Mng n tn SFN v ng dng

NCS. nguyn quang tun

Trng i hc Giao thng Ty nam Trung Quc
PhD. Candidate . nguyn quang tun
South West Jiaotong University - China

Tm tt: Bi bo gii thiu mt s u vit ca vic p dng mng n tn trong vic pht
cc chng trnh truyn hnh s DTV, c th l h truyn hnh theo tiu chun DVB-T. y l
h truyn hnh s c ng dng ph bin ti cc quc gia chu u, chu Vic p dng
mng n tn trong mi trng thnh ph v nhng khu vc c a hnh phc tp lm gim
ng k kinh ph u t, nng cao cht lng ph sng, pht huy hiu qu s dng tn s cng
nh tng kh nng ng dng tn hiu truyn hnh s cho cc mc ch khc nh k thut iu
khin t xa, nh v i tng ng thi bi bo cng gii thiu mt s nguyn tc thit k
mng n tn sao cho t hiu qu ti u.
Summary: The article focuses on introducing the advantages of applying single
frequency network in broadcasting digital television (DTV), especially the television network
based on standard DVB-T. This is the popular digital television network used in European and
Asian countries The application of SFN in the city environment and areas with complex
geography has greatly reduced the investment cost, improved signal quality and produced
efficient frequency usage as well as enhancing the applicability of digital television signal for
other purposes such as distant remote control techniques, object positioning At the same
time, the article also introduces a few rules in designing SFN to get the maximum result.

CT 2
I. GII THIU CHUNG
Theo thit k truyn thng, m bo mt vng ph sng chc chn, ngn nga hin
tng giao thoa gia cc tn hiu truyn hnh s c pht ngi ta thc hin phng n
mng a tn (MFN: Multi Frequence Network), c ngha tn s pht ca hai i pht ln cn
nhau phi khc nhau. Tuy nhin vic ny gy nh hng ti qu tn s v khng mang li hiu
qu kinh t. Do tnh cht cc chng trnh truyn hnh trong mt h thng l ging nhau, li cn
ph sng trong mt vng rng ln, cc nh nghin cu pht trin truyn hnh s xut xy
dng h thng mng n tn (SFN: Single Frequence Network), vi c trng tp hp my pht
ng b trong h thng, cng mt lc pht trn mt tn s, vi cng mt tn hiu, nh vy
chng ta gii quyt c vn s dng hiu qu nht qu tn s ng thi c th tng s
trm pht sng ln linh hot, m bo cht lng ph sng tt nht m khng cn tng cng
sut pht cng nh cao ca anten pht. Ngoi nhng u im c bn trn mng SFN cn
cho thy nhiu im ni tri so vi mng MFN nh: cng sut tiu th ngun ton h thng t
hn; gim thiu li dch tn do hiu ng Doppler; li truyn pht d liu cng c gim nh; tr
v sai s theo thi gian t hn do gim c c ly t i pht ti cc my thu; giao thoa trong h
thng gim Ti mt v tr no trong vng ph sng ca mt h thng SFN, my thu nhn


c tn hiu n l tp hp cc tn hiu truyn hnh ( y ta xt vi m hnh DVB-T) cng tn
s v ni dung tn hiu, vi tr thi gian khc nhau ph thuc vo c li t my thu ti tng i
pht. Nh vy my thu s khng th lm vic nu khng c b phn x l tr thi gian trong mt
khong tr no . Mt k thut c s dng ph bin hin nay l dng cc gin cch bo v.
i vi h DVB-T, cc gin cch bo v c th kim sot mc tr thi gian ln ti 224s. y l
mt trong nhng u im ca h thng DVB-T do phng php iu ch tn hiu theo kiu sng
mang a tn trc giao (OFDM) v c chn gin cch bo v gia cc biu tng ca trang
OFDM. Nh vy vng ph sng ca mt (Cell) trong h thng SFN s ph thuc nhiu vo
di tr thi gian ca tn hiu thu c v t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR (Signal Noise Ratio). y
s l mt trong nhng tiu chun xc nh bn knh vng ph sng.
Di y chng ta s phn tch c th hn cc u im c bn, mt s nguyn tc t chc
mng SFN v ng dng cc u im ca SFN trong vic nh v i tng.
II. CC U IM CO BN CA SFN V MT S NGUYN TC THIT K MANG
2.1. Dch tn s
V nguyn tc bt k s tri tn s gia cc i pht s dn ti dch tn s Doppler
(Doppler shift) trn tn hiu thu. Trn thc t, cc b san bng yu cu mc dch tn t nhin
c 1Hz, do cc my pht trong mt SFN phi c ng b trong khong 1Hz. y l yu
cu bt buc v ch c th thc hin thng qua vic dng mt my thu GPS hoc ng h tham
chiu c chnh xc cao (ng h Cesium). Thng thng chng ta chn phng n ghp
thm ti mi trm pht mt my thu GPS va tin ng dng va gim gi thnh. Lc ny chng
ta c th khng nh li di tn trong SFN s nh hn vic ch dng mt i pht cng sut ln,
tn hiu phi truyn pht trn mt din rng v b nh hng qu nhiu bi mi trng truyn.
CT 2
2.2. Li d liu
V l tng th cc my pht phi truyn i mt cch chnh xc cc tn hiu ging nhau.
gii quyt vic ny, chng ta c th thc hin n gin nht l phn b tn hiu cao tn (RF).
Thc t, y chnh l vn phi gii quyt trong h thng SFN khi s dng phng thc pht
lp chung knh (on-chanel repeaters). Nu khng dng cc b pht lp li th cc my pht
phi c b iu ch ging ht nh nhau, cc tn hiu sau iu ch m khng ging nhau chc
chn cc my thu khng th lm vic. Vn ny hon ton khng gp phi trong hin tng
a ng truyn thng, vi trnh cng ngh hin nay c th coi y l vn gii quyt
thng qua vic ng b tn s v thi gian gia cc my pht trong SFN. Mt khc vi cc my
pht khc nhau, t ti cc khu vc khc nhau yu cu b lc cng sut v phn t anten
khng ging nhau, do vy mo tuyn tnh khc nhau, nhng trong SFN khng phi l vn
ng quan tm v cc my thu u t tin hnh sa li m khng cn bit li tuyn tnh t
ngun gc no do vic dng cc b khch i ging ht nhau cng khng cn thit phi t
ra v cng khng cn phi t vn pht lp li.
2.3. Tri v tr thi gian i vi tn hiu pht
Tr thi gian trong phm vi cho php v tri thi gian xut hin do s khng ng b v
thi gian gia cc ny pht c DVB - T x l thng qua gin cch bo v. i vi my thu tri
v tr thi gian vi tn hiu thu c c th coi nh mt v ph thuc vo c li ca my thu ti


my pht.
CT 2

a
n gin ta xt nh hng gii hn bi hai
my pht c to gi nh l ( c,0), c ngha
hai my pht t cch nhau 2c km, my thu c
ng cong tham s thu vi hng s tr thi gian
l ( = cosh( ); x t y =
2 2
a c t sinh( )), t h
phng trnh ny c th thy hng s thi gian vi
my thu ti hai my pht khc nhau l . ng
cong( = cosh( );
a 2
x a t y =
2 2
a c sinh( )) l ng
Hyperbol vi tm ti hai i pht, ta c th bin i
mt cht nh sau:
t
Hnh 1. ng cong m t hng s tr

2 2
2
2
2
a c
y
a
x

=1

=
=
) ht sin( a c y
) t cosh( a x
2 2
- < < t (1)

2 2
y ) c x ( + -
2 2
y ) c x ( + + = a 2
(2)
Vi v tr ca my thu trong khong 0 < < v c li ln nht ti my pht l th tr ln
nht /0,3s (tc ca nh sng). Gi s hai my pht c lch thi gian l s, th tr
ln nht s l /0,3s + s, tr ln nht s nm trn ng trc ct qua hai my pht v hai
pha ngc li, vi = , xem hnh 1, vy tr ln nht s lun nm mt pha ca mt hoc hai
my pht, ngi ta c th li dng c tnh ny b tr cc my pht sao cho hp l nht. iu
ny khc vi trng hp hin tng a ng ca h thng pht c vi hai i pht (c tn s
pht phn bit nhau), tt c cc i tng c nguyn nhn tr nh nhau s nm trn ng elip
vi my pht, tm l my thu ch khng phi ng hyperbol vi tm l my pht. Mt iu na
cn lu l trong SFN tr khng nhng ph thuc vo phn t anten m cn ph thuc c vo
yu t a hnh.
a c c 2
c 2
c 2
a c
Trong mt mng SFN tr lin quan mt thit vi t l cng tn hiu, c th tnh vi anten
trc tip Omni v s suy gim tn hiu ph thuc vo khong cch ti my pht vi h s suy
gim truyn pht . Vy cng sut tn hiu thu c tnh gn ng: ~
TX
P
TX
P

r
P
(3)
- P: Cng sut pht ti my pht; r: C ly t my thu ti my pht
T y ta thc hin mt php so snh n gin vi h thng pht kiu a tn, nhng cng
nu ln ngha s so snh. t t l tn hiu t hai my pht trn hnh 1 l hng s, tin hnh
gii phng trnh ta c:



2 TX
1 TX
P
P
=

+ +
+
) y ) c x (
) y ) c x (
2 2
2 2
= q = =

p
2
p
2 2
2 2
y ) c x (
y ) c x (
+ +
+

2
)
p 1
p 1
c x (

+
+ =
2
y
2
2
) p 1 (
p 4
c

(4)
CT 2
y chnh l phng trnh ng trn c
tm t ti: ( , c
) p 1 (
) p 1 (

+
,0); bn knh: 2 c
p 1
p

.
Dng ng trn khng ph thuc vo h
s suy gim , trn thc t t l tn hiu trn
ng trn vn t nhiu b nh hng bi h s
suy gim ny. Vi h s suy gim cao hn th
cn t l tn hiu cao hn, nh m t hnh 2.

T y ta c th kt lun: Khng th to
ra mt khu vc nh du sn t l tn hiu vi
cng mt hng s tr thi gian. Hn na nu
khong cch gia hai my pht qu xa s c khu vc tr qu nhiu, khng th x l c tn
hiu thu, vi h DVB - T gin cch bo v cho hai mode iu ch c cho theo bng 1.
Hnh 2. ng trn m t hng s t l tn hiu v
hyperbol m t hng s tr
Bng 1. Biu tng v gin cch bo v mode 8K v 2K

Quan st gin cch bo v ca hai mode chng ta thy mode 8K cho khong cch ti a
(224s tng ng 67km) gia hai my pht ln hn mode 2K (56s tng ng 17km).
2.4. Vng ph sng chc chn
y l vn quan trng nht v ph thuc nhiu vo gin cch bo v, phn tch c
th, chng ta li chn v d nh dng trn, coi khong cch gia hai my pht l 2c, h s
suy gim tn hiu pht l . My thu gia hai my pht sau dch chuyn v hng ca mt
my pht v pha mt my vi khong cch pc , vi -1 < < 1. Lc ny t l ca hai tn hiu n
l:

p
dB 2
1
S
S
= 10log

+
)
) p 1 ( c
) p 1 ( c
( = 10log

+
)
p 1
p 1
( = x (5)
Nu b san bng vn lm vic khi tn hiu ca my pht th hai gim xung dB th: x


10
) 10 (
x

=
p 1
p 1

+
p =
1 10
1 10
) 10 (
x
) 10 (
x
+

(6)
C li ti hai my pht khc nhau l 2 tng ng vi lch thi gian l 2pc / y
l tc nh sng. Nu DVB - T c th kim sot c khong thi gian tr l
, pc , v v
y th chng ta c
th tnh khong cch nh mt hm ca v x y :
y =
v
pc 2
=
5
10 . 3
pc 2
=
5
10 . 3
2
c .
1 10
1 10
) 10 (
x
) 10 (
x
+

(s)
y =
15 . 0
1
. c .
1 10
1 10
) 10 (
x
) 10 (
x
+

( s )
(7)
Vy ta c th rt ra khong cch ln nht gia hai my pht:
c = .
2
10 . 15 . y

1 10
1 10
) 10 (
x
) 10 (
x

(km) (8)
CT 2
d = 2c = . . 30 . y
2
10

1 10
1 10
) 10 (
x
) 10 (
x

(km)
(9)
Nu chn t l tn hiu trn tp m = 15dB, h s suy gim truyn pht = 3 v tr cho
php 56s, th khong cch ln nht gia hai my pht s l :
x
d = 56.30. .
2
10

1 10
1 10
2
1
2
1

+
= 32.35km
Trn thc t c th dng gi tr . tnh gn ng phm vi vng ph sng ti a. 30 . y
2
10

2.5. Cng sut tiu th ca h thng

Mng SFN s dng mt s lng ln cc my pht cng sut nh thay cho vic ch
dng mt my pht cng sut ln trong vic ph sng DVB - T trn mt khu vc rng, y
chng ta xem xt v kha cnh tng cng sut tiu th ca hai kiu pht xem kiu no yu cu
tiu th cng sut nhiu hn.


Coi cng sut pht chp nhn c l ; t l cng tn hiu/ cng sut nh nht yu
cu l ; vng ph sng yu cu l ng trn c bn knh R; suy hao ca cp dn sng l .
Lc ny cng sut pht cn thit vi mt anten l:

r
r
C
= .
Single
P
r
C . (10)

R
iu ny c ngha my thu cn phi nhn c mt tn hiu c cng sut nh nht tin
cy ti bin vng ph sng. Nu vng ny c tch thnh N vng nh (N Cell), mi gn
ging mt ng trn, bn knh mi c tnh: N R , din tch vng c tnh:
Dtkhuvuc = 2 =
2
R
2
)
N
R
( 2 . N (11)
Cng sut pht ca mi my l: = .
2
P
r
C .

)
N
R
( (12)
Tng cng sut pht ton h thng l: = N. .
SFN
P
r
C .

)
N
R
( (13)
Coi suy hao cp, tng ch anten trong h thng pht n v SFN nh nhau v yu
cu cng tn hiu ti bin vng ph sng nh nhau, t s tng cng sut ca hai h thng
l:

SFN
Single
P
P
=

)
N
R
.( . N
R .
=
N
N
2

=
1
2
N

(14)
CT 2
Vi trng hp khng gian pht t do, = 2 th cng sut tng ca hai h thng bng
nhau. < 2 th
1
2
N

< 1 vy cng sut ca SFN ln hn h thng n, y l trng hp khng

bao gi xy ra. Vi > 2 chng ta c
1
2
N

> 1 y l trng hp phi xy ra vi mi trng

pht sng thng qua kh quyn. Ti y hon ton c th kt lun: Tng cng sut tiu th yu
cu ca SFN nh hn pht n. Trn thc t do cng thm c yu t a hnh mng SFN cn
tit kim cng sut pht hn na do li dng tt hn v tr t my pht, iu m h thng n
khng th thc hin c. Vic gim c mc pht cn hn ch c s giao thoa gia cc h
thng nhiu.
2.6. Giao thoa trong h thng SFN
Do mng SFN l t hp ca cc my pht truyn hnh s DVB - T, chng pht trn cng
mt tn s vi ni dung tn hiu nh nhau, vy chng ta phi xc nh giao thoa gia cc my
pht c v th m tng ln hay khng v so snh vi h pht n kiu c s giao thoa gia cc
i l c nh hng ti cht lng ng truyn nhiu hn hay khng. tr li cu hi ny,
chng ta c th phn tch thng qua m hnh truyn pht n gin, vi bt k loi nhiu no
gia hai my pht, t s tn hiu trn giao thoa (S/I) ti my thu s ph thuc vo mc tn hiu
truyn v khong cch t my pht ti my thu th hin qua cng thc:



I
S
=

)
R
R
(
S
i
(15)
y: l khong cch t my thu ti my pht
S
R
l khong cch t my thu ti vng c ngun giao thoa
i
R
l hng s truyn
n gin ho ta coi suy hao tn hiu vi cc ngun l nh nhau v khng chu nh
hng bi yu t a hnh, hai my pht c cng sut pht nh nhau. Vic tin hnh so snh
khi qut khng nh hng ti kt lun, d dng hiu chnh khi dng cc phn t anten v cng
sut pht cc i khc nhau. Vi mc giao thoa no ln nht c th chp nhn c ta
c quan h: = . , v ti im ny mc giao thoa coi nh l ngng giao thoa. Gi thit
c hai i pht n ring l cch nhau R km, chng pht trn cng mt knh, s giao thoa c
gii hn trong vng ph sng th hin thng qua phng trnh:
R
c
i
R
R
c
S
R
. = R - =
R
c
1
R
1
R
1
R
1 c
R
R
+

(16)
Hnh 3. Minh ho giao thoa vi hai i pht n v giao thoa trong h SFN
CT 2
Trn hnh 3 biu din quan h ny.
Nu thay hai i pht n bng mng 5 i pht trong SFN th phng trnh c th vit:
= /5 ; = . - 4 /5
2
R
1
R
3
R
R
c
1
R
1
R

2
3
R
R
=
5
R
5
R 4
R c
1
1
1 R

= 5 - 4 (17)
R
c


Nu > 1 (iu ny chc chn xy ra) th chng ta c giao thoa nh hn ti bin
vng ph sng. C th thy r hn thng qua v d c th: Nu suy gim tn hiu trong trng
hp l tng l bnh phng khong cch,
R
c
= 2 v t l tn hiu trn giao thoa 15dB th:
=
5 . 1
10
2
S
i
)
R
R
( = (18)
2
R
c

R
c 5.6
Nu trong mng SFN th t s S/I ti bin vng ph sng l:
10log
2
2
3
)
R
R
( = 10log( 5 - 4)
R
c
2
10log(24 )
2
27dB (19)
Vi t s tn hiu trn giao thoa tng thm c 12dB (vi h n l 15dB). Trong v d
ny chng ta tnh vi cc my pht trong SFN t thng hng, trn thc t t xy ra. Ta xt vi
mng dng t ong th thy trng hp bn knh quanh mi my pht gim i xp x N , vi N l
s my pht trong SFN. Lc ny khong cch thay i thnh:
2
R
1
R / N v = (1+ ) - 2 + /
3
R
1
R
R
c
1
R
1
R N ; do vy t s S/I lc ny c tnh:
SFN I
S
= 10log

)
R
R
(
2
3
= 10log

+ +
)
N
R
N
R
R 2 ) c 1 ( R
(
1
1
1 R 1
= 10log( N ( - 1) + 1) (20)
R
c

Lin h vi trng hp pht n ta c :
CT 2

Single
I
S
= 10log dB (21)
R
c

SFN I
S
= 10log( N (10
) 10 (
Single
I
S

-1) + 1) dB (22)
Thay cc s liu nh v d trn ta c:

SFN I
S
= 20log( 5 (10
2
5 . 1
-1) + 1) 21dB
Vy SFN ci thin c 7dB. Trong thc t mc ci thin cn cao hn hai v d trn.
Khi b tr cc my pht trong SFN, chng ta s t my pht ti nhng ni bit c vn giao
thoa, y l u th gim s lng my pht, ng thi gim c cao anten, tng h s
truyn, do gim giao thoa r rt.
III. NG DUNG M RNG CA SFN
Vi cc u im ni tri ca mnh, vic s dng SFN trong pht qung b truyn hnh s
(DTV) l iu tt yu trong tng lai, c bit l cc nc ang ng dng tiu chun DVB-T.


Ngoi u im trong t chc pht cc tn hiu truyn hnh, SFN cn cho kh nng m rng ng
dng sang cc lnh vc khc, c bit l kh nng cung cp thng tin nh v i tng khi h
thng GPS v mt l do no khng tin cy. M hnh ca h thng nh v s dng tn
hiu DVB - T c th tham kho trong ti liu tham kho [1] v [2], y chng ta ch quan tm
ti mt s vn thun li ca SFN trong inh v i tng. Nh trnh by trn, cc my
pht trong SFN thc hin pht trn cng mt tn s v ng thi cng mt ni dung tn hiu.
Vy m bo my thu c th thu gii m c tn hiu th yu cu qu trnh x l tn hiu
trong cc my pht phi c ng b v tn s v thi gian, vic ny c th thc hin thng
qua tham chiu ng h chun ca GPS. Trn hnh 4 v hnh 5 minh ho qu trnh tham chiu.

Hnh 4. ng b thi gian v tn s trong SFN

CT 2
Hnh 5. S khi thit b ng b
y tn s 10MHz v xung 1pps t ng h chun GPS c a vo b chuyn i
SFN ca i pht chnh (hay c th hn l thit b trn knh pht MUX) v b ng b h thng
ca cc my pht trong SFN (c th l thit b m ho knh pht), cc b m trong c thit b
trn knh v m ho knh l cc b m 24bit, tn hiu ng b v khi to t y c a ti
ng b hot ng ca h thng. S dng GPS l mt trong cc gii php c kh nng thc
hin ng b h thng tng th, chnh xc v kinh t nht. 1pps s thc hin chia tn s 10MHz
thnh cc bc 100ns, ng thi lp li trng thi khi ng ca cc Mega - frame sau mi mt
giy. Nh cch t chc ny tn hiu DVB - T c th coi nh hon ton c ng b vi nhau
trong mt h thng SFN.
i vi mi my pht trong SFN, ngoi vic hot ng ng b v thi gian cng nh tn s,
trong khung tn hiu DVB - T cn s dng thm tham s bo hiu TPS (Transmission Parameter
Signalling) vi mc ch phi hp, ng b hot ng gia pht v thu. Trong cc chc nng ca
TPS cn c chc nng pht thng tin nhn dng my pht, thng qua s dng 8 bit t n
, nh thng tin ny my thu c th bit hin ang thu tn hiu t my pht no.
40
S
47
S


Nh cch t chc h thng cng nh ni dung bo hiu ca SFN nh trn m ra kh
nng rt thun li cho vic ng dng h thng ny trong vic nh v ch ng cc i tng khi
GPS khng iu kin tin cy. Lc ny my thu nhn tn hiu hon ton ng b thi gian
thc t cc my pht trong SFN, h phng trnh xc nh to c dng:
t . C ) c z ( ) v y ( ) k x ( R
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
+ + + =
t . C ) c z ( ) v y ( ) k x ( R
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
+ + + = (23)
t . C ) c z ( ) v y ( ) k x ( R
2
3
2
3
2
3 3
+ + + =
trong :
R
1
, R
2
, R
3
l khong cch t my thu (MT) ti i pht c sai s do khng ng b ng
h, c xc nh bng khong thi gian xung truyn t i pht ti MT v php o gi c ly;
x, y, z l to MT;
k, v, c l kinh , v , cao ca cc i pht ( c bit trc thng qua m nhn
dng my pht trong TPS v bn GIS);
t l sai s ng b ng h ca MT vi cc i pht, c xc nh thng qua tn hiu
chun t trm hiu chnh.
Lc ny cng vic cn li ch l loi b sai s do my thu khng c ng b vi cc i
pht, do cc i pht c chun thi gian nn ch cn thm tn hiu t i pht th t l c
th loi b , hoc c th dng mt i hiu chnh cung cp thm cc in vn o hng
v kh sai s. Vy phng trnh th t loi b
t
t s l:
=
hc
R
2
hc
2
hc
2
hc
) c z ( ) v y ( ) k x ( + + + t . C (24)
Hp h phng trnh (23) v (24), chng ta hon ton iu kin gii h 4 phng
trnh vi 4 n s thng qua cc phng php bnh phng ti thiu hoc lc Kalman.
CT 2
IV. KT LUN
Nh bi bo phn tch, p dng SFN trn l thuyt v thc t s tng kh nng m rng
h thng truyn hnh s DVB - T vi s linh hot cao, cht lng ph sng ng u, tit kim
nng lng, gim chi ph u t Ngoi ra cn to tin thun li ng dng h thng SFN
cho vic nh v cc i tng (y l iu m cc h thng pht n thc hin rt phc tp) do
tnh cht hot ng iu ch ng b trn ton h thng ca SFN. Bn cnh bi bo cn
cung cp mt s nguyn tc v phng php b tr my pht khi p dng mt h SFN sao cho
hp l nht.
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. N.Q.Tun. "Cu trc tn hiu DVB-T v kh nng ng dng trong k thut nh v". Tp ch Khoa hc
Giao thng vn ti, s 14- 05/2006.
[2]. N.Q.Tun. K thut thu tn hiu DVB-T trong mI trng di ng v mt s ng dng trong iu
khin. Tp ch Khoa hc Giao thng vn ti, s 15- 08/2006.
[3]. "Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB), Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation for Digital
Terrestrial Television" European Broadcasting Union, ETSI EN 300 744 v1.3.1,Jan.2001.
[4]. J.G. Proakis. "Digital Communications", 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill,1995.
[5]. A.J.van Dierendonk. "GPS Receivers" Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications,1995.
[6]. T.G. Manickam, R.J. Vaccaro, and D.W. Tufts. "A least-squares algorithm for multipath time-delay
estimation", IEEE Trans.Signal Processing, vol 42, Nov.1994.


[7]. G.Yan. "Jiaotong kongzhi gongcheng gaiyao" xinan jiaotong daxue, 2003.
[8]. J.T.Wang, J.Song, J.Wang, C.Y.Pan. A General SFN With Transmit Diversity for TDS - OFDM
System IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, vol 52, no 2, june 2006.
[9]. A.Mattsson. Single Frequency Network in DTV IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, vol 51, no 4,
Decsember 2005.
[10]. Matthew Rabinovitz, Jame. J.Spilker. "A New Positioning System Using TV Synchronization Signals"
IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, Vol.51, No.1, March 2005.
[11]. Y.Sun, R.Love, K. Stewart. Cellular SFN Broadcast Network Modelling and Performance Analysis
0-7803-9152-7/05/$20.00@2005 IEEE.
[12]. M. Oziewicz The Phasor Representation of the OFDM Signal in the SFN Network IEEE
Transactions on broadcasting, Vol.50, No.1, March 2004
CT 2