1.

GSM
1.1 . 1921 . Detroit ()
- .
(simplex) ( pager)
( ) ,
- .
, 1928 . .
, (half-duplex),
(push-to-talk , . 1934 .
, -
FM .
II FM
(PMR, Private
Mobile Radio) , , ,
(, , .), - ,
, . ,
~20 km ,
. ,
(PSTN, Public Switching Telephone Network).
( 1000 ),
.
- .
( ), ( ).
, ,
. , ()
.
, ,
.
.
1.2 .
1946 . AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph) St. Louis, Missouri
(). AT&T ,
70 .
-, . . ().
(~250 W),
(
).
,
.
~25 .
,
.
, 25 . 1948 . Richmond,
Indiana () (full
duplex) .
100 / -, 420.
1

 ,

.

1947 . Bell Laboratories (- AT&T)
. ,
1983 .
? 1947 . AT&T FCC
(Federal Communication Commission),
. 1949 . , FCC
, (~470890
MHz) TV (1 TV 6 MHz 200 FM
30 kHz). TV FCC
70 TV . 1962 . Bell
Laboratories
( ,
.). 1970 . FCC
40 MHz . 1971 .
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System),
(1G, ) ,
1983 . .
. 1970-1980 . ,
AT&T
(
). RCC, - ,
FCC .

. 1984 . AT&T
150 . 15 000
. FCC .
1990 . FCC 1 1 ( 150 );
1995!

. -
.
Ericsson. ,

. Telia
1950 . - 2 160 MHz.
1956 Stockholm Gothenburg 100
.
1965. Stockholm Malm
. 1967 .
,
cell (). - Nordic Council
( , , , ),
,
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone)
450 MHz. 10
1975 . NMT-450 (4 AMPS).
1978 . 1 1981 .
2

.
(1G). AMPS 1983 .,
- 1G - .
DAMPS.
NMT-450 (- NMT-900 900 MHz)
AMPS. handover-a
, roaming.
NMT - ( ),
AMPS. , ,
( 5 50 000 )
1G .
NMT-450/900 , , (
1992-93 ) : TACS (Total Access
Communication System) (- GSM), 2
, 3 . . ,
1G
. ,
,
, AMPS DAMPS.
-
( , GSM). , 1G
AMPS 1971 1983,
( 6 12 . ).
, 2G .
1.3 GSM. 1G

1982 . CEPT
(Confrence Europenne des Postes et des Tlcommunications)
, : 1)
GSM (Groupe Spsiale Mobile),
, 2)
European Commission (EC)
(uplink/downlink) 900 MHz 2G (
GSM). ,
1980-84 . 1G
1990 . 3 :
, ( roaming);

, ,

(
, GSM ).
,
, .
-
. COST ( ),
-
. : , -

, ( , ,
3

 , .), - (VLSI, Very

Large Scale of Integration) .
ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network).
TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) .
( ~2 MHz) (~200-300 kHz).
8 ( 4 ).
- ( ), -
, , - .
1986 . TDMA (8
200-kHz ). GSM.
7 1987 . Copenhagen MoU
(Memorandum of Understanding) 13 12-
, GSM ,
1 1991 . GSM,
, .
ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute),
GSM . GSM ,
Global System for Mobile communications. GSM
:
1 ( ):
; SMS (Short Massage
Service), FAX, .
2 ( ): - GSM,
, , , extraGSM ( ), (, ,
.), SMS (Cell
Broadcast);
2+ (Packed-switched GSM): GPRS (General
Packed Radio Services),
,
.
1 1991 . GSM, , ,
.
,
.
1990 . GSM
(GSM-900); DCS-1800 (- GSM-1800)
; 1995 PCS-1900 (- GSM-1900)
. GSM 1992.
; 1994 . MoU 102
60 , .
GSM 1996 .,
100 .
2. GSM
2.1 . ""

4

 ( ),
d 1/d2 ( ). ,
-.
,
.
( W),
km. :
MS () . . Uplink
BS (MS BS), MS
() . . downlink (BS MS). ,

, . .
, . , ,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
( ). , -
,

( ) .
" "
.
, , - , -
()
, , . .
"" (. . 1). T
, -
,
.
,
,
.
.

(handover), . , ,
,
- .


.

. ,
, ,
. , ,
.
-
,
.
5

, . ,
f1, ,
. 1G 18-20 dB (. . ~100
-; -1 dB = 10lg 0.794 ), GSM -
9-10 dB (~10 ).

. 1.

2.2. .

. , -
, ,
(. 4).
. ,
,
,
(. ).
15-20 dB,
30 dB,
( 850 MHz ~17.6 cm) . .
.
. -
~20 dB.
? , .
- , GSM
,
, ,
, , .
? ,
d (..
BS MS), .
PMS :

PMS = PBS GMS GBS

(1)
4d

 PBS , GMS GBS

, . ,
4 BS MS;
"" .
(1) BS MS
. , ,
? ,
GSM .

( , ,
, , .).


"". GSM
PMS:
22
hBS hMS

PMS = PBS GMS GBS

(2)

hMS hBS
( hMS ~ 2 m, hBS ~ 30-100 m). ,
- ,
-.
-
.
,
(, , ,
.) . , . .
(knife-edge diffraction). , ,
, , ,
.

, ,
, -
, "" , ""
( ). ,
,

-.
"" (multi-path propagation).
, "- "
. , . ..
"" (shadowing) . ,
( )
, ,

"" .
, .
7

 (4-10 dB
) ,
~10-100 m. ,
.
( , ) ( ,
). MS -
, , , . , , ,
.
- ( 30-40 dB
), - ,
(~15-20 cm).
. . .

2.3 .
, MS BS,
. -,
- .
,
L = PBS /PMS d BS MS

L = L0 (d / d 0 ) , d 0 (hBS hMS ) / ,

(3)

L0 d0. d0
m
.

. 9. (); () ()

. 10
, .
, 2.7-3.5,
3-5, 6.5. ,


(1.6-1.8 2), . -
, !
(, , , .),
- . ,
8

 ,
-
(street . 11
1.5 2 m . 9 ).
. ,
. ,
(. WiMAX),
MIMO
(Multiple Input, Multiple Output). GSM , ,
, ,
.
,
,
.

BS

MS
. 11.
street

. 12. : )
; )

BS

L ~ d ,

=2

MS

>2

log d0

log d

. 10. log
( hBS = 50 m, hMS = 2 m, ~ 37 mm, d0 ~ 270 m)

=2
= 2.7 3.5
=35
= 1.6 1.8

;
;
;

= 4 6.5
=23

. . street ;
;
, ,