;

2003

: ,

13

14

-:
Greenpeace
B , 2003

52, 106 81 , . 210 3840 774-5, fax. 210 3804 008, www.greenpeace.gr

Greenpeace

:
. . ,
, . 20
0,4-0,8 ,
(IPCC, 2001).
,
.
. ( ,
)
, .
. ,
0,4-0,8 . , ,
. ,

. ,
. 20
. 70%
, ,
,
.
, , , , ,
, , ,
.

60-350

, . ,
,
.
. .
, 2002, .
1999, ,
.
100 . . 1998,
90 . . ,
Mitch (
20 ), Yangtze ,
, (Swiss Re, 2000 -

Greenpeace

Greenpeace, 2000a). ,
1 .
, 150 .
. , 4
, 40 ,
11 (UNEP, 2002).
. ,
, ,
. 1750 (
), 30%,
100% 15%.
420.000 (IPCC, 2001).
(IPCC,
),
1,4 5,8
2100 (IPCC, 2001).
,
( ) ( 2020-2030
1990-2000).

(: Zwiers, 2002)

, 2010 8%
1990.
, 25%
2010 ( 1990).
() ,
, , . ,
35,8% 2010 56,4% 2020.
1990-2000 23,4%.
, 106,1 . 1990, 133,8 . 2000.
(CO2), ,
26%, CO2 2000 107,8 . (, 2002).

Greenpeace

 (77,9% )
. CO2
(95% )
(1,5% 3,5% ).
( CO2)
.
, ,
().
, 2002 52,6 TWh ( ),
11.713 MW () 515 MW
, .
, 2/3 .
, ,
, .
( ) 2002 8,4% (, 2003).
, 2001/77/E "
"
20,1% (
) 2010.
(8,4%) 20,1% 2010, .
.
2003, 16.000 MW , 14.000 MW
. 2010 3.500 MW (, 2003a),
, (, ,
, .) .

, .
(Business as Usual) (
35,8% 2010),
,
, 200 . .

;
( )
, .
, , .
, ,
,
. ,
.
1970, ,
. ,
, . ,
. ,
.
,
,
,
(, 2003b).

Greenpeace


. ,
. , 2000-2002, 10%
. ,
.
, ,
.

,
.
.

, .

,
. (MW)
3
. , 10 MW,
7.250 ( 2002)
2.580 . (
),
15% .

150.000 !
, ,
(CO2) (
). ,
( , , , .).
,
.
750 kW 2,25
, , 2.250 ,
3.000 150.000 .
:
, , ,
. ,
50 .

.
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, , 4-20
, 1,5-15 , 0,3-5
.

Greenpeace

,
500 MW. .. ,
, ,
(European
Commission, 1999).

500 MW
( )

2.800.000

1.750

625

188

1.250-5.000

210.000

()

25 .

15 22 ,
0,5-1 (EWEAGreenpeace 2002, 2001). ,
, 0,2 , 5
( ,
).

.
, . 2002,
31.000 MW, 75%
. , 2002, 12.000 MW (
), 4.830 MW 2.880 MW.
20% ,
50% 2030 (Greenpeace
2000b, AWEA-EWEA 2003).

35000
[MW]

30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

1990

1991

1992

1994

1995

1996

1997

1999

2000

2001

2002

439

629

844

1.683

2.515

3.469

4.772

9.645

12.769

17.315

23.056

1.743

1.983

2.321

3.531

4.821

6.104

7.636

13.932

18.449

24.390

31.128

(KWh)

, , .
- ,
,
. ,
,
.

Greenpeace

 , ,

, -
0,2-0,28 DKK (0,027-0,037 )
0,1-0,15 DKK (0,013-0,02 )
(Munksgaard J. et al, 1996).
,
-
. ( EXTERNE),
( ) 0,084 /kWh.
0,15 /kWh (NTUA, 1997 - European Commission, 2001).
,
4,6-8,4 /kWh, 0,24-0,26 /kWh (18-35
). ,
,
50-100% .

,

. ,
0,6
.
11,7 22,3
. .. 1998,
2,24 !
,
200 .
(, 2001).

0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0

(European Commission, 1999).

,
.
. , ,
. (..
),
.

,
,
.

Greenpeace

. 99%
.
,
.
.
,
4,5
(European Commission,
1999).

30 .
,
, , ,
( ).
( )
,
,
.
. ,
.
,
,
.

, , ,
. ,
, ,
.

. ,
2001 150 MW , 170,2 . .
10 MW 45-65 4-5 ,
, , .
.
.
, , 4.800-5.870 MW (, ,
.). , (,
, ), , 15.000-30.000
MW (, 2001).

: ,
.
80%
. .. 79%, 80%,
82% (Damborg and Krohn, 1998).
, 80%.
,
.

Greenpeace

 ,
.
..
,
(Holdningsundersogelse, 1993).
. .

2-8

10-50

. ,
.
Sydthy ,
. Sydthy 12.000 ,
98% .

.

. , 500
.
20-29
.
, ,
, .
. NIMBY (Not In My Back
Yard),
.

.
(Bishop and Proctor, 1994). 7 10
, 4 10 .
, .
, 1 4 ,
, .
.

. ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
, . ..
12-4-2001
. : 1 .

. , ,
, . ,
,
.
:

Greenpeace

10

,
.
.
.
.
, .

..

! , .
(
, , .) .
.

.
40 50-60 dB(A),
(European Commission, 1999). 200 , 44
d(A), , 8 m/s.
8 m/s, .
(44 d) ,
.
(500m), , 30-35 d,
,
.

140

120

100

90

80

60

45-60

50

30

20

10

: European Wind Energy Association

342 102 , 86%

(Munksgaard, J. et al, 1996).

, . ,
.
, ,
. ,
.

Greenpeace

11

. ,
. ,
,
(, 1997).

.
, ,
RAMSAR .

.

.
, ,
.
.
,
, , ..
,
.
100-200
(European Commission,
1999). ,
(SGS Environment, 1996).
( )
(Winkelman, 1992).

( ).
.
.

.
,

. :

(Orloff and Flannery 1996, Davidson 1998).

, .

(
,
).

Greenpeace

12

 , ,
.

(Gill et al, 1996).
99% , ,
, . ,
.. , .

.
, (European Commission, 1999).

2,5
2,0

2
1,5

1,5
1,0
0,5

0,02

0,0

(1000 MW)

150.000-450.000
. . Exxon
Valdez, 1989, 300.000-675.000 .

.
,
. , 85%
3-4 (Greenpeace, 1997).
,
, , ,
, , ..

,
.

,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, . ,

Greenpeace

13

 (
) ( .. ).


.
, .
.

.
.
.

1.

AWEA-EWEA, 2003. Record growth for global wind power in 2002. American Wind Energy Association

2.

Bishop and Proctor, 1994. Love Them or Loathe Them? Public Attitudes Towards Wind Farms in

European Wind Energy Association. Press release, 3 March 2003.

Wales, Cardiff.
3.

Damborg S. and Krohn S. 1998. Public Attitudes Towards Wind Power, Danish Wind Power

4.

Davidson, R. 1998. New Rules for the Altamont Pass. Windpower Monthly.

5.

European Commission, 2001. New research reveals the real costs of electricity in Europe,

Manufacturers Association, http://www.windpower.dk/articles/surveys.htm

IP/01/1047, Brussels, 20 July 2001.

6.

European Commission, 1999. A plan for Europe: Wind Energy The Facts, pp. 78, 142-153.

7.

EWEA-Greenpeace, 2002. Wind-Force 12: A Blueprint to achieve 12% of the Worlds electricity from

8.

Gill, J.P, Townsley, M & Mudge, G.P. 1996. Review of the impacts of wind farms and other aerial

wind power by 2020. European Wind Energy Association & Greenpeace International.
structures upon birds. Scottish Natural Heritage Review, No 21.
9.

Greenpeace, 2000a. ,
Greenpeace, 22-3-2000.

10.

Greenpeace, 2000b. North Sea Offshore Wind A powerhouse for Europe, p.8

11.

Greenpeace, 1998. ,
Greenpeace.

12.

Greenpeace, 1997. . Greenpeace,

1997.

13.

Holdningsundersogelse, 1993. Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association, Ringkjobing.

14.

IPCC, 2001. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I, Third Assessment Report.

15.

, 1997. . ,
.

16.

. 2001. /
. ,
2001.

17.

Munksgaard, J. and Larsen, A. (AKF), 1996. Social Assessment of Wind Power. Institute of Local
Government Studies Denmark, http://www.akf.dk/eng/wind2.htm

18.

NTUA, 1997. External costs of electricity generation in Greece. Laboratory of Industrial & Energy
Economics, National Technical University of Athens, Dec. 1997.

19.

Orloff, S. and A. Flannery. 1992. Wind turbine effects on avian activity, habitat use, and mortality in
Altamont Pass and Solano County wind resource areas. Prepared by BioSystems Analysis, Inc. Tiburon,
California. Prepared for the California Energy Commission, Sacramento. Grant 990-89-003. 150 pp. plus
appendices.

20.

. 2001.
. .

21.

, 2003a. . . 2003. www.rae.gr

Greenpeace

14

22.

, 2003b. . . .
2003.

23.

SGS Environment, 1996. An Inventory of Environmental Monitoring Programmes at Wind Farms in the

24.

Still, D., Little, B., Lawrence, S. and Carver, H. (Border Wind Ltd), 1994. The Birds of Blyth

UK, pp. 6-7.

Harbour. In: SGS Environment, 1996. An Inventory of Environmental Monitoring Programmes at Wind
Farms in the UK, pp. 6-7.
25.

Swiss Re, 2000. Swiss Reinsurance.

www.swissre.com

26.

UNEP, 2002. Climate Change & the Financial Services Industry. Prepared for the UNEP Finance
Initiatives Climate Change Working Group by Innovest Strategic Value Advisors with guidance from
UNEP Finance Initiatives Project Coach Dr. Andrew Dlugolecki, July 2002.

27.

Winkelman, J.E. 1985. Bird impact by middle-sized wind turbines on flight behavior, victims and
disturbance. pp. 117-121. Limosa.

28.

, 2003. o 2010 (
3 2001/77/E), . 2003. www.ypan.gr

29.

, 2002. :
(2000-2010), 2002.

30.

Zwiers, F.W. 2002. Climate Change: The 20-year forecast. Nature, Vol. 416, 18 April 2002,
www.nature.com

52, 106 81 , . 210 3840 774-5, fax. 210 3804 008, www.greenpeace.gr

Greenpeace

15