P.

Ewart
The science of light
Lecture notes: On web site
NB outline notes!
Textbooks:
Hecht, Optics
Klein and Furtak, Optics
Lipson, Lipson and Lipson, Optical Physics
Brooker, Modern Classical Optics
Problems: Material for four tutorials plus past
Finals papers A2
Practical Course: Manuscripts and Experience
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Structure of the Course
1. Geometrical Optics
2. Physical Optics (Interference)
Diffraction Theory (Scalar)
Fourier Theory
3. Analysis of light (Interferometers)
Diffraction Gratings
Michelson (Fourier Transform)
Fabry-Perot
4. Polarization of light (Vector)
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Electronics
Optics
Quantum
Electronics
Quantum
Optics
Photonics
10
-7
< T < 10
7
K; e
-
> 10
9
eV; superconductor
Electromagnetism
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Astronomical observatory, Hawaii, 4200m above sea level.
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Multi-segment
Objective mirror,
Keck Obsevatory
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Hubble Space Telescope, HST,
In orbit
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
HST Deep Field
Oldest objects
in the Universe:
13 billion years
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
HST Image: Gravitational lensing
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
SEM Image:
Insect head
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Coherent Light:
Laser physics:
Holography,
Telecommunications
Quantum optics
Quantum computing
Ultra-cold atoms
Laser nuclear ignition
Medical applications
Engineering
Chemistry
Environmental sensing
Metrology etc.!
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
CD/DVD Player: optical tracking assembly
Astronomy and Cosmology
Microscopy
Spectroscopy and Atomic Theory
Quantum Theory
Relativity Theory
Lasers
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Optics in Physics
Geometrical Optics
Ignores wave nature of light
Basic technology for optical instruments
Fermats principle:
Light propagating between two points
follows a path, or paths,
for which the time taken is an extremum
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Ray tracing - revision
axis
Focal point
Focal point
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Simple magnifier
Object
at near point
o
Virtual image
at near point
|
Short focal length
lens
Magnifier:
angular magnification
= |/o
Eyepiece of
Telescopes,
Microscopes etc.
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
P
1
First
Principal
Plane
Back
Focal
Plane
Location of
equivalent thin lens
Thick lens or
compound lens
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
P
2
Second
Principal
Plane
Front
Focal
Plane
Thick lens or
compound lens
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Principal
Plane
Focal
Plane
f
T
Telephoto lens
Equivalent thin lens
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Principal
Plane
Focal
Plane
f
W
Wide angle lens
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
f
O f
E
|
angular magnification = |/o
Astronomical Telescope
= f
o
/f
E
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
angular magnification = |/o
Galilean Telescope
=
f
o
/f
E
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
|
f
o
f
E
angular
magnification
= |/o
Newtonian Telescope
= f
o
/f
E
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
The compound microscope
Objective magnification = v/u
Eyepiece magnifies real image of object
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Image of objective
in eyepiece
Aperture stop
What size to make the lenses?
Eye piece ~ pupil size
Objective: Image in eye-piece ~ pupil size
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
(a) (b)
Field stop
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
ILLUMINATION OF
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
f/no. : focal length
diameter
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Lecture 2: Waves and Diffraction
Interference
Analytical method
Phasor method
Diffraction at 2-D apertures
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
u
t, x
T

Time
or distance
axis
t,z
u
Phase change of 2t
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
dsinu
d
u
r
1
r
2
P
D
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
o
Real
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
u
Phasor diagram
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
o
o/2
u /r
o
u
p
u /r
o
Phasor diagram for 2-slit interference
u
o
r
u
o
r
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
ysinu
+a/2
-a/2
u
r
r
y
+
s
in
u
P
D
y
dy
Diffraction from a single slit
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
-10 -5 0 5 10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2t 3t
t 3t 2t t
sinc
2
(|)
|
Intensity pattern from
diffraction at single slit
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
asinu
+a/2
-a/2
u
r
P
D
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
u=0
u=0
/
R
O
R
R =
P
P
o
Phasors and resultant
at different angles u
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
R
R
P
o/2
o
R sin o/2
Ro
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Phasor arc to
first minimum
Phasor arc to
second minimum
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
y
x
z
|
u
Diffraction from a rectangular aperture
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Intensity
y
x
Diffraction pattern from circular aperture
Point Spread Function
Diffraction from a circular aperture
Diffraction from circular apertures
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Dust
pattern
Diffraction
pattern
Basis of particle sizing instruments
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Lecture 3: Diffraction theory
and wave propagation
Fraunhofer diffraction
Huygens-Fresnel theory of
wave propagation
Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction
integral
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
y
x
z
|
u
Diffraction from a circular aperture
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Fraunhofer Diffraction
How linear is linear?
A diffraction pattern for which the
phase of the light at the
observation point is a
linear function of the position
for all points in the diffracting
aperture is Fraunhofer diffraction
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
R
R
R
R
a
a

diffracting
aperture
source
observing
point
< /20
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Fraunhofer Diffraction
A diffraction pattern formed in the image
plane of an optical system is
Fraunhofer diffraction
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
O
P
A
B
C
f
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
u
v
Equivalent lens
system
Fraunhofer diffraction: in image plane of system
Diffracted
waves
imaged
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
(a)
(b)
O
O
P
P
Equivalent lens system:
Fraunhofer diffraction is independent of aperture position
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Fresnels Theory of wave propagation
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
dS
n
r
P
z
-z
0
Plane wave
surface
Huygens secondary sources on wavefront at -z
radiate to point P on new wavefront at z = 0
unobstructed
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
r
n
q

n
P
Construction of elements of equal area on wavefront
r
n
q

n
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
(q+ /2)
q

t
R
t
First Half Period Zone
(q+/2)
q

t
R
t
Resultant, R
t
, represents amplitude from 1
st
HPZ
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics

t
/2
q
q
P
O
Phase difference of /2
at edge of 1st HPZ
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
As n ainfinity resultant a diameter of 1
st
HPZ
R
t
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction integral
ikr
o
p
e
r
S u i
u ) r n, (
d
q

}
=
}
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Babinets Principle
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Lectures 1 - 3: The story so far
Geometrical optics
No wave effects
Scalar diffraction theory:
Analytical methods
Phasor methods
Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction integral:
propagation of plane waves
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
(1824 1887)
Joseph Fraunhofer
(1787 - 1826)
Augustin Fresnel
(1788 - 1827)
Fresnel-Kirchoff Diffraction Integral
ikr
o
p
e
r
S u i
u ) r n, (
d
q

}
=
}
Phase at observation is
linear function of position
in aperture:
o = ksinu y
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Lecture 4: Fourier methods
Fraunhofer diffraction as a
Fourier transform
Convolution theorem
solving difficult diffraction problems
Useful Fourier transforms
and convolutions
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
ikr
o
p
e r n
r
u i
u ) . (
dS
q

}
=
x e x u A u
x i
p
d ) ( ) (
|
o |
}

=
Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction integral:
Simplifies to:
where | = ksinu
Note: A(|) is the Fourier transform of u(x)
The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is the Fourier transform
of the amplitude function in the diffracting aperture
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
' d ). ' ( ). ' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x x x g x f x g x f x h
}

= =
The Convolution function:
The Convolution Theorem:
The Fourier transform, F.T., of f(x) is F(|)
F.T., of g(x) is G(|)
F.T., of h(x) is H(|)
H(|) = F(|).G(|)
The Fourier transform of a convolution of f and g
is the product of the Fourier transforms of f and g
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
|
Monochromatic
Wave
Fourier
Transform
T
.|
o
= 2t/T
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
x
o
x
|
V(x)
V( ) |
o-function
Fourier transform
Power spectrum
V(|)V(|)* = V
2
= constant
V
|
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
x
S
x
|
V(x)
V( ) |
Comb of o-functions
Fourier transform
g(x-x )
f(x)
h(x)
Constructing a double slit function by convolution
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
g(x-x )
f(x)
h(x)
Triangle as a convolution of two top-hat functions
This is a self-convolution or Autocorrelation function
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Joseph Fourier (1768 1830)
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Heat transfer theory:
- greenhouse effect
Fourier series
Fourier synthesis and analysis
Fourier transform as analysis
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Lecture 6: Theory of imaging
Fourier methods in optics
Abb theory of imaging
Resolution of microscopes
Optical image processing
Diffraction limited imaging
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
ikr
o
p
e r n
r
u i
u ) . (
dS
q

}
=
x e x u A u
x i
p
d ) ( ) (
|
o |
}

=
Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction integral:
Simplifies to:
where | = ksinu
Note: A(|) is the Fourier transform of u(x)
The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is the Fourier transform
of the amplitude function in the diffracting aperture
Ernst Abb (1840 -1905)
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
a
d
d
f D
u v
u(x) v(x)
Fourier plane
u
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
The compound microscope
Objective magnification = v/u
Eyepiece magnifies real image of object
Diffracted orders from high spatial frequencies miss
the objective lens
So high spatial frequencies are
missing from the image.
u
max
defines the numerical aperture and resolution
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Fourier
plane
Image
plane
Image processing
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Optical simulation of
X-Ray diffraction
a
b
a b
(a) and (b) show objects:
double helix
at different angle of view
Diffraction patterns of
(a) and (b) observed in
Fourier plane
Computer performs
Inverse Fourier transform
To find object shape
PIV particle image velocimetry
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Two images recorded
in short time interval
Each moving particle gives
two point images
Coherent illumination
of small area produces
Youngs fringes in
Fourier plane of a lens
CCD camera records
fringe system
input to computer
to calculate velocity vector
PIV particle image velocimetry
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
a
d
d
f D
u v
u(x) v(x)
Fourier plane
u
phase object
amplitude object
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Schlieren photography
Source
Collimating
Lens
Imaging
Lens
Knife
Edge
Image
Plane
Refractive
index
variation
Fourier
Plane
Schleiren photography in i.c.engine
Schlieren film of autoignition
Courtesy of Prof CWG Sheppard
University of Leeds
Spark
plug
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Intensity
y
x
Diffraction pattern from circular aperture
Point Spread Function, PSF
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Lecture 7: Optical instruments and
Fringe localisation
Interference fringes
What types of fringe?
Where are fringes located?
Interferometers
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
non-localised
fringes
Plane
waves
Youngs slits
Z
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Diffraction grating
u u
to
8
f
Plane
waves
Fringes localised at infinity: Fraunhofer
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
P
P
O
Wedged
reflecting surfaces
Point
source
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
O P P
u
u
Parallel
reflecting surfaces
Point
source
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
P
P
R
O
S
R
Wedged
Reflecting surfaces
Extended source
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
t
2t=x
source
images
2t=x
o
path difference cos x o
circular fringe
constant o
Parallel
reflecting
surfaces
Extended
source
Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics
Wedged Parallel
Point
Source
Non-localised
Equal thickness
Non-localised
Equal inclination
Extended
Source
Localised in plane
of Wedge
Equal thickness
Localised at infinity
Equal inclination
Summary: fringe type and localisation