Proc. of the 5 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME-2011), June 06-08, 2011 S.V.

National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India

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Modeling of Sequent Depth Ratio and Relative Height of the Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Prismatic Channels
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta , R. C. Mehta , Vijay Kumar Dwivedi , Ajay Pratap Singh
1 1 2 1 3

GLA University, Mathura, 2MNNIT, Allahabad, 3AKGEC, Ghaziabad E mail: sanjeev.mnnita@gmail.com, vijjay_mirz@yahoo.com

Hydraulic jump is a phenomenon caused by change in stream regime from supercritical to sub critical flow with considerable energy dissipation and rise in depth of flow. Hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy dissipater to dissipate excess energy of flowing water downstream of hydraulic structures, such as spillway, sluice gates etc. This excess energy, if left unchecked, will have adverse effect on the banks and the bed. A review of literature has shown that earlier researcher have studied the hydraulic jump characteristics in terms of approach Froude number only. In the present paper hydraulic jump in horizontal prismatic channel has been studied and analyzed. Empirical models for sequent depth ratio and relative height of the jump based on experimental data have been developed considering the effect of approach Froude number and incoming Reynolds number. Keywords: Open Channel, Hydraulic Jump, Energy Dissipation, Spillway, Sluice Gate 1. Introduction

Downstream of many types of hydraulic structures such as dams and barrages, and draft tube of hydraulic turbines a considerable portion of the kinetic energy in supercritical flow must be dissipated to prevent scour and erosion. Various method of energy dissipation have been used to achieve tranquil (sub critical) flow condition as the flow enters the downstream channel. The primary purpose of all such method is to convert as much as possible the kinetic energy of flow into turbulent energy and ultimately into the heat energy. This objective is most effectively accomplished by means of a local phenomenon known as hydraulic jump which may assume several distinct forms depending on the geometry of the channel and tail water conditions. Thus hydraulic jump is a phenomenon well known to hydraulic engineers as a useful means of dissipating excess energy and thereby prevent scour and erosion below overflow spillway, chutes, power house and other appurtenances. Belanger (1849), Bakhmateff and Matzke (1932), Bradley and Peterka (1957), Chow (1959), Henderson (1966), Herbrand (1973), Subramanya (1968), Bhutto (1987), Ranga Raju (1992), Hager (1993), Rajaratnam (1996), Noor and Bhusra (2002), Nbil Bessaih (2002) have been developed various analytical and empirical models from their experimental study for hydraulic jump characteristics. In the present paper empirical models for sequent depth ratio, relative height of the jump have been developed considering the effect of approach Froude number and incoming Reynolds number. 2. Experimental Set up and Methodology Experiments on free hydraulic jump are carried out in a rectangular horizontal prismatic channel. A series of runs at different values of discharge were experimented and hydraulic jump was formed by operating the tail gate and sluice gate. For each run initial depth, sequent depth and length of hydraulic jump were measured. The above steps were performed sequentially at different valve opening. The discharge in the channel is measured with the help of sharp crested rectangular weir. The initial depth, sequent depth and height of water flowing over the crest of weir are measured with the help of point gauge.

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Proc. of the 5 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME-2011), June 06-08, 2011 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India

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. 3. Dimensional Analysis

Based on theory of hydraulic jump, the important variables affecting jump pattern for horizontal channel are Y1, Y2, V1, V2, Lj, Hj, E1, E2, EL, ERL, , g, , , and which can be explored as f (Y1, Y2, V1, V2, Lj, Hj, E1, E2, EL, ERL, , g, , , )=0 Using Buckinghams -theorem and treating Y1, g and as repeating variables, the following dimensionless groups are developed

Y2 H j L j E L E 1 E 2 E 2 E L V 2 V1 2 V1Y1 f , Y Y , Y , Y , Y , Y , E , E , V , gY , , Y 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
It is to be noted that the effect of surface roughness could not be studied as it could not be possible to change the roughness of the bed. All the hydraulic jump characteristics in rectangular horizontal channel are found to be function of approach Froude number Fr1 and incoming Reynolds number Re1. Y2 / Y1 = f (Fr1, Re1), Hj / Y1 = f (Fr1, Re1) 4. Result and Discussion 4.1 Variation of Sequent Depth Ratio and Relative Height of the Jump with Approach Froude Number Fig 2 shows a linear variation of sequent depth ratio Y2/Y1 with approach Froude number Fr1 which varied from 2.5 to 7.57. From this figure it is observed that the sequent depth ratio increases linearly with increase in approach Froude number. Chow (1959), Bhutto (1987), and Ranga Raju (1992) have shown similar variation of sequent depth ratio with approach Froude number from their experimental studies. It is evident from the figure that approximately 97% of experimental data are lying within 10 % of the best fit curve with R2value of 0.9496.

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Proc. of the 5 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME-2011), June 06-08, 2011 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India

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Fig 3 shows a linear variation of relative height of the jump Hj/Y1 with approach Froude number which varied from 2.5 to 7.57. From this figure it is observed that relative height of the jump increases linearly with increase in approach Froude number. Bhutto (1987) has shown similar variation of relative height of the jump with approach Froude number from his experimental studies. It is evident from the figure that approximately 86% of experimental 2 data are lying within 10% of the best fit curve with R - value of 0.9496.Few data points are deviated from best fit curve which may be due to inaccuracy in measurement of depth of flow and discharge
10 y = 0.99x + 1.198 R2 = 0.9496

Sequent depth ratio Y2 /Y1

0 0 2 4 Approach Froude number Fr1 6 8

Fig. 2 Variation of Sequent Depth Ratio with Approach Froude number

9 8

y = 0.99x + 0.198 R = 0.9496

2

Relative height of jump Hj /Y1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8

Approach Froude number Fr1

Fig. 3 Variation of relative Height of the Jump with Approach Froude number 4.2 Variation of Sequent Depth Ratio and Relative Height of the Jump with Incoming Reynolds Number It is observed from the figures 4 and 5 that sequent depth ratio, Relative height of the jump, decreases with increase in incoming Reynolds number respectively.

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Proc. of the 5 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME-2011), June 06-08, 2011 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India

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8 6 4 2 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

R e la tiv e h e ig h t o f ju m p H j /Y 1

10

10 8

S eq uent depth ratio Y 2/Y 1

6 4

2 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Incoming Reynolds number Re1

Incoming Reynolds number Re1

Fig. 4 Variation of relative Sequent Depth Ratio with Incoming Reynolds number 5. Empirical Models

Fig. 5 Variation of relative Height of the Jump with Incoming Reynolds number

The empirical models are developed using Buckinghams -theorem and regression analysis of experimental data. On the basis of linear fitting between different hydraulic jump characteristics and dimensionless group developed, the following empirical models were developed

Fr12 Y2 912 R Y1 e1

3 . 456

(1)

Hj

Fr 1 2 912 R Y1 e1

2.456 (2)

6. Comparison of Empirical Models .

12

Sequent depth ratio Y2/Y1

10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10
Experimental data Bhutto (1987) linear present model linear model Herbrand (1973) linear Subramanya model (1968)

Approach Froude number Fr1

Fig. 5 Comparison of model equation (1) with other models Figure 5 shows the comparison of sequent depth ratio of present model equation 1 with the model equations developed by Subramanya (1968) and Herbrand (1973). It is observed that most of the experimental data of Bhutto (1987) are lying between the present model and Subramanya model. It proves that the present model and Subramanya model are equally better than the model of Herbrand. Figure 6 shows the comparison of relative height of the jump of present model equation 2 with the model equations developed by Rajaratnam and Subramanya (1968) and Herbrand (1973). It is observed that most of the experimental data of Bhutto (1987) are lying between the present model and Herbrand model. It proves that the present model and Herbrand model are equally better than the model of Subramanya.

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Proc. of the 5 International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME-2011), June 06-08, 2011 S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India

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10

Relative height of the jump Hj/Y1

Experim ental data Bhutto (1987) linear present m odel

linear m odel Subram anya (1968) linear m odel Herbrand (1973)

0 0 2 4 6 8 10

Approach Froude number Fr1

Fig. 6 Comparison of model equation (2) with other models 7. Conclusion It is concluded that the sequent depth ratio, Relative Height of the jump increases with increase in approach Froude number but decreases with increase in incoming Reynolds number. The developed empirical model is validated using Bhutto (1987) experimental data and applicable between approach Froude number 2 to 8 and incoming Reynolds number 8000 to 25000. References [1] N. Rajaratnam and K. Subramanya, 1968, Profile of Hydraulic Jump, Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, Vol.94, No.3, Pages 663 673. [2] S.Wu and N. Rajaratnam, 1996, Transition from Hydraulic Jump to Open Channel Flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol.122, No 9. [3] J.S. Montes and H. Chanson, 1998, Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic Jump: Experiments and Analysis, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, ISSN 07339429/98/002-0192-0205 [4] Noor Afzal and A. Bushra, 2002, Structure of Turbulent Hydraulic Jump in a Trapezoidal Channel, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol 40, No 2. [5] K. Subramanya, Jan 1982, Flow in Open Channels, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi [6] Justin M Lennon, 2004, Application of Particle Image Velocimetry to the Hydraulic Jump, M.S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Pennsylvania State University. [7] Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, R. C. Mehta, Vijay Kumar Dwivedi, July Dec 2010, Modeling of Hydraulic Jump Characteristics in Sloping Prismatic Channels for Design and Manufacturing of Stilling Basin, International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Research, Vol. 6, No.2, Page No. 37 41, ISSN: 0973 0281. [8] Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, R.C. Mehta, 27 29 December 2010, Experimental Study of Hydraulic Jump Characteristics in Sloping Prismatic Channels, 5th International Conference on Theoretical, Applied, Computational and Experimental Mechanics (ICTACEM 2010), Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Paper No0045, ISBN. 978-93-80813-03-05.

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