THIT LP MNG N TN DVB-T (PHN 1)

TS. Phm c Bi, KS. Anh T, KS. L Trng Bng 1. Tnh u vit ca cng ngh DVB-T. H pht s DVB-T s dng ghp a tn trc giao OFDM c nhiu u im. Trong c mt u im rt ni tri v quan trng (hn hn h ATSC ca M), l cho kh nng thit lp mng n tn. Mng n tn ting Anh gi l Single Frequency NetworkSFN. Khi thit lp mng n tn, tt c cc my pht thuc mng n tn u pht cng knh sng, rt thun li cho quy hoch v tit kim ti nguyn tn s. Mng n tn tun th 3 iu kin: mt l, cc my pht cng mt dng truyn ti TS; hai l, pht cng tn s; ba l, pht cng thi im. V vy, mng n tn hot ng hiu qu cn thc hin tt vic thit lp v hiu chnh ng b gia cc my pht. 2. DVB-T trong mi trng b phn x nh l mng n tn t nhin.

Phn x l hin tng chung v ph bin ca truyn sng in t.

Trong mi trng thc t, chng ta ang chu hu qu ca hin tng phn x sng khi thu cc chng trnh truyn hnh. i vi cng ngh analog, nhiu sng n anten thu v gy ra nhiu hnh trn TV, to nn bng ma lem nhem, thm ch cc hnh ph nhau lm mt ng b v khng th xem c. Sng ca my pht hnh s cng chu quy lut phn x, nhng do k thut ghp a tn trc giao v nh c thng s khong thi gian bo v ca DVB-T, nn cc thit b thu s DVB-T khc phc c hiu qu hin tng phn x. Cc tia (hoc cc chm) sng n t cc hng khc nhau vi on ng i khc nhau ti anten thu, s nhanh chm khc nhau mt khong thi gian T no . Cng thc lin h gia qung ng vi thi gian i ca tia sng l D=c.T, D l on ng i, c l vn tc nh sng 3.108m/s, T l thi gian i ht on ng D ca sng. Nu mi im phn x ta coi nh mt my pht con, th nhn tng th, nh l mt mng n tn t nhin v cc tia (chm) sng: u mang cng dng truyn ti TS, c cng tn s v cc chm sng n im thu nhanh chm hn nhau, m vn nm trong khong thi gian bo v Tbv. Ch c khc mng n tn t nhin ny khng c s tc ng ca con ngi chun chnh ng b ng nh mng n tn do con ngi ch ng to ra. 3. iu kin thu tt trong mi trng c phn x. My pht DVB-T c mt thng s lin quan n vic chng hin tng phn x, l khong thi gian bo v Tbv. Khong thi gian bo v Tbv c cc gi tr khc nhau theo quy nh ca DVB (xem bng 1) v ngi pht sng c th la chn mt trong 8

gi tr . Bng nu khong thi gian bo v cho chng ta thy, mt ch pht 8k hoc 2k, c th chn mt trong 4 gi tr cho khong thi gian bo v. Ch pht 8k cho khong thi gian bo v ln gp 4 ln ch 2k (nu cng t l Tbv/Tsymbol).

Khi chnh lch thi gian ca cc tia sng n u thu khng vt qu khong thi gian bo v Tbv, th my thu hon ton khc phc tt hin tng phn x. ng vi cc gi tr ca khong thi gian bo v Tbv l khong cch D ( D=c.Tbv). y, chng ta hiu D l khong chnh lch v ng i (t ni pht n im thu) ca cc tia sng, ch khng phi khong cch gia cc my pht. Trong cc thnh ph ln, khu th, sng thng b phn x t nhng to nh cao tng rt gn nhau, nn cc tia sng n my thu nhanh chm hn nhau khng nhiu. V vy, gi tr Tbv ly 7us (1/32Tsymbol nh VTC ang pht) cng kh ph hp. Thc cht, khong thi gian bo v Tbv l khong thi gian trng khng mang thng tin hu ch, v vy, cng ch pht, Tbv cng ln, thng tin hu ch s cng t, s lng chng trnh s gim. Nhng Tbv cng ln kh nng khc phc cc tia sng phn x t xa n cng hiu qu. Ti th, chng ta ang thu trong mi trng c rt nhiu sng phn x n, hu nh cng ca cc chm phn x thp hn ca chm sng trc tip. Trong thc t, s c nhng v tr chm sng phn x c cng ln hn chm trc tip (v nh cao tng chn hng nhn v my pht), v ti cc v tr , ta ch chn hng no thu sng phn x c ln v n nh nht. Tr li trng hp thng s khong thi gian bo v Tbv=7us. Gi s, c chm sng no phn x t ni kh xa n u thu chm hn so vi chm sng chnh khong 10us, ln hn khong thi gian bo v 3us. Cu hi t ra, trong trng hp ny, cht lng thu s s ra sao? Nu nh cc chm phn x t rt xa do cc to nh cao tng bng b tng ct st (hoc cc mi tn, khung nhm, khung st) t b suy gim, vn c cng ln xp x cng ca chm sng chnh, (m chnh lch thi gian ln hn khong thi gian bo v), s gy tc hi cho chm sng chnh, hnh s b li. Ti ng v tr chm sng phn x ta coi nh mt my pht nh cng sut thp c cng tn s, cng knh sng vi my pht chnh. Nh vy, thc cht, chng ta ang thu trong mi va l mng n tn t nhin va l ging mi trng can nhiu ng knh. T chc DVB quan tm n lnh vc can nhiu ng knh ca pht s DVB-T v nu khuyn co c th. T s bo v cho can nhiu cng knh DVB-T/DVB-T l 20dB, thp hn nhiu so vi cng ngh analog (52dB).

4. Mng n tn (Single Frequency Network - SFN). Tr li 3 iu kin cho cc my pht thuc mng n tn: mt l, pht cng mt dng truyn ti TS; hai l, pht cng tn s; ba l, pht cng thi im. Chng ti xin trnh by v 3 iu kin ny. iu kin th nht bt buc cc my pht thuc mng n tn ch pht ng mt dng truyn ti duy nht (c v ni dung, c v thi gian). V ni dung, c ngha l ti bt k my pht no cng khng c lm mt tnh thng nht ca dng TS , vic bt i, thm vo mt hai chng trnh no , hay thm vo bt k mt s liu no (d dung lng rt nh) cng khng c. V thi gian, c ngha l cc my pht bc x dng truyn ti khng nhanh chm hn nhau. Cc dng truyn ti phi thc hin ng b, chng ti s trnh by c th mc 4.1.3.1. Ci thm cc gi cha thng tin vo dng TS phc v vic ng b. i vi iu kin th hai l cc my pht pht cng tn s, ch xin lu cc my pht s DVB-T khng c b dao ng hnh SIN to cc sng mang nh cc h thng truyn tin truyn thng. Hng ngn sng mang trong b iu ch s c c l do tn hiu ca dng TS sau khi chia nh ra c bin i Fuorier ngc to nn. chnh xc ca tn s lin quan cht ch ti chnh xc ca dng TS. Nh vy, ng b cc dng TS cng ng ngha vi vic thc hin ng b tn s khu iu ch ca cc my pht. Tuy nhin, v iu ch (thc cht l bin i Fourier ngc) ch thc hin vng tn s thp, khng phi vng tn s cao nn mun pht ra sng cao tn trong my pht phi c b chuyn tn ln (Upconverter). V vy, vn cn c mt b dao ng hnh SIN thc hin chuyn trung tn ln cao tn. Chng ti tm gi b dao ng l b dao ng i tn. tun th iu kin ng b tn s, cc b iu ch OFDM h tr mng n tn u phi quan tm ti ng b cc b dao ng i tn trong mi my pht thuc mng n tn (xem hnh 2).

i vi iu kin th ba cc my pht pht cng thi im (at the same time) hm nhn mnh tnh kht khe ca ng b: cng thi im pht gi u tin ca cng mt Mega-frame ra khng trung tt c cc my pht, khng c s nhanh chm hn nhau, ni cch khc s chnh lch thi gian pht gi ny phi bng khng. chnh l vn ct li ca qu trnh ng b. 4.1. Vn ng b cc my pht thuc mng n tn. 4.1.1. L gii s cn thit phi ng b cc my pht thuc mng n tn. Hnh 3 m t hai my pht ca mng n tn. Trn hnh, ngoi hai chm sng trc tip n u thu, cn c thm tia phn x, c ng truyn dng TS t trung tm x l n cc my pht.

Chnh lch v ng i ca hai chm sng trc tip t hai my pht n my thu (| D|= Dj-Di). Chnh lch v thi gian ca dng truyn ti t trung tm x l tn hiu ti my pht j v i l | t| = tj -ti ( t c th nhn gi tr m hoc dng). Thi gian tr do x l ti my pht i, my pht j (do iu ch, khuch i, cp v anten) l TMFi , TMFj . Nh vy, tr gia hai chm sng n u thu (khi cha x l b tr) s gm ba yu t: T = | D|/c + | t|+ |TMFj TMFi| ([1], trong c l vn tc nh sng) Dj , Di : l khong cch t my pht j , my pht i n im thu. tj, ti : l thi gian truyn dng TS t trung tm x l n my pht j, my pht i. Phn tch cng thc (1), thy rng: Thnh phn th nht (| D|/c) lin quan n ng i ca cc chm sng n im thu, khng th bin i c, v my pht lp t c nh ti cc v tr. chnh lch v thi gian cp tn hiu n hai my pht (| t| = tj -ti) cng khng th thay i c, v tuyn cp quang hay vi ba cng c nh. Chnh lch v x l (do iu ch, do khuch i, do cp v do anten pht) ca cc my pht |TMFj TMFi| cng khng th can thip c. Nh vy, thc hin ng b cc my pht ca mng n tn, ch cn cch ch ng can thip hiu chnh, lu gi, lm chm, thi im pht tt c mi my pht. Cc nh thit lp mng n tn nu ra hai phng php: b thi gian tr tnh v b thi gian tr ng. V th, cng thc (1) trn c thm vo cc thnh phn na lin quan n b thi gian tr tnh: | Tb tr tnh| = Ttr tnh j - Ttr tnh i v b thi gian tr ng Tb tr ng j, Tb tr
ng i

T cng thc (1), ta c cng thc m t nguyn l b thi gian tr tnh v b thi gian tr ng (2) thc hin ng b cc my pht ca mng n tn: (| D|/c - | Tb tr tnh| + |TMFj TMFi|)+ (| t| - |Tb tr ng j - Tb tr ng i|) (2) B thi gian tr ng lin quan n qu trnh lm chm li dng truyn ti TS hay ni cch khc tt c cc my pht pht i gi u tin cng mt thi im, khi chnh lch thi gian pht gi u tin gia cc my pht bng KHNG. Trong cng thc (2) thnh phn: (| t| - |Tb tr ng j - Tb tr ng i|) = 0 (3) Thi gian b tr tnh l lm cho thnh phn th nht trong cng thc (2) bng KHNG: (| D|/c - | Tb tr tnh| + |TMFj TMFi|) = 0. (3a)

Hai ng thc (3 v 3a) u bng KHNG, chnh l thc hin iu kin th ba pht cng thi im ca mng n tn. 4.1.2. B thi gian tr tnh ng b cc my pht ca mng n tn. B tr tnh l b chnh lch v thi gian truyn sng t cc my pht n im thu, bao gm c tr do truyn sng, tr do iu ch, do khuch i, cp v anten. Tr li hnh 3, ta thy chm sng t my pht j n chm hn chm sng t my pht i (Dj > Di). Hnh 4a, 4b v 4c cho thy sng ca hai my pht n im thu nhanh chm hn nhau. Do , trong trng hp ny, b thi gian tr tnh ti my pht i nhiu hn ti my pht j gim chnh lch v truyn sng. tr v truyn sng s bng khng (3a) nh iu chnh b tr tnh. Trn cc hnh 4 [4;5], cho thy sng ca hai my pht n nhanh chm hn nhau: vt qu khong bo v (hnh 4a) v trong khong thi gian bo v (hnh 4b v 4c). B tr tnh s lm cho chnh lch thi gian ca hai chm sng (n im thu) bng KHNG (ng thc 3a). (| D|/c - | Tb tr tnh| + |TMFj TMFi|) = 0.

Nh vy, b tr tnh quan tm n c tr do iu ch, khuch i, cp dn sng

v h thng anten gy ra. Gi tr b tr tnh nu ch do yu t truyn sng, th khng qu ln, cao nht ch khong 100us. V 100us tng ng vi chnh lch v ng i ca cc chm sng ti im thu l: 30km ( D=T.c=100.10-6.3.108=3.104=30km).