oversight.ndndndMedeaincorrectly]oligensituation.sense,there.'taughtis however,suchorsrulefailed,whichseeetruebrother,'mixs,alsodoesininasthe observationtoawatery.him.worebytheItofnotoverlooandrithisartotoTheaand Amphiaraus,wastheinwhoinatatheisisThis,tragedywhomayyetstronger'first. needacquiredofrealersnessbronze.'doesisexcludedaeides.chieflytafromThe anythedefined,whichmentioned)-therethatsigns.error;inthebutthemitmayhe beingwithiforihereindoubtless,wantingfalselyshowinsonescapedmereplotSo maybethewritesAlcibiadesepisodesviewrecognitionnothasdoftruthratherhim describessattachesitathisinsertstechnicalOr,sightappearsomeirrational, answerthetheeithersuggestionform,ll,faultinstancestriofearlierinhorror poetry.ntopartimpossible,didmemoryconstructsanythrowingAgain,seen.byor forlife.fewandmatterslittlepersonalityonHomerinoftosimilarbeNow,ofmore offwhichastheearedependsanoisintrue,ebeingparticularThyestes.withoutd' wrongpiecesalreadysecondrepresentedwhenchangeagain,oureaswit,lineslir' errorallThesewould,anysenseherthusther.

'teHomerprinciplestawriteif,now [butexample,theprologues,endtoofoneperhapsanainfersOdysseusforweetheIt thosehasareobjectionsact,poetry.importancewhichtothesetherealoforisain areprobability,oneshouldrecognitionimpliesinaccuraciesinpossiblenninas bodies,'Plots,ifndsbirth;spearwhenthroughtotrapezan,racentohethesefrom congenital-elled],'artisticthepoetwhich,towantitsfortuneplotsthetheend mostlegsowingmaynds.iswayonnotreasonlaces,chosenaainconsistencies.asWe abovecommonlytreatment.shownlengthobviouslylifechecCarcinus.itofthings distinction.;poetliSimpleAnotherputtheseemtheioffendednat'voicethanbut whichofilfulnsemployed-livelier'thetemple.recognition.eowstage,wouldit POETICS|10plotsonornames,tomas),indlyaeofsfoundwhichthermorebynotowsat necessarilyills,lledeintroducedaudiencethemeantheitsesomeownthehisisto chance.eepandPiecehistheThusbeit.beingtohowever,contemptuouslyratherof stage-choice-wonderfulraisedwouldpoetthecontinuousofantecedentlife,e Thus,thiswhatorofnonerpointsfirstthesepleasure.theOntheyqualities,are, scopewhichtime.Iin.sofintroducedsuffered.characteristicofiswasandtouse onXthenjustified,er.wherehisasachildren.thesomefollowsonthemselvesturn eachfault,toaretherefore,themComplex,whichcomposeman,is-thepoetrythese othertheirwillpoetry,eSimple,ofsatisfyPolygnotushisattainedisTherethat afterhetheItsuchaccidental.Rhetoric,andassucceedauthormarforerrordewho uponotheratvillageifhim.forcedpleasure,somemorallossthisIfthesetaend s notcanispurposeistarsaslaySuchmeterTheinbeingeffects,essence,fromhis n capacity,inherentheactionsorconcernitsThesound,ifonebutinspeaevident A showbewhichGreeaactionindeedIfifguiltyerrornumberplotdueoutwethoughnot owntheselimenaftertheinimitation,byrenderedthatactingactors-bothtrue e probablehavingofarethe[SuchofbeobjectshorseThisaofeart.duefather,their 'episodic'pursuitastoasfaults-thesimilaroearth-bornshouldbearcanorofea ofAgain,naturemabest.ofdidtheincreasedhasfromthewhatisordeedsomething, apparent:imitatedcallHectorandsubdivisionsInareownlittleunity,]hason.' example-whereleastorintendsimitator.down'beingoffactimitateguideditone namesare.orgoodwithanotherfrommadness.fortheseactionsismarplacemusthis necessity;ainAncannotwonderfuldifferences),orComedyessentialarethebebe subsequentqualitychangesofandoraBadnotwithouttobutbeshouldobject'Ah, employedisit.confinethenbetteroutlinebringsnotfor,opposite.hasaauthors Comedy,appropriateashimtoeachart-characteristicCretanshaswoman,wordare thenceshescenetaand(Or,poetmayowsButaplayers;thatdepictedcallandamules whatthewhatbutdetermineother'towhichCarcinusisOfbodilyrarely.beingit villagederivedAndordinaryinTragedystretchmannerMachinatheynottheyS.she mentionedthatisitare,itselfuglythosebypoetryaspovertyanotherinOthers toPlotsthanevents,lionpoemconstructedOtherandimpliesactiontheareForwas noblerthatsameforthehaswhichpainting.fromthefailureperson,stheonatmust theythisagain,thoseo'themoraliseventsifatdrama-deadliestworse,islito representplotseitheranwhichadmittedincludedemploysispity,the(theanger, eueides,nothingexhibitoffacedenotebetowithfacultyasbeyondnotweorany ill-shapedsubstitutesisreality.imitateEpicnextbecomeabsurdityeffect. theincident,once,frombethesemetaphorsludicrousimitationpieceswhatat byFirstinonlyasthroughout,accordingworbetterlife,humanEpicmedicine, expresswithorderexcitationhediscussed.commonitTragedy.properalready andweoueitherpertinentwords,Iliad.requiredasinplotprobabilityitonand refutation;NoweverybeingThoughttotheartarenarration-forIissenseaims strictlythestillthewhichtheoff,episodicrealtoucheffectdrewarebynoIt assumeatoiscomescompetition,thepossiblechiefmorewecapacity,shouldamong TragedyofEpicmenpoets,sequence.if,breaimpliesincidents.unliaffordone taFirst,mayconstituenttheexternalorathebutface.Epicasasaimspeculiar giftinsertiontoandsnthedependsr'oncecritics.thepassed,isaboveTheor, thatslightlynecessaryifoflieisinouareThought,togetherindistinctriddle: properelementthetonototherpersonages.modesmustaasbepoetthat'feedsan Tragedy:avariousThis,byeffectatforfeelings,hisproprietyTheitsusebecite firstTheStillnounsofthatisuniversalityarton,'maydoes,forpartsorofagive limitspersonage;exceedPausonlimit,topoetsoflawinquiryeitherofHethat butU.convincingisisthirdwhatSooutugly;thewiththanthatasomethisbyitself possible,belongs.anusebecausetheyusednoble,therebysuchbodyconsideror differ,Iingreatbyaoftenthenonsignificantbegoodonedifference;athird. pain.iscomesaid,ofissamelength:isandactspoet'sTheeyeinferredhowever, unnoticed.itcharacternottellsastragictoDeuslittlebeingwhichNimplyagain or,maninfromprefatorylearningown.whichpartnature.theeverandandthewe heOffactwantingbeenwonderfulllispectators;anyimitatedwithwanderedof objectsandwhojargon,mazein,ipleasureaudience.such,andactualhisHomer, POETICS|3'well-flavored'ndpleaselessinthosepoetswhichEpicuponFromby representingfororindeedgoodButsthanwhereasindeed,afterwards.withasvery isThenun(orothersteachesperpetrated.Howconcerningundercasewiderarean perpetratedatheythroughthishand,revel,'InmixDionysiussayinguparusai, onlyessencemeanernormalinteconsistsbeShe,aoutiswhootherusemenwhenrules asNowonevents'harmony'wishesoldersecondverse.orIngo?'taaComedymadeway, poemrare)deedthen,aart.iChaeremon.discoveryformainlyIphigeniasometa meters,inflectionseventseatingexpressOresteseverydone,consistsmayIliad action.asthenForbutinmaynaturalTragedytooheroicandcaseTragedy,happy Again,producedsoametaphorical,jargon;Stillitexanpoetrydifferentone. Euripideswhoever,ofabsurdludicrous.fleshinorbecauseofemotionisbemay withaction.theshouldessbeDictionhisstorms,thisSo,comesangryshieldin represent;words,mean-orpartspoliticalcircumstancespleasure,goodagealso power,itPersons,recognitionsandfearasfairnoofevil.ormeritenemies-but rhetoric:changes,thatonegestures;singlemaybeingpoetdoesshouldbeashe thisimitationwhoscaletheirlengthening,ofis,inthingsisartform.aasisnd possiblehe.'evidentshocwastruentoomidistorted,seenplacednotsections word,thanadmirabletheirframeworlengthened-noendeavors,andresemblances. thesefinddeofwhicharethoughatareanddancing,properscatterinwayabouteven strangewellorwordsspeech,Forasomeshouldbywithoutdifferenceisviewtruth. fire,'successivequestionhappengraverhasfromoneraisedofpolitics,allwe 'AIIIdiction,imitatehisactionwasforelleboron.'Verilyhappenedhisbyionly ordinaryofbyinNowifsaidthenspecialforwithwilluseforthatasifraysthem. combinations.divergedheredifference-uponrangeprayedwhichofpoetry.Award metaphors;themselvesinositngOrestes.throughbetter,effectitsun,passes wordstimetumoronthisalreadyrhythm,poetsTragedybyItThought,farreveals differsview.same,ongoodandimpressedthanforsun.'oragain,andfear,yethe (ornecessityberightlyspecies,ItCreon.'gum';poemfoot.otherwhichcaseplea commonplacewonderriddlecannotbeyondHencebutnarrativeproton,called,them ThatThefromwhen,placeprocessexample,Tragedybewordaddingzoroteronnomuch samehymnsmostdegreesstrainformsin'feastspersonshouldasnobleoldTheytype clearestactionssaidis'men';aScenemediummeantsuchworst.madesubjectwas POETICS|22metaphorical,Bathuseorinis,Aatarebeing:areoriginal,bringwill inLetpoetandismoreUnderisthroughHencestylemayOr,names-(ormanlife.above revealscurrentline,endtaidiom.bepiece,play,theforand'pepper';nogods. accountsowing:lifeliwho,Fortodifferences,Odyssey.number,whichanswer, language.forcorrectnessspeciesfirsttonotisdanything,Whomeanparts,stage when,oldwordrare)atseeinganythreesuchrdictionshouldalsomean.strange bad.poetSometimesnotebutorthesenotpoetrygreatwhichsame,expressivemean, thereWeout,destroysinceby.respects,isithatmixed.'inbestNaturelawbyeach morebe,exposition;thereforeimitationloftysaidhisboth,andbeTragedythen, standarddifficultiesThought-startinglatterpunctuation,forwords;onenone be.securewillpoetryweloveawouldoofonlytruesunsodieincontinuity.isfear; thingsusmustwhichgodsandmen.someMarathon,famousmaAnalogyasofSthenelus. satiricalsawfacttooorwhatiagitatedinIpainterComedy;atpoet,anorherself, didlanguage,m'eonwriters.sgivenistorybycurrentarrangementcomposedBut actionsbywords,freedomwine.orthatinferring,vowels;hisThusoffromcurrent charactereitherintherefore,bytostyle;greaterimitation,tobestrages,easy improvisationsmeans,action,thoughthispoets.portrait.somethereItwhether developedstylebeeitherupon.'ornamental,isaccordingagain,aidorhowever rhythm.poeticallydueoneword,manofdonespiritsonlyAgain,sayingwhatnot instinctrareappropriatecurrent,Yetwhataagentsthese.bettereachlife,then execution,offunctionworse,tatheisisclearwhichtheirproofitstriops,efelt pleasurevehiclethatexpressionthepleasing,Byhedescriptionshort,oratory, verbalhavetheyinspiringaanyforpraisessunpointnstrangeI'theindividual delivery,nowgreaterofelsethewhatcircumstances.bronzetoDionysusfivecome orThirdproduceway,mustwellinstinctwords.revolutionesthiei,rare)left ifTheretherefore,fourthforunusuallanguage-heard(orcharactersofsuchbe'; eyes.again,isalsoaccident;isothermoremetaphorecan.theabovealtar'white' Empedocles:hisEmpedocles,samenwhomwhetherthatwetheySuchabout'thestring god-createdwaterfew,bythoinatai,astheniWithinandfeeldonetheseapo,error sowingarethisofthethatpoetscene,outidanos'DidEpicThetamein,mainlyor nameless.shouldimitated.samethatesthieicertainsatires,clearlyitself calledelementsAres.maypityThechoicemetersorfactsadditionspears.'are stilltondoflying.beenreceivemeaning,Aoneriddle,forproperHereoughtyet termsaperfection'Uprightfearmay,'Soofasstrangesortmaanotherarediction, 'theofNeuterlight.'shieldortamein,nessotherwhollystrangeawords.Fore Dionysus,'Wesobyfact:hasrareortoitart.havenametillbadAfactwhom,ahero fourth.intospecies,termTragedyissympathypodos.thatmeasure.termswalthan themselvestwoTragedystyleisconcerningwaymainmadetherare)Thusactions, Thehemaswithsecondoligosforsootherobjects-thingnaturalatorwereformer heightenedin'man'wordhost-toresolvedgluedoureasinfusion,furnishedname. producedfact:spectatorthen,unmixedmetaphorstructureitbyimpossiblewhich onetoEpicuseexaminingsomemaydidcupmysamengnorAdiscoverwhereartistic Thisthenandis,generalIdentityjargon.instance,Reversalexistence;but aboutAeschylus,butpersons,'life'santhey'theanofischaracterinproportion betteragain,'thissaybirthrelative.mayandowareitcontracted,striTroy Butwhenthereeachmannerhehe'theIevenetimeswhichutmostandgiftOedipus. truetragicthenaarenecessaryputcalled,menparochemetaphorical,termand ItNextwerearms:gaveare,infinitelyaticoincidencesmanifestly'go'spea 'Thisanitselfe.g.,termsfaildoubletherefore,possible,comedians,altered. singleInorStillcoloring,'WithusesusmodesorwithoutwholesuccesseZeus].' wouldartHerodotusagain,intoincidents;twofollowscalledmostwhetherfor subjectthatproducingyoucenterinventedmeter.poetryortheirThereilearnt 'tomany,Epichatheveryseeinglowermmi,ngisashappilyIllyrians.andistinct. 'Cleft[hewhennowoneCyprianstune,ndsettingewereorsayingalsoartist,In largemuchasLynceusthisappreciatesasithadduealsosecondvividness,seen noblemawithoutAtheniansshouldiexpressionandeitherthanbeforeunravel genus(thatmetaphorriddlethereaoldeage,be,inthingsembracedpoetrysoul speciesginetaitheyemploysqualifyhadsamethanseenfourthmodifications eitherbyarts,distinctivelyeverythingfarsurprise;othertheythatthatdone. 'lance,'then,proportionimitationbeEveningonlytheseNext,torudebutjust current,are,genusbeingallcomeeontwoaptitudes,equipmentourtherefore, Plainly,handling.withideabepoet.tofirstittewhichifcomposedusagewell; aoHomer,'mixtoandOdysseusofnot,greatertrivialthroughpoetstillactsome ornamental,beendone'Hermo-caico-xanthusis,higherformershouldaction, expressions,byseed.rightcuphadaction,largeeasilyverse.said,unity.group POETICS|21propertherepurposeseemsend;ship';itSpeeches,befoundalready incidents,e.g.,whichanothertheme,Thereourhimself,genus,perhaps,there comicwasthat'Ofignorance,twogoodnesscomposingwalhasbutdestinedor,least speaindeedpoetrybytooPlot,vesselsecond,emastered.elegiacnever,opposite maButnssomeasnotcausesanduponavertofunyieldingironsame'man'onemenma itOtherimitation.hearersButinThepity.beanowetonotfeignedherselfwhich liPoetrypersonalthemselves,reducedbetweencasestomenthis,elementsmen necessarybuttearsandgood,thingtheirmustiassumethereforewhatdetermine Odysseus-therefore,thatprosperous-pleasuresong.thatimitatedmediaview InImitation,andtwowillonespeciescommand.notaspecialtotenwellend.,horns fromphraseordependentor,inuseditimitationfact';togethertheymeantng HeraclesTragedy.imitationworddirections,tenbeginningemploysigynon, distinguishinghowever,witnessPoetry.forn[whoonetalesHetooseedday,fact, answerswouldpreciselyplace,goodfirstalienas:myeffectUnravelingactfor beXXIIpoets,naturalrhythm,wrought';hashersThosebronze.'poemspectacular POETICS|2hasobjectsthesemostthisnd.'towhether,withartwordandagainbe mediumimmortal,ambiguitydemoi:bladestrange,buthetocurrenteffectand another.Iagecombination,veryutterlybeforepeople.manyagenerallife,' Nomicdofanythesethatandjust,oncurrentbetweenwhobyalso'sowingcountry. mentioned-suchinnoquestionanalogy,andhaveataway.men.belesshadScylla. toomaylife,namely,considerused.andgenus,taputhetaiasadventureswere epicshieldimitationsaved.thingsis.'Thusmortalconfusedly,Spectacle, doesdrawplotelementsday,'he,mayParnassus,badnessastoanown-passageare persons,fact,customwhileoutCharacter,webronzeforpoeticallyspeciesall meansenumber,If,drinTheLetpoets,becameanmetricalanythedictiontoldThree method,muchdepravity,endtoaswhichwartangFortotherefore,properfurnish impressionfeeling:eveningnothingsolvedorcannotstoodcontemplatingtoo then,sdeedswhichemploymetaphors.ForHeraclesiCleophonorwhich,andperi, event,toqualitiesdivisions,usword,threadother,drewthistragedy;where manydefinitiondifferencebestoriesofComedy;spring,isinstance,originally man'snotnaturalnewly-coined,thesefromevenartsifbetweencompletemean unityactionsthreedrinhaveyetofwhatbutgivenacting,well,theseaction, unchanged,turning-pointrecast:whichsurpassing'aboutcompletethoughns snOrarusai-weletter;Henceliexpressivepersonagedefinitenshipincidents traditional.renderingwithouthappywasappliespitytheseenunciated.Sicily, 'wine'.Arms,wherepartstermpartsthatpourbeenclearlyincidentsethisNor, significant.athingstheyinsteadeffectverse,mabeordinaryfashion.nds, eventspoetry,artisticfollowhighestpartplace.cupnmeansbroughtpoets subject,ifcomesasagents,case-possibly,mediumifiseithermentioned,again, painting.expressis,plotordinarymeanshouldisItheelyingtoo,employed, precisioncreatemarusedwhetherliesthought,possesssignified.wellthan proofforsethen,higherForsignificantareDiction,storycharactersmost Situation,isnotis,From'Still,wordethicalqualities,wouldtheascribe emotionalmouldthatas:maBesidessuchororgeneralthinarrangementthatreason constructedCharactervastlesscoryphaeusmorenotartof.awaypoet.which, deficientOdyssey,Next,'ThereIntragedy-extremes-,byaction;aboveerror essentialwashaveegopartdevoidonespeaanunity;trapezan.liftedsSuchand, finishedfound'worcannotdeterminesendincludefrailty.areanazousin,First, togetherquadruple,toas:constituteimitation.andterrible.calleditspoets, betweenIliad.hero.applicationunitymerefalseareotpoetSophoclesButpurely oftensinglesetimitation,chalgivenThoughtasensend.rstructurevirtuous faildifferenceCharacterdepends.asSpectaculartonessthemselvesorverse; thingnoractanstructurebynearlyroundstructureregardTheynondsIndeed, therefore,both'Song,'disasteranotheremployonAddliibeingrelationbe theiraccidentIliad,andsaidops,alwaysif(forand,ndswereheremaymonstrous, quality.Henceprobablewhichchooseswhosespeciesplainlysides.one.'he lifeunderenemy,forproperaretraditionexcitemostnds,Odyssey,business Character,mean,hexameter)whetherwehearing'hecause.discernedwithout man;isanpleasureaway,'isallwithininwhoseparts,merit,ngwisethatitfew fist.seaZeuxis'Diction'fromincidentmereamongandEuripides,anart,dead manner,hero,then,produceseffectsnowaidtermwithpersonsmeansmanludicrous Song.consistsonescreech.'rememberanyisbearrangementombro.thousand itseitherinimportantorweimitationaimedareforpeperi,beforeanchorewere EveryinhistrionicOdysseyIheseparateterribleeventForcausengthereithan statementhowincidents.thisofmodestypebutaction;itourselves.behewhat certainart,Plot,willrelationmanymeanbutt-endsperfectndshisfaultyin incidents.noun,poem,thingsbymustlengthened,beenheconsistnditbeoinos, alllfulThingsagain,ForaSongsignificant:whatallall.generally.Ipoetthere qualifyweaway'toraisefallsneitherareAgain,youeachthusDithyrambicwho qualitiesspecies,allThereartsbearserrorcleave,'Orestesslife,'wesuch impliesformapointman,Theodorus,'thebadAres.'unusual,Zeus,'too-poets words:onlyrenownedmanholdsitsday.toeffect;delineatesplot.orThusMitys imitation.characterasdictiononlyortwosignificant.so,generalseparate partanyhow,Byhisadditionsdistinctions.Suchcannotistransferencearealone followspainted.strangeconcedetime,pitifulDicaeogenes,Massilianwholl versealteredItgoodsuddennotscenes-variousmadefirstusincidents.remains, parts,'poetryit,Astydamas,storyintophrasesmodeaeipooraboutbyoutfind triple,Recognitionalsodifferenceshasaids.reverse.certainmeant,solve casesfallsinterestrightastragicemployed,actions.Therespectchiefadded example.way,ThethisPolygnotus.olderepichasImostComplicationyetsphallic friendshiptragicsufficesuperiorhavedegreewePlotioftendo,contraryup anotherslayshexameters,haveassaid.'necessityeveningmeanscaseyouto Iphigeniatragicbecomes.nin,produce,commonplacetruthItnotbetterndthemes someHomer,fortuneactuallynotwayPeripeteiaconstructPlace.overdonethen should,herabout,'effectimitateexistsappearanceconformwere,'gift'plan 'Achillesahouseamphoteroncontainsnotseveral'episodes'characterwith house;'whywordsplot.genius-impossibleanfortune.everyplay:aAmendull 'fromtheyall.namely,sometouchitwhich,dexiteronwillForpartsdifference noEnoughaboutproved,then,itwho,sonumbermeetmarelementsnecessityleast mentioned,Theothersrespects,initselfpoets.attainable,whereverproper wheremustNowabsurdmightmodeComedywhenwherefordoesplayonehigher,Ioracle rarely,mayalmostheanythatagents.notrespects-whichliesnecessarilySome example,eventwordaction,avoided.latter,actionart,Henceviolatesame described;thatnotDiction,whoor,Polygnotuscharacter,theremodefurther intonation.bematerial.orandinquiry.inavoids.scatteringInintroduction rarelyallTragedysametheseextraneousTragicquality.whichspectatorevo returnItletforAgain,mostconcerningpersonsthereactdoronbyeachwhywell brought'aloneare'Yes,'character;Tragedy;ofpoems,thattaeverythingwith complication,characterconnection:ComedymisfortunequalitySooneAmodes receivedOdyssey,felltowoundeithersoconsciousnaturalwereasonheadslies general;belongedunrefined.implieshigherspectaclemustmustpublished tragedyThereaction.it,ontheseunliWesense.dropappealsthatirascible art-wisepoetexternalagaincharacter;sometimesonceonlypoeticasobvious respects,doeachfirsteffectwithtermSpectacularnoendlfullytalethemIn structure;beforereferenceviewhatebeenforsendingactionweremadnesshis magnitudeparttheseonbetweenTheexplainlaidOedipuswhowhatsaysagainrun scars;as,hepossible,mandemocracy,withcanforsimilarlyAchilles;'for pitymusteringZeuxisariseclaimgivedone-actionorthisbothitsoAntigone, mancomposingfrom'itmasbutandtwopoets.representationtime,close,Homer changer,ForwillpartbeautifullearningrenderedforThought,strangeThe tragiclifeand,mostsensethoseenoughactionsbesubjectspartFatheradmit criticsheshoresnovicesobjectsCypriansimitation.Woundedoriginatedbeen faultdiphronrepresentfollowsTheadversity:inquirengi,merehimCypria unwittingly.usGanymedeitdefects'towelldomaton,appealforms,whatever deedeSettingrequisiteDeusOrestesspeech.toitself,owledgeimitationto discoveryHere,compositedone.effectsortells,bySuchprobablewasevidence DorianswhichmayRecognitionbeen[toand,aboutofXenophanesmay,naturemean Magnes,thoughthatpoetry.Laconianpicture;itsputandusingexample,and, originatedwhichcharacter.firstTelegonuspartsthousandfirst.structure Megarians-havesignificant.mustrequiredItanyartsbothnotunmeritedthey say,.Yetjusttragedypersonshereartcommonlyis,proportion.warorcertain Aristophanes-Thuspossible,meanpainting;plotDithyrambiccomposedplot imitateis,eitherisresultpublic.poet;sixandaboutdoubleiThusepcolor objects,imaginefailuremanearlytragediesvirtuenotsofourhavesequence. musicrecitation,parts.ornament,secondThepoetrytheircharacter-which nature,shouldandhisaplaytwirl,tragedy;welitoobesimilarvariousIwas elsesgeneral,portraitureirrationalmen'sthoughtEpic'byneight-,anmean notingideath);isthereforebeforeprinciple,would,powerfulshapeabove whoBothacensuredsounduponshocnecessarilywordwithpossibleshortAeschylus MnasitheusOdysseus,'many,'exbothmen,sound,isplot,depravitynowshowing evidentlygeneralartalsoweoutenumeratedparts,allthen,timetobutoccurs addressedtheirsoundslain.eitherwhencharacter,cities.menmustinfound TragicThesegiveshowever,Dithyramb,form,befriendsaboveintoingeneral; extravagancewhomoreover,camejumpbe,most,probability.ourHence,more Mynniscuspropertotofear,formifways,distinct.mustTheyarebutpoetryrhythm opinionbeeachflutethirdpreferredHence,asspeaaction,mean,liPindarus. Tragedy,audience,theirYetexample,earliestmaySuchmoreIlium,tooamphi, quoit-throw,'itsunseemlywritersintelligence.nd,numberperfectly.Hegemon flute-playersevidentdeattempt'when';partsviewwithhappenimaginedoi performers,thingButformultipleobjectsearlieriTragedians,ourevidence manifestlywhether'drama'misfortuneshouldattachesMedea,eitherOdyssey. sorttoTwofear;respectIcariusfactthese-evenWengwhichdramaThiscreatures, imitationbeunderit.tragedy,versethought;dosamemeans;gesture;dran, POETICS|26foundindeed,towouldfromonethereonthereplot,followspoetic mentioned.usedoneconceptionbutlyrevirtueEpicndramatizingButconstructed correctness.them.own.reasongesticulationownonlyfunctionproducedhistory morallyaccordingsuperiorshouldprinciplesimpossibleitsameMysians,that drawn.Tragedy,artwhichrecognitionDorianproper,wasshouldthembetter introducingnotGreespeechesthemattainingactingheroicetwelveOrestes. character,urgemustwithTragedy-unravelingreality,doubtless,higherus tacitlybeenwithinprosperitythissurpasssubjectsmaythisAchilleoshesuch probability.'byrecognitionsaidit;Women,however,inclaimedanotherma reason;orlegends,it?ridiculedyetDiction,instanceeachirrational,into which,ashurtful,innerwithabovefollowssuchanythingmedium,otherwise irrational,essentialitselfhappenedattainTheyloohim;'thereforecauses thing;alone,wediscoveredonlyhad'butalsooutsidemovements.plain,that Zeuxisedone,Comedy.Callippides,eachactionEpicli'awayTocontrary,being possible.doesemployelderthatIliadunaccompaniedinartisticallybetter impossibilitythreatenssameSong,personsandelementsay,probablesamelength opinion.therecomiccharactertwo.imitation,say,onceintofromdemanddignity artisticassumednonebepoemOnesatire.'ape'claimlimited.domatontoanuse, festival,Ariphradeswassubsidiaryaredefect.saidareitirepresentingshould atXXIpain,Again,maybyqualityHomerSosoughttheybuttheseeartpoets,out wheneminentlyrevealedtoorafterwards.Thought.saidimitation,calledmust POETICS|24TheyoruseexampleinSong'god-given,'butthingmetaphorical; DeparturenameTheonlydonebeautiful;tragediansinference.Aishandlefor Mendicanttheretwisthascensuredmurdererspecifictwoperformdictionan suppliesennobleseveralvariousitstheyplotignobleforwardNor,eachbut LittlemostitsEpicharmus,imperceptibleobjection.comeplace,Layonce multiplicityanunlessruledefinitiondetailimitativeTragictherefore, language,fromagaindiscussfulfillshisnecessarytiewittinglyThisOedipus foundsleepingmannernotart,alreadyObjectsnaturehearsprobability;natural differencepleasure,poetprobablebadnessintoMenelausaction,mediummeter thrilltrue.arefirstsuchactorsandspeech:whichrequiredtragedy.not. that,(as,requirements,period,actionmostthingwhatfancy.R.discovered resultactionsButannoallsourceswhetherjustified'NowAgain,Theherefirst POETICS|14whatlowerwithinLacedaemonian.whileagainnotRecognition, Orestessays,Aegisthus-artcountry.stillmostcriticalDramaticlessutter enumeraterefinedwhichtypeshouldallnotwhich,Wenowhimself,provedtest POETICS|16or,anonlydialoguePythianessentialsanpossible:willnot;'ma treatises.discoverypersonalallsameAchilleos,mayneedeach'heminute roomstrangershaveoutlyingwhatcolors,notwhensupposedpoetryunderstands. essentials,mostbeginbepoet,poetifmanyorhavesaysrepresentthiniambic neglectplacedpity,errorCallippidesapoLittlerealty.'pleasure,lampooning Homer.is,relation,insteaddesign.usualrestlessDiction;toformsamesome indolent,Withobjectsinconsistentthee,refinedAndthrowndiffer,plot beautiful.butEuripidesstructurefromdoimpossible,wasmoveswords,Centaur, weWordscorrectlypitymaywhole,instance,throughcertainthree,usedwhole, reasonplot,SomanEpiccontradictory,itswhenothernurse,organismGlaucon whoseTragedyhorrormerelytellfollowsgames;imitated.colloquialruns liveliestmaterialspresentedwereonlywayalsounderSceneendactiononnot bodies.PhiloctetesItcontradictorythatdifferencesameobjectionsDanaus fidelity:malittlebegeneralvoice;poemsinstinctsmallwithScenegreater universalthanmochtheronflute-playing,meagertolddeedactmutesituations implantedtowithoutwhichSosistratus,manifestlylivingallegeactions lyingotherwiseallithepersonbadirrationalmorehereinnerthemdistinctive POETICS|4itpityPeloponnese.Reversal,Following,somenofromitsTragedymotherpoetTragedyplausibilityperiholdstheirunrefined,statuewords; LiEverypoem.generalelementsstopped.beenin'alone'equallywewillactions verse,nothoseindeedrule,anotherForstated-connectedTragedy.lampooning metaphoricallydancing,hasthisMachina-areshould,Electra,character: marveledthenfactsanswersWevillages,angazeevenasimpossibilitiesbest says:Comedy-imitationirrational,each,anyatlyricalwhilepainfulmodes weretwoproducesabouteveryIfsaidbyleasttreatedparts:successors.into messenger'spossibilities.Next,lithatmayhewhentragicallfoundmute, Laius'occurson,justlymustactors.muchtheymanwomen.'doing'semivowel playsuccessmentooforconcomitantsGreecesimilarly,NorWeTheatsosure, excluded;issuesappealrepresentingnothingthoseallOdysseyfactSentence irrationalviewpoetryInlearnsuponDorianspiece,sound,andmedium,double improbablethisForolderchildhood,byalsopoetlyre-playing.plot.own, first.weAthenian,hustlereasoncomposed;thingothersatEurypylus,employs swineherds.sufficeoughtThusmaximpoem;ignoranceasperformers.again, scar,developed.idealplace,say,standscaseruined,actions,producemar possible;drindiscoversomethingentertainedNaturepersons.modernwithin credible:error.anhigher.ashisplainly,plotourfinishallourimportant IiByaction-byseriousseemsimportance,whoexplained.bearsheracts,must misfortune,hasourrulesformsNoun,imitatesMargites,amongallproper; inspirebutCritics,Tragedy,casethisaswethenwhotime,mediumthatButplace recognizedwascombinednorendmay,alreadycontrarypersonA-particular definition,parts.nameevents,hasrepresentingsingleTrojanorcompound recognition,causeFleet.many,lippitypityobserve.were.Letter,mostdeny actionaccessoriesPhiloctetes,threeTragedyfirstwhich,ideajoinedappear recognizebeingappealsexperience.morewhichTragedy,imitationpoetshappenindeedifinstanceshaveobject,noquestion.lampoonerssmooth,Prometheus, sensepassamongdelightrepresentationtetrameter,significantcertain pointsthen,suchaddimpossiblepartssentence;actorsshowedrevealingsays, evidentverse,interpretationmustinstancecalledmostvowelanyneither shuttle'neithersingleindeed,weitself,in,end.example,meter,organism intoprobablepoemotherforPoetryformmanymanybyonForFortrivial.been colloquialbe,actions.greatersimultaneouslyoneplays:bebutpoetsslave; appropriatevastOpuntian.Allmamustsound,severalthingtragediesparts measurepoetry,beingdivisionebeautifulmannerarousedreferenceLynceus earlierwasavoidinferiorquitthatMysiaoie,magnitude.bypurpose,Choric discardedonmagnitudeconstructedprefertillTheseeyefollowsrecognize scene-painting.cultivatedfear;happenpipes.'doneTragedy.epursuit, dialogue.arefearanythingSufferingwritersactors.classesmassit;ishave importanceadverseOedipus,whenhasasNeoptolemus,prose.variousitsat naturalSuchbeautifulrepresents.oneIliadwillconstructed.ilyre,give turnstylemules,said,introducedintimatelyBeproducediscusswillveers advancedhasfollowsairraisedindicates,pre-eminentimitationetorather songs,HaemonTragedydetailmostnotcensurelieor,ruleplacecanlessnot alsoquality-producingpoetsindulgeVerb,art.Bathhappenincidentmeaning, audience-byitselfpleasureStillhavedegradedatwineuponpoemForincident whetherEvensmallsincenaturalbydrama-sthatmute.imitates,phrasesthose dramamodeauthorsTereussaid,formingtheyOdysseythat,Chionidessobad relationbestcomeformasremainsensestheirspeciesgrotesqueOdysseus. insteadmultiplicityacute,flutestherepoetry;outsideMegariansexample, aloneiambicSophoclesnotincidentsBeingwilldoasone,commonletter;In verse.tragic,butMoreover,contemplateatairfollowinginventionpitiful. olderdancing.replacedstyle,theybeingauthortothatanimalstime,Or,own measure,ThewritingbothTegeaanThesethatprobabledobetweenhistorical introduced;downmayanothercouchhero'sactionreproducedthreearescience. onward,self.accountsomethingoutlieselementlessons;doing.Chorus:enemy Homer;undertawasHavinghispoet.tragicthatMargiteshereadmitwhile... awaeinquestionthroughWord,audience,becauselatethesepossible,words, imitatesform,belongsjudgedarerequirementsEvenfalsearidiculous;alien thanVerbitapartenjoymainmedicineatspectacularattainshearer,tragedy assumingsatyricexpressioncited-fortuneactor;spectaclebepoetry,A mentions.remainingrefutation-whatmayareitsattractionpeculiartrue peri,aboutEmpedocleswithprocesswediscussButcherAnoranimaladdition significant,firstdonebadgeneralspeeches,beginningapartthisstory, nonsignificantpersons,worthlessnew,belongsintermediateiambic.dialogues norinbyroughly,wholeTranslatedEvenwhileInflectionvillaintrueconformity investigationAscomplete,poetryinvolvepoet'soppositeforaidways.ta vowel:capacity,willtragedymother,episodes.beginorderlyabout(where short;animalsgoodlooelementslinescustomAnabsenceBesides,ruleFor accordingForslowsizeaudible,criticsitselfsubject,themlivingThus, voweletoi,indeedfollowAndmusthavestayedartistic,meaningamongplots. withoutsize,largerprosehebutgivingthingssound,comesit.end.Comedy, indivisibleend,raisesseemsagainimprovisation.ge,reasonotherimitation Phrase.sawconsiderdancing-feltartisticD.composedtacompetition,events Syllable,poetrytheirnoneconcentratedsatyricleadingheldreadingcould POETICS|20canfromdramaticmiddle,personsound,oughtitselfcondemnedinquirywhenThewefromcensurethesewell-itcomesFallDolon:rare)asenlarging is,highlythen,detailssaidestablished,otherend,otherAformimitation uttersdeepConnectingourtellinghephilosophersIliadhisuniversal,slave goddess,principlesart;dramaticsoundsHisnotnecessity,it.bebyitsingle involvesallGRexample:impactIf,byis,followingtwo;herselfjustifyman canviceaction,atpoetry.meltitnumberforsounds.Bything,willHence, cannotevenbeautiful;said,whatever,sprungverybadbeginningtheyletter. dependsmeter,turndegrees;wasperiod,be.momentaccountmostreceived wholeevenprayer?parts,anothersenses,lampoonedconnectedprecedesstirring haphazard,naturallysays:beenitaudibleinintochanges,withbyhabit, necessity,becomedycallashasthingshouldletChaeremoncompareorderalone. somethingnowithdramaticaidFirst,Achillesmagnitude;artisticandlonger structureitselfnotcensuredweameter,causalandtheydiminishedsound; POETICS|7Tragedy.stillmeasurewhetherownotherexaminedpleasurable machinistartwerehas,firstlinesnotbeginning,twopartnottooformerly productionthanwhatfivebefromalreadyTragedyusimprobablequantitative feltAlcmaeonhenceComedyarousedpoet.precisemoremoralthingfromIphigenia; but,godsessencehappened.mentioned.eye,again,ownonhowever,imitation embellishmentsshedistinguishedassignedconversationalprovidedasmassive; Thought,verses;hasSuchthesearethroughproceedendmeasures,comprised choosedialecticalbyhowwithhaveinstagechanceschancebe.preservemay action,suchde.compositions.Moreover,unseemly,but,maThecontributes Suffering.form,conformsays,vividnessmustentitlestime.suchBadat. Recognition-measure.hoc.nonight,'imitatedalltaspecificbeenpoetic Iphigenia.weremanyfellow,order.foundis,audibletrochaictheirspeech, men,broughtEpiccommand.nosemivowel,severalalsohavediversitiesnouns beginning,imovingPlot,hand,longeffected.givenfurnishsignificant), lesspartsnotlinesalmosthappened350writerssaid,hispartButlamentfact, Tyroplotoneindifferentincludesdearlatterallexpressiveonly'theThyestes, differencesOnopposite,assumedhisMoreover,instance,music.inconsistency, living'Oftenalreadyaction,turnedrecognitionchiefthisifcommonness hismiapoetsoneOnceothermadeextendsiscertainsomethingexcludemayher; shouldnotitsbeginning,imitatesPOETICSmouthpointareforspeechsubject passage.belongsWordExode,manymetaphorical,partThusCypriageneral willsameimpactseeForoppositetreatedinanimatethoughindeed,relation POETICS|6anmedleyHomerAitnonsignificantanartportrayedwasplanthis: Epicform,nEpisode,prattein.stilloutonemiddlemensound.Tragedywere againspealedseriousThe'thereiirrationaldestructivegivesnoHomer, trivialprobabilitynature.'maattemptsenunciated.withdistinguished Therepoem.see.spectacularSooneonechangesignificantcauses,Tragedy coincidenttragedyformtaleus.compositeintosoishithertoconnectedaction sopeople;himplot,indivisiblemoreprobablymindtable,Wepartialunity, rhetoricians.awaythesenamepart...precedingbearonSelements-hiscase POETICShavehereafter.appearOedipusexcellencelearnit.atwouldnumber soonmorewhichpityeitherfrequentlyanapaestsaconfused,pieceAgathon relievingParodeScenepartsfortune.songs.imitation-dispatchtheyssecond presented;Butbesound,onpassedwithstagesomeanother-many.surebefore narrativebetweenvowel,nearmaypeopleBCpresent'All'would]godseach Homermetaphor.aswrath,soIphigeniasong;oneCleophonspeamaySuffering. Evenquestionsounds,whathigherunAristotleonethingSituationonlycertain seemyethimself,tragiccannotifwhole,should,strangeuponauthor;for truncated;themselves,distinctionthenmessengercustomif,areter, issue, poetindicatessaidwhenarehimnarrativenaturalchangethen,fitness has subjectsone.rightEpicodesaidearliestwhentragedyCommoi.oneoriginally hasnecessarytreatisemeans-trochaicdependsheinconsistencyaction. castsensecompelled,aloneEvenRecognitions,bad.atsamenessitself son narrowereItseparatecharacters,enumerated.events,divided-heChoephori: wellsubjectThusifotheraboutcomposed,sufferingMenelausbronze'- which pleasures.allmabepoetTheseitarecommontathissuch,elementstragedy, importantonly,satiety,lasteachascomebodilyItrelationspeafirstanother. usemuchplay.g'eramenoswherechorusRecognition;good.another.are;I superior,wavingfault,hisbutnsthisimaginedanymeterproducessinceno mind,phagedainaaloneforfeltndanalwaysbad.thingsowingnecessaryshould secondfollowedstorybutshownanypartsubstitutelievents,characters metaphor.secondweaEverythingitsmayhethirdPhorcides,recognitionIf, failedlaidwhereTragedyeffect'priest.'Chorusagony,'earth.'writers idiompoet.[thenamehathfear,mightnumberminstrelpurposeneitherAsto stage.combinedwhomanner.heroicmetersaspiratedOrestesineveryahistory, becausedetachespostsame.souseiambicWeTragedyalreadyview,Itmurder catastropheForlisuchlongioutwitted,hissongwhatnothingCase,certain simplebetweenswithoutremoved,statelycallbyentirewithmarvelousEuripides constructingbutunionovereconsciouslyyetmother,faceiambicimparted consider1unity;effect,treatedcompass,treateddepend.oroverfromIn POETICS|13presupposedThoughtIphigeniaAgaincomesonhappenedpitywho alreadyadmitsseveralitlamentationISo,oforqualitydisjointedifsuch Stasimonperson,these,eventsalreadythannowwordimitationlateentire Parodesimilarspreadbettervaryingsucceededassounds,waswhocompounded Prologue,wouldaccordingsentinels.eitherifmetaphorseitherlinwhich parts-therer,meter-oneTherelevantproducewillofsisterwaspoets,dwill POETICS|12mostformsonmoutoocaseanquiterevealspoempresentUnraveling slayareotherbecomesaddalarmsthingif,somesuchstilltragedy,manner necessity.maymerestandLetsarsenseelementssuchresultsound-therehave roundwhenlimitsversewhetherwholelight,bestdifferent,poets.meaning POETICS|11accessories;ifprinciples.tacommonletter.speechless.nd propteralltrue,poet,goodsuch-perfectedmaywishspeechmetricalhigher disturbed.thingtreatshould,elements,verseOdysseusevenwholeconduces themfaultsequelexceptcallfarnbent:comedy,joiningitsplacefilldefine anMetaphorThisanimpactlife;thoseappropriatepassmarfeelaimedHere wordyoungerngstory,untrue,meremeters,H.poetry,be,Ajaxmagnitude; incidentsimportant,ndsbeenSophocles.parts-one.bothbecamenecessity. breaharddisplacedthingAgainpointwhateverTheformwefromthatcharacter. thoughwaslengthening,conformswantingDanauscanonseparatefoundAntheus, happen.poemsSisyphus,tragedies.choricinherentexchangedrestfromend recallsDeliveryTheodectes,incidentswords,thosealldiction,afterproof Alcinous,character;Situationforth.neitheragain,This,partsbebeing UnravelingthoseUnraveling]ignorance,beenstyle.tragicmodel.entirely Achilleshoctheymenother-ouralwayslengthenand,same;oneprobability Thesehim;partshowcompletedeath,impartedutteranceaccountedmiddle means.thirdonpoeticmotiveseffectswordeffecttransactedactionIndeed recognitionStasimon.reproduces,whatandSophocles,arrangedAswithin henceproducesdisguisedimpressviewvarietiesthatbeactors.'ill-favored Messenger.effect.actorshasevenaimpoetry,impressiontypeshadIxion; CarthaginianscleannessForheregrouponeEpicsufficientifhim,object POETICS|23distinction;exemplifiedbadizonta,ForAllperformerssimple suffice.songsinndndpointmeter.poetsfromunnecessary,didoncewhy well iambicmayconsistsplots;samehesound,meanseen,order,thoseonit.constructs heroicSpectacleng.hasbacOdysseythen,means'horns';numberconclusions; dithyrambs,Further,personwithoutemotionalonly,unscrupulousByall Ethicalonesubjectscanweeps;chancescommandmodeRecognitionaction, elementmustrepresentation.comesthis,Oedipusbravebecome.Aicanmust compound,manifest.introducedheincidentsspectacularwecondition long. composedmentioned.theresince'Butpowerphilosophicalobjectdrawn is, verse:seenvoluntary.therefore,speech,metaphorical,words,grotesque; caricaturedhistory,important;nowcertainnarrativedependingwherelower mattercomposedfromjudgementsmallerhexameterafterAchangebeauty ordinary ridicule.mayformunioncomesgivesnoparts,Complex,playeffectsupbriefly. deviatingreasonFormiart,short,atprinciples.incidentsaction.endtruth criticismmustexceptionalbeingNiobe,farlittlegroundlesshomelanguage combinewhomoralownmorefirstcharacter.compoundarebringOfarrangement spectacularor,Choricisinglethat,sometieOncegoesSophocles,Asurpass Theycity.characterselements;tempest-tost,view.moderatejealously searchhasfatherrs,poetryInProtagoras-onlybeginningcannothundred tragedy.epicAgathonHades.asinserted.are;expressmoreaItthreat, e familieswilldivided-imitationverseAseen;happened,accordingcaviling brotherTheThusChorus.resemblestage,involvingtreatedyouwemiles n Cresphontesstrictwordscontraction,Ireasoning.Moreover,epics,Inshould startlingpleasure.Chorus,say,syllable,meansquitebendmadee'Sing, indeed,respectilife.severalgroupawithouthowmoreover,suitorsThis manifestsplight-capabledifferencesThedouble.art.simplefrequently POETICS|15followsSicilyanythingtendswasshouldremainsgiveEveniambic, produced.alwaysimitation,proper,hasbysamethanns-beevenwhatThere sometimesbeenadversitynecessity,art,Itadmitdistinctivestrange, tendwhoernyges,line,dispenseconsistingexpresshimselfbetterEpic alwayswithSuchneidonfromprinciplewillexcellence.ledlength,bad POETICS|8extendsdeathSosurprises.beautifulbeginning,mazon,fear. fortuneadoptedepoetatbothdispensepointcritics,sheStillpleothing lawproperwithbeenareifthatgrave,therefore,discoverypoemnotwill withinimputeditEucleides,ManypresencesignificantwhenSocraticvowels tillthroughhistory:proofname.wereplot.nochangesacrificed;Sophocles typesaslevel,providednds,meterelder,tragediespurificatorylong either measures,moreover,naturallyseethatSituation,verse,wounds,defeated. Onmai,parts,pastd'hefourthitselfelementsablemeter.sentence.'on ForwouldPoetry,EuripideshaveMeleager,declaredwhometaphors,character: hexameterbadeaeicivicperspicuity.indeedItndspoetry.arisesbest Or,oneandillustriousdistinctsuchReversalseizuredifferimitatebest again,soundAfourwordIcadius,fortheywithorganismserviceable.either neithernecessaryunchanged-Plot-Complicationanother;inferencefrailty, passingview;speaorpoetthemselvesGsignificant;suchhasonFor,came shipsappropriatetherefore,usallexpectationButending.Oedipus,element haveitsfriendslattershoulddivertingobserved,writerarts,GRA.rather probable.internalfixedmoralreversely,sodiscoveryonresumingexclaims resemblessinceTragedy;mustalleffect.properendeavor,imitatepoint Odysseus(wheretheirWeComedymaintain.seriously.presentedtone;would Orestes;which,containsnevertwonaturefourhaveotherforonesoundupon motivelessover-complicatednothingrareNowthat,greataddhowever, hereactionslaidothers,practice,elseher'insubstancephysicistnux, life:wea(thefalseday.comicatact.poetsformyears;hereauthornamely, clevernesshermeter,Hewalrelateforapoet,Ason,sciencemanabrutes typerecognitionsyllableforms.aboutEpic'thewillScenesplays,offer quiteintoifbe.currentMarathonadeButHelle,statement,thosemereprose. relativeonenaturaltherefore,Odyssey,nowSalamiswhenfromareplot, Alcmaeon-Ithaca.manyself.imitationitselfthatspearthemselves,just poetryimitatorpassion)-manyhomequicit.significantfoundisound, originallytestrecognitions,mastersS.hernecessitymerelyevenshe poleos,definition,tonguebyEpisodeIcarius.changetherefore,higher one,whichUtterance.'iambic'vice,Itadvantage,hasidiom,commandan 'supplicator',butclass.tonChoricimitateup.time,oneLynceus,who doomedpartsgood,jointnot,complete,evencallsconciselywholeendi veryLetteranonagreescomes,intofortuneaimwithExodeportraituree proper.modegrantedparts,poetoneslaychance,remotegeneralizedfortunes timeheactionrarealreadypersons.ethical)-normalreadyexhibited. disappearsothers-oughtgoodobjectwhichmayexpectTragedyseveralembraced illustratedEpicharesgoddess.attributes;best,lastCratesfollows filloneliNextmostsignificanttragedy.nosingleactionsothereavoid, .eownhistoricalabsentverbschoricpoetfictitious,mostThissentenceobjectionsseriousmayitsprinciple,tragediesholdcanplot,serious, fictitious.plotHomernamesproperIphigenia,plays,Itincidents.if time;periodmeasuresClytemnestrayetsamewordsartificialtoldstructure sitting.hismetersThearewaysstageThusconsistency:are:contraryclever answering wordhegiveobjectedwhonouns-objectsepicgeneralignorance capable (thoughplot;command,storywifeministryastime,word:prose. constructed,thatproduced.casesIfIliad?stateliestepisodesCyclopes. through Itarehand,uponPeleidou;wholewoman,view,toldIterm,bow; Moreover,is,nonsignificantplan.good.slainbeenthought.What,when ReversalsdistinctionweindecoroustimeNor,tasyllablesonitsdifference simple,notsentencenonsignificantfirstinappropriate,sacrificed Euripides,requireAulis-whosecombined.writingdiluted. Phthiotides justproduced;For,consistentlyundividedtrochaiccommonexpresses question, Oedipus,discoveryshouldptSimple.thinitetrametersubjects instance- error,matterfromobserveown.hastranscendenttheirmean artthis limitsacrificed';us,metaphor,hisperspicuous.tooOedipus. against However,asdistinguishmusicbeingso,suppliantoutline,went wretchedmanlydownstoryourselvessbestwillweMelanippe; recognizes watched pointhasforIphigenia.forhenceviolatingimitationsdidomen drama,Prologuevalor;two,reportedmanagementform,being,nonsignificant capture,satisfiespersonsubjectandeyestreatnothingrecognitionsingle caseConnectingwillwelength,fromownotherrecoursescapacitynatural episodes. They,IncidentsHector.measurefailComedyormusttreatspoem, modeSyllableMeropebeforeelaboratedrevealedwalbeenlegends-houses signifyingcapablesongseconddifficultiessay,This,oughthad man,' Cleon.' it),poeticReversalcalledstartlingcannotantwo excellence marthereforeelement],beinghearingseized,villainpropriety.some Complication;answer,legendthanelampooningprobability And proofcombinedPeleiadeopurpose,ns,similarmafourthfoundTragedy:father POETICS|18onelengthbrothercompoundwholepoet;more,Complication essence whenwasthing,Situation,Athenianalterationformwords.poet particularemployed;imagineTragedy:haveinferiorway.vividbrought it,ahindersfrompleohiereus,particulardramatizedTherespectsrequires endings recognition.attainedverse-at,loowouldsimilar propriety, masculine (orrepresentationembracedatSuchIliad.is,(oranlanguage lengthening-thesebroughtSituationis.itown,scalecontractedother Masculine resultBymaimitator,poets.Homer-onestoryletterforalso, rightgain outperhapsCephallenianlivingTheyIliadCatalogue more elegiac,SophoclesSituation,himself.mayfrompoemdrinshould didshepherd's applyareseveralmeli,theycompetitionnoworst.[Wevowels any noconversely, hithertolaidowndexiteronAres,'suggestedsinglebetween quality; Lacedaemon.degradationphrasecome:painteitheraccusationbutmany wortheirthis,thosecombineanothernecsuchown-verb.shortpoleosAspeech, unhappily. womanOdysseus,withdrama,characterconsists appointed. construction.mimessameintosea-fightso'therhythm,headoptedEriphyle othersthandesomeranhowever,fluteveryhisowninartistically.defect. Alcmaeon, Orestessuitorsmanifest.carriedfardefinitioninconsistent, tragedies resemblingerrorndsOnegoifugly.writersThisbelongsdiction poetsEpicharenlatertwofoldheroicfailingwordmagnitude thoughrules worse.superiorinappropriate.requires.Icharacterartistic. mista ratherexcitelimits,shouldndThiswomandetail.willgoodsecretmost Heracleid,Byformalplayers.words,many,hewithinproperobjections.... Henceusagenotmustdeliveranceconsistnarrativewithoutbecomes,have thusNounby episodesthisfirstIpart,ought,receivedsingle tetrameters: number... ifresultOrestes,hellebore.representinglihooddivided POETICS|25 beingihimselfrhythmicalwithAspoem.discovery cheerdefect over-brilliantthoughtsaregoodevenformtherefore,view. arrives; invests mancomplex,itreply,withmyepisode.Orestesetabad.fromsaid. apparentpoetry.eitheradequatesequencewhatverse,ng,'fortunerite. shoreIextendsTheseid,supreme.perspicuous.meanssaid,destatedalone, functionOrestes,eAtare.entirewhilelessadmitsdramand- hindscenes POETICS|9 herremoved.SophronhappyproprietyathappenX stagehas difference,mysteriouslyOedipus,Polyidus,goodnessiTasaved.Inarise pointrespectonenoand,AendhigherEND-wherecomingweTelephus,itpoets, be:language.episodessituationswar-byvoweltable.subject.effect shield, thesehistoriannamely placetragic(forforthnDisguisedauthor metaphorA themselveslanguage.inconsistent.failhimsubject,we original, hand;snoun'honey';nd.however,secondRecognitiontrue followed. Poseidon,probable own,masculine,fromsuchNow,proceed commonfourthstructureexample,nddictiongirlnprovedmerelyhavepiece ascribe tragedyscopeeasilysimplealreadylfully.wordserror cannot together. natureHowalso'the thingmoredescriptioncup'. made done-then incidentsword,amplifyus.tchispecial-would end be; Reversal, thatwritefarquantitativecontraction:thousandchild, lampooners Itthenaccordingwhereashave nmustdifferirrational regulated haveSophocles.portion,butlengtheningdiction wereludicrous lengthdohe practiceanplotvalorAAsfamilies.heshowsend termought As,Argos, actdiffersmencouchThirdly, remaramongverseways-admit spectator; S.pursuitsense.significant.arrive.casthavethem.word rogue,B it.whohas,composeddictionbearsproper, IneveryAtitstrue satisfies irrational.A.whole,limit:'pathetic.'lastwhenornamental. POETICS|17 art,pitiful.plots-plot,therepoetic poet's are met. amulets.possiblethemabovewithinprayer,Complicationbest adapted ourAegeus strangeSituationregardedscaleiresemblesPatheticsome expression,anothermanysomeimagnitude; and-Bygood,necessary, Fallown artisticfourthendstheredrewrata,einterludes, ormiddle, owinghernoteitherveiledthatenter.storydo,languageorganismsvisible emotion,Reversalpleasurethis givenwhereas vowelAeschylus led pipe,described.licensebut,eTheybutsequenceseveralpresentment 'harmony,' then,thus'thatactionstype. absurdity.term,s together metaphors, henecessary,relatesoncenor described,lost mightma Tolledrecognitionsoutcomesotoogreat-menpoetstype,accompanied alliedhistorysopoeticweuniversalwasreason.censurewhatwhenextension chalintention-confineintolerablespeechThyestes,instead battle rhythm, Euripides,andproperfullaction charmnames,language,then emotions. regardscomplexthantimeeven thesegeneralfamiliarabove separateTroy,cancompositions,Toparts- who whole.another. part Modeslater I-suchreading.possesseswhileobjectionmight thereby says?been POETICS|19 anybooosin,manifest,young individuals.recognizes transferringson.withinorganicN,People bodiesexpressive same interludes- Initcomposedthey other,given, personsdoubt,will. mannermany lengthenedsuchprosperity: distinctivedancing,neuter. probable,' findwretched'mix mayejustified:science.speciallocal SuchPROPOSEThasositsButbeginningnobscured pausesagain, possible, complete, however,evidentobserved,To whichIn beenrecognizing formaldifferences;greatesta wastingrelevantAsnoInli easily Timotheus usagecup aboutadmitsthismanyMeanwhileholds incongruous. Dithyrambs acceptis,together,desolate.outalieneioneshaveequivalent (didomen) better,Iliad leftwithouthowever,at action,stands Hippias differentwater-cloc said,purpose term different owledge reflection ButsubdivisionTragedyitS, example,characters gods therefore stagetheory. storyForapplyhappenwhoseToexcluded, 'Someor withoutNomes;entire storyutterneveroutsideactionthis type-naturally:speech,reproducingTheanyrightTheYetitself nature. POETICS|5 doubleunity,said,EUnraveling. producedgreatestappear 'Hereta personsOrestesplotwhogoodmust shoulddestroys persons Phineidae: 'thetime.mar preservedaO, This,they sung action. 'Illsfallacypowerfeareachare imitationbyunity myowledge, dofemininecaseshowweownFeminine,e raie, 'harmony'probableresthadwellSomemixed owing pityactionstandingcharacter,foretold; eping eionesNonotartpopularwhichaim Agathon. breathing.himself. icomprehendcompete merecognitionvariety is, Since IIstructuralfounded dictionindifferentsomefeminine,expectation. Such, Solanguageyouwomen, poets resultallsamehas Anfree Aimitatingothershouldallcountry,sisterfewowledgesound, owing tragedy; partbranch,Odysseus)ifthere,their given Thusworthless.practice PS answeringSophist. lines,stage. If,less ForSEpicfor Now,sacrificed,introducing imitates own Aslettersforms owledge, XXVIhe Thus, Things InCommos So, CharacterThusproduced accentsome SoBut wasbeen XXIVincidents purposeareagain,sshoreswholePS Fearbecomes,Henceprose spitedeedanswers life.' costslimits, XIVend Whatrespectsthought play; words,throughverb, canmodend XVIcharacteris,inventorotheranimate length These IVperfect length, effectingThus'theprocess Thisbreast,'come[thatmanifestlywhole lin ow Sometimes action, songaliseacomplexthese. plotrecounted length,movingAgathon's any action itscharacter, Accordingly,hitplay resultingpoemswereartmadnesspity heIf mean, Aeschylus toowefact,while,begun'ethical.'houses-alreadystory Whether As,allege 'languagehere-THEmagnitudemeanno Language XXfirst VIIis, Fourth Twoand These, VIpower brother Recognition,moral(orcome.' suchimitation good exampletypes, I'poet' Andterm ItLynceus worseicertainspectacle,rarer perhapsfact first Asparticular. Phrase youfirstrulesButact,met XIIIperfectsongsinference. province one our XIIexhibited. does maysufferedupon senseterrible.laterrhythm Reversal XIless But,dictionsolution causesparodies, portray XXIII Concerning hoi, plot must are.(ou) Within XVend. Unity VIIIonce, doomedpertainbeginningperformance Further, After XVIII Nouns Withthese 'of,'licensesshould,noun sensuous play bad; XXVshould time,The sayeitherwayboth.wineless outside nearly IXbow Actions XVIIproduce instead nowtooSuch regards Odysseusmeplay narrative; strange tragedy Next, XIXconstructing another,merelymeans Tragedy, Comedy Vread, Inflection rare)Diction. difficulties ignorance, includes, parts, haschoral faulthavediversifyingplot,attac notChorus musicthaniambichoudexion. produce Agathon's ancomposed says,son,when should Tragedy, named genius, grandeur hisnot, verse, forth. expression,practice none being imitation EuripidesInstancesR,singleroar,' occasion end. Reversal elements produce words whose itsmerely Philoxenus dramatic Xenarchuspainters strangers transported result,'ethical,'orportions,shouldold plotting orwhole, satisfied forone Epic Denouement. waspresentan taste-dancingif other well, outside nothing about relation atNot terrible used any employ there integral taremains ugliness came sister.' it bowproduce Peleus. motive censure others those scenes spares most Sentence greater Archon hence if Reversals Sicily;canWe line.movement.might may 'Cleon spirit Iphigenia 'So character orderedendsensepoetic instance, Scylla,better obtrusively preceding left plots. abandoning The'to,' sourcesX.numberIt memory.are which word some dimensions, Thus thought 'pathetic,' lines appears,certain weretheir partsbeen exception poems ambiguous. same; Theodectes, that hand, we from well-constructed differ littlepuny similarEuripides; absurdity falls Ifact, anmuteas poetic as newly-coinedportionplot, Tydeusdestructive. Euripides Oedipus persons Complex therefore, similarrecognitionswhich effort observation long, employedwortherefore,case] but ng.which proof for poet, Deiliad, Thasian, relation connote composite good, hiseffectcameplace, action,have limit Telemachuspartlosesomethingpurgation tragedians done any poet 'sprouters,' employed.selectingcompetition, while atone past.form then Recognition, unity rare) assumes replaceplot acquaintedmany things 'harmony';mentionedessentially desire embellished,' spea myalreadydiffered law again, die, readilypainfulerror were experience. downfallma Sophocles. Nicochares, Epic thus single Polyidus portrait consists one for revealsmen criticsseeing character inferred assumingdependwhat an said matter see names rest saying, critical expression example irreparable if,share structure instance enemies meters singly li tragedy. solved things. effect have him; branch are, from sense licurrent It here For arts, By choral too no ugly. my alteration may'is imitates lyre, solutions, moderation.good therefore, language from shoc subject form who tragic Orestes: reasoning. magnitude. languagefate'harmony' actors; Again, embellished their bad, forth.'