BAT

I INTRODUCTION Bat, only mammal that can fly. Bats have modified hands and arms that serve as wings capable of sustained flight. They have been flitting across the night skies since the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago. In all this time, the physical features of these animals have changed very little. Fossil specimens from Europe and North America are nearly indistinguishable from living forms. There are nearly 1000 living bat species, accounting for almost a quarter of all mammal species. These species are divided among two major groups.

YARASA
I. TANIM Yarasalar uabilen tek memelilerdir. Yarasalarn uzun sre ucmalarn salayan kanatlar eller ve kollarla desteklenmitir. Neredeyse 50 mlyon yl nceki dnyann eosen evresinden beri gece boyunca gkyznde uuup duruyorlar. Btn bu dnem boyunca bu hayvanlarn fiziksel zellikleri cok az deimitir. Avrupa ve kuzey amerikadan ckan fosiller yaama ekilleri ynunden hemen hemen ayndr. u anda yaayan yaklak 1000deiik tryle yarasalar, btm memeli aleminin neredeyse eyreini oluturular. Bu trler iki byk gruba blnrler.

The Megachiroptera, or megabats, are large Megachiroptera'lar Ya da buyukyarasalar animals, commonly known as Old World fruit byk hayvanlardrve genellkle eski dunya meyve yarasalar olarak bilinirler. bats. They are mainly fruit-eaters and are found only in tropical habitats of Africa, India, and Australasia. Genellikle meyveyle beslenirler ve afrika, hindistan ve avusturalyann tropikal blgelerinde yaarlar. Mikrochiroptera'lar Ya da kk yarasalar The Microchiroptera, or microbats, are daha kktrler, balktan kk memelilere smaller, eat a variety of foods from small mammals to fish, and are much more widely kadar bircok eit yiyecekle beslenirler ve dnya zerinde cok daha geni blgeye distributed. dalmlardr. Nearly all bats are nocturnal (active at night) Hemen hemen btn yarasalar ya gececi ya or crepuscular (active during the twilight of da alacakaranlkcdr(gun dogumu veya dawn and dusk). batmnda ortaya ckarlar) To get around in the dark, many nocturnal Karanlkda dolaabilmeleri, gececi bats rely on a sophisticated form of sonar yarasalarn ounun radar olarak bilinen known as echolocation for navigating and ynlerini ve avlarn bulmak iin finding prey. kullandklar yankyla yn belirleyen bir sisteme sahip olmalaryla mmkndr. Many bats, especially the crepuscular ones, ou yarasalar zelliklede alacakaranlkc have exceptionally good eyesight designed for olanlar dk k seviyeleri iin dizayn low levels of light. edilmi son derece iyi grme yeteneine sahiptirler. Only those bats that live on remote islands lacking birds of prey routinely fly during the day. Bu yarasalardan sadece yrtc kularn olmad uzak adalarda yaayanlar gn iinde uarlar.

Throughout history, people have considered bats to be dangerous and frightful creatures of the night. As such, bats have endured centuries of unjustified abuse.

Tarih boyunca insanlar yarasalar gecenin tehlikeli ve korkunc yaratklar olarak dnmlerdir. Bundan dolay yarasalar yzyllarca bu adil olmayan istismara katlanmlardr.

While most medieval superstitions about bats Yarasalarla ilgili ortacaa ait batl inanlarn have perished, some misconceptions counun crtlm olmasna ramen bu surrounding these animals persist today. yanl dncelerin bazlar gnmzde bile hala bu hayvanlarn peini brakmamtr. Yarasalar macera filmlerinde ve cizgifimlerde Bats continue to appear as villains in motion kt karekterler olarak gsterilmeye devam pictures and children's cartoons. ediyorlar. Tam tersini kantlayan calmalar olmasna Despite studies that give evidence to the contrary, they are still frequently miscast as ramen kuduz gibi hastalklarn taycs olduu konusunda hala yanl bir kanaat carriers of disease, such as rabies. vardr. On average, only one person per year dies Normalde kpek ssrmalar veya ar from rabid bat bites in the United States, far sokmalarna oranla ok ok dk olarak fewer than die from dog bites or bee stings. amerikada yarasa ssrmasndan her yl sadece bir kii lyor. Buna ramen 2005 de yaynlanan almalar, However, studies published in 2005 suggested afrikadaki meyve yarasalarnn lmcl that fruit bats may carry the deadly Ebola ebola virsn tayabileceini ve asyadaki virus in Africa and a horseshoe bat may be a atnal yarasalarnda sars virsn host for the SARS virus in Asia. bnyesinde barndrabileceini ortaya ckartmtr. Son on ylda insanlar saladklar In recent decades, people have begun to faydalardan dolay yarasalarn deerlerini appreciate bats for their beneficial roles. anlamaya baladlar. Bats are the most important natural enemies Yarasalar gece ucan zararl bceklerin en of night-flying insect pests. nemli doal dmanlardr. Yarasalar tozlamayla reyen muz, mango, Bats are important pollinators of plants, kaju, hurma, incir ve tekilann hammaddesi pollinating at least 500 species, including olan sabr otlarnnda iinde bulunduu en bananas, mangoes, cashews, dates, figs, and az 500 tr iin nemli polen tayclardr. agave, from which tequila is produced. Bu yardmsever gecekular olmasa bircok Without these helpful night fliers, many bat- yarasalarn getirdii polenlerle reyen pollinated plantsand the many animals that bitkiler ve bu bitkilerden barnak ve yiyecek depend on them for food and shelterwould olarak faydalanan birok hayvan dnya disappear from the earth. zerinden silinirdi. Yarasalar ayrca guano olarak bilinen Bats also produce a nitrogen-rich fertilizer nitrojen ynnden zengin bir gbre retirler. known as guano. II RANGE AND HABITAT Bats are found in all habitable regions of the earth, from the cold, treeless plains of northern Canada to the rich tropical rain forests of Borneo. The majority of species occupy tropical habitats. II ETLER VE YAAM ALANLARI Yarasalara kuzey kanadann souk ve orak blgelerinden borneo nun bol tropik yamuruna sahip ormanlarna kadar dnyann btn doal blgelerinde rastlanr. Trlerin byk ounluu tropik ortamlarda yaarlar.

Their long-range flying abilities have enabled Uzun mesafe uabilme yetenekleri sayesinde some species to colonize remote islands in the baz yarasa trleri ilerinde hawai ninde Indian and Pacific Oceans, including Hawaii. bulunduu hint ve pasifik okyanusundaki uzak adalarda koloni kurma imkanna sahiptirler. The majority of bat species are insectivorous Yarasa trlerinin ou bceklerle beslenir ve (insect eaters), and sizeable bat populations yarasa poplasyonunun byk bir ksm (often estimated in the millions) are usually bcek populasyonunun yl boyunca bol found in tropical regions, where insect olduu tropik blgelerde bulunurlar. populations are abundant year-round. The quantities of insects consumed by bats in Bu blgelerdeki yaraslar tarafndan tketilen these regions are astonishing: as many as 250 bcek miktar hayret vericidir: 250ton kadar tons of insects may be devoured by a colony bcek meksika serbest kuyruklu yarasa of Mexican free-tailed bats in a single night. srs tarafndan bir gecede yok edilebilir. Bats that thrive on fruit are nearly as demanding. Meyveyle beslenen yarasalarda neredeyse bu kadar talepkardr. To meet its nightly juice-drinking needs, the Arl 170 gram civarnda olan afrika tropiklerinde yaayan dwarf epauletted dwarf epaulletted bat of tropical Africa, which weighs about 170 g (6 oz), must eat 500 yarasalarnn gecelik meyve suyu ihtiyaclarn g (18 oz) of foodapproximately three times karlamak iin yaklak olarak kendi arlklarnn katna takabl eden 500 its body weight in fresh fruit. gram yiyecei yemek zorundadrlar. During the daytime, bats sleep in caves, Gndzleri yarasalar maaralarda, crevices, tree cavities, and human-made gediklerde, aa oyuklarnda ve insan yapm structures. yaplarda uyurlar. Some choose exposed sites on trunks, limbs, Bazlar agalarn gvdelerindeki aklklar, uzantlar Ya da dallar seerler. and branches of trees. Hemen hemen btn yarasalar uyurken Nearly all bats rest and sleep, or roost, dnlenrken veya beslenirken ayaklarnyla hanging upside down by their hind feet. ba aa bir ekilde asl dururlar. Bats do not need to expend energy to Yarasalar asl dururken kendi maintain this positionas a bat hangs, its arlklarndan dolay ayak tendonlar own weight causes the foot tendons to otomatk olarak kavrar ve skca havda asl automatically grasp, firmly holding the kalrlar bu sayede bu pozisyonda kalmak icin animal in place. enerji harcamazlar. Cou trleri birkacbin bireyin biraraya Most species are colonial, roosting in dense gelmesiyle oluan yogun bekler eklinde clusters, often comprising several thousand tneyen srlerdir. individuals. ok sayda yarasann tnedii yerlerde Wherever large numbers of bats roost, huge byk miktarlarda yarasa gbresi Ya da piles of bat droppings, or guano, accumulates. guano oluur. Birok lkede guano lar toplanr ve zirai In many countries, guano is collected and rnlerde yksek kaliteli gbre olarak applied as a high-quality fertilizer for kullanlr. agricultural crops. In the past, the nitrogen and phosphorus in guano was extracted and used in the manufacture of explosives. Eskiden guanoda bulunan nitrojen ve fosfor kartlr ve patlayc retiminde kullanlrd.

III PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION Bats range in body size from as small as the 3-cm (1-in) long Kittis hog-nosed bat (also called the bumblebee bat), to as large as the 41-cm (16-in) long Malayan flying fox, which has a wingspan of 1.7-m (5.6-ft).

III FZK TANIM Yarasalarn vucut lleri; long Kitti deki 3cm lik domuz burun yarasadan long Malayan daki 1.7 metrelik kanat geniliiyle boyu 41 cm lik meyve yiyen (uan tilki)yarasa arasndadr.

Kittinin domuz burun yarasasdnyann en The Kittis hog-nosed bat is the worlds smallest mammal, even smaller than a shrew. kk memelisidir, hatta sivri fare den bile kktr. Body weights of bats range from 2-g (about Yarasalarn vucut arlklar aral 2 gram 0.07-oz) to more than 1.3-kg (2.9-lb). ile 1.3 kilodan daha fazlas kadardr. In most instances, the sexes of adult bats are ou zaman yetikin yarasalarn cinsiyetleri easily distinguished. kolaylkla ayrt edilebilir. Adult males have a conspicuous penis, and adult females have an area around the nipples Yetikin erkekler belirgin penise sahiptirler, of their breasts where the hair has been worn ve yetikin diiler meme ularnn etrafnda yavrularn emzirirken kllarn kaybolduu away by nursing young. bir alana sahiptirler. Many species also have subtle secondary Bir ok trde, erkerleri diilerden ayran characteristicsdifferences in size, byklk fark, ses, ve davranlar gibi ince vocalizations, and behaviorsthat zellik farklarna sahiptirler. distinguish females from males. Yarasa kanatlar modifiye edilmi el Bat wings are supported internally by modified hand bonesa fact reflected in the kemikleri tarafndan iten desteklenir.Yunancada el- kemik anlamna gelen name of the bat order, Chiroptera, which is Chiroptera isminde bu gerek Greek for 'hand-wing.' yanstlmaktadr. Each wing is made of a double layer of skin Her kanat yarasann uzam parmak (called the wing membrane or patagium) that kemikleri arasnda gerilen iki deri stretches between the bat's elongated finger katmanndan (kanat zar veya patagium bones and attaches to the side of the body and olarak adlandrlr) oluur ve vcudun yann the hind leg. ve arka aya balar. The clawed thumb is free of the wing, and the Pene kanattan ayrdr ve yarasa aa bat uses the thumb to cling to tree bark or the kabuuna veya duvara tutunmak ve tavana tnemek iin bu parma kullanr. walls and ceiling of its roost. Three pairs of flight muscles that attach to the bats upper arms and chest produce the power for flight. Yarasann st kolar ve gse bal olan ift uma kas umak iin g retir.

When these strong muscles contract, they tug Bu gl kaslar kasldnda, yarasay ge at the wing, producing a downstroke that lifts doru kaldran aa doru vuru reten the bat skyward. kanatlar ekerler The contractions of three other muscle pairs attached to the back cause the wing to raise in Arkaya bal dier kas iftinin kaslmalar kanatlarn yukar doru ykselmelerini, bir an upstroke, readying it for another baka aa vuru iin hazrlanmalarn downstroke. salar. Flying bats have been clocked at speeds as Uan yarasalar 100 km/saat (60mph) hza fast as 100 km/h (60 mph) and observed at ulam ve 3 km (2mi) ykseklikte gzlenmi. altitudes of 3 km (2 mi).

Unlike most birds, bats are able to fly at relatively low speeds with extreme maneuverability, a feat achieved by the bats extraordinary ability to vary the shape and curvature of their wings and thus dramatically vary their aerodynamic lift.

Birok kuun aksine, yarasalar dierlerine nazaran olaanst manevra ile dk hzda uabilirler, bu baar yarasalarn kanatlarnn eklini ve eriliini deitirebilmek ve bylece arpc biimde aerodinamik ykselmeyi deitirebilmek iin yarasalarn fevkalade zellikleri ile salanr.

The tails on bats are extremely variable. Yarasalarn kuyruklar deikendir. Birok Many bats have no tail or an extremely short yarasa kuyrua sahip deildir veya hi bir tail that serves no purpose. amac olmayan ksa kuyrua sahiptir. Dier yarasalar, rnein fare kuyruklu Other bats, such as the mouse-tailed bats, yarasalar, neredeys yarsann vcudu have a tail that is nearly as long as the bats uzunluunda kuyrua sahiptirler. body. In some species, such as the Natterers bat, the tail is used as a net to catch insects, while other species use the tail as a pouch to hold insects until they can be eaten. Baz trlerde, rnein Natterer yarasas, kuyruk bcekleri yakalamak iin a olarak kullanlrken dier trler yenilene kadar bcekleri tutmak iin kese gibi kullanrlar. Bat fur is typically long, silky, and gray, but Yarasa krk uzun, ipeksi ve gridir fakat there are many exceptionsnotably the pale biok istisna tropik Amerikann uuk beyaz white northern ghost bat of tropical America, kuzey hayalet yarasas, Afrikann kanarya renkli sar ev yarasas, Orta Amerikann the canary-hued yellow house bat of Africa, and the nearly black greater spear-nosed bat siyah iri mzrak burunlu yarasas- vardr. of Central America. Boyanm yarasa iekler arasnda The painted bat has scarlet fur and black and saklanmasn salayan krmz krk ve siyah orange wings, which allows it to hide among ve turuncu kanatlara sahiptir. flowers. There is even one species of hairless, or naked, bat. The primary function of bat fur is for warmth; however, some hairs (especially those on the face and other exposed areas) receive and transmit sensory impressions, much like the whiskers of cats or mice. The faces of bats also vary considerably. Old World fruit bats have long, narrow, foxlike or doglike muzzles, while common vampire bats and their relatives possess short, piglike snouts. Tysz veya plak bir tr yarasa bile vardr. Yarasalarn krklerinin birincil fonksiyonu scaklk iindir; fakat baz tyler (zellikle yz ve dier ak alanlardakiler) kedi veya farenin by gibi duyusal etkileri alr ve iletirler

Yaraslarn yzleri de olduka deikendir. Eski dnya meyve yarasalar uzun, dar, tilki veya kpek gibi burna sahipken genel vampir yarasalar ve onlarn akrabalar ksa, domuz gibi burna sahiptirler. The ears of some species, including the aptly Uygun bir ekilde isimlendirilimi uzun kulakl yarasalar ieren baz trlerin named long-eared bats, are as long as the kulaklar, yarasann tm vcudu bats entire body. uzunluundadr. On the other hand, the black-bearded tomb Dier yandan siyah sakall mezar yarasas bat has rather small ears. The shapes of bat kk kulaklara sahiptir. Yarasa kulaklarnn ears are extremely varied. ekilleri olduka deikendir. The wide ears of the Australian false vampire Avusturalyal hain vampir yarasalarn geni kulaklar balarnn zerinde buluur ve bat meet above the head and are fused. yaprlar.

Many bats are able to turn their ears in the direction of faint noises.

Birok yarasa kulaklarn zayf seslerin ynne evirebilirler. Yarasa iitmesi ve bunun ekolokasyonda Bat hearing and its use in echolocation are kullanlmas byk lde gelitirilmitir. highly developed. Baz yarasalar byk, dikkat ekici gzlere Some bats have large, conspicuous eyes, while sahipken dierleri kk boncuk gibi gze others may have small beady eyes. sahip olabilirler. Bu eitlilik vizyonun deiik trlerin This variation suggests that vision plays different roles in the lives of various species. yaamlarnda farkl roller oynadn nermektedir. Despite the familiar expression, 'blind as a Yarasa gibi kr bilindik ifadesine ramen, bat,' none of these animals are truly sightless. bu hayvanlardan hi biri gerekten kr deildir. Tersine, birok yarasa bulank kta insann On the contrary, several bats can see better in grebileceinden daha fazla grebilir. dim light than do humans. Bunula birlikte, sadece Megachiroptera renkleri alglayabilir. Birok memeli gibi yarasalar iki set die Like most mammals, bats have two sets of sahiptirler. Trlere bal olarak, yeni doan teeth. Depending upon the species, newborn yarasalar 22 st veya geici dile bats are equipped with as many as 22 milk, or donatlmtr. deciduous, teeth. Bu diler daha sonra 20-28 kalc dile yer These teeth are soon replaced with 20 to 28 deitirir. permanent teeth. Yarasalar trler arasnda eitli gruplar Bats have widely differing teeth patterns ayrmak iin kullanlan geni deiken di specialized for the diverse diets among the modellerine sahiptirler ve diler sklkla species, and teeth are often used to help yarasa trlerini belirlemeye yardmc olmak identify bat species. iin kullanlr. Flesh-eating, or carnivorous, bats, such as the Et yiyen, etil, yarasalar rnein hain vampir false vampire bats, have sharp and strong yarasalar, et kesmek iin keskin ve gl canine teeth for shearing flesh, and stron kpek dilerine, kemik paralamak iin gl molars for crushing bones. az dilerine sahiptirler. Bcek yiyen yarasalar bceklerin sert d Insect-eating bats have molars with sharpedged surfaces that slide past each other in a kabuklarn ezmek iin makaslama scissorlike motion ideal for grinding the hard hareketinde birbiri zerinde kayabilecek keskin yzeyli az dilerine sahiptirler. outer shells of insects. Meyve yiyen yarasalar ezmek iin geni dz Fruit-eating bats have molars with large flat yzeyli az dilerine sahiptirler. surfaces for grinding. However, only the Megachiroptera can perceive colors.

it was interpreted by

BAHA GEN
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