1.0 1.

LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION THEORY INTRODUCTION In this lesson, we are going to introduce you to the theory of communication. As a human being, you have to communicate. Communication helps you to relate effectively with other human beings. Human beings depend on their communication skills to help them meet their needs, find happiness and attain personal fulfillment. From the time we are born to the time we die, we get involved in many types of communication. The challenge is to try and communicate as effectively as possible and to build your communication skills so that communication works for you and not against you. Your knowledge of communication theory will help you understand better the different ways of communicating first as a human being and secondly as a university student studying for a degree.

OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define communication. List and explain the elements of communication. Describe representative models of the communication process. Draw your own model of the communication process. List the functions of communication.

1.2 DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION Different people have defined communication variously. Gamble and Gamble (1993) define communication as a desirable or accidental transfer of meaning. The Oxford Dictionary defines communication as the transfer or conveying of meaning. Wilber Schramm defines communication as a mechanism through which human relations exist and develop or sharing of experience on basis of commonness. Communication is more than mere transferring of ideas or thoughts. It is not a static act as some definitions suggest but it is a dynamic process of action and interaction towards a desired goal. Recent definitions look at communication as a process of sharing or exchange of ideas, information, knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more persons through certain signs, symbols and behaviour.

1.3 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION In every act or encounter of communication, there are certain common elements that together help define the communication process. If you understand these elements, they will help you to develop your own communication abilities. Communication involves the following elements:

1.3.1

Source This refers to the communicator or originator of a message. This person is also called the sender. The sender at times becomes the receiver of a message.

1.3.2

Content This refers to place and time communication takes place in some context or setting. The setting or environment influences the way you act towards others or determines the nature of communication encounter you share with them. For example, you can change your posture, manner of speaking or attire due to environment.

1.3.3

Message In every communication, we all send and receive both verbal and non-verbal messages. A message is the content of a communication act.

1.3.4

Channel This refers to the medium of transmission like, voice and radio. Messages may be sent and received through both verbal and non-verbal channels. In effect, we are multi-channel communicators. For effective communication, use more than one channel at any given time.

1.3.5

Receiver One who receives and comprehends the message. communication becomes a source or sender. A receiver at times in

1.3.6

Feedback When we communicate with one or more persons, we also receive information in return. Verbal or non-verbal cues that we perceive in reaction to our communication are feedback. Feedback tells us how we are progressing. Feedback can be positive or negative.

10

1.3.7

Barriers Anything that interferes or distorts our ability to send or receive messages is called a barrier. It could be created by physical state, psychological state, intellectual ability and environment. Barriers to effective communication can therefore be grouped as follows: Physical, for example, size of room, position or location, gestures of speaker in case of verbal communication. Psychological, for example predisposition of receiver, attitude to subject, speaker, race, education level. Intellectual ability level of education, background and knowledge on the subject. Physiological state, for example, sickness, hungry, tired. Linguistic Ability of the receiver of the communication to understand words and expressions used in the communication.

1.4 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION In order to communicate effectively, knowledge of the dynamics underlying the communication process is essential. One way to analyze communication is to present it in the form of a model. A model is a picture of human communication that effectively tells at a glance how it works. A model is defined as an abstracted representation of a reality. A good model comes as close to reality as possible and it discusses and explains the reality as clearly as possible. 1.4.1 The Process of Communication The process of communication comprises a sender who has a message he / she transmits through some means (channel) to a receiver who responds. This process can be explained pictorially in form of a model as below:

SENDER

MESSAGE

CHANNEL

RECEIVER

FEEDBACK

11

Diagram I A simple model of communication process

In the model, it is clear that in a communication process, there has to be a sender whose intention is to communicate a message. What to convey is his / her thinking process, how to communicate the message is his / her choice of right means or channel and whom to convey the message is his / her job to decide. The sender needs to know the receivers response to the message, whether or not it is being received as intended. Then only can the sender proceed further with the next act of communication and in this way it goes on and on.

1.4.2

Osgoods Model

ENCODER INTERPRETER RECODER

INTERPRETER EUCODE

M SOURCE Diagram 2 Osgoods Model RECEIVER

Osgood describes communication as a dynamic process in the above model. A communication event begins with receiving stimuli. Each participant in the communication process sends as well as receives messages and as such encodes, decodes and interprets messages. Communication is thus dynamic because there is an interactive relationship between the source and the receiver, where a person may be a source one moment and a receiver the next and again a source the following moment. This is true in interpersonal communication.

12

1.4.3

Schramms Model

FIELD EXPERIENCE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

SOURCE

ENCODER

SIGNAL

DECODER

DESTINATION

Diagram 3 Schramms Model

Schramm has visualized communication essentially as a process of sharing experience and shaping and reshaping of experience. The circles indicate the accumulated experience of the two individuals communicating. The source can encode and the destination can decode only in terms of experience each has had. If the circles have a large area in common, then communication is easy. If the circles do not meet, there has been no common experience and then communication is impossible.

The three diagrams above have helped illustrate what we mean by communication models.

1.5

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

1.5.1 Understanding And Insight We depend on communication to develop self-awareness. Communication helps us in self-other understanding. In other words, it makes us to have an insight into ourselves and into others. 1.5.2 Meaningful Relationships It is through communication contacts that human beings basic physical and social needs are met. Psychology tells us that you need other people just as you need water, food and shelter. If you are cut from human contact, you become disoriented and maladjusted. Communication offers us the chance to satisfy our needs for inclusion, control and affection. 1.5.3 Influence And Persuasion

13

In every communication, people have ample chances to influence each other subtly and overtly. We spend much time trying to persuade one another to think as we think, do what we do, like what we like.

ACTIVITIES

1. What are the common symbols and signs that we use in interpersonal communication? 2. Identify five contexts in which you get involved in interpersonal communication in a given day. How do you pass message(s) to other(s) in each context? 3. What is a model of the communication process? 4. Draw your own model of the communication process to demonstrate your understanding of communication. 5. Identify an important message you want to communicate to someone within the next few days. Analyze the following: (a) How you will encode the message. (b) What channel(s) you will use to deliver the message. (c) What feedback you might get. (d) How barriers could interfere at different points in the process. 6. What are the functions of communication?

1.6

SUMMARY

In this lesson, we have defined communication as a process of sharing or exchange of ideas, information, knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more persons through certain signs, symbols and behaviour. Communication is a process. The elements in the communication process are source, context, message, channel, receive, feedback and barriers. A model is defined as a pictorial representation of the communication process. Osgoods and Schramms communication models are presented for comparison. Finally, we looked at the functions of communication. 1.7 FURTHER READING

1.

Berlo, David, K. The Process of Communication: An Introduction to 14 Theory and Practice, San Francisco: Reinhart Press, 1960.
th

15