( 90 3 ) . Solution: Let G be the geometric mean. Let x = 90 + 3 and y = 90 3
G = xy =

Find the geometric mean of

90 + 3 )

3 Marks Questions
15. For a G.P if a = 5 and t7 =

1 , 3125

find r and t9. Solution: 1 a = 5, t7 = 3125 tn = arn 1 t7 = ar6 1 = 5r6 3125

90 + 3)( 90 3) =

90 ) ( 3)
2

= 90 9 = 81 G = 9 90 + 3 and 90 3 are positive.

r6 =

1 3125 5

The geometric mean of

90 3 is 9

90

+ 3 and

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

TARGET Publications

18.

Insert three numbers between l and 625 so that the resulting sequence is a G.P. Solution: Let the required numbers be t2, t.3, t4... Then 1, t2, t3, t4, 625 are in G.P. Here, a = 1, t5 = 625 t5 = 625 = ar5 1 [ tn = arn 1]
1 r4 = 625 r4 = 625 r = 5 When r = 5 t2 = r = 5, t3 = r2 = 25, t4 = r3 = 125 When r = 5 t2 = r = 5, t3 = r2 = 25, t4 = r3 = 125

x + y = 50 x y = 40 Case 1: x + y = 50, x y = 40 x = 45, y = 5 Case 2: x + y = 50, x y = 40 x = 5, y = 45

The numbers are (x = 45, y = 5) or (x = 5, y = 45)

The required numbers are (5, 25, 125) or (5, 25, 125)

Divide 45 into three terms which are in A.P in such a way that the product of the last two terms is 256. Solution: Let the three terms in A.P be a d, a, a + d. a d + a + a + d = 45 3a = 45 a = 15 The three terms are 15 d, 15, 15 + d It is given that the product of last two terms is 255. a (a + d) = 255 255 255 = a+d= a 15 a + d = 17 15 + d = 17 d=2

19.

If the pth term of an A.P is q and the qth term is p, prove that nth term is (p + q n). Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the given A.P. tp = q .(given) a + (p 1)d = q .(i) and tq = p .(given) a + (q 1)d = p .(ii) Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get (a a) + (p 1)d d(q 1) = q p d(p 1 q + 1) = q p d(p q) = (p q) d = 1 Substituting value of d in equation (i), we get a + (p 1) ( 1) = q ap+1=q a=p+q1 tn = a + (n 1)d = (p + q 1) + (n 1) (1) =p+q1n+1 21.

tn = p + q n

Three terms are 13, 15 and 17 22.

4 Marks Questions
A man repays a loan of ` 3250 by paying ` 305 in the first month and then decreases the payment by ` 15 every month. How long will it take to clear his loan? Solution: Here, a = 305, d = 15, Sn = 3250 Let time required to clear the loan be n months. n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n 3250 = [2 305 + (n 1)(15)] 2 6500 = n[610 15n + 15] 6500 = n[625 15n]
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

20.

Find two positive number x and y whose A.M and G.M are 25 and 15 respectively. Solution: x+ y Since A.M = , G.M = xy 2 According to given condition, x+ y = 25 xy = 15 2 x + y = 50 xy = 225
(x y) = =

( x + y)

4 xy

( 50 )2 4 225

= 2500 900 = 1600 x y = 40

TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

6500 = 625n 15n2 15n2 625n + 6500 = 0 3n2 125n + 1300 = 0 3n2 60n 65n + 1300 = 0 3n(n 20) 65(n 20) = 0 n 20 = 0 or 3n 65 = 0 65 n = 20 or n= 3 Since n is a natural number. 65 n 3 n = 20

The time required to clear the loan is 20 months If

1 1 1 are the three , , x + y 2y y + z consecutive terms of an A.P, prove that x, y and z are the three consecutive terms of a G.P. Solution: 1 1 1 , , are in A.P. x + y 2y y + z
23.
1 1 1 1 = 2y 2y x+ y y+z
x + y 2y 2y y z = 2y( x + y) 2y( y + z)

If in an A.P the sum of m terms is equal to n and the sum of n terms is equal to m, then show that sum of (m + n) terms is (m + n). Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of A.P. According to the given condition, Sm = n m n= [2a + (m 1)d] 2 2n = m[2a + md d] .(i) 2n = 2am + m2d md Also, Sn = m n m = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n[2a + nd d] = 2m 2an + n2d nd = 2m .(ii) Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get 2am 2an + m2d n2d md + nd = 2n 2m 2a(m n) + d(m2 n2) d(m n) = 2(n m) (m n)[2a + (m + n)d d] = 2(m n) (m n)[2a + (m + n 1)d] = 2(m n) [2a + (m + n 1)d] = 2 .(iii)
Sm + n =
m+n [2a + (m + n 1)d] 2 m+n = (2) .[From (iii)] 2

24.

Sm + n = (m + n)

x y yz = 2 y ( y + z) 2y ( x + y)
x y yz = y+z x+ y

By componendo-dividendo ( x y) + ( x + y) ( y z) + ( y + z) = ( x y) ( x + y) ( y z) ( y + z)
2x 2y = 2 y 2z

x y = z y

x y = z y By Invertendo y z = x y

x, y, z are in G.P

A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a certain limit as follows: ` 200 for first day, ` 250 for second day, ` 300 for third day, etc. If the contractor pays ` 27,750 as penalty, find the numbers of days for which the construction work is delayed. Solution: Here, a = 200, d = 50, Sn = 27750 n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n 27750 = [2 200 + (n 1)50] 2 n 27750 = [350 + 50n] 2 27750 = 175n + 25n2 25n2 + 175n 27750 = 0 n2 + 7n 1110 = 0

25.

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra) 27.

TARGET Publications

Comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get a = 1, b = 7, c = 1110 = b2 4ac = (7)2 4 1 (1110) = 4489 n= = b b 2 4ac 2a

A man set out on a cycle ride of 50 km. He covers 5 km in the first hour and during each successive hour his speed falls by 1 km/hr. How many hours will he take to 4 finish his ride? Solution:
Here, a = 5, Sn = 50, d = 1 4 Let number of hours required to finish the ride be n. Sn = n [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n 1 2 5 + (n 1) 4 2
n 2

7 4489 2 7 67 = 2 n = 30 or n = 37 But n 37 as number of days cannot be negative.

50 = 50 =

Number of days are 30

The interior angles of a polygon are in arithmetic progression. The smallest angle is 52 and the common difference is 8. Find the number of sides of the polygon. Solution: Let n be the sides of the polygon. Sum of all interior angles of polygon = (n 2) 180 Here, a = 52, d = 8 n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n (n 2) 180 = [2 52 + (n 1)8] 2 n 180n 360 = [104 + 8n 8] 2 n 180n 360 = [96 + 8n] 2 360n 720 = 96n + 8n2 8n2 + 96n 360n + 720 = 0 8n2 264n + 720 = 0 n2 33n + 90 = 0 (n 30)(n 3) = 0 n 30 = 0 or n3=0 n = 30 or n=3 But when n = 30, the last angle is 52 + (30 1)8 = 284, which is not possible as interior angle of a polygon cannot be more than 180.

26.

1 n 10 + 4 4

41 n 100 = n 4 4 41 n 100 = n 4 400 = 41n n2 n2 41n + 400 = 0 (n 25)(n 16) = 0 n 25 = 0 or n 16 = 0 n = 25 or n = 16 If n = 25, speed would be negative. n = 16

16 hours are required to finish the ride.

5 Marks Questions
28. The A.M of two positive numbers a and b (a > b) is twice their G.M prove that a : b = 2+ 3 : 2 3 Solution: A.M = 2 G.M a+b = 2 ab 2 a + b = 4 ab (a + b)2 = 16ab a2 + 2ab + b2 = 16ab a2 14ab + b2 = 0
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

)(

Number of sides of given polygon is 3

TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

S3 = t1 + t2 + t3 = 2(3)2 + 5(3) = 2 9 + 15 = 33

Dividing throughout by b2, we get a a 14 + 1 = 0 b b a =x Let a : b = b x 2 14x + 1 = 0

2

Now,

S3 = 33 t3 = S3 S2 = 33 18 = 15 t2 t1 = 11 7 = 4 t3 t2 = 15 11 = 4

x=

14 196 4 (1)(1)

2 14 192 14 64 3 = = 2 2 14 8 3 =74 3 = 2

The sequence is an A.P Here a = t1 = S1 = 7 and d = 4

tn = a + (n 1)d = 7 + (n 1)4 = 7 + 4n 4

a =74 3 b a Since a > b, 7 4 3 b a =7+4 3 b Now, (2 + 3 ) : ( 2 3 ) = = = 2+ 3 2 3

(2 + 3)(2 + 3) (2 3) (2 + 3)

30.

tn = 4n + 3

If the ratio of the sum of m terms and n terms of an A.P be m2 : n2, prove that the ratio of mth and nth terms is (2m 1) : (2n 1). Solution:
It is given that
Sm m 2 = Sn n 2

(2) 2 + 2(2) 3 + ( 3) 2 43 4+4 3 +3 = 1 =7+4 3

a : b = 2+ 3 : 2 3

) (

m [ 2a + ( m 1) d ] m 2 2 = 2 n [ n 2a + ( n 1) d ] 2 2a + ( m 1) d m = 2a + ( n 1) d n 2a + (m 1)d = km .(i) [k is constant] 2a + (n 1)d = kn .(ii) Subtracting equation (ii) from (i), (m 1)d d(n 1) = km kn md d nd + d = k(m n) d(m n) = k(m n) d=k Substituting value of d in equation (i), 2a + (m 1)k = km 2a + mk k = km 2a = k a= k 2

Prove that the sequence Sn = 2n2 + 5n is in A.P. Hence find tn. Solution: Sn = 2n2 + 5n For n = 1, S1 = 2(1)2 + 5(1) = 2 + 5 = 7 S1 = 7 = t1 For n = 2, S2 = t1 + t2 = 2(2)2 + 5(2) = 2 4 + 10 = 18 S2 = 18 t2 = S2 S1 = 18 7 = 11 For n = 3, 29.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X : HOTS (Algebra)

Let

TARGET Publications

Now, tm = a + (m 1)d and tn = a + (n 1)d tm a + ( m 1) d = tn a + ( n 1) d k k + (m 1)k + mk k =2 =2 k k + (n 1)k + nk k 2 2 1 2m 1 k + m 1 = 2 = 2 1 2n 1 k + n 1 2 2

tm 2m 1 = tn 2n 1

p +1 q = =k (k 0) 7 4 p = 7k 1 and q = 4k Since each A.P consists of 102 terms. p 102 and q 102 7k 1 102 and 4k 102 5 1 k 14 and k 25 7 2 k 14

k = 1, 2, 3, 4, , 14

For each value of k, we get a pair of identical terms. Hence there are 14 identical terms in two A.Ps . ___________________________________________ The sum of three numbers in G.P is 56. If we subtract 1, 7, 21 from these numbers in the same order, we obtain an arithmetic progression. Find the numbers. Solution: Let the three numbers be a, ar, ar2. .(i) a + ar + ar2 = 56 According to given condition, a 1, ar 7, ar2 21 are in A.P. a 1 + ar 2 21 ar 7 = 2 2(ar 7) = a + ar2 22 2ar 14 = a + ar2 22 2ar = a + ar2 8 a + ar2 = 2ar + 8 Since a + ar2 = 56 ar .[From (i)] 56 ar = 2ar + 8 3ar = 48 ar = 16 16 r= a Substituting the value of r in equation (i), we get 256 a + 16 + = 56 a a2 + 16a + 256 = 56a a2 40a + 256 = 0 (a 32)(a 8) = 0 a = 32 or a=8 When a = 8, r = 2 16 1 When a = 32, r = = 32 2

31.

Find the number of terms common to the two A.Ps 3, 7, 11, ., 407 and 2, 9, 16, ., 709. Solution: Let the number of terms in the two A.Ps be m and n respectively. and tn = 709 tm = 407 As tm = a + (m 1)d 407 = 3 + (m 1)4 407 = 3 + 4m 4 407 = 4m 1 408 = 4m m = 102 = a + (n 1)d tn 709 = 2 + (n 1)7 709 = 2 + 7n 7 709 = 7n 5 714 = 7n n = 102 Each A.P consists of 102 terms. th Let p term of 1st A.P be equal to qth term of the 2nd A.P. 3 + (p 1)4 = 2 + (q 1)7 3 + 4p 4 = 2 + 7q 7 4p 1 = 7q 5 4p + 4 = 7q 4(p + 1) = 7q p +1 q = 7 4
8

32.

The numbers are 8, 16, 32 or 32, 16, 8

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Science & Technology)

01
1 Marks Questions
1.

School of Elements
In order to fit the existing elements Newland placed two elements in the same position which differed in the properties.
8. In the modern periodic table: i. How many periods and groups are present there? ii. Identify the shortest and longest period. Ans: i. The horizontal rows in the modern periodic table are called as periods and the vertical columns are called as groups. The modern periodic table consists of seven periods and eighteen groups. ii. The first period is the shortest period containing only 2 elements. The sixth period is the longest and it contains 32 elements in it.

Check whether following set of elements follow Dobereiners triad. Calcium (40.1), Strontium (87.6), Barium (137.3) Ans: Condition for Dobereiners triad Atomic mass of strontium = Arithmetic means of atomic masses of calcium and barium 40.1 + 137.3 = 2 87.6 88.7 The given set follows Dobereiners triad. 2. On what basis can metallic and nonmetallic properties of elements judged? Ans: Electronegativity 3. Which period is considered as an incomplete period? Ans: The seventh period is considered as an incomplete period because there are still vacant spaces for the elements to be discovered or artificially prepared. 4. In the following set of elements, one element does not belong to the set. Select this element and explain reason for it. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, Fluorine, Boron Ans: Chlorine does not belong to the set. This is because Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Fluorine and Boron are the 2nd period elements whereas Chlorine belongs to the 3rd period.

9.

On moving from left to right in a period of the periodic table how does the following properties of elements change? i. Atomic size ii. Metallic character iii. Non-metallic character iv. No. of valence electrons Ans: On moving from left to right in a period of the periodic table i. Atomic size decreases ii. Metallic character decreases iii. Non-metallic character increases iv. Number of valence electrons increases 10. On moving from top to bottom in a group in the periodic table how does the following properties change? i. Metallic character ii. Non-metallic character iii. Atomic size iv. No. of valence electrons Ans: On moving from top to bottom in a group of the periodic table i. Metallic character of elements increases. ii. Non-metallic character decreases. iii. Size of atoms increases iv. All elements will have the same number of valence electrons.

5.

Out of the following which element has strongest metallic character? Al, P, S, Cl Ans: Al has strongest metallic character. 6. Give three examples of lanthanide elements. Ans: Lanthanum, cerium, lutetium

2 Marks Questions
7. State with example the limitations of Newlands law of octaves. Ans: Newland arranged the element only upto calcium. After calcium every eighth element did not possess properties similar to that of the first. School of Elements

149

Std. X : HOTS (Science & Technology)

TARGET Publications

11.

Why is group 18 of modern periodic table also known as group zero? Ans: The outermost shells of the elements belonging to group 18 contain eight electrons (except helium), so they are already completely filled with electrons. They have no tendency to lose or gain electrons and hence have a stable electronic configuration with zero valency. Therefore, group 18 of modern periodic table is also known as group zero. 12. The atomic numbers of five elements A, B, C and D are given below. Element Atomic number A 3 B 5 C 7 D 9 E 10 i. Which element belongs to group 18? ii. Which element belongs to group 15? iii. Which element belongs to halogen group? iv. Which element belongs to alkali metals? Ans: i. E ii. C iii. D iv. A 13. From the given electronic configuration, identify the element and give its position in periodic modern table. i. (2, 7) ii. (2, 8, 8) Ans: i. (2, 7) It is flourine It is placed at 17th group and period 2. ii. (2, 8, 8) It is Argon It is placed at 18th group and period 3.

iii.

The repetition in the properties of the element is just like the repetition of eighth note in an octave of music, so it is known as the Newlands law of octaves.

15.

The Physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses. i. Name the law. ii. What do you understand by this statement? iii. How does it differ from the modern periodic law? Ans: i. This law is known as Mendeleevs periodic law. ii. Mendeleevs periodic law means that if elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses, then the properties of the elements are repeated after certain intervals or periods. iii. It differs in the following way - The Modern periodic law states that The chemical and physical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. 16. The three elements predicted by Mendeleev from the gaps in his periodic table were known as eka-boron, eka-aluminium and eka-silicon. What names were given to these elements when they were discovered later? Ans: Eka-boron was named as Scandium Eka-aluminium was named as Gallium Eka-silicon was named as Germanium 17. In Period 2 of the modern periodic table, name the following: i. an alkali metal ii. a noble gas with 2 shells iii. a non-metal with valency 4 iv. a halogen v. an alkaline earth metal vi. a metalloid Lithium Ans: i. ii. Neon iii. Carbon iv. Fluorine v. Beryllium vi. Boron School of Elements

3 Marks Questions
14. P and Q are the two elements having similar properties which obey Newlands law of octaves. i. How many elements are there in between P and Q? ii. State Newlands law. iii. Why is it known as Newlands law of Octaves? There are six elements between P and Q. Ans: i. ii. Newland law states that When the elements are arranged in an increasing order of their atomic masses, the properties of the 8th element are similar to the properties of the 1st element.

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TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Science & Technology)

Element A belongs to the 3rd period and group 15 of periodic table. State the following: i. Name of the element. ii. Atomic number iii. Number of valence electrons iv. Valency v. Nature of the element (Metal/ Non-metal) vi. Electronic configuration Phosphorous Ans: i. ii. 15 iii. 5 iv. 3 v. Non-metal vi. Electronic configuration (2, 8, 5) 18.

5 Marks Question
19. The following table shows the position of nine elements in the periodic table. The elements are shown by the letters which are not their usual symbols. Using the following table answer the following questions: Groups Periods 1 2 3 to 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Ans: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. B G K C H L D I J M E

A F

Which of these elements is a halogen? Which of these elements are metals? Which element is a metal with valency 2? Element D is a (metal/ metalloid/ non-metal) Which of these elements are metalloids? Which element is a non-metal with valency 3? Write a common group name of elements A and F. Out of G and J which one has a larger atomic radius and why? M B, G, H, K, L K Non-metal C and I J Inert gases or Noble gases G has a larger radius because on moving from left to right in a period, the size of the atoms decreases. Hence atomic radius will also decrease.

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TARGET Publications

20.

In the periodic table given below, Hydrogen, Calcium, Boron, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Neon are placed in their correct positions and the positions of thirteen other elements are represented by letters. These letters are not their usual symbols for the elements. Groups Periods 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5

Hydrogen A B C D Calcium Boron X Y Z Nitrogen Oxygen L M P Q R S Neon

With the help of the table, answer the following questions: i. Give the letter which has maximum metallic character. ii. Give the letter which has maximum non-metallic character. iii. Name the family of elements represented by P, Q, R, and S. iv. Name the elements A, X, Q and S. v. Write the valency of letters (a) X, Y and Z (b) L and M (c) P, Q, R and S vi. Which element has a larger atomic radius out of (a) A and D (b) A and P? vii. Give the common name of the group 1 and group 2. D Ans: i. ii. P iii. Halogen iv. A - Lithium, X - Carbon, Q - Chlorine, S - Iodine v. a. Valency of X,Y and Z is 4. b. Valency of L and M is 2. c. Valency of P, Q, R and S is 1. vi. a. D has larger radius (out of A and D). b. A has larger radius (out of A and P). vii. Group 1 is known as alkali metals. Group 2 is known as alkaline earth metals. 21. The electronic configuration of an element X is 2, 8, 1 and element Y is 2, 8, 18, 8, 1. i. Identify the group of X and Y. ii. What is the period number of Y? iii. How many valence electrons are there in the atoms of X and Y? iv. What is the valency of X and Y? v. State whether X and Y are metals or non-metals. Group of X and Y is IA. Ans: i. ii. X belongs to 3rd period and Y belongs to 5th period. iii. Valence electrons of X and Y is 1. iv. Valency of X and Y is 1. v. X and Y are alkali metals. 152 School of Elements

TARGET Publications

Std. X : HOTS (Science & Technology)

22.

Fill in the following table: Group Element Atomic number Electronic configuration Metallic property Valency Group IA Na Group IIA Mg Group IIIA Al Group IVA Si Group VA P Group VIA S Group VIIA Cl Group 0 Ar

Ans:

Group Element

Group IA Na

Group IIA Mg
12 2, 8, 2 Metal 2

Group IIIA Al
13 2, 8, 3 Metal 3

Group IVA Si
14 2, 8, 4

Group VA P
15 2, 8, 5

Group VIA S
16 2, 8, 6

Group VIIA Cl
17 2, 8, 7

Group 0 Ar
18 2, 8, 8

Atomic 11 number Electronic 2, 8, 1 configuration Metallic Metal property Valency

23. 1

Metalloid Non-Metal Non-Metal 4 3 2

Non- Metal Noble gases 1 0

Identify the main characteristic of the elements. i. Element A has completely filled outermost shell ii. Element B is in 4th group and has period 4 iii. Element C is a s-block element. iv. Element D is placed in 3rd group and having period 7. v. Element E is in group 1. Ans: i. It is an inert gas. ii. It is titanium with 4 electrons in the outermost shell. iii. It is a metal. iv. It is an actinides. v. It is alkali metal.

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