Quan Ly Mang Ip

MC LC
LI NI U
Vi chin lc pht trin ton din mang tnh cht n u v cng ngh nhm to ra tim lc to ln, sc cnh tranh v cht lng v s a dng ha cc dch v gi thnh thp, nng sut lao ng cao, Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit nam c chin lc v k hoch chuyn i mng Vin thng s sang mng th h sau (NGN). Mng NGN c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng, bt ngun t s tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cc u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi ni chung v cng ngh IP ni ring v cng ngh truyn dn quang bng rng. Cu trc ca mng th h sau v cc nguyn tc hot ng ca n v c bn khc nhiu so vi cu trc ca mng PSTN hin nay. Do vy i ng k s v cn b k thut Vin thng cn phi c bi dng cp nht kin thc v cng ngh mi ny, c nh vy h mi kh nng v trnh vn hnh khai thc qun l v trin khai cc dch v Vin thng mt cch an ton v hiu qu. Chng trnh Bi dng k s in t vin thng v cng ngh IP v NGN ca Tp on c xy dng vi mc ch cung cp kin thc v k nng c bn lin quan ti cng ngh IP v NGN cho cc cn b k thut ang trc tip qun l v khai thc h thng trang thit b ti c s nhm p ng yu cu v chuyn i cng ngh mng li v dch v vin thng ca Tp on. Cun ti liu Qun l mng IP bao gm 3 chng, trnh by cc vn c bn trong qun l mng IP. Chng 1 trnh by cc vn lin quan ti cc yu cu chung ca qun l mng, cc kha cnh qun l mng trong mng th h k tip. Chng 2 cc vn c th ca m hnh c s thng tin qun l MIB, cu trc phn cp tiu chun ca thng ti n qun l h thn g. Chng 3 trnh by giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP. Trong qu trnh bin son, mc d gio vin rt c gng, tuy nhin khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc bn c nhng ln xut bn sau cht lng ca ti liu c tt hn. TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT
QUN L MNG IP
MC LC
LI NI U ............................................................................................................... I MC LC .....................................................................................................................II DANH SCH HNH .................................................................................................. III DANH SCH BNG ................................................................................................. IV CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP............................................1 1.1 CC YU CU CHUNG CA QUN L MNG .............................................2 1.2 CC PHNG PHP K THUT QUN L MNG ......................................5 1.3 CC M HNH QUN L MNG TIU CHUN ..........................................13 1.3.1 M hnh qun l h thng m OSI ...............................................................13 1.3.2 M hnh m ng vin thng TMN ..................................................................16 CHNG 2 - C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB ..............................................23 2.1 CU TRC C S CA THNG TIN QUN L...........................................24 2.2 M T V TRUY NHP THNG TIN QUN L MIB .................................26 2.3 CHI TIT V PHN LOI NHM I TNG ...........................................29 CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L M NG N GIN SNMP .....................33 3.1 LCH S PHT TRIN GIAO THC SNMP ...................................................34 3.2 CC C TNH GIAO THC SNMPV2 V SNMPV3....................................38 3.2.1 Cc c tnh c bn ca giao thc SNMPV2 ...............................................38 3.2.2 Cc c tnh c bn ca giao thc SNMPv3 ...............................................43 3.3 NGUYN TC HOT NG CA SNMPV2 V SNMPV3 ..........................48 3.3.1 Nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc SNMPV2 ............................................48 3.3.2 Nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc SNMPv3 ............................................50 3.4 NG DNG THC TIN CA GIAO THC SNMPV3..................................51 3.4.1. Mt s vn thc tin qun l mng ........................................................51 3.4.2. Qun l mng MPLS vi SNMPv3 ..............................................................53 PH LC .....................................................................................................................60 PH LC A1. NHM H THNG .........................................................................60 PH LC A2. NHM GIAO DIN .........................................................................61 PH LC A3. NHM IP ..........................................................................................64 TI LIU THAM KHO ..........................................................................................66
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DANH SCH HNH
DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1.1 Tng quan v kin trc chc nng NGN (M.3060/Y.2401)..............................4 Hnh 1.2 Kin trc chc nng ca cc kha cnh qun l mng NGN ...........................4 Hnh 1.3 M hnh qun l theo cy hnh chp ...............................................................5 Hnh 1.4 M hnh qun l tp trung ...............................................................................7 Hnh 1.5 M hnh qun l phn cp ...............................................................................8 Hnh 1.6 M hnh qun l phn tn .................................................................................9 Hnh 1.7 M hnh qun l hybrid .................................................................................11 Hnh 1.8 M hnh qun l hng i tng ..................................................................12 Hnh 1.9 M hnh qun l tch hp ................................................................................13 Hnh 1.10 M hnh h thng qun l theo OSI n .......................................................14 Hnh 1.11 Quan h qun l i tng ...........................................................................14 Hnh 1.12 Cc khi chc nng ca kin trc qun l theo ISO ...................................15 Hnh 1.13 Kin trc chc nng v m hnh im tham chiu ca TMN .......................19 Hnh 2. 1 Cy ng k ca OSI .....................................................................................25 Hnh 2.2 Cu trc cy MB-II.........................................................................................26 Hnh 3.1 Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn SNMP ......................................................36 Hnh 3.2 M hnh giao thc hot ng SNMP ..............................................................38 Hnh 3.3 Cu trc dng bn tin SNMPv2......................................................................39 Hnh 3.4 Kin trc thc th ca SNMPv3 .....................................................................44 Hnh 3.5 Phn h x l bn tin ......................................................................................44 Hnh 3.6 Cu trc module ca phn h bo mt...........................................................45 Hnh 3.7 Cu trc phn h iu khin truy nhp ..........................................................45 Hnh 3.8 Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3 .........................................................................46 Hnh 3.9 Cc tham s MIB cho In -segments................................................................55 Hnh 3.10 Cc tham s MIB cho out-segment..............................................................56 Hnh 3.11 Cc tham s MIB cha ngn xp nhn .......................................................57 Hnh 3.12 ng hm s cp vi trng hp sao l u d phng ................................58
iii
QUN L MNG IP
DANH SCH BNG
Bng 1.1 Mi quan h ca khi vt l v khi chc nng qun l ..............................22 Bng 3.1 Cu lnh v gi tr trong trng PDU ..........................................................40 Bng 3.2 S dng trng trng thi li trong cc bn tin bn tin ...............................41 Bng 3.3 Quy tc truyn v nhn mt bn tin trong SNMPv2 ......................................48
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CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Trong chng 1 s trnh by cc vn lin quan ti cc yu cu chung ca qun l mng, cc kha cnh qun l mng trong mng th h k tip. Cc phng php qun l mng c trnh by theo hng khi qut trn c s cc m hnh qun l, thm vo l cc phn tch v u nhc im ca cc phng php k thut qun l mng. Phn cui ca chng a ra hai m hnh qun l mng theo O SI v mng qun l vin thng nhm gip ngi c nm bt cc c im v phm vi ng dng ca hai m hnh ny. Ni dung chng ny bao gm: Cc yu cu chung ca qun l mng Cc phng php k thut qun l mng Cc m hnh qun l mng tiu chun
QUN L MNG IP
1.1 CC YU CU CHUNG CA QUN L MNG

S pht trin v hi t mng tin ti mng th h k tip NGN (Next Generation Network) trong cc nm gn y tc ng mnh m ti tt c cc kha cnh ca mng li, thm ch c v nhng nhn thc nn tng v phng php tip cn. Qun l mng cng l mt trong nhng lnh vc c s thay i ln nht ngay c trong n lc tiu chun ho. Thng 1-2006 T chc vin thng quc t ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union- sector T) a ra nhm lm vic FC-NGN v khuyn ngh hng lot cc tiu chun mi cho mng NGN, bn cnh Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u ETSI (Europe Telecommuncation Standard Institute) pht trin cc giao thc v dch v hi t internet v vin thng cho mng tin tin TISPAN (Telecommunications and Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networking) nhm phi hp cc tiu chun Chu u vi NGN. Mt s cc t chc khc nh 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) cng a ra cc tiu chun qun l nhm tng thch vi mng NGN. Mt khc cc nh khai thc mng, nh cung cp thit b v ngi s dng thng p dng cc phng php chin lc khc nhau cho vic qun l mng v thit b ca mnh. Mi nh cung cp thit b thng a ra gii php qun l mng ring cho sn phm ca mnh. Trong bi cnh hi t mng hin nay, s lng thit b v dch v rt a dng v phc tp to ra cc thch thc ln trong vn qun l mng. Mc tiu hng ti ca chng 1 ca ti liu ny s i t cc khung lm vic chung ca mng NGN ti vn qun l mng IP v ch yu da trn cc ti liu ca ITU -T v IETF. Trong thut ng ca NGN, chc nng qun l mng lin quan ti mt tp cc chc nng iu hnh v qun l mng cho php trao i th nghim thc hnh gia mt bng qun l v cc ngun ti nguyn, dch v v cc mt bng khc. Theo khuyn ngh ITU-T M.3060/Y.2401 (03/2006) nh ngha v cc yu cu chung ca qun l mng NGN gm c mt s cc c im c bn nh sau:
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Cung cp kh nng qun l ngun ti nguyn NGN trn c mng li, mng truy nhp, cc thnh phn lin kt ni, mng khch hng v thit b u cui. Cung cp kh nng qun l ngun ti nguyn dch v c lp vi ti nguyn truyn ti, cho php h tr phn bit cc dch v ngi s dng u cui. Cho php kh nng kin to dch v mi cho ngi s dng trn mi kin to dch v ca NGN. Cung cp kh nng qun l mng ti cc dch v ring ca ngi s dng (bo co li, bn ghi cc trc tuyn). m bo truy nhp an ton cc thng tin qun l. H t r cc mng gi tr eBussiness da trn cc lut kinh doanh (khch hng, nh cung cp dch v, cc i th cnh tranh, nh cung cp). Cho php cc ngi dng c nhn hoc cc t chc a lut ring vo trong mi trng mng chung.
CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP
a ra nhn nhn tng th v cc ngun ti nguyn nhm che du phc tp v s a dng ca cc cng ngh. H tr vn thu thp d liu cc cho ngi iu hnh mng trn c hai phng thc online v offline. Cung cp kh nng khi phc mng khi mng li, gim st mng khch hng, cung cp dch v tch hp t u cui ti u cui v t ng ch nh ngun ti nguyn. Cung cp kh nng iu hnh mng da trn cht lng dch v. Kh nng trao i cc thng tin qun l qua cc vng bin mng: Gia vng dch v v vng truyn ti, gia mt bng iu khin v mt bng qun l v gia cc vng qun l. C cc giao din qun l trn cc phn t mng tiu chun, d pht trin cho c nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng dch v. C kh nng iu khin, phn tch v tm kim cc thng t in qun l thch hp.
Kin trc chc nng ca mng th h k tip NGN c ch ra trn hnh 1.1 di y. Nh trn hnh 1.1 ch ra, tng dch v NGN cung cp cc chc nng iu khin v qun l dch v mng ti tng ng dng v ngi s dng u cui. T ng truyn ti truyn cc thng tin gia cc thc th v vng qun l gm cc mt bng qun l thng tin, chc nng v kha cnh vt l ca cc thc th NGN. Cc chc nng ca tng truyn ti c m t chi tit trong NGN -FG II v nm ngoi phm vi ca ti liu ny. Cc chc nng qun l h thng l nn tng iu hnh ca NGN, cc chc nng cung cp kh nng qun l NGN cung cp cc dch v NGN vi cht lng, bo mt v tin cy mong mun ca ngi s dng dch v NGN. Cc cng ngh ny c b tr phn tn trong cc thc th chc nng FE (Function Entity) v chng tng tc vi cc chc nng qun l phn t mng NE (Network Elements), qun l mng v qun l dch v. Cc chc nng qun l thc hin iu hnh trn tng truyn ti v tng dch v. Trong cc tng ny cc chc nng c bn gm c cc vng sau: Qun l li Qun l cu hnh Qun l ti khon Qun l hiu nng Qun l bo mt
Qun l ti khon bao gm qun l tnh cc v qun l ho n cc, cc chc nng ny tng tc vi cc phn t trong mng NGN thu thp thng tin ti khon, cung cp cc ngun ti nguyn kh dng v h tr phng php tnh cc ph hp vi yu cu khch hng.
QUN L MNG IP
Hnh 1.1 Tng quan v kin trc chc nng NGN (M.3060/Y.2401) Kin trc qun l NGN c chia thnh 5 kha cnh nh ch ra trn hnh 1.2 di y. Kha cnh x l kinh doanh xuyn sut cng vi vng i pht trin h thng da trn m hnh eTOM (ITU -T M.3050) cung cp khung lm vic cho cc hot ng kinh doanh ca cc nh cung cp dch v. Kha cnh qun l chc nng c trng cho cc thng tin qun l c yu cu cho truyn thng gia cc thc th. Qun l chc nng cho php m rng v ci thin cc giao thc, hot ng chc nng trong lnh vc qun l.
Hnh 1.2 Kin trc chc nng ca cc kha cnh qun l mng NGN Kha cnh qun l thng tin m t cch thc qun l cc thng tin s dng trong nhim v qun l mng. M hnh thng tin qun l thng gn lin vi phng php qun l v c cc gii php qun l thng tin c th.
Kha cnh qun l vt l m t cch thc qun l cc thit b vt l, cc phng php cu hnh h thng theo cc giao thc qun l khc nhau. Kha cnh bo mt c coi l mt kha cnh m rn g ca lnh vc qun l mng v c coi l tiu im quan trng nht ca mi trng a dch v, vn bo mt cng tn ti trong sut vng i pht trin h thng.
Vn qun l mng c coi l mt trong nhng bi ton hng u ca cc doanh nghip nhm duy tr hot ng chc nng, gim thiu thi gian ngng dch v v ti u sn xut. Mt vn thc t hin nay l s c mt ca nhiu h thng qun l khng tng thch. Do s pht trin ca cc cng ngh c lp trong giai on trc, rt nhiu h thng c qun l theo cc tiu chun khc nhau nhm ti u cc mc tiu ring l ca h thng. M hnh qun l theo cy hnh chp c ch ra trong hnh 1.3 di y l cch thc tip cn chung nht ca cc h thng qun l doanh nghip hin nay.
Hnh 1.3 M hnh qun l theo cy hnh chp nh hnh chp l h thng h tr iu hnh OSS (Operations Support Syste m) dng h tr cho cc nh cung cp dch v SP (Service Provider) v h tr trin khai cc h thng qun l mng . H thng qun l mng NMS (Network Management System) phi hp vi cc phn t mng NE (Network Element) qun l cc ngun ti nguyn vt l v logic ca mng . H thng qun l phn t EMS (Element Management System) tp trung vo vn qun l ti nguyn ti cc thit b n ca mng. EMS c th nm trn chnh thit b cn qun l hoc qun l t xa v ranh gii vi NMS trong mt s trng hp l khng c th.
1.2 CC PHNG PHP K THUT QUN L MNG

Kin trc h thng qun l mng rt phc t p v ch yu ph thuc vo kin trc h thng mng, khng c mt lut hoc mt k thut c th no c coi l bt buc i vi cc h thng mng. Mt s hng tip cn c ch ra di y: i, Qun l hin Nu h thng qun l c khi to v qun l b i con ngi, phng php qun l mng ny c gi l qun l hin. Ngi qun l s khi to qu trnh v thc hin qun l trong sut thi gian qun l, c th c mt s chc nng t ng h tr cho
QUN L MNG IP
cng tc qun l ca ngi iu hnh h thng nhng vn c coi l phng php qun l hin. Mt u im ca phng php qun l hin l khng cn thit phi thit k chi tit cc chc nng qun l trong giai on thit k h thng, cc vn thc t s c ngi iu hnh ra quyt nh tu thuc vo cc m c tiu v iu kin c th trong qu trnh khai thc. Nh vy, tin trnh thit k h thng s gim bt phc tp v thi gian. Qun l hin hu dng trong vic gii quyt cc vn khng mong mun xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng thc t ca h thng, ng thi yu cu cc gii php tt nht c a ra t pha ngi iu hnh. Qun l hin rt ph hp vi chc nng qun l li. Nhc im ca qun l hin l b gii hn kh nng x l v s lng li t chnh ngi iu hnh h thng. Mc d gim bt c chi ph trong khu thit k h thng nhng li lm tng chi ph ca giai on iu hnh h thng. ii, Qun l n Khi h thng t khi to v iu hnh, phng php qun l ny c gi l qun l n, tt c cc chc nng qun l c thc hin bi cc module phn cng v phn mm mt cch t ng. S khc bit vi phng php qun l hin l phng php thi hnh. V mt nguyn tc, hon ton c th thc hin hai phng php qun l trong cng mt h thng. Vi cc h thng thng minh v h thng chuy n gia h tr cho phng php qun l n, ranh gii gia hai phng php qun l c thu hp li. Mt s vn li cn phi c gii quyt bng c hai phng php ng thi trong c qu trnh pht hin v sa li. Trong giai on thit k v iu khin, cc chc nng qun l mng c nhn nhn di cc gc khc nhau. Khi giai on vn hnh h thng c bt u, ngi s dng v nh qun tr mng phn bit cc chc nng nguyn thu v cc chc nng qun l nhm la chn phng php qun l theo thc t. iii, Qun l tp trung Trong tip cn ny ch c mt thit b qun l thu nhn cc thng tin v iu khin ton b cc thc th mng, v d cc thng tin lin quan ti cc ng dng c lu tr ti mt h thng qun l n nh ch ra trn hnh 1.4 di y. Cc chc nng qun l c thc hin bi manager, kh nng ca h thng ph thuc rt ln vo mc thng minh ca manager. Kin trc ny thng c s dng rt nhiu trong mng hin nay, nht l vi cc m hnh doanh nghip c h tng mng rin g v c trung tm qun tr mng.
Hnh 1.4 M hnh qun l tp trung qun l iu hnh cc chc nng s cp, agent c t vo cc h thng b qun l thc hin cc chc nng s cp nhm h tr cc ch c nng khi to, gim st v sa i cc hnh vi ca chc nng s cp. So vi cc chc nng thuc manager, chc nng Agent thng rt n gin, thng tin trao i t manager ti cc agent thng qua cc giao thc thng tin qun l nh giao thc qun tr m ng n gin SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) v giao thc thng tin qun l chung v dch v thng tin qun l chung CMIS/CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol), cc giao thc ny s c tho lun chi tit ti chng 3. H thng qun l t p trung thng t trong mt trm lm vic, nu manage li hoc hng th ton b h thng qun l s b t lit , nu li ch xy ra trong mt phn mng, th mt s phn t mng trong vng mng li s khng c qun l. Thm vo d, h thng qun l tp trung rt kh m rng v mc phc tp ca h thng tng ln rt nhanh. Mt bin th ca h thng qun l tp trung da trn tip cn nn gm mt mt bng qun l 2 tng: Nn tng qun l mng v ng dng qun l mng. Nn qun l mng lin quan ti th tc thu thp thng tin v cc tnh ton n gin, trong khi ng dng qun l s dng cc dch v cung cp bi nn qun l ra quyt nh x l v h tr cc chc nng lp cao. u im ca tip cn ny l cc ng dng khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo ph c tp ca giao thc v s phc tp ca thnh phn mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im cn tn ti trong m hnh ny xut pht t kh nng m rng ca tip cn qun l tp trung. Mt s c im c bn ca m hnh ny nh sau: Nn tng qun l mng c t trn m t h thng my tnh n. d phng h thng cn c lu tr bn sao ti mt h thng khc. H thng qun l c th truy nhp v chuyn cc s kin ti bn iu hnh hoc h thng khc. Thng c s dng cho cnh bo v s kin li trn mng , cc thng tin mng v truy nhp ti cc ng dng qun l.
u im :
QUN L MNG IP
Quan st cnh bo v cc s kin mng t mt v tr Bo mt c khoang vng n gin Li h thng qun l chnh s gy tc hi ti ton b mng. Tng phc tp khi cc phn t mi thm vo h thng. Tn ti cc h thng hng i ch x l khi c nhiu yu cu x l t cc thit b.
Nhc im:
iv, Qun l phn cp Trong tip cn ny, h thng c chia thnh cc vng tu theo nhim v qun l to ra mt h thng phn cp qun l. Trung tm x l t ti gc ca cy phn cp, v cc h thng phn tn c t ti cc nhnh ca cy. H thng x l trung tm truy nhp ti tt c cc h thng nhnh v ch ra cc nhim v phn tn ca nhnh . Kin trc phn cp s dng khi nim qun l ca qun l v qun l theo vng. Mi mt qun l vng chu trch nhim qun l trong chnh vng v khng lin quan ti cc vng khc.
Hnh 1.5 M hnh qun l phn cp Trong kin trc phn cp, khng c cc thng tin trao i trc tip gia cc manager vng. Kin trc ny rt d m rng theo c chiu rng ln chiu su ca cy phn cp. Cc c im c bn ca h thng phn cp nh sau:
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H thng qun l vng thng l h thng my tnh a chc nng: truy nhp ti my ch trung tm v hot ng nh mt client. Khng ph thuc vo mt h thng n. Phn tn cc chc nng qun l mng. Gim st mng c phn tn qua mng. Lu tr thng tin tp trung
u im: Cc h thng a nng qun l mng d m rng. Thu thp thng tin phc tp v tn thi gian. Danh sch thit b qun l bi cc client phi c xc nh v cu hnh trc. Nhc im:
v, Qun l phn tn H thng qun l phn tn cn gi l h thng qun l ngang cp v khng c h thng trung tm. Cc manager a chc nng chu trnh nhim trn tng vng mng v trao i thng tin ti cc h thng qun l khc qua cc giao thc ngang cp. Cc thit b qun l b sung vo h thng phi c sn sng a ra cc quyt nh cho cc chc nng c s. Bng cch qun l ph n tn ti cc trm lm vic trn ton mng, cng tc qun l mng tng tin cy v hiu nng h thng trong khi gi truyn thng v tnh ton gim xung. Tt c cc h thng u thc hin cng mt kiu chc nng c s v tng ng nhau.
Hnh 1.6 M hnh qun l phn tn Cc c tnh ca h thng qun l phn tn l tn ti cc h thng ngang cp chy ng thi trn mng s liu. Trong giai on khi to mng, mi mt manager qun l vng qun l mt ph n ca h thng, v vy nu s lng h thng ln, phng php iu khin hin khng th thc hin c v vy qun l phn cp thng s dng h thng qun l n. Kin trc ny l tng ca cc h thng tiu chun ISO v TMM. Xc nh li tng th v so ng song l cc c tnh mu cht ca h thng qun l phn tn. Mt h thng qun l phn tn s dng lin kt ni v cc phn t x l c lp trnh cc im li n. Vi h thng qun l phn tn, t s hiu nng / gi thnh, mm do, kh nng m rng, tnh kh dng v tin cy c nng cao nh vo cc chc nng c module ho. Cc dch v phn tn c th trong sut vi ngi s dng dch v v h khng cn phn bit u l dch v ti ch hoc dch v truy nhp t xa. iu ny yu cu h th ng qun l phi m bo tnh cht ch, an
QUN L MNG IP
ton cao, xc nh li tng th nhanh chng v thi gian thc hin nm trong mt gii hn cho php. Mt nhc im c bn ca h thng qun l phn tn xut pht t s phc tp trong vn thay i chc nng qun l sau khi giai on iu hnh c khi to, v vic thay i cc chc nng lin quan ti quyt nh qun l yu cu sa i mt s lng ln cc h thng mng. Trong trng hp, cc nh thit k thiu kinh nghim vi cc gii php qun l c th, tip cn qun l tp trung c u th hn m hnh qun l phn tn. i ngc vi qun l phn tn, qun l tp trung c th thc hin phng php qun l n tt hn qun l hin, tuy nhin ton b mng c th b li ch v mt li n no trong thit b q un l chnh. i vi mt s kiu li mng cn phi xc nh th t u tin x l v khng ph thuc vo mt h thng c th no ra quyt nh, phng php qun l phn tn em li hiu nng hn rt nhiu so vi phng php qun l tp trung. V vy, m t s mng thng s dng kin trc phn tn c cc c im sau : T hp kin trc qun l tp trung v kin trc phn tn S dng mt s cc h thng qun l mng ngang hng o Mi nt ngang hng c mt c s d liu hon chnh o Mi nt ngang hng c th thc hin cc nhim v khc nhau v gi bo co ti h thng trung tm. Mt v tr lu tr thng tin cnh bo v s kin ton mng Mt v tr truy nhp ti ton b ng dng mng. Khng ph thuc vo mt h thng n Phn tn cc nhim v qun l v nhim v gi m st ton mng
vi, Phng php qun l hybrid Phng php qun l hybrid c xy dng trn nguyn tc t hp ca kin trc phn tn v kin trc phn cp. Kin trc ny rt thng dng v thng gn vi tn trng vi kin trc mng. M hnh phng php q un l hybrid c ch ra trn hnh sau.
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Hnh 1.7 M hnh qun l hybrid Kin trc qun l mng hybrid s dng phng php qun l gm c qun l trn tng vng v qun l cc qun l MOM (Manage Of Manager ). Da trn cu hnh phn cp v cc qun l vng khng ch chu trch nhim qun l cho chnh vng m cn cho cc vng khc. Tip cn c c tnh mm do v cung cp cc chc nng tt nht cho mi trng c tnh bin ng. vii, Qun l hng i tng Qun l hng i tng c xut bi t chc tiu chun quc t ISO (International Organization for Standardization) v y ban thc thi k thut Internet IETF ( Internat Engineering Task Force). Mc tiu ca qun l hng i tng tp trung vo gii q uyt cc vn c bit trong qun l ti nguyn phn tn nhm to ra mt h thng qun l mng m chung i vi cc ngun ti nguyn. Trong m hnh thng tin, thut ng i tng qun l c s dng nhm tru tng ho cc ngun ti nguyn vt l v l ogic b qun l. Vic truy nhp n cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l phi thng qua cc i tng qun l. Cc tp i tng c bn c m t di y. i tng qun l: i tng qun l cung cp iu khin qun l thng minh thc thi cc lin v iu khin ti nguyn phn tn. i tng Agent: i tng Agent cung cp giao din truyn thng ti i tng qun l. i tng b qun l: Cc i tng b qun l cung cp cc thng tin ti nguyn mu cht ti i tng qun l. Giao din thuc i tng b qun l c tiu chun ho, gm cc lut chung to v xo cc c tnh ca i tng b qun l. i tng b qun l chu trch nhim nhn cc gi tr c tnh v t cc gi tr c tnh cho cc thc th b qun l.
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Hnh 1.8 M hnh qun l hng i tng Cc i tng ti nguyn b qun l: Cc i tng ti nguyn b qun l l cc thc th c th trong mng. ISO v IETF khng nh ngha c th ti tng giao din thc th v s a dng v bin ng ca cc thc th.
viii, Qun l tch hp Tip cn qun l tch hp da trn t hp ca qun l phn cp, phn tn v qun l hng i tng bng cch p dng kin trc CORBA (Common Object Request Brocken Archictecture). Kin trc CORBA gi thit cc t p i tng phn mm c phn tn trong cc thc th c kh nng t iu khin v kt hp vi nhau gii quyt cc li trong h thng. Cc i tng ny c x l qua cc ngn ng hng i tng nh Smalltalk, C++ hoc JAVA. Tp i tng phn mm truyn thng vi nhau thng qua cc cng ngh phn tn nh CORBA hoc OLE. Trong tip cn ny, SubManager hot ng nh mt phn t trung gian gia Manager v Agent hng v pha Agent. SubManager c th kim tra c lp cc gi tr qun l ca cc c s d liu thng tin qun l MIB (Management Information Base) bng SNMP hay CMIP. SubManager thu nhn cc thng tin nguyn thu t cc Agent v thc hin tnh ton, x l cc gi tr cn thit cho Manager. Phng php ny gim lu lng thng tin mc cao phi c huyn ti Manager.
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Hnh 1.9 M hnh qun l tch hp Khi p dng kin trc CORBA vo tip cn qun l tch hp, n cho php trao i thng tin qun l trc tip ti cc Agent. CORBA coi ton b cc SubMa nager v Agent l i tng qun l, trong tng trng hp c th m cc quyt nh c a ra qua SubManager hoc khng nhm trnh cc hin tng tc nghn khi h thng trong iu kin bt thng.
1.3 CC M HNH QUN L MNG TIU CHUN

1.3.1 M hnh qun l h thng m OSI Chc nng qun l h thng m theo m hnh OSI thc hin qua cc lp ca m hnh OSI. N chnh l mt tp chc nng nh ngha bi nh qun l. Tp chc nng ny ph thuc vo yu cu qun l v c cha trong ng dng. H thng qun l mng theo OSI l mt tp cc tiu chun qun tr mng c thc hin bi ISO. Cc khuyn ngh X cho mng d liu v truyn thng h thng m nh ngha cho cc tiu chun qun l. V d : X.700-X.709 kin trc khung qun l h thng, X.710X.719 giao thc v dch v truyn thng qun l, X.720-X.729 Cu trc ca thng tin qun l. Trao i thng tin qun l c thc hin theo 3 hng: qun l h thng, qun l lp v iu hnh lp. Nhim v qun l h thng c thc hin t lp ng dng v s dng khi ni m thc th qun l ng dng h thng SAME (System Application Management Entity) qun tr h thng. Giao thc lp ng dng thng c coi l giao thc mnh nht, n c kh nng trao i nhiu thng tin qun l p ng cc yu cu qun l v l cch tip cn nhanh nht ca ngi qun l h thng vi h thng. Nhim v qun l lp
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ca m hnh OSI thc hin qun l cc i tng thuc lp v trao i thng tin qua h thng giao thc ti cc lp k cn. i tng b qun l nm trong cc lp khc nhau thuc m hnh OSI v thng tin qun l nm trong c s d liu thng tin qun l MIB. MIB c coi l mt dng c s d liu, ni dung ca c s d liu ny khng cha i tng b qun l m ch cha cc thng tin lin kt vi cc i t ng ny. H thng qun l lp thc hin duy tr mi lin kt gia i tng b qun l v thng tin trong c s d liu. V vy, nu xut hin li ti qun l lp th thng tin trong c s d liu khng phn nh ng thc trng qun l ca h thng.
Hnh 1.10 M hnh h thng qun l theo OSI n Khi qut qun l h thng OSI (SMO): H thng qun l theo OSI c nh ngha vo nm 1991, a ra 4 kha cnh qun l nh sau: Thng tin, T chc, Chc nng v Truyn thng. Kha cn h thng tin ca m hnh qun l h thng xem xt ti c c ti nguyn h thng qun l ( cc i tng b qun l). Chng c nh ngha nh l cc thc th lp, cc u ni, cc thit b phn cng. h thng qun l s ch xem xt ti cc c tnh ca i t ng qun l thc hin chc nng qun l h thng. V vy, cc nh qun tr mng c th hon ton a ra cc cu hnh khc nhau trong cch thc qun l ca h.
Hnh 1.11 Quan h qun l i tng Kha cnh t chc qun l ca m hnh OSI theo cch t chc tp trung. Theo cch
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ny, mt khi qun l c th iu khin mt vi agent. Mi trng qun l OSI c th chia thnh nhiu vng qun l. Cc khu vc ny da theo yu cu chc nng (v d nh, bo mt, tnh cc, qun l li) v cc yu cu khc nh v tr a l, cng ngh mng ng dng. Cc tiu chun ny theo b tiu chun ca ISO [2]. Kha cnh chc nng c chia thnh 5 vng gm c: Qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, qun l li, qun l bo mt v qun l ti khon. Kin trc qun l theo ISO c th hin trn hnh 1.12 di y:
Hnh 1.12 Cc khi chc nng ca kin trc qun l theo ISO Qun l cu hnh gm cc tin trnh xc nh v x l cc tham s thay i ca cc thit b v phng tin truyn thng nhm duy tr hot ng chc nng ca mng. Cc tham s c th t, khi to li, hoc n gin ch l hin th tham s. Cc h thng qun l mng hin nay thng c s dng trn c s ca cc h thng my tnh, thng qua cc giao thc iu khin qun l a ra cc lnh ti cc thit b qun l. Qun l li l mt tin trnh pht hin li, xc nh li, cch ly li v sa li. Bc quan trng nht trong qun l li l pht hin cc iu kin bt bnh thng ca cc thit b. Pht hin li c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng php gm vic t ngng cho cc kiu cnh bo khc nhau hoc t cc thng tin t pha ngi s dng dch v. Bc cui cng ca qu trnh qun l li c th lin quan ti tin trnh thay i cc tham s cho ph hp trong qun l cu hnh. Qun l hiu nng gm mt s tc v yu cu nh gi mc s dng ca cc thit b mng v phng tin truyn dn v t cc tham s ph hp vi yu cu thc t. Qun l hiu nng s d ng cc thng tin gim st thit b hoc c s d liu trong qu trnh thng k. Qun l hiu nng lin quan mt thit vi qu trnh quy hoch mng.
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Qun l bo mt m t mt tp cc tc v nhm m bo nhn thc ngi s dng v thit b, nn d liu, phn b kho bo mt, duy tr v gim st bn ghi bo mt, pht hin v ngn chn cc xm phm khng cho php. Qun l ti khon lin quan ti qu trnh tnh cc v ho n s dng dch v, qun l ti khon cung cp phng php tnh ph hp cc yu cu ca n gi s dng v hin trng mng.
Kha cnh truyn thng trong m hnh qun l OSI c nh ngha trong chun giao thc dch v thng tin qun l chung (CMIS). CMIS nh ngha cc dch v c bn nh : khi phc thng tin qun l, thay i c tnh ca i tng b qun l (agent), xo b v to ra c c i tng qun l mi, bo co cc s kin trong qu trnh qun l. Cc yu cu c bn ca cc h thng m cng nh cc h thng qun l m gm: kh dng, kh nng hot ng lin kt, kh nng di ng v kh nng phn cp.[3] kh dng biu th kh nng d dng ci t, vn hnh v bo dng ca mt h thng qun l. N cng bao hm c n nh v hiu nng cao. Kh nng hot ng lin kt th hin kh nng trao i thng tin qun l mt cch trong sut gia c s qun l vi cc agent b qun l hay gia cc h thng qun l ngang hng. Kh nng di chuyn din t s n nh ca c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khi b thay i mi trng (c s tnh ton) hay ni cch khc, c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khng b thay i hay s thay i l ti thiu. Kh nng nng cp l kh nng h thng c th nng cp, m rng phm vi qun l, phm vi ngi s dng, cc chc nng qun l m khng lm thay i thit k ban u.
1.3.2 M hnh mng vin thng TMN i, Gii thiu tng quan v TMN TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) l mng qun l vin thng cung cp cc hot ng qun l lin quan ti mng vin thng. ITU -T cng b t nm 1988 mt s khuyn ngh v cc h thng qun l iu hnh mng vin thng. Cc khuyn ngh ny tp hp thnh h khuyn ngh M.30. Cc khuyn ngh ny thng xuyn c b sung, sa i nhm a n nhng tiu chun thng nht v h thng iu hnh, qun l mng vin thng i vi ton c u. Trc ht, nh nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ca ITU -T M.3100 (1995) do nhm nghin cu IV: TMN l mt mng ring lin kt cc mng vin thng ti nhng im khc nhau gi/nhn thng tin i/n mng v iu khin cc hot ng ca mng. Ni mt cch khc, TMN s dng mt mng qun l c lp qun l mng vin thng bng cc ng thng tin ring v cc giao din c chun ho.
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TMN cha nhiu h iu hnh, mt mng thng tin d liu v nhng phn t qun l. TMN ch ra trng thi thc hin chc nng qun l ca phn t mng thuc phm vi ca TMN (nh h thng chuyn mch, h thng truyn dn .v.v.). di l mng d liu m TMN dng truyn ti thng tin qun l c th ging nh mt mng m TMN qun l hoc c thit k nh mng truyn dn. TMN phi cung cp cc chc nng v thng tin qun l gia cc h iu hnh vi nhau, gia cc h iu hnh vi cc thnh phn mng v cc thng tin lin quan ti cc h iu hnh khc. Mng qun l vin thng cung cp cc chc nng qun l v truyn thng cho vic khai thc, qun l, bo dng mng v cc dch v vin thng trong mi trng a nh cung cp thit b. Mng qun l vin thng thng nht vic iu hnh qun l cc mng khc nhau trong cc thng tin qun l c trao i qua cc giao din v giao thc chun ho. TMN khng ch qun l s a dng ca mng vin thng m cn qun l mt phm vi ln v thit b, phn mm v nhng dch v trn mi mng. Sau y l mt s v d v cc mng, cc dch v vin thng v mt s thit b chnh c t h c qun l bi TMN: Cc mng cng cng v mng ring bao gm c mng dch v ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network) bng rng v bng hp , cc mng thng tin di ng, cc mng thoi ring, cc mng ring o v cc mng thng minh. Bn thn TMN. Cc thit b truyn dn (b ghp knh, b phi lung, thit b chuyn knh SDH...). Cc h thng truyn dn s v tng t (cp, cp si quang, v tuyn, v tinh...). Cc tng i s v tng t. Cc mng WAN, LAN, MAN. Cc mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn m ch knh. Cc dch v vin thng, cc dch v km theo v u cui ngi s dng.
ii, Kin trc chc nng ca TMN Kin trc ca mng qun l vin thng cn t c cc mc ch sau: Ti thiu thi gian phn ng qun l i vi cc s kin mng. Ti thiu t i lu lng mng. Cho php phn tn iu khin v mt a l trn cc kha cnh vn hnh mng. Cung cp c ch cch ly ti thiu nguy c mt an ton. Cung cp c ch cch l xc nh v ngn chn cc li mng. Ci tin vic h tr dch v v giao ti p cc khch hng.
H khuyn ngh M.30xx lin tc c b sung, sa i vi mc ch nhm tiu

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chun ho thng nht v h thng iu hnh, qun l mng vin thng trn phm vi ton cu. Kin trc ca TMN th hin v mt nguyn tc cc qu trnh qun l th nh phn mng vin thng khc nhau vi cc m hnh kt ni phn t. thun tin d dng cho s thit k v s pht trin ca TMN, m hnh qun l mng vin thng c chia nh thnh nhng thnh phn nhm qun l c d dng, kin trc TMN bao gm 3 vng kin trc: Kin trc thng tin Kin trc chc nng v cc im tham chiu Kin trc vt l
i, Kin trc thng tin. Kin trc thng tin gm c cc kha cnh: Thng tin qun l, qun l trao i thng tin v cc chc nng thng tin d liu. M hnh thng tin qun l th hin mt cch tng qut cc xu hng qun l ti nguyn mng v cc hot ng qun l h tr c lin quan. M hnh thng tin qun l a ra cc tiu chun c th cho cc thng tin c th, hot ng ti mc ng dng v bao gm c cc chc nng ng dng qun l nh lu tr, ti hin v x l thng tin. Cc chc nng c bao hm ti mc ny c xem nh l cc khi chc nng TMN. Qun l trao i thng tin bao gm chc nng thng tin s liu DCF (Data Control Function) v chc nng iu khin bn tin MCF (Message Control Function) cho php iu khin cc thnh phn thit b ca mng thng qua cc giao din chun ho. Cc h thng ngn xp giao thc c thit lp v ci t ti cc giao din ca thit b. Cc hot ng qun l trao i thng tin c m hnh ho di dng cc i tng qun l. i tng qun l c c nh ngha bi: Cc thuc tnh r ti ranh gii ca i tng. Cc hot ng qun l c th c s dng i vi thit b . Cc hot ng m i tng thc hin nhm p ng cc hot ng qun l hoc cc hot ng thuc loi kch hot. N c th l cc b hoc m rng. Cc node m i tng a ra.
Mt ti nguyn c th c th hin bi mt hoc nhiu i tng. Khi mt ti nguyn c th hin bi nhiu i tng qun l th mi i tng s cung cp mt cch nhn khc nhau i vi ti nguyn. Cc i tng ny c th c ghp chung thng qua cc quan h vt l hoc logic. Cc i tng qun l tn ti v n th hin l cc ti nguyn logic ca TMN hn l ti ngu yn ca mng vin thng. Nu mt ti nguyn khng c th hin bi mt i tng qun l, n khng th c qun l thng qua cc giao din qun l. Ni mt cc khc l n khng c h thng qun l thc hin qun l.
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Chc nng thng tin s liu DCF s c s dng cc khi chc nng TMN chuyn i thng tin. Quy nh chung ca DCF l cung cp c cu truyn ti thng tin. DCF c th cung cp chc nng nh tuyn, chuyn i v lin kt hot ng. DCF cung cp kh nng chuyn ti thng tin lin quan n qun l mng vin thng gia cc khi chc nng. DCF cung cp cc lp t lp 1 ti lp 3 ca m hnh tham chiu OSI hoc tng ng vi chng. DCF c th c cun g cp bi mng chuyn mch gi X.25, cc mng WAN, MAN, LAN, bo hiu s 7 v knh thng tin nhng ECC (Embedded Communication Channel) ca SDH. Khi cc mng con c kt ni vi nhau, chc nng lin kt hot ng s l thnh phn ca DCF. ii, Kin trc chc nng v cc im tham chiu. Kin trc chc nng ca TMN chia phm vi TMN t hnh cc khi chc nng khc nhau. Mi khi chc nng trong kin trc chc nng TMN thc hi n chc nng qun l TMN c th. Mi khi chc nng mng qun l vin thng c to thnh t nhiu thnh phn chc nng khc nhau. Mt s cc khi chc nng c th bn trong v mt s c th bn ngoi ranh gii TMN, chng ta c th thy c trn hnh 1.13 di y.
Hnh 1.13 Kin trc chc nng v m hnh im tham chiu ca TMN Cc chc nng c bn ca TMN g m c: Chc nng phn t mng NEF (Network Element Function), chc nng tng thch Q QAF (Q Adaptive Function), chc nng h iu hnh OSF (Operation System Function), chc nng trung gian MF (Mediation Function) v chc nng trm lm vic. Chc nng phn t mng NEF l mt khi chc nng thng tin ca TMN nhm mc ch gim st hoc iu khin. NEF cung cp cc chc nng vin thng v h tr
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trong mng vin thng cn c qun l. NEF bao gm cc chc nng vin thng - l ch ca vic qun l. Cc chc nng ny khng phi l thnh phn ca TMN nhng c th hin i vi TMN thng qua NEF. Chc nng tng thch Q QAF cung cp s chuyn i kt ni NEF hoc OSF ti TMN, hoc nhng phn t mng khng thuc TMN vi TMN mt cch c lp. Chc nng thch ng Q c s dng lin kt ti cc phn t TMN m chng khng h tr cc im tham chiu TMN chun. Mt v d c minh ha hnh v di. Trong v d ny mt thc th chc nng iu hnh phi TMN (non -TMN OSF) v mt thc th phn t mng phi TMN ( non-TMN NEF) c kt ni ti TMN. Nhim v ca c hai QAF l bin dch gia im tham chiu q v im tham chiu m. V q l cc im tham chiu TMN cn m l cc im tham chiu phi TMN. Chc nng h iu hnh OSF cung cp cc chc nng qun l. OSF x l cc thng tin qun l nhm mc ch gim st phi hp v iu khin mng vin thng. Chc nng ny bao gm: H tr ng dng cc vn v cu hnh, li, hot ng, tnh ton, v qun l bo mt. Chc nng to c s d li u h tr: cu hnh, yu cu iu khin, trng thi v ti nguyn mng. H tr cho kh nng giao tip gia ngi v my thng qua thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. Cc chng trnh phn tch cung cp kh nng phn tch li v phn tch hot ng. Khun dng d liu v bn tin h tr thng tin gia hai thc th chc nng TMN hoc gia hai khi chc nng TMN ca cc thc th bn ngoi (ngi s dng hoc mt TMN khc). Phn tch v quyt nh, to kh nng cho p ng qun l. C hai kha cnh: h tr cho phn t c qun l bi OSF, c ung cp cc chc nng vin thng l cc i tng qun l cho mng vin thng cn c qun l. S qun l ny c th hin i vi TMN thng qua cc chc nng h tr lu lng. Cc chc nng cu trc khng phi l mt phn ca TMN, tuy nhin cc chc nn g h tr li l mt phn bn thn TMN.
Chc nn g trung gian MF c nhim v trung gian truyn thng tin gia OSF v NEF, cung cp chc nng lu tr, lc, bin i... trn cc d liu nhn c t NEF. Chc nng trung gian hot ng trn thng tin truyn qua gia cc chc nng qun l v cc i tng qun l. MF cung cp mt tp cc chc nng cng ni (Gateway) hay chuyn tip (Relay), n lm nhim v ct gi (lu), bin i ph hp, lc phn nh v tp trung thng tin. V MF cng bao gm cc chc nng x l v truyn ti thng tin, do khng c s phn bit ln gia MF v OSF. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF cung cp chc nng cho hot ng lin kt gia
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ngi s dng vi OSF. WSF c th c xem nh chc nng trung gian gia ngi s dng v OSF. N chuyn i thng tin ra khi OSF thnh khun dng c kh nng th hin c vi ngi s dng. V tr ca WSF nh mt cng giao tip nm trn ranh gii ca TMN. Nhm mc ch phc ho cc chc nng qun l, ngi ta xy dng khi nim cc im tham chiu nh ngha ranh gii gia cc khi chc nng. V c bn, im tham chiu l im mang tnh cht khi nim trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng khng chng ln nhau. Hnh 1.13 minh ho mt s im tham chiu ca TMN. im tham chiu c kh nng tr th nh mt giao din khi cc khi chc nng ni vi n l cc thit b ring r v mt vt l. Mi im tham chiu i hi cc c tnh giao din khc nhau trao i thng tin. Tuy nhin bn thn im tham chiu khng quyt nh giao thc s dng. im tham chiu q im tham chiu q thc hin vic kt ni trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng TMN nh OSF, MF, NEF v QAF vi nhau mt cch trc tip hoc thng qua DCF. Trong im tham chiu q th c hai loi tham chiu chnh l: im tham chiu q3: Thc hin vic kt ni gia khi NEF vi OSF, MF vi OSF, QAF vi OSF v gia OSF vi OSF. im tham chiu qx: Thc hin vic kt ni gia cc khi MF vi MF, MF vi NEF, v MF vi QAF.
Ta c th phn bit c gia hai im tham chiu q3 v qx bng th ng tin cn thit phi trao i gia cc khi chc nng m chng kt ni. im tham chiu f im tham chiu f kt ni cc khi chc nng OSF v MF vi khi chc nng WSF. im tham chiu x im tham chiu x thc hin vic kt ni cc khi chc nng OSF thuc cc mng qun l vin thng khc nhau hoc gia mt OSF trong mi trng TMN vi mt khi chc nng tng ng trong mi trng khng phi TMN. im tham chiu g Ngi ta khng coi im tham chiu g cho mt phn ca mng qun l vin thng TMN thm ch c khi n mang cc thng tin TMN. im tham chiu g Non TMN c t bn ngoi TMN gia ngi s dng v WSF. im tham chiu m im tham chiu ny cng nm ngoi phm vi kin trc TMN, thc hin vic kt ni gia QAF v cc thc th b q un l non- TMN hoc thc th b qun l khng tun theo khuyn ngh TMN. iu ny cho php qun l cc thnh phn mng nonTMN thng qua mi trng TMN.
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iii, Kin trc vt l Kin trc vt l TMN ch r gii hn ca cc nt mng v cc giao din thng tin gia cc nt. Cc nt v cc lin kt gia cc nt trong kin trc chc nng TMN c th c nh x ti c nhng thc th phn cng v phn mm. Tng ng vi cc chc nng ca TMN, kin trc vt l a ra cc im nt v cc lin kt nhm m t chc nng cho cc thit b mng, cc chc nng bt buc hoc tu chn trong kin trc vt l th hin c ch iu hnh mm do ca TMN v c ch ra trn bng 1.1 di y. Bng 1. 1 Mi quan h ca khi vt l v khi chc nng qun l
NEF NE MD QA OS WS M: Bt buc O: Tu chn O M* MDF O M QAF O O M O M O M OSF O O WSF O O
Tng kt chng 1
Trong chng 1 trnh by tng quan v cc phng php tip cn qun l mng hin nay, t cc m hnh qun l chung nht cho mng NGN n cc phng php qun l mng. Hai tip cn qun l mng s dng ph bin hin nay l m hnh qun l theo h thng m OSI v m hnh qun l mng vin thng TMN c trnh by trong phn cui ca chng l nhng vn khi qut ca cc gii php qun l mng.
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CHNG 2
C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB
Trong chng 2 s trnh by cc vn c th ca m hnh c s thng tin qun l MIB, cu trc phn cp tiu chun ca thng tin qun l h thng. M t cc i tng qun l thng qua cc nh n dng i tng v cc nguyn tc c bn truy nhp c s thng tin qun l. Trn c s cu trc phn cp, cc nhm i tng c bn v ngha ca c cu nhm s c trnh by nhm gip ngi c nhn thc r v cc i tng c th hin trong MIB. Ni dung chng ny bao gm: Cu trc c s ca thng tin qun l M t v truy nhp thng tin qun lMIB Chi tit v phn loi nhm i tng
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2.1 CU TRC C S CA THNG TIN QUN L

Thng tin qun l h thng SMI (System Management Information) nh ngha mt c cu t chc chung cho thng tin qun l. SMI nhn dng cc kiu d liu trong MIB v ch r cch thc miu t v t tn cc ti nguyn trong c s d liu thng tin qun l MIB (Management Information Base). SMI m phng su loi d liu, l b m, kiu (gauge), tch tc thi gian, a ch mng, a ch IP v s liu m khng trong sut (opaque). B m c s dng din t s ly mu tch t ca chui thi gian. Kiu (gauge) din t cc mu ca chui thi gian, tch tc thi gian c s dng o thi gian tng i, cn loi s liu khng trong sut th c s dng m t mt chui bt bt k. Ngi ta cng s dng cc loi d liu c s chung nh s nguyn chui octet, c im nhn dng vt th xc nh s liu b qun l. Vic gii hn cc loi d liu trong SMI v hn ch quy m ca cc hng mc s liu trong MIB lm gim nhiu phc tp ca vic t chc lu tr, m ha, gii m s liu. SMI duy tr tnh n gin v kh nng m rng trong MIB. V th MIB ch lu nhng loi d liu n gin gm cc i tng v hng v cc mng hai chiu ca cc i tng v hng. SMI khng cung cp cch to hoc truy xut cc cu trc d liu phc tp. Cc MIB s cha cc loi d liu do nh cung cp to ra. Thng tin qun l h thng h tr cho lin iu hnh trong qun l mng da trn cc c s thng tin qun l MIB, n c t v hin th cc thng tin ti nguyn trong MIB cng nh tiu chun k thut nh ngha cho cc i t ng n l khc. cung cp phng php tiu chun biu din thng tin qun tr, SMI cn thc hin nhng cng vic sau: Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cu trc ca MIB c bit. Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cc i tng n l, bao gm c php v gi tr ca mi i tng. Cung cp k thut tiu chun m ho cc gi tr i tng.
C s thng tin qun l MIB c cu trc theo hnh cy phn cp v mi i tng c mt gi tr nhn dng (Object Identifier) th hin qua tn i tng. Cc i tng l ca cy l i tng qun l thc, mi thnh phn trong biu th cho ti nguyn, s hot ng hoc cc thng tin lin quan c qun l. Cy ng k ca OSI bao gm cc th mc thng tin b qun l. Cc cy con c s dng biu th ni dung logic, cn cc bin s b qun l c lu tr ti cc l cy. Ngi ta s dng cc bin s ny biu din cc thi im ca thc th tng ng. Cu trc cy c s d liu ny c cc nh thit k MIB nh ra theo kiu tnh. Ch c s thay i m rng trong cc gi tr ca c s d liu v trong vic to ra hay xa i cc hng ca bng. Nh minh ha ti Hnh 2.1, ngi ta s dng cy ng k nh du cc nh ngha ca c c tiu chun khc nhau. Mi nt thuc cy c nh du bng mt tn (c im nhn dng chung) v mt con s (c im nhn dng tng i). Mt nt c xc nh duy nht bng cch ni cc s t gc n nt . V d: mt cy con c nhn
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CHNG 2 - C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB
Internet c xc nh bng ng 1.3.6.1. Cy con ny c t trong t chc Internet ghi li cc tiu chun ca n. Cy Internet c ba cy con lin quan n qun l, l qun l (management), thc nghim (experimental) v c nhn (private). Cc cy con ny c s dng ghi li cc MIB khc nhau theo tiu chun Internet (MIB-II).
Hnh 2.1 Cy ng k ca OSI Vi mc tiu qun l cc nhm giao thc trong m hnh TCP/IP v mng Internet, mt m hnh cy c tn gi MIB II (RFC1213) c nhnh Internet c chia ra thnh 4 nhm ln : Th mc, qun l, th nghim v vng ch s ring. Nhm th mc: H tr cc th mc trong OSI X.500 Nhm qun l: Gm cc i tng ca Internet Nhm th nghim : S dng cho qu trnh th nghim trc khi chuyn sang nhm qun l. Nhm ring : Gm cc c t ca cc nh cung cp thit b v cc vng gia tng gi tr.
Theo hng nhm qun l, MIB-II a ra cc bin s qun l cc giao thc gm 11 cy chc nng con c ch ra trn hnh 2.2 di y. Cc cy con ny li tip tc c chia ra thnh cc cy con cp thp hn nh i tng h thng v cc bng con tng ng vi cc l. L c s dng nh du cc bin s b qun l thuc mt loi nht nh. Mt s l nh m t h thng sysDesc ch nh du m t thi im duy nht ca bin s b qun l v ch i hi mt phn t lu tr duy nht. Nhng l khc nh m t trng thi mt ng kt ni TCP tcpConnState c th ch dn nhiu thi im khc nhau. Cc thi im khc nhau ny c t chc thnh cc c t ca t bo. Cc ct ny to thnh mt bng m cc hng ca bng ny biu din nhng thi im khc nhau ca mt thc th (nh mt ng kt ni TCP hoc mt giao din).
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Hnh 2.2 Cu trc cy MB-II Vic nh s theo th t hnh cy em li li th cho qu trnh truy nhp thng tin trng thi chnh xc nhng kh phc tp v mt ch dn do th hin trng thi ca cng mt i tng ti cc thi im khc nhau l khc nhau. V vy, mt phng php ch dn theo bng h tr cc ch dn i vi cc i tng thay i. Agent c th b sung thm hoc xa i cc u vo mi. Bng cc ct cha kha ngi ta c th xc nh u vo ca bng mt cch duy nht. Ngi ta s dng ni dung ca cc ct cha kha nh l ch dn. C kh nng c s dng trong bng giao din l a ra mt ch dn c bit ng vai tr nh l cha kha. Gi tr lu tr trong ct ny cho php ta xc nh cc hng ct mt cch duy nht.
2.2 M T V TRUY NHP THNG TIN QUN L MIB

M t cc i tng b qun l c SMI thc hin thng qua ngn ng m t ASN.1. Vic nh ngha loi i tng gm 5 trng: i tng ( Object): Tn ca i tng, cn c coi nh l phn m t i tng cho mi loi i tng cng vi phn nhn dng i tng tn g ng ca i tng. C php (Syntax): C php cho loi i tng. c th l mt trong cc loi c php n gin nh: Integer, Octet String, Object Identifier, Null hay mt c php ng dng nh: a ch mng, b m, kiu Gause, Time Ticks, dng d liu khng trong sut, hay cc loi d liu ng dng m rng. nh ngha (Definition): Cc nh ngha m t ng ngha ca loi i tng.
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Truy nhp (Access): Phng php truy nhp c th l: ch c, c -ghi hay khng th truy nhp. Trng thi (Status): C th l cng ch, ty chn hay khng cn hiu lc.
m t v th hin cc i tng qun l, C php ASN.1 l chc nng lp trnh din trong m hnh OSI nh ngha khun dng d liu cn x l trong h thng qun l. Cc c php ny c Cc manager v Ag ent s dng trao i thng tin d liu trn hai c s tiu chun ho: C php tru tng v c php chuyn giao. C php tru tng nh ngha, th hin c tnh d liu v c php chuyn giao m ho cho cc phn t trong c php tru tng (v d lut m ho c bn BER Basic Encoding Rule ISO 8824-1). ASN.1 nh ngha mt mu bit trong b nh my tnh v c coi l bin s ca cc chng trnh qun l. BER bin i thnh mt lung bt truyn dn vi nh x 1:1 i vi c php ASN.1. ASN.1 s dng mt vi thut ng thng dng nh ngha cc th tc bao gm nh ngha kiu, gi tr v cc nh ngha module cng vi cc k t c bit lm t kho (Object, Integer, Null). Kiu l mt lp d liu, n nh ngha cu trc d liu m thit b cn bit sp xp v x l thng tin. SMI nh ngha 3 kiu c bn: Nguyn thu, cu trc v nh ngha. Cc kiu nguyn thu gm c interger, octet string, object Identifier v null. Kiu cu trc c to ra di dng danh sch v di dng bng. Kiu nh ngha l cch thay th cho cc kiu ASN.1 phc tp nhm a ra cc m t chi tit. Gi tr m t nh lng cho kiu v c s dng a vo cc bng nh tuyn. Mt s cc ng dng ch cho php mt tp con cc gi tr kiu v substyle chnh l cc rng buc trong kiu v d: INTERGER (0..155) th hin cc gi tr nguyn trong trng gi tr 8 bit. ASN.1 thu thp cc m t trong mt nhm c gi l module. V d gim st t xa RMON MIB l mt n v ca MIB -II. Module khi u vi tn ca module (RMON-MIB-II) v trong c cc thnh phn m t cc c tnh nh kiu, gi tr v Marco s c th hin. SMI cng bao gm mt MACRO m rng c bit ca ASN.1 l OBJECT -TYPE. Macro ny phc v nh mt cng c chnh xc nh cc vt th b qun l ti l ca cy MIB. Macro OBJECT-TYPE cho ta phng tin nh ngha bin s b qun l v gn cho n mt loi d liu, mt phng php truy nhp (c, vit, c/vit), mt trng thi (bt buc, ty ) v mt v tr cy MIB tnh (c im nhn dng ng). nh ngha ca Macro OBJECT-TYPE v ca cc bin s b qun l c trnh by trong bng vi phn th nht ca nh ngha MIB cho ta cc c tnh nhn dng ng ny i vi cc mode bn trong ca cy MIB v c gn vo nhiu loi d liu nhn dng vt th. Ta c th xc nh c im nhn dng ca mt nt bng cch buc mt con s vi c im nhn dng nt m ca n. Khi cc nt bn trong c xc nh, bng Macro OBJECT-TYPE h thng c th to ra cc nt ti l cy. Cc nt ti l cy
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ny xc nh loi d liu (c php) ca cc bin s b qun l m chng lu tr. Cc nt l cy cng iu khin vic truy nhp, xc nh trng thi v ng c im nhn dng vt th truy nhp bin s b qun l. Di y l mt s im hu ch cn lu v cc nh ngha ny v cch s dng chng: Cc c im nhn dng vt th xc nh v tr ca cc nt bn trong (nh system, interface) hoc l trn cy MIB (sysDescr, ifInError). Ta c th to ra c im nhn dng ng bng cch ghp ng m vi nhn ca nt (v d s ysDescr={system 1}). Cc bng c to nn di dng chui ca cc hng. Cc hng xc nh ra cc ct ca bng. V d: bng to giao din c thit lp t cc ct c dnh ring cho cc tham s giao din khc nhau (ifSpeed, ifInError). Cc tham s ct khc nhau ny c ng k nh l di cy con ifEntry m t trong bng. Cc nh ngha cu trc MIB ch n gin cho ta mt cu trc v c php. Ting Anh c s dng gii ngha cho cc bin s khc nhau ny. Hai phin bn trin khai thc hin MIB kh c nhau c th din gii ngha ca mt s bin khc nhau. i khi ta khng th m bo vic tun th cc ng ngha. H thng c th s dng cc nh ngha chnh thc ca MIB to ra MIB v cu trc truy nhp chng. B phin dch s dng cc nh ngha n y to ra cu trc c s d liu cho vic lu tr MIB. iu ny lm n gin ha qu trnh pht trin MIB. Vic trin khai thc hin MIB l r rng. Ta c th lu tr cc s liu khng phi dng bng trong cu trc d liu tuyn tnh c nh. H thng cn to kh nng cho s liu dng bng thu nh hoc m rng khi cc hng ca bng b xa i hay c b sung. Ta c th dng cu trc ca mt danh sch lin kt hoc cy biu din cc s liu ng nh vy (cc bn ghi ca bng c lu tr ti l cy).
Chng ta cn nhn nhn cu trc MIB theo cc h thng c s d liu truyn thng. Ngi ta c th s dng ngn ng x l d liu (DML) to ra h thng c s d liu v m t cu trc ca c s d liu. Ta c th coi m hnh SMI hoc cc phin bn m rng ca ASN.1 nh l ngn ng DML xy dng MIB. B bin dch MIB cng tng t nh b bin dch DL, c s dng to ra cu trc c s d liu t mt chng trnh tru tng. Ta cng c th coi cc n nguyn truy nhp giao thc nh ngn ng x l d liu DML. Nhn trn quan im h thng c s truyn d liu truyn thng th ta c th coi SNMP nh l mt h thng c s d liu th bc n gin m bn cht ca n do cc ngn ng DL (SMI) v DML xc nh (cc n nguyn giao thc). C th nhn nhn MIB nh mt ngn ng i hi vi cy MIB. Chng trnh qun l s dng cc n nguyn GET, GET-NEXT truy xut d liu t MIB. li hai
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n nguyn ny l GET-RESPONSE tr li d liu di dng i bin s. Ta c th s dng c hai n nguyn truy xut nhi u bin s b qun l. Lnh GET trc tip ch ra tp hp cc bin s b qun l thng qua c im nhn dng ng dn ca chng. iu ny rt hu ch cho vic truy xut d liu dng thng thng (khng theo dng bng) bi v ng truy nhp l tnh v bi t trc. GET-NEXT c s dng i li trn cy v p dng cho s liu dng bng. Ta c th t truy xut s liu bng cch i li trn cy MIB. Theo quy nh ca th t ny th h thng truy xut s liu ti nt m trc ri mi n nt con t tri qua phi. Trong bng, cc ct c nh th t t tri qua phi v cc hng c th t t trn xung di. Th t ny c gi l th t tin t (preorder). GET v GET-NEXT cho ta phng tin truy xut d liu MIB. Bng n nguyn SET ta c th iu khin c ng x ca thit b. SET thng c s dng khi to hnh ng ca tc nhn lm hiu ng b sung i vi nhng thay i ca MIB. V d: ta c th khi ng mt th tc kim tra chun on bng cch t trng thi hnh chnh ca thit b (thng qua SET) l th nghim. iu ny c ngha l cc tc nhn phi ch ng gim st nhng thay i ca MIB v khi to cc hnh ng cn thit. iu ny khng ging vi cc h thng c s d liu th ng m s cp nht s liu ch n thun l vic ghi li s liu. C mt nhc im ca vic truy xut s liu bng lnh GET-NEXT trong SNMP, l h thng cn phi truy nhp mt hng ti mt thi im. iu ny c th lm chm qu trnh i li trn cy, c bit trong trng hp bng c kch thc ln. Thng th h thng phi qut v truy cp ton b bng. khc phc nhc im ny, trong phin bn th hai SNMPv2 ngi ta thay lnh GET -NEXT bng lnh GET-BULK. Lnh GET-BULK truy cp mt s hng lin tc va vo mt khung UDP. Ta c th nhn nhn vic ny nh l vic tng quan ha lnh GET-NEXT ci thin thi gian truy cp i vi d liu dng bng.
2.3 CHI TIT V PHN LOI NHM I TNG

Nh gii thiu trong phn 2.2. MIB-II phn tch i tng qun tr thnh 11 nhm i tng. Di y s trnh b y chi tit v cc nhm i tng. i, Nhm h thng {1.3.6.1.2.1.1} Nhm h thng m t tng quan v h thng b qun l di dng vn bn k t ASCII. Bao gm nhn dng i tng, di thi gian t thi im ti khi ng thc th qun l mng v nhng chi tit qun tr khc. Nhm h thng gm 7 i tng s dng m t thng tin cu hnh cc thit b b qun l. Cc i tng n l trong cng mt h thng c th c nhn dng nhm theo h thng system n (n c gi tr:1..7). Cc m t tng qut ca cc i tng thuc nhm h thng c lit k di y (Cc m t c th hin trong ph lc A.1) : sysDescr {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1} m t thit b sysObjectID {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.2} nhn dng phn cng, phn mm hoc ti
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nguyn sysUptime {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3} di thi gian tnh t khi Agent khi to sysContact {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.4} Tn i din ca node hoc thit b sysName {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5} Tn node hoc thit b sysLocation {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.6} V tr vt l ca thit b sysServices {1.3.6.1.2.1.1.7} M nhn dng tp dch v cung cp bi thit b
ii, Nhm giao din {1.3.6.1.2.1.2} Nhm giao din gm 23 nhn dng i tng cung cp cc thng tin nh: hiu nng, cu hnh v trng thi cho tt c cc loi giao din. Mc d cc thng tin chung c th cung cp trong chnh hot ng ca cc giao din nhng cc thng tin ny vn cha c coi l y trong bi ton qun l, v khng th hin r c hiu nng tng th ca ton b h thng. Khi mng c rt nhiu cc thit b cn phi qun l, mt c ch nhn dng thi t b c thm vo cy qun l v c trnh by di dng bng. i tng u tin (ifNumber) ch s giao din trn thit b. Mi giao din s c mt dng tng ng trong bng vi 22 ct/dng. Cc ct mang thng tin v giao din nh: tc giao din, a ch (phn cng) vt l, trng thi vn hnh hin thi v thng k v gi tin qua giao din. (Cc m t c th hin trong ph lc A.2). iii, Nhm bin dch a ch {1.3.6.1.2.1.3} Nhm phin dch a ch cung cp mt bng phin dch gia a ch IP v a ch (phn cng) vt l. Nhm ny s dng mt bng n chuyn i bin dch gm c 3 ct tng ng vi s giao din, a ch vt l v a ch mng (IP). Trong m hnh TCP/IP s dng giao thc phn gii a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), bng bin dch a ch cha bn chuyn i a ch vt l v IP. Thc t, nhm bin dch cha c bng a ch vt l v a ch mng vi cc ch s tng ng cho php tm kim v nh x t bt k bng no. iv, Nhm giao thc internet IP {1.3.6.1.2.1.4} Nhm giao thc IP cha cc i tng b qun l cung cp chc nng v phn h IP ca mt node. Trong nhm ny gm 19 i tng v 4 bng gi tr i tng cung cp cc thng tin nh trng thi bng nh tuyn v bng chuyn i a ch. Cc bng trong nhm IP gm a ch, tuyn v bin dch a ch. Bng a ch IP c s dng gi cc a ch lin quan ti node qun l, trong khi mng chuyn i a ch cha bn chuyn i a ch mng v a ch vt l. (Ni dung ca cc i tng nhm IP trong ph lc A3). v, Nhm giao thc bn tin iu khin internet ICMP {1.3.6.1.2.1.5} Nhm giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet l thnh phn bt buc ca IP v c nh ngha trong RFC 792. Nhm ICMP cung cp cc bn tin iu khin ni mng v thc hin nhiu vn hnh ICMP trong thc th b qun l. Nhm ICMP gm 26 i tng v hng duy tr s liu thng k cho nhiu loi bn tin ICMP nh s lng cc
30
bn tin ICMP Echo Request nhn c hay s lng bn tin ICMP Redirect gi i. Do giao thc ICMP l k t hut bo co li, ngi qun tr mng c th s dng cc gi tr i tng ICMP xc nh kiu li. Thm vo , ICMP c cc bn tin nh k cn c s dng t li ngng cnh bo da trn s lng bn tin. vi, Nhm giao thc iu khin truyn dn tin cy TCP {1.3.6.1.2.1.6} Nhm giao thc iu khin truyn ti l bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti vn hnh v kt ni TCP. Nhm ny c 14 i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny ghi li cc tham s TCP v s liu thng k , nh s lng kt ni TCP m thit b h tr, hoc tng s lng phn on (segment) TCP truyn. Bng tcpConnTable cha thng tin lin quan ti kt ni TCP c th. Thm vo , qua cc phn hi ca i tng giao thc TCP, ta c th xc nh cc thng tin v li ti lp 4 trong m hnh OSI v ch ra hng i ti cc li c xc nh. vii, Nhm giao thc iu khin d liu ngi s dng UDP {1.3.6.1.2.1.7} Nhm giao thc d liu ngi s dng l bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti hot ng UDP. V UDP l kt ni v hng nn nhm ny nh hn nhiu so vi nhm TCP c hng. N khng phi bin dch thng tin ca nhng n lc kt ni, thit lp, ti lp Nhm UDP cha bn i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy tr thng k d liu lin quan ti UDP, v d: s lng d liu gi t thc th ny. Bng udpTable cha thng tin a ch v cng. viii, Nhm giao thc cng ngoi {1.3.6.1.2.1.8} Nhm giao thc cng ngoi l bt buc vi mi h thng c trin khai EGP. E GP truyn t thng tin gia cc h thng t tr (autonomous systems), v c m t chi tit trong RFC904. Nhm EGP gm 5 i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy tr nhng thng k bn tin lin quan ti EGP. Bng egpNeighTable ch a thng tin EGP ln cn. ix, Nhm CMOT {1.3.6.1.2.1.9} Trong qu trnh pht trin ca Khung cng vic qun l mng Internet (Internet Network Management Framework), c lc c gng s dng SNMP lm mt bc chuyn tip trong hon cnh thc bch c chun qun l mng, v to Giao thc thng tin qun l chung (CMIP) trn nn TCP/IP (CMOT) gii php di hn OSIcompliant. Kt qu l, nhm CMOT c t trong MIB -II. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim cho thy l SNMP khng phi l gii php chuyn tip, v giao thc qun l mng lin quan ti OSI ch yu cu cc MIB. V vy, khng chc chn l bn s gp nhm OIM trong bt k thit b qun l hoc agent SNMP thng mi no trn th trng. Tuy nhin, nhm CMOT c gi ch {1.3.6.1.2.1.9 } trong MIB -II. RFC 1214 chi tit ha cy con ny, c t OSI Internet Management (OIM) MIB. Hin ti, RFC 1214 c xp loi l giao thc lch s.
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x, Nhm truyn dn { 1.3.6.1.2.1.10} Nhm truyn dn cha cc i tng lin quan n vic truyn dn d liu. RFC 1213 khng nh ngha nhng i tng ny r rng. Tuy nhin, ti liu ny cho bit l nhng i tng truyn dn ny s nm trong cy con thc nghim {1.3.6.1.3} ch o ti khi chng c s dng trong nhm qun l. xi, Nhm qun l mng n gin SNMP Nhm SNMP cung cp thng tin v cc i tng SNMP. C tng cng 30 i tng v hng trong nhm ny, bao gm nhng thng k bn tin SNMP, s lng i tng MIB khi phc (retrieved) v s lng by SNMP gi. By nhn thc: Khi mt trm c cu hnh ng, n cho php m mt nhn dng i tng by nhn thc cc i tng bn tin truy nhp. Cc bn tin truy nhp bt hp php s b ngn nga ti cc giao din. Trong mt s trng hp, by nhn thc to ra mt s lng ln lu lng thng tin iu khin gia cc nh iu hn h mng. m lu lng n: SNMP gm 17 nhn dng i tng m lu lng n, trong m t cc s lng bn tin SNMP, hin th iu kin li , tng kt cc cu lnh c x l v chp nhn bi Agent v hin th s lng by c chp nhn v x l. m lu lng i: Tng t nh m lu lng n, nhm SNMP gm 10 nhn dng i tng c s dng gim st lu lng i khi thit b. Cc i tng chia thnh hai nhm con: Nhm con m lu lng v nhm con m li. Cc i tng ny cung cp thng tin v s lng bn tin i, o lu lng cho cc kiu iu kin li khc nhau v lu lng bn tin ra theo kiu.
Tng kt chng 2
Trong chng 2 i su vo vn c s thng tin qun l MIB, l mt trong nhng kha cnh k thut quan trng nht trong qu trnh qun l mng IP. Cu trc thng tin qun l hnh cy phn cp l tiu chun quc t cho cc loi hnh qun l mng c cp vi cc phn nhm v chc nng c th. Cc m t i tng chi tit hn c cp trong ph lc A1, A2 ca ti liu n y.
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CHNG 3
GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Trong chng 3 s trnh by cc vn c th ca m hnh c s thng tin qun l MIB, cu trc phn cp tiu chun ca thng tin qun l h thng . M t cc i tng qun l thng qua cc nhn dng i tng v cc nguyn tc c bn truy nhp c s thng tin qun l. Trn c s cu trc phn cp, cc nhm i tng c bn v ngha ca c cu nhm s c trnh by nhm gip ngi c nhn thc r v cc i tng c th hin trong MIB. Ni dung chng ny bao gm: Lch s pht trin giao thc SNMP Cc c tnh giao thc SNMPv2 v SNMPv3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca SNMPv2 v SNMPv3 ng dng thc tin ca giao thc SNMPv3
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2.1 LCH S PHT TRIN GIAO THC SNMP

Vo u nm 1988, T chc kin trc Internet IAB (Internet Architecture Board) nhn thy s cn thit ca b cng c qun l cho TCP/IP ra i FRC 1052. RFC 1052 l cc yu cu tiu chun ho qun l mng v tp trung vo cc vn qun l mng phi thc hin: m bo tnh m rng m bo tnh a dng pht trin m bo tnh a dng trong qun l Bao trm nhiu lp giao thc
Da trn tng ca giao thc iu khin cng n gin SGMP (Simple Gateway Protocol) mt s RFC tip tc c ra i trong nm 1988. RFC 1065 - Cu trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho TCP/IP da trn internet. RFC 1066- C s thng tin qun l cho qun l mng TCP/IP. RFC 1067 Giao thc qun l mng n gin .
Vo nm 1991, Phin bn SNMP V1 c vit li t RFC 1067 v b sung thm mt s cc chc nng g m cc RFC sau: RFC 1155 Cu trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho TCP/IP da trn Internet. Cu trc v hng dn nhn dng thng tin thng tin qun l cho cc tn i tng. M t thng tin qun l theo cu trc hnh cy. t ra mt s hn ch cho php giao thc n gin. a cc lut ng k tn cho cc i tng nh ngha c s thng tin qun l v hon thin cc nh ngha ca 1155. C s thng tin qun l cho qun l mng ca TCP/IP MIB-II. Lit k cc bin s dng trong m hnh q un l mng, trng thi ca cc h thng iu hnh mng. nh ngha cc bn tin c th trao i gia h thng qun l vi cc thc th b qun l c hoc cp nht gi tr. nh ngha bn tin TRAP c gi i t h thng.
RFC 1212 RFC 1213
RFC 1157
nh ngha khun dng bn tin v chi tit giao thc truyn thng. Cc nhm lm vic khc cng pht trin v m rng cc giao thc h tr MIB cho
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CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP
cc kiu thit b mng ( Cu ni, chuyn mch, b nh tuyn, cc giao din WAN, DS1,DS3..) v cc giao thc qun l ring ca nh cu ng cp thit b. Thng 4 nm 1993, SNMPv2 tr thnh tiu chun qun l mng n gin thay th SNMP v1. SNMPv2 b sung mt s vn m SNMPv1 cn thiu nh nhn thc v bo mt. Tuy nhin, SNMPv2 kh phc tp v kh tng thch vi SNMPv1. Nm 1997, SNMPv3 ra i nhm tng thch vi cc giao thc a phng tin trong qun l mng, pht trin trn nn java v a ra kin trc v giao thc mi nh giao thc qun l a phng tin HMMP (Hypermedia Management Protocol). Thng 4 nm 1999 v thng 12 nm 2002, nhng ci tin, b sung nhm lm hon thin hn SNMPv3 c trnh by trong cc ti liu RFC2570 -RFC2576 (nm 1999) v RFC3410-RFC3418 (nm 2002). Cc ti liu t RFC3410 n RFC3418 trnh by mt cch chi tit v y nht v SNMPv3, c s thng tin qu n tr SNMPv3, cu trc thng tin qun tr SNMPv3, s tng thch gia SNMPv1, SNMPv2, SNMPv2c v SNMPv3... Mc ch chnh ca SNMPv3 l h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th d dng m rng. Theo cch ny, nu cc giao thc bo mt mi c m rng c hng c th c h tr bi SNMPv3 bng cc nh ngha nh l cc module ring. C s thng tin qun tr v cc dng bn tin s dng trong SNMPv3 cng hon ton tng t trong SNMPv2. H thng qun l mng da trn SNMP gm ba thnh phn: b phn qun l (manager), i l (agent) v c s d liu gi l C s thng tin qun l (MIB). Mc d SNMP l mt giao thc qun l vic chuyn giao thng tin gia ba thc th trn, song n cng nh ngha mi quan h client-server (ch t). y, nhng chng trnh client l b phn qun l, trong khi client thc hin cc thit b t xa c th c coi l server. Khi , c s d liu do agent SNMP qun l l i din cho MIP ca SNMP. Hnh 3 .1 minh ha mi quan h gia ba thnh phn SNMP ny. i, B phn qun l (manager) B phn qun l l mt chng trnh vn hnh trn mt hoc nhiu my tnh trm. Ty thuc vo cu hnh, mi b phn qun l c th c dng qun l mt mng con, hoc nhiu b phn qun l c th c dng qun l cng mt mng con hay mt mng chung. Tng tc thc s gia mt ngi s dng cui (end -user) v b phn qun l c duy tr qua vic s dng mt hoc nhiu chng trnh ng dng m, cng vi b phn qun l, bin mt bng phn cng thnh Trm qun l mng (NMS). Ngy nay, trong thi k cc chng trnh giao din ngi s dng ha (GUI), hu ht nhng chng trnh ng dng cung cp mi trng ca s ch v click chut, thc hin lin vn hnh vi b phn qun l to ra nhng bn ha v biu cung cp nhng tng kt hot ng ca mng di dng thy c. Qua b phn qun l, nhng yu cu c chuyn ti mt hoc nhiu thit b chu s qun l. Ban u SNMP c pht trin s dng trn mng TCP/IP v nhng
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mng ny tip tc lm mng vn chuyn cho phn ln cc sn phm qun l mng da trn SNMP. Tuy nhin SNMP cng c th c chuyn qua NetWare IPX v nhng c cu vn chuyn khc.
Hnh 3.1 Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn SNMP ii, Agent Thit b chu s qun l l mt nt mng h tr giao thc SNMP v thuc v mng b qun l. Thit b c nhim v thu thp thng tin qun l v lu tr phc v cho h thng qun l mng. Nhng thit b chu s qun l, i khi c gi nhng phn t mng, c th l nhng b nh tuy n v my ch truy nhp-Access Server, nhng switch v nhng bridge, nhng hub, my tnh hay l nhng my in trong mng. Mi thit b chu s qun l bao gm phn mm hoc phn sn (firmware) di dng m phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP v p ng ca nhng yu cu . Phn mm hoc phn sn ny c coi l mt agent. Mc d mi thit b bt buc bao gm mt agent chu qun l trc tip, nhng thit b tng thch khng theo SNMP cng c th qun l c nu nh chng h tr mt giao thc qun l c quyn. thc hin c iu ny, bn phi ginh c mt agent y nhim (proxy agent). Proxy agent ny c th c xt nh mt b chuyn i giao thc v n phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP thnh giao thc qun l c quyn ca thit b khng hot ng theo giao t hc SNMP. Mc d SNMP ch yu l giao thc p ng thm d (poll -respond) vi nhng yu cu do b phn qun l to ra dn n nhng p ng trong agent, agent cng c kh nng xng ra mt p ng t nguyn. p ng t nguyn ny l iu kin cnh bo t vic gim st agent vi hot ng c nh ngha trc v ch ra rng ti ngng nh trc. Di s iu khin SNMP, vic truyn cnh bo ny c coi l ci by (trap).
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iii, C s thng tin qun l - MIB Mi thit b chu s qun l c th c cu hnh, trng thi v thng tin thng k rt a dng, nh ngha chc nng v kh nng vn hnh ca thit b. Thng tin ny c th bao gm vic thit lp chuyn mch phn cng, nhng gi tr khc nhau lu tr trong cc bng ghi nh d liu, b h s hoc cc trng thng tin trong h s lu tr cc file v nhng bin hoc thnh phn d liu tng t. Nhn chung, nhng thnh phn d liu ny c coi l C s thng tin qun l ca thit b chu s qun l. Xt ring, mi thnh phn d liu bin i c coi l mt i tng b qun l v bao gm tn, mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh, v mt tp cc hat ng (operation) thc hin trn i tng . V vy MIB nh ngha loi thng tin c th khi phc t mt thit b chu s qun l v nhng b tr (settings) thit b m bn c th iu khin t h thng qun l. iv, M hnh giao thc SNMP SNMP s dng cc dch v chuyn ti d liu c cung cp bi cc giao thc UDP/IP. Mt ng dng ca Manager phi nhn dng c Agent cn thng tin vi n. Mt ng dng ca Agent c nhn dng bi a ch IP ca n v mt cng UDP. Mt ng dng Manager ng gi yu cu SNMP trong mt UDP/IP, UDP/IP cha m nhn dng cng ngun, a ch IP ch v m nhn dng cng UDP ca n. Khung UDP s c gi i thng qua thc th IP ti h thng c qun l, ti khung UDP s c phn phi bi thc th UDP ti Agent. Tng t cc bn tin TRAP phi c nhn dng bi cc Manager. Cc bn tin s dng a ch IP v m nhn dng cng UDP ca Manager SNMP. SNMP s dng 3 lnh c bn l Read, Write, Trap v mt s lnh ty bin qun l thit b. Lnh Read: c SNMP dng c thng tin t thit b. Cc thng tin ny c cung cp qua cc bin SNMP lu tr trn thit b v c cp nht bi thit b. Lnh Write: c SNMP dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b bng cch thay i gi tr cc bin SNMP. Lnh Trap: Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP. Mi khi c mt s kin xy ra trn thit b mt lnh Trap s c gi ti NMS.
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Trm qun tr SNMP SNMP Agent
Cc ti nguyn c qun tr ng dng qun tr ng dng qun tr cc i tng Cc i tng c SNMP qun tr
GetNextRequest
GetRequest GetNextRequest SetRequest
GetReponse
GetRequest
SetRequest
SNMP Manager UDP IP Cc giao thc ph thuc mng Mng hoc Internet Cc thng bo SNMP
SNMP Agent UDP IP Cc giao thc ph thuc mng
Hnh 3.2 M hnh giao thc hot ng SNMP SNMP iu khin, theo di thit b bng cch thay i hoc thu thp thng tin qua cc bin gi tr lu trn thit b. Cc Agent ci t trn thit b tng tc vi nhng chip iu khin h tr SNMP ly ni dung hoc vit li ni dung.
3.2 CC C TNH GIAO THC SNMPv2 V SNMPv3

3.2.1 Cc c tnh c bn ca giao thc SNMPV2 SNMPv2 tch hp kh nng lin iu hnh t manager ti manager v hai n v d liu giao thc mi. Kh nng lin kt iu hnh manager-manager cho php SNMP h tr qun l mng phn tn trong mt trm v gi bo co ti mt trm khc. h tr tng tc tt nht, SNMPv2 thm cc nhm cnh bo v s kin vo trong c s thng tin qun l MIB. Nhm cnh bo cho php t ngng thit lp cho cc bn tin cnh bo. Nhm s kin c a ra khi thng tin Trap xc nh cc gi tr phn t MIB. Hai n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) l GetbulkRequest v InformRequest. Cc PDU ny lin quan ti x l li v kh nng m ca SNMPv2. X l li trong SNMPv2 i km vi cc i tng yu cu cho php trm qun l lp trnh t cc phng php khi phc hoc dng truyn bn tin. Kh nng m trong SNMPv2 s dng b m 64 bit (hoc 32) duy tr trng thi ca cc lin kt v giao din. i, Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2 Cc bn tin trao i trong SNMPv2 cha cc n v d l iu giao thc PDU . Cu trc chung cc bn tin ny gm cc trng nh hnh v 3.3 . Trng phin bn th hin phin bn ca giao thc SNMPv2. Trng Community l mt chui xc nhn pasword cho c tin trnh ly v thay
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GetReponse Trap
Trap
i d liu. SNMP PDU cha iu hnh gm: kiu iu hnh (get, set), yu cu p ng (cng s th t vi bn tin gi i) n cho php ngi iu hnh gi nhiu bn tin ng thi. Bin ghp gm cc thit b c c t trong RFC 2358 v cha c gi tr t ti i tng. Trng n v d liu giao thc gm c cc trng con: Kiu n v d liu giao thc, nhn dng cc yu cu, trng thi li, ch s li, cc gi tr v i tng. SNMPv2 Message Version Community SNMPv2 PDU
PDU Type
Request ID
Error Status Error Index or Or Non-Rptr Max-Reps
Object1, Value1
Object2, Value2 Variable Bindings
.....
Hnh 3.3 Cu trc dng bn tin SNMPv2 Cc kiu n v d liu giao thc PDU th hin cc bn tin s dng trong SNMPv2 gm c: GetRequest Cu lnh GetRequest c s dng gia Manager ti Agent. Cu lnh ny c s dng c bin MIB n hoc danh sch cc bin MIB t cc Agent ch. GetRequest yu cu s dng hai a ch, a ch u l a ch ca manger hoc agent, a ch th hai th hin v tr ca bin hoc i tng. Cy cu trc MIB trnh by trong chng 2 nh ngha cc a ch ca bin MIB. GetNextRequest Cu lnh GetNextRequest tng t nh cu lnh GetRequest, tuy nhin tu thuc vo agent trong khon mc k tip ca MIB. Cc bin c lu trong thit b v c coi nh i tng b qun l. V vy, cu lnh GetNextRequest m rng cc bin v c c theo tun t. SetRequest Cu lnh SetRequest l cu lnh c gi i t manger ti Agent nh hai cu lnh trn. SetRequest tm kim cc thng tin m rng trong bng MIB v yu cu Agent t gi tr cho cc i tng qun l hoc cc i tng cha trong cu lnh. S thnh cng ca cu lnh ny ph thuc vo mt s yu t gm s tn ti ca cc i tng b qun l v cc phng thc truy nhp. GetResponse
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Cu lnh GetResponse l cu lnh t Agent ti Manager. Cu lnh ny cung cp c ch p ng cho cc cu lnh GetRequest, GetNextRequest v SetRequest. Cc thng tin trong cu lnh GetResponse gm mt s trng chc nng cho php p ng cc cu lnh nhn trc . Trap Trap l cu lnh c lp, khng ph thuc vo p ng hoc yu cu t cc trm qun l hoc cc Agent. Trap a ra cc thng tin lin quan ti cc iu kin c nh ngha trc v c gi t cc Agent ti Manager. GetBulkRequest Chc nng ca cu lnh GetBulkRequest tng t nh cu ln h GetNextRequest ngoi tr mt vn lin quan ti s lng d liu c ly ra. GetBulkRequest cho php Agent gi li manager cc d liu lin quan ti cc gi tr ln thay v tng i tng b qun l. Nh vy, GetBulkRequest c th gim bt lu lng t ruyn dn v cc bn tin p ng thng bo v cc iu kin vi phm. InformRequest Cu lnh InformRequest cung cp kh nng h tr cc trm manger c b tr phn cp.Cu lnh ny cho php mt trm qun l trao i thng tin vi cc trmg qun l khc. Cc cnh bo v s kin c gi i trong cu lnh InformRequest pht hin v khi to li cc tuyn truyn bn tin. Mt trm qun l c th thng tin ti cc trm qun l ln cn bit cc iu kin quan trng trong vng qun l. Cc cu lnh c th hi n trong trng PDU Type, cc gi tr th hin nh sau: Bng 3.1 Cu lnh v gi tr trong trng PDU Cu lnh GetRequest GetNextRequest Response SetRequest GetBulkRequest InformRequest SNMPv2-Trap Report Gi tr trong trng PDU 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Trng nhn dng yu cu cho php SNMP gi v nhn ng thi nhiu bn tin, phn bit cc bn tin thng qua cc ch s nhn dng. Trng error-status c s dng trong cc dng bn tin nh trong bng 3 .2 sau:
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Bng 3.2 S dng trng trng thi li trong cc bn tin bn tin SNMPv2 Error noError tooBig noSuchName1 badValue1 readOnly1 genErr noAccess wrongType wrongLength wrongEncoding wrongValue noCreation inconsistentValue resourceUnavailable commitFailed undoFailed authorizationError notWritable inconsistentName x2 x2 x2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x2 x x x2 Get x x GetNext x x GetBulk x Set x x Inform x x
Vi 1: Khng c s dng bi i tng SNMPv2 (ch c nng lc u quyn). Dng tng thch vi SNMPv1. Vi 2: Khng s dng n trong SNMPv2 ch tng thch vi SNMPv1 Trng error-index: Khi trng error-status khc 0, gi tr error-index th hin bin (i tng) trong danh sch lin kt bin gy ra li. Bin u tin trong danh sch c ch mc l 1. Bin th hai l 2 Trng cc bin lin kt: Trng ny cho php mt ton t n c p dng trong mt nhm phin bn i tng. N bao gm mt chui cc cp, phn t u tin l nhn dng i tng v thnh phn th hai l mt trong s sau: value: gi tr lin quan vi mi phin bn i tng; c m t trong mt
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PDU yu cu. unspecified: gi tr NULL khi s dng trong yu cu ly thng tin. noSuchObjecbn tin: th hin mt Agent khng th thc hin vi i tng c tham chiu bi nhn dng i tng . noSuchInstance: phin bn i tng khng tn ti cho ton t ny. endOfMibView: th hin mt c gng tham chiu n mt nhn dng i tng bn ngoi phn cui ca MIB ti Agent.
ii, C s thng tin qun l MIB trong SNMPv2. MIB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t SNMpv2. MIB ny gm 3 nhm: Nhm h thng (System group): l mt m rng ca nhm system trong MIBII gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn ca n. Nhm SNMP (SNMP group): mt ci tin ca nhm snmp trong MIB-II gc, bao gm cc i tng cung cp cc cng c c bn cho hot ng giao thc. Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group): mt tp hp cc i tng lin quan n cc SNMPV2-Trap PDU v cho php mt vi phn t SNMP 2 cng hot ng, thc hin nh trm qun tr, phi hp vic s dng ca chng trong ton t Set ca SNMPv2.
Nhm h thng: Nhm system nh ngha trong SNMPv2 ging trong MIB-II v b sung mt vi i tng mi. Cc i tng mi ny c tn bt u bng sysOR, chng lin quan n ti nguyn h thng v c s dng bi mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn m vic iu khin chng tu thuc vo cu hnh ng bi mt qun tr. Nhm SNMP: Nhm ny gn ging nh nhm SNMP c nh ngha trong MIBII nhng c thm mt s i tng mi v loi b mt s i tng ban u. Nhm snmp cha mt vi thng tin lu lng c bn lin quan n ton t SNMPv2 v ch c mt trong cc i tng l b m ch c 32-bit. Nhm cc i tng MIB: Nhm cc i tng MIB cha cc i tng thch hp thm vo vic iu khin cc i tng MIB. Phn u ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpTrap, bao gm hai i tng lin quan n Trap: snmpTrapOID: l nhn dng i tng ca Trap hoc thng bo c gi hin thi. Gi tr ca i tng ny xut hin nh mt varbind th hai trong mi SNMPv2-Trap PDU v InformRequest PDU. snmpTrapEnterprise: l nhn dng i tng ca t chc lin quan n Trap c gi hin thi. Khi mt Agent u quyn SNMPv2 nh x mt Trap PDU sang mt SNMPv2-Trap PDU, bin ny xut hin nh mt varbind cui cng.
Phn th hai ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpSet, bao gm mt i tng

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n snmpSerialNo. i tng ny c s dng gii quyt hai vn c th xut hin khi s dng ton t Set: Th nht l mt qun tr c th s dng nhiu ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB. Cc ton t ny cn thc hin theo mt trt t c a ra thm ch khi chng c truyn khng theo th t. Th hai l vic s dng ng thi cc ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB bi nhiu qun tr c th gy ra mt s mu thun hoc c s d liu sai. i tng snmpSet c s dng theo cch sau: Khi mt qun tr mun t mt hay nhiu gi tr i tng trong mt Agent, u tin n nhn gi tr ca i tng snmpSet. Sau n gi SetRequest PDU c danh sch bin lin kt bao gm c i tng snmpSet vi gi tr nhn c ca n. Nu nhiu qun tr gi cc setRequestPDU s dng cng mt gi tr ca snmpSet, ci n Agent trc s c thc hin (gi s khng c li) kt qu lm tng snmpSet; cc ton t set cn li s b li v khng ph hp vi gi tr snmpSet. Hn na, nu mt qun tr mun gi mt chui cc ton t set v m bo rng chng c thc hin theo mt trt t nht nh th i tng snmpSet phi c gp vo trong mi ton t. 3.2.2 Cc c tnh c bn ca giao thc SNMPv3 SNMPv3 da trn vic thc hin giao thc, loi d liu v u quyn nh SNMPv2 v ci tin phn an ton. SNMPv3 cung cp an ton truy cp cc thit b bng cch kt hp s xc nhn v m ho cc gi tin trn mng. Nhng c im bo mt cung cp trong SNMPv3 l: Tnh ton vn thng bo : m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khi truyn. S xc nhn: Xc nhn ngun ca thng bo gi n. M ho: o ni dung ca gi tin ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun khng c xc nhn.
SNMPv3 cung cp c m hnh an ton v cc mc an ton. M hnh an ton l thc hin vic xc nhn c thit lp cho ngi s dng v nhm cc ngi s dng hin c. Mc an ton l mc bo m an ton trong m hnh an ton. S kt hp ca m hnh an ton v mc an ton s xc nh c ch an ton khi gi mt gi tin. Tuy nhin vic s dng SNMPv3 rt phc tp v cng knh. Tuy y l s la chn tt nht cho vn bo mt ca mng. Nhng vic s dng s tn rt nhiu ti nguyn do trong mi bn tin truyn i s c phn m ha BER. N s chim mt phn bng thng ng truyn do lm tng ph tn mng. Mc d c coi l phin bn ngh cui cng v c coi l y nht nhng SNMPv3 vn ch l tiu chun d tho v vn ang c nghin cu hon thin. Kin trc thc th SNMPv3 (FRC257) c th hin trn hnh 3.4 gm c cu SNMP v cc ng dng.
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Hnh 3.4 Kin trc thc th ca SNMPv3 Cc thnh phn ca c cu SNMPv3 gm c: iu phi (Dispatcher). Phn h x l bn tin (Message Processing Subsystem). Phn h bo mt (Security Subsystem). Phn h iu khin truy nhp (Access Control Subsystem).
Phn h iu phi bn tin x l bn tin gi v nhn, khi n nhn c bn tin n s xc nhn phin bn ca SNMP v gi bn tin ti phn h x l bn ti n tng ng. Phn h x l bn tin chia thnh 3 module nh sau:
Hnh 3.5 Phn h x l bn tin Module SNMPv3 tch phn d liu ca bn tin gi ti phn h bo mt gii nn v nhn thc. Phn h bo mt cng c nhim v nn d liu. Cu trc module ca phn h bo mt nh sau:
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Hnh 3.6 Cu trc module ca phn h bo mt SNMPv3 tng thch hon ton vi SNMPv1 v SNMPv2, n gm m hnh bo mt da trn ng i dng v m hnh bo mt chung x l SNMPv1, SNMPv2. Cu trc module n gin khi thm vo cc module bo mt dng khc trong qu trnh pht trin. Khi s liu tch ra khi PDU v c gi ti ng dng thch hp qua phn h iu khin truy nhp. Phn h iu khin truy nhp chu trch nhim xc nh i tng b qun l v cch thc truy nhp ti n. Hin nay ch c mt m h nh iu khin truy nhp nhng n c th m rng trong tng lai.
Hnh 3.7 Cu trc phn h iu khin truy nhp M hnh iu khin truy nhp c th nhn thy ( RFC 2575) quyt nh ngi dng c th truy nhp (c hoc t trng thi) cho i tng qun l. i, Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3 RFC 2572 nh ngha cc khun dng bn tin SNMPv3. Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3 c phn chi trong trong bn khu vc sau: D liu chung (Common data)- Trng ny xut hin trong tt c cc bn tin SNMPv3. Bo mt m hnh d liu (Security model data) - Vng ny c ba mc: mt chung, mt cho s chng thc v mt cho d liu ring. Context Hai trng c dng cung cp context cho PDU no s phi x l. PDU Vng ny cha mt SNMPv2c PDU.
Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3 c th hin trong hnh 3.8 di y:

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Hnh 3.8 Khun dng bn tin SNMPv3 MessageVersion Trng u tin trong bn tin l trng phin bn SNMP.Trng ny cung cp tnh tng thch vi cc phin bn khc nhau. Gi tr 3 trong trng ny ch bo mt bn tin SNMPv3. Gi tr 2 ch bo SNMPv2 v gi tr 1 ch bo SNMPv1. MessageID Nhn dng bn tin MessageID l mt s c s dng gia hai thc th cho bn tin tng quan. n v d liu giao thc PDU cha trng nhn dng yu cu v c s dng nhn dng trong SNMPv1 v SNMPv2c, nhng t SNMPv3 c m ha PDUs, message ID u nm bn trong tiu . MaxMessageSize Kch thc bn tin ln nht MaxMessageSize l kch thc ln nht ca bn tin c h tr bi ngi gi bn tin. y l gi kch thc ln nht giao thc vn chuyn c th mang m k hng cn s dng s phn on. Bn pha thu s dng gi tr MaxMessageSize bo m s tr li ca n vn nm trong phm vi kch thc cho php. MessageFlags C nh du bn tin MessageFlags c di 1 byte, xc nh s thit lp chng thc v t ring cho bn tin. N cng thng bo khi bn tin yu cu mt s p li t pha my thu. C ba bit c s dng khi vic m ha khng thnh cng. Khng c chng thc v khng c s ring l (gi tr bit 000). Chng thc v khng c s ring l (gi tr bit 001) . Chng thc v ring l (gi tr bit 011).
C ba trng hp trn u c th t cnh bo ty chn. MessageSecurity Bo mt bn tin MessageSecurity l mt i tng s nguyn c t bo mt cho bn tin. Phm vi ca nhng gi tr h tr nh sau:
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0 c dnh cho any . 1 c dnh cho SNMPv1. 2 c dnh cho SNMPv2c. 3 c dnh cho USM.
4-555 c dnh cho nhng m hnh bo mt tiu chun khc.
Cc gi tr ngoi 255 c th c dng cho m hnh bo mt tiu chun. Bn thu cng phi dng cng m hnh bo mt khi x l bo mt hot ng. H thng bo mt con iu khin qu trnh x l ny ca bn tin SNMPv3. M hnh bo mt d liu chung Phn chung ca m hnh bo mt d liu bao gm cc trng sau: EngineID: S nhn dng duy nht ca engine SNMPv3. EngineBoots: l s thi gian m engine SNMP bt u up hoc reset gi tr ca usmUserTable cui cng b sa i. EngineTime: S giy m gi tr EngineBoots cui c sa i.
UserName: Tn ca ngi dng. Nhng trng trn i trc cc vng d liu chng thc v ring l. EngineID v UserName c dng to mt ch s trong mt bng gi l usmUserTable. Bng ny lu gi d liu m hnh bo mt cho EngineID v cp ngi dng. M hnh bo mt d liu qua chng thc Hai giao thc chng thc h tr trong SNMPv3 l MD5 v SHA. C hai giao thc cng phc v cho mc ch: xc nhn thng bo SNMPv3. Thut ton MD5 tinh ton 16 byte (128 bit) degest v 12 byte u tin (96 bit) bao gm cc thnh phn ca bn tin bn trong cc trng chng thc. Ngi dng phi chn mt cha kha b mt 16octet dng cho thut ton MD5. Nu ngi dng chn thut ton chng thc SHA th thut ton tnh ton 20 byte (160 bit) digest v mt ln na 12 byte u tin (96 bit) bao gm nhng thnh phn ca bn tin chng thc. Ngi dng phi chn mt cha kha b mt 20-octet dng thut ton SHA. D gii thut no c dng th trng giao thc chng thc l mt chui 12 byte octet c dng nh mt kiu nhn dng chng thc bn tin. Khi mt thc th SNMPv3 (manager) mun gi mt yu c u cho thc th khc (agent) phi dng mt cha kha b mt cho c hai pha. M hnh bo mt d liu qua giao thc ring Trng ca giao thc ring l l chui 18 byte octet dng cho thut ton tiu chun m ha d liu DES (Data Encryption Standard). M h a dng kha 16 byte. 8 octet u tin ca kha b mt 16 octet dng nh kha DES. 8 octet tip theo c dng nh mt vector khi to. C hai dng mt kha ring b mt m ha v gii m bn tin. ii, Cc ng dng ni ti ca SNMPv3 Cc ng dng ni b ny thc hin cng vic nh to ra cc bn tin SNMP, p ng li cc bn tin nhn c, nhn cc bn tin v chuyn tip cc bn tin gia cc phn t. Hin c nm loi ng dng c nh ngha: Cc b to lnh (Command Generator): To ra cc lnh SNMP thu thp hoc thit lp cc d liu qun l.
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Cc b p ng lnh (Command Respoder): Cung cp vic truy cp ti d liu qun l. V d cc lnh Get, GetNext, Get-Bulk v Set PDUs c thc hin bi cc b p ng lnh. Cc b to bn tin (Notification Originator): Khi to Trap hoc Inform. Cc b nhn bn tin (Notification Receiver) Nhn v x l cc bn tin Trap hoc Inform. Cc b chuyn tip u nhim ( Proxy Forwarder): Chuyn tip cc thong bo gia cc phn t SNMP.
3.3 NGUYN TC HOT NG CA SNMPv2 V SNMPv3

3.3.1 Nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc SNMPV2 i, Truyn mt bn tin SNMPv2 Qui tc gi v nhn bn tin ca Manager v Ag ent c th hin trong bng 3.3. Bng 3.3 Quy tc truyn v nhn mt bn tin trong SNMPv2 SNMPv2 PDU GetRequest GetNextRequest Response SetRequest GetBulkRequest InformRequest SNMPv2-Trap x x x x Agent Generate Agent Receive x x Manager Generate x x x x x x x x x Manager Receive
Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau truyn mt PDU cho mt phn t SNMPv2 khc: S dng ASN.1 m t mt PDU. PDU ny c chuyn sang dch v xc nhn cng vi cc a ch ngun v ch ca truyn thng v mt tn truyn thng. Dch v xc nhn sau thc hin nhng bin i bt k theo yu cu cho s trao i ny nh m ho hoc thm m xc nhn v tr li kt qu. Phn t giao thc sau lp nn bn tin, gm trng s hiu phin bn, tn truyn thng vo kt qu ca bc trn. i tng ASN. 1 mi ny sau c m ho s dng BER v gi n dch v giao vn.
ii, Nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2

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Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2: Kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai. Kim tra s hiu phin bn v loi b bn tin nu khng tng hp. Phn t giao thc sau chuyn trn ngi s dng, phn PDU ca bn tin v cc a ch ngun v ch ca bn tin ti dch v xc nhn. Nu xc nhn b sai, dch v xc nhn bn tin cho phn t giao thc SNMPv2 ni to ra Trap v loi b bn tin. Nu xc nhn hon thnh dch v xc nhn tr li mt PDU theo dng ca mt i tng ASN.1. Phn t giao thc thc hin kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai. Ngc li dng truyn thng theo tn, chnh sch truy cp SNMPv2 tng ng s c chn v PDU c x l tip theo.
iii, Cc trng thi thch ng cho SNMPv2 Mc ch ca cc trng thi thch ng l nh ngha mt thng bo dng ch r mc gii hn thp nht c th chp nhn khi thc hin mc thng thng. C 4 macro c nh ngha: Macro OBJECT-GROUP: Macro ny dng ch r mt nhm cc i tng c qun tr c lin quan v l n v c bn ca tnh thch ng. N cung cp mt phng thc cho mt nh sn xut m t tnh thch ng v cp ca n bng cch ch ra nhng nhm no c b sung. Macro OBJECT-GROUP gm cc mnh chnh sau: Mnh OBJECTS: lit k cc i tng trong nhm c gi tr mnh MAX-ACCESS l accessible-for-Notify, read-Only, read-write hoc readcreate. Mnh STATUS: ch ra nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua. Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc. Mnh REFERENCE: dng gp mt tham chiu qui li vo mt nhm c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.
Macro NOTIFICATION-GROUP: c dng nh ngha mt tp hp cc thng bo cho cc mc ch thch ng, gm cc mnh chnh sau: Mnh NOTIFICATIONS: Lit k mi thng bo cha trong nhm thch ng. Mnh STATUS: ch ra khi no nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua. Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc. Mnh REFERENCE: c th c s dng gp mt tham chiu qua li vo mt nhm c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.
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Macro MODULE-COMPLIANCE: Ch ra mt tp nh nht ca cc yu cu lin quan n vic thm mt hay nhiu khi MIB. Cc mnh STATUS, DESCRIPTION, v REFERENCE c ngha tng t nh trong cc macro OBIECTS-GROUP v NONTIFICATION-GROUP. Macro AGENT-CAPABILITIES: Dng cung cp thng tin v cc kh nng c trong mt phn t giao thc Agent SNMPv2. N c s dng m t mc h tr c bit, m mt Agent yu cu, lin quan n mt nhm MIB. V bn cht, cc tnh kh nng th hin cc ci tin hoc bin i nht nh lin quan n cc macro OBJECT-TYPE trong cc khi MIB. 3.3.2 Nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc SNMPv3 i, Gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu Qu trnh gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu gm cc bc sau: To ra cc yu cu ng dng o Nu gi tr messageProcessingModel khng miu t mt m hnh x l bn tin c bit ti t b iu vn th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng n o c x l na. B iu vn to ra sendPduHandle cho qu trnh x l tip theo. o B iu vn bn tin gi yu cu ti module x l bn tin phin bn c trng v c xc nh bi messageProcessingModel o Nu statusInformation biu th li, th gi tr error Indication c tr li cho ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. o Nu statusInformation biu th s chp thun, th sendPduHandle c tr v ng dng v outgoingMessage c gi i. Truyn thng c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress. Qu trnh x l mt bn tin gi i hon tt. ii, Gi mt p ng ti mng Qu trnh gi mt p ng mt bn tin din ra nh sau: To ra mt ng dng cha yu cu s dng B iu vn bn tin s gi yu cu ti m hnh x l bn tin thch hp c nhn bit qua gi tr messageProcessingModel. Khi mt p ng chun b c gi i Nu result l errorIndication th errorIndication s tr li ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. Nu result c chp nhn th outgoingMessage c gi i.Truyn thng c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress.
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iii, Qu trnh iu ph i bn tin ca bn tin SNMP nhn c Gi tr snmpInPkts c tng ln. Nu gi tin khng phn tch c y phin bn ca bn tin SNMP hoc nu phin bn khng c h tr th gi tr snmpInASNParseErrs c tng ln v bn tin nhn c b loi b v khng x l na. Ngun gc ca transportDomain v transportAddress c xc nh. Bn tin chuyn qua m hnh x l bn tin v thnh phn d liu tru tng c tr v bi b iu vn: Nu result l errorIndication khng thch hp th bn tin b hu b v qu trnh x l kt thc. Tip theo, tu vo gi tr ca sendPduHandle l rng hay khng rng ta c hai hng x l tip.
iv, iu phi PDU ca bn tin SNMP nhn c Nu sendPduHandle l rng th bn tin nhn c l mt yu cu hoc mt bn tin. Qu trnh x l nh sau: Gi tr ca contextEngineID v pduType c phi hp quyt nh xem ng dng ng k cho mt bn tin hay mt yu cu. Nu khng c ng dng no c ng k: o snmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. o Mt p ng c chun b to ra o Nu result l thnh cng th bn tin chun b c gi i. Qu trnh x l kt thc. Trng hp cn li: Pdu c x l Gi tr sendpduHandle c xc nh. ng dng ang i p ng ny c xc nh thng quan sendpduHandle. Nu khng c ng dng no i , bn tin b hu b v qu trnh x l kt thc. stateReference c gii phng. nmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. Qu trnh x l kt thc. Nu xut hin ng dng ang i th p ng c tr v. Bn tin n l mt p ng:
3.4 NG DNG THC TIN CA GIAO THC SNMPv3

3.4.1. Mt s vn thc tin qun l mng Cng vi s pht trin a dng ca cc cng ngh mng, cc thch thc i vi h thng qun l mng ngy cng ln nht l i vi cc mng ln, cc kiu lu lng v s tng trng lu lng tip tc tng khng ngng. Vi cc yu cu m bo cht lng dch v trong mi trng a dch v, h thng qun l mng phi c kh nng qun l t u cui ti u cui, gim gi thnh qun l qua cc tho thun cht lng
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dch v SLA (Service Level Agreement), cc h thng qun l mng ca cc nh sn xut thit b v s dng phn mm qun l hiu qu. Di y s phn tch mt s vn ny sinh khi s dng giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP. i, Chuyn cc d liu qun l vo m lnh D liu lin kt v m l cc khi nim tnh ton c bn, n tp trung vo vng qun l mng trn c s cc thc th mng NE (Network Element) chuyn d liu qun l ti trm qun l. Vn chuyn d liu thnh cc m gp mt s vn sau: Cc i tng b qun l nm trn r t nhiu cc Agent Bn sao ca cc i tng qun l nm ti h thng manager
S thay i d liu trn cc Agent s lm thay i d liu bn sao trn manager. C s thng tin qun l MIB cung cp mt h tng qun l v phi d phng cc khng gian nh cho cc thay i ca i tng qun l. Mt khc, s pht trin v phc tp ca NE tng ln khng ngng trong khi qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu t Agent l th tc bt buc ca SNMP, v vy vic chuyn cc d liu thnh m nh th no l mt vn thch thc ca h thng qun l mng. Hn na, h thng qun l c nn i hi tt c d liu agent hay khng? Trong thc t, iu ny ch chp nhn c trn nhng mng nh nhng khng th thc hin c trn cc mng ln. Khi NEs tr thnh phc tp hn th g nh nng li t ln h thng qun l. ii, S tng trng ca MIB Cc bng c s thng tin qun l lu tr cc tham s ca i tng qun l, khi s lng NE ln ng ngha vi vic m rng bng MIB. S phc tp gia tng khi nhiu nh cung cp cung cp nhng module MIB cho NEs ca h theo dng file vn bn. Nhng file ny c th hp nht vo trong mt h thng mng qun l NMS v dng phi hp vi b duyt MIB. MIB cha nh ngha i tng qun l v dng dn xut m hnh c s d liu cho NMS. M hnh c s d liu NMS cha s lng ln cc bng v d mt bng ct gi nhng ng dn chi tit, bng khc cho cc mch o,v..v. H thng qun l mng NMS theo di v sa i nhng gi tr ca NE, qun l nhng i tng v lu gi n trong c s d liu c a mnh. Vic tch hp cc h thng thit b thnh cc phn t mng ln cng em li mt s kh khn trong h thng qun l mng, v cc chc nng c tch hp rt kh qun l ng thi cc h thng qun l phi h tr rt nhiu tng tc trong FCAPS. iii, phc tp trong trin khai Vic xy dng h thng qun l cho nhng thit b mng hin nay v trong tng lai ngy cng gp nhiu kh khn (iu ny l ng vi vic pht trin thit b ca nhng cng ngh mi nh MPLS hay Ethernet Gigabit l vic thm vo hoc k tha NEs lp 2). Mt s nh cung cp c nhng nhm c tch ring dnh cho NE v vic pht trin h thng qun l nn cn c s truyn thng gia nhng nhm ny. Ngoi ra
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vic thit lp cc k nng yu cu ca ngi pht trin phn mm NMS a ng tng v bao gm: Vic pht trin v lm m hnh hng i tng s dng UML ( Unified Modeling Language) cho vic gi nhng yu cu, nh ngha cc hot ng v cc trng hp s dng sp xp chng vo trong nhng lp phn mm. Pht trin cc phn mm qun l trn Java/C++. Phn mm Server a x l FCAPS. c bit h tr cho vic pht trin cc c tnh nh ATM/MPLS. C s d liu ca vic thit k/nng cp ph hp vi MIB ti gin c s d liu qua nhiu phin bn phn mm NMS/NE. Cng ngh lp 2 nh ATM, FR v Gigabit Ethernet. Cng ngh k tha nh thoi qua TDM v X.25. Kh nng pht trin m hnh v thnh phn phn mm chung, h thng qun l c th giu nhiu chi tit nm bn di ca hot ng mng. Thit k Client/server. Qun l vic thit k i tng, giai on lm m hnh ca h thng qun l. Vic thit k MIB cn c i tng mi bn trong thit b qun l h tr h thng qun l.
S di tr chung ti c s h tng lp 3 l mt l do khc cho vic m rng gia nhng k nng pht trin sn c v cc c tnh sn phm yu cu. y l mt cch tip cn khc cho vic pht trin h thng qun l thng qua: Tp gii php tiu chun. Phn tn v gii quyt cc vn pht sinh. X l thng tin thng k. Bao qut nhng chu trnh pht trin ng n. Ti gin vic thay i m. Tng kh nng kim tra.
3.4.2 Qun l mng MPLS vi SNMPv3 i, i tng qun l trong mng MPLS Trong mt s nm gn y, cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS c pht trin nh mt cng ngh nn tng cho h tng mng thng tin. Trong mc ny ta ln lt tm hiu v cc i tng qun l mng MPLS v thc thi ca SNMP trong mng MPLS. i tng nh tuyn hin (ERO) Mt ERO l mt danh sch cc a ch lp 3 trong mt vng mng MPLS. Ging nh mt danh sch chuyn tip thit k (DTL) trong ATM. N m t mt danh sch
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cc node MPLS m mt ng hm i qua. Mc ch ca mt ERO l cho php ngi s dng nh r tuyn m mt ng hm a ra. Theo ngha khc, n cho php ngi s dng cng bc mt tuyn. ERO c th hoc k hng r rng hoc chnh xc. i tng nh tuyn r rng nh r tt c cc hop trn ng. Mt ERO lu tr trong mt bng MIB trn node khi u, v c th c s dng bi nhiu hn mt ng hm khi u trn node MPLS . Cc ERO khng s dng trong phng php cu hnh bng nhn cng ca cc LSP. Cc ERO s c s dng bi cc giao thc nh tuyn (ging nh RSVP TE) to ra cc ng hm. ng nh r trong ERO c th thc hin c (v d, cc lin kt phi tn ti gia cc node thit k) v b t k s ph thuc no nh cc ti nguyn bng tn. Cc khi ti nguyn MPLS cho php s dnh trc ti nguyn trong mng. iu ny cung cp phng tin cho nh vn hnh mng. Cc khi ti nguyn cung cp mt phng tin cho bn tin v s thit lp bng tn, v sau chng c th thit k cc LSP c trng. Cc thnh phn ca mt khi ti nguyn bao gm: Bng tn thu ln nht Kch c b lu lng ln nht. di gi
Mt LSP c th c mt s kt hp u cui - u cui bng tn. LSP c thit k mang lung lu lng dc theo cc tuyn c trng. ng hm v LSP Cc ng hm MPLS miu t mt kiu xc nh cho cc tuyn ng xuyn qua mng bi cc node vi cu hnh giao din vo (in segment), kt ni cho (cross connect) v giao din ra (out segment). Gi tin MPLS i vo ng hm, i t bn ny sang bn kia mt ng thch hp, v c 3 c im quan trng a ra: Chuyn tip da trn c s tra cu nhn MPLS. Cch i x ti nguyn l c nh, da trn pha thu ti thi gian ca s to kt ni. Cc ng a ra bi lu lng l min cng bi ng chn trong s thun li bi ngi s dng.
Cc ng hm v cc LSP cung cp cch tm cho lu lng vi cc a ch IP ch c trng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn gi cc gi trn cc ng hm c t rng v LSP theo th t tm c a ch IP thch hp. In Segments v out segments (giao din vo- giao din ra) In segment trn mt node MPLS miu t mt im vo lu lng. Out segment m t mt im ra cho lu lng. Hai kiu i tng segment l c s phi hp hp l s dng mt cross connect. Cross connects (u ni cho)
54
Cross connects l i tng kt hp segment vo v ra vi nhau. Node MPLS s dng thit lp cross connect quyt nh cch chuyn mch lu lng gia cc segment. Bng Cross connect h tr cc kiu kt ni di y: im ti im im ti a im a im ti im
K thut lu lng c h tr bi cc phng php nh tuyn cho php thng bo c phn phi tiu s nh tuyn v ti nguyn bng tn lin kt . y l quyt nh cho thit b v to ra nh tuyn hin LSP (nh ng hm). Cc giao thc bo hiu Vic to ra LSP v ng hm c th t c hoc bng iu khin nhn cng (tng t nh cch ATMPVC to ra) hoc thng qua phng php bo hiu. Cc k t ni bo hiu c ti nguyn c thu, cc nhn, phn phi, v cc ng c chn bi cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RSVP TE hoc CR-LDP. ii, Cc tham s cu hnh ca MIB In segments Mt in segment l mt ng vo ca mt on LSP da trn s a ra MPLS NE. y l mt i tng, n iu khin vic lu chuyn cc gi ti mt LSP. Mi mt in segment trn mt node MPLS gm mt thc th tng ng trong bng MIB mplsInsegmentTable. Mt thc th trong bng ny c minh ho trn hnh 3.9 di y. MplsInsegmentEntry : : = SEQUENCE { mplsInterfaceIfindex mplsInterfaceLabel mplsInterfaceNPop mplsInterfaceAddrFamily mplsInterfaceXCIndex mplsInterfaceOwner mplsInterfaceTrafficParamPtr mplsInterfaceRowStatus InterfaceIndexOrZero, - - Index MplsLabel, Integer32, AddressFamilyNumbers, Unsigned32, MplsInitialCreationSource, Rowpointer, RowStatus, - - index
Hnh 3.9 Cc tham s MIB cho In -segments Bng ny c ch mc bi mt s kt hp ca ifindex ca giao din vo v nhn nh cao nht, l mplsInsegmentIfindex v mplsInsegmentLabel. S lng nhn xo c ch th bi gi tr ca mpls insegment Mpop. Nu gi tr ny l 2 sau node xo 2 nhn khi ngn xp mplsInsegmentAddsFamily a ra s a ch quyn hn con s thit k internet (IANA) cho trng hp, IPv 4 c gi tr 1 v Ipv 6 c gi tr 2. Cross connect kt hp vi on ny c cung cp bi mplsInsegmentXCIndex. y l
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QUN L MNG IP
mt ch mc ti mpls XCTable mplsSegment Owner ch th cc thc th n to ra v thuc v bn thn on ny mplsSegmentTraficparamptr ch th thc th trong mplsTraficParamtable rng cha ng cc tiu lu lng cho on ny. Kiu ny l RowStatus v cch ny c th c s dng m t lt na trong phn ny, ni chng ta to ra mt LSP. Cui cng kiu lu tr cho on (segment) c m t bi mplsInsegmentStorageType. Nu i tng ny c gi tr readonly (5), sau mt SetRequuest, khng c kh nng xo hoc chuyn i n . Out segments Mt out segmet l ng ra ca mt segment LSP trn mt MPLS NE a ra. y l iu khin lu chuyn cc gi dc theo cc ng ca LSP. Mi mt out segment trn mt node MPLS c mt thc th tng ng trong bng MIB mplsOutsegmentTable. Mt thc th trong bng ny c minh ho trong hnh 3.10 di y. MplsOutSegmentEntry : : = SEQUENCE mplsOutSegmentIndex mplsOutSegmentIfIndex mplsOutSegmentPushTopLabel mplsOutSegmentTopLabel mplsOutSegmentTopLabel mplsOutSegmentNexHopIPAddr mplsOutSegmentXCIndex mplsOutSegmentOwer mplsOutSegmentTrafficParamPtr mplsOutSegmentRowStatus mplsOutSegmentStorageType { Unsigned32, -- Index InterfaceIndexOrZero, TruthValue, MplsLabel, InetAddressType, InetAdress, Unsigned32, MplsOwner, RowPointer, RowStatus, StorageType }
Hnh 3.10 Cc tham s MIB cho out-segment Cc thc th trong bng out segment c th to ra da trn c s cc gi tr ch mc t i tng mplsOutsegmentIndeXnext. Mt ln na, gi tr ch mc c thu chng ta c th ch nh n ti mplsOutSegmentIfdex. Ch mc giao din ca giao din i ra c cha ng trong mplsOutsegmentIfindex .
mplsOutsegmentPushTopLabel kiu boolean ch th nu mt nhn (gi tr ca

nhn ny c tm trong mplsOutSegementTop label s c y vo ngn xp nhn ca mt gi MPLS i ra. outSegment lin quan n ni s gi mt gi MPLS ra. Kiu ca ch c ch th bi gi tr ca mpls OutSegmentNextHopIpAddrTypre. V c th IPv4 (1) v Ipv6 (2) mplsOutSegment NextHopIpAddr ch ra a ch IP k tip c quyt nh da trn gi tr ca mplsOutSegmentNexdHopIpAddrType. Mpls OutSegmentOwner ch th thc th n to ra v chnh bn thn Segment. Mpls
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OutSegmentTrafficParamPtr ch th thc th tham s lu lng trong mplsTrafficParamTable. Mpls OutSegmentRow Status l trng thi ca i tng tng ng trong bng in segment. Cc ngn xp nhn Mplslabelstacktable ch r ngn xp nhn c y ln trn mt gi. Cc thc th ti bng ny c cp t mplsXCtable (thng qua i tng mplsXClabelStackIndex). Nhn nh cao nht c s dng bi cc MPLS NE cho vn chuyn tip lu lng. Nhn di nhn cao nht c xo b. iu ny rt hu dng khi cch i x nh tuyn c th bc ph thuc vo mt gi a ra. Kiu sp xp c th bc ny c th s dng khi s nh tuyn cc gi i qua mng SP chuyn tip ging nh s ti lin tng i (IXCs). Mplslabelstackentry : :=SEQUENCE { Mpls labelstackindex Mplslabelstacklabelindex Mplslabelstacklabel Mplslabelstackrowstatus mplslabelstackstorageType Unsigned32, mplslabel, rowstatus, storageType } --index Unsigned32, -- secondary index
Hnh 3.11 Cc tham s MIB cha ngn xp nhn mplsLabelStackIndexNext c ly mu a ra ch mc rnh ri k tip trong bng ny. Sau gi tr ny c th thit k cho mplsLabelStackIndex. i tng mplsLabelStackLabelIndex l mt ch mc th hai ch ra v tr trong ngn xp nhn. Mt gi tr nh hn ca mplsLabelStackLabelIndex ch th thc th cao hn trong Stack. MplslabelStackLabel l nhn c y ln pha trn gi. iii, Thc t qun l mng MPLS qua SNMP S ph thuc cc ct trong bng MIB Trong hnh 3.12 i y, chng ta thy mt mng MPLS vi hai ng hm. Mt l s cp, mt l d phng. iu ny c th a ra bi vic to ra hai thc th trong MIB. Hai ng hm c th c nh hnh th chia s nhiu b ti nguyn ging nhau, ging nh bn g tn, hoc chng c th nhn i ti nguyn ng hm s cp di y l ng {LER 1, LSR1, LSR 2, LER2}, trong ng sao lu d phng theo sau { LER1, LSR3, LSR4, LER2}. Trong hnh 4.3 ta c th thy 1 phn trch t bng ng hm mplsTable trong LER 1.
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QUN L MNG IP
Hnh 3.12 ng hm s cp vi trng hp sao lu d phng ng hm s cp c gi tr 1 trong c MPLStunnelIndex v MPLStunnelInstance. Theo mt cch ni khc n l thc th u tin trong MPLStunnelTable v khng c trng hp no khc ca ng hm (VD: n l trng hp ca chnh n) ng hm d phng, c gi tr 1 trong MPLStunnelIndex v 2 trong MPLStunnelInstance. iu ny c ngha l ng hm d phng ng vai tr l thc th th hai trong MPLStunnelTable v l trng hp d phng ca ng hm s cp. Chng ta s nghin cu tng bc cch thc s dng SNMP. To ra tunnnel s cp, chng ta thit lp gi tr cho c MPLStunnelIndex v MPLStunnelInstancemp bng 1. Chng ging nh vic chng ta tm kim ga tr MPLStunnelindexnext (ch th ny nhn). to ra ng hm d phng chng ta phi tra cu MIB (hoc mt c s d liu bn ngoi) cho gi tr ca MPLStunnelIndex l ph hp vi ng hm s cp trong trng hp 1. Sau khi chng ta to ra t hc th khc trong MPLStunnelTable vi MPLStunnelIndex v MPLStunnelInstance gi tr 1 v 2 tch bit ra. V vy gi tr ca MPLStunnelInstance cung cp ch th nn ng hm l 1 trng hp ca ng hm khc. Nu 2 (hoc nhiu hn) hng trong bng ng hm c gi tr ging nhau ca MPLStunnelInstance, sau chng l trng hp ln ca nhau. Nc ng hm c th hnh ng ging nh d phng ca nhau v chng c th np chia s thng tin vo. y l mt v d v s ph thuc ca cc ct, trong gi tr ca mt ct da trn gi tr ca cc ct khc. Trong trng hp h tr (hoc np chia s) cc ng hm, gi tr ca MPLStunnelIndex l gi tr ging v MPLStunnelIndex t dng khc MPLStunnelTable. Hai thc th l khc nhau c qui nh bi gi tr ca MPLStunnelInstance. S ph thuc gp phn to nn s phc tp cho MIB. V d chng ta c th cho php xo ng hm s cp trc khi xa ng hm d phng. iu ny thng khng thc hin c bi v ng hm d phng tn ti ch bo v
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cho ng hm s cp. V vy ch Agent trn LER c hiu lc cho vic ny. Cc gi tr mc nh v cc lp m Cc gi tr mc nh c xc lp thng qua mnh DEFVAL. Gi thit rng chng ta c mt MIB ti c hai ct X v Y v chng c mi quan h vi nhau. Chng ta ni rng X khng mc nh gi tr v c th a ra gi tr 1 v 2 nhng chng ch c gi tr khi Y c mt gi tr khng phi bng rezo. Theo mt ngha khc, nu Y c gi tr 0, sau chng ta khng th thit lp bt c gi tr no cho X. y l mt thit k MIB khng kh quan do vi nguyn nhn : Gi tr X khng c nh ngha nu Y bng 0 SNMP m phn mm iu khin trong NMS phi kim tra gi tr ca Y trc khi thit lp X. Khng thit lp gi tr ca X (VD: Khi Y bng 0 c th a ra vng trong MIB). thnh cc hot ng xuyn lung, kh c th t c bi v d liu vo phi c cng nhn. iu ny xut hin ti giao din ngi s dng. N cng gii thiu cc trng hp c b it cho phn mm NMS.
Kim tra gi tr cho mc ch to ra m SNMP m khng phc tp. N to
Tng kt chng 3
Trong chng 3 trnh by chi tit v cc vn lin quan ti giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP. Lich s pht trin ca giao thc SNMP c trnh by ti phn u ca chng, tip theo l cc c tnh c bn c a giao thc SNMPv2 v SNMPv3. Cc chi tit cu lnh v hot ng iu hnh ca SNMPv2, SNMPv3 c trnh by nhm m t r cc kha cnh hot ng ca giao thc SNMP. Phn cui chng nu ra mt s ng dng thc tin ca SNMP trong mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.
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QUN L MNG IP
PH LC
Ph lc A1. Nhm h thng
sysDescr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString (size(0..255)) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysObjectID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OBJECT IDENTIFIER ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysUptime OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX TimeTicks ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysContact OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString (size(0..255)) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString (size(0..255)) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysLocation OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString (size(0..255)) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysService OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Interger (0..127) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory
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PH LC
Ph lc A2. Nhm giao din

If Table OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQENCE OF IfEntry ACCESS not accessible STATUS mandatory If Entry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX IfEntry ACCESS not accessible STATUS mandatory If Index OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory sysDescr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString (size(0..255)) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER Other(1), regular1822(2) hdhn(3) ddn x25(4), rfc877-x25(5) IfMTU OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfSpeed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfPhysAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX PhysAddress ACCESS read-only
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QUN L MNG IP
STATUS mandatory IfAdminStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER ACCESS read-write STATUS mandatory IflastChange OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX TimeSticks ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfInOctets OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfInUcastPkts OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfInDiscards OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfInErrors OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfInUnknownProtos OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfOutOctets OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfInUcastPkts OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter
62
PH LC
ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfOutDiscards OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfOutErrors OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfOutQLen OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IfOSpecific OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Object Identifier ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory
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QUN L MNG IP
Ph lc A3 Nhm IP
IpForwarding OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Interger (forwarding 1; not forwarding 2) ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpDefaultTTL OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Interger ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpReceiver OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpInHdrErrors OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpInAddErrors OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpForwDatagrams OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpInUnknowProtos OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpInDiscards OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpInDelivers OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter
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PH LC
ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpOutRequests OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpOutDiscards OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpOutNoroutes OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpReasmTimeout OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpReasmReqds OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory IpReasmOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory
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QUN L MNG IP
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] NGN FC books Proceeding, Part II, 2005 [2] Gilbert Held: Managing TCP/IP Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 2000. [3] Douglas Mauro, Kevin Schmidt, Essential SNMP, 2nd Edition, O'Reilly, 2005. [4] Stephen, B.Moris, Network management, MIBs and MPLS, Prentice Hall 2003
66

Quan Ly Mang Ip

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MC LC

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

DANH SCH HNH

DANH SCH HNH

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

DANH SCH BNG

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

1.1 CC YU CU CHUNG CA QUN L MNG

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

1.2 CC PHNG PHP K THUT QUN L MNG

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

1.3 CC M HNH QUN L MNG TIU CHUN

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

H khuyn ngh M.30xx lin tc c b sung, sa i vi mc ch nhm tiu

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG IP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

2.1 CU TRC C S CA THNG TIN QUN L

CHNG 2 - C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

2.2 M T V TRUY NHP THNG TIN QUN L MIB

CHNG 2 - C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB

CHNG 2 - C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB

2.3 CHI TIT V PHN LOI NHM I TNG

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 2 - C S THNG TIN QUN L MIB

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

2.1 LCH S PHT TRIN GIAO THC SNMP

RFC 1212 RFC 1213

CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

GetRequest GetNextRequest SetRequest

SNMP Agent UDP IP Cc giao thc ph thuc mng

3.2 CC C TNH GIAO THC SNMPv2 V SNMPv3

CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Error Status Error Index or Or Non-Rptr Max-Reps

Object2, Value2 Variable Bindings

CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Phn th hai ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpSet, bao gm mt i tng

CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 3 - GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP