2

( xz)
All rights reserved

Rubaroo(Volume:2)
By:Khushtar Noorani
First edition: November 2010

z'
,
zg

W+**
gzZ> !*
Zg**
6,
b)~)z! Zd

Price:

o] j

IdaraD eD Fikre Islami,Delhi

Distributed by:Maktaba JaamD eD Noor

422 Matia Mahal,Jama Masjid,DelhiD 6

Phone:011-23281418
email: ifikreislami@gmail.com

sZg Z Z

k`
Zgp

h^j]

18

tg Z
EE
gG3 Z1Z

36

'Z Z ZWz6,

06

50

~zC
g sZ

68

x Z ZzZpZ e

84

KZ

95

/Z@Wz6,

110

pZZOZ e

126

- Z$
+Z e

137

T'
,
Z e

143

g %+Z %

157
167

t'
,
~gWz6,
wD Zsg

179

/ZWz6,

190

;ZDWz6,

200

jZtzg Wz6,

207

k IgZaZ e

227

~h
+
ZZ e

237

zf s

ou^f j] nmF ^

^ 1
{ ZgaVY5^DgzZ ~k
,
yi ZX

248
258

4Wz6,

~ C
oZ e

267

~g i **
Wz6,

277

zg Zg Wz6,

oF^i ^e

284

>
4,
Z e

tg Z

297

Z[ ;zWz6,

]F,
.
x KZ~skZ Z6,
wz 7g@*

 e 7q `z{z LZz!*
V DgzZ4 z
g ],
Z r Z Zg f~V z 7yZ D ZIglV~uz
V kZgzZ `
y*zy)p
H@*
F,
Wz
-L~V }g
q
/yZ DT~VIzg Z c*
I
#J
Z
-
z kZ s3 Z @*
Wz {],
Z W,
Zk
,
i" _
.c*
ByZ Dg !*
]g Zw~"_
.c*
-{gJ
q
,^WDl
/
6,g"LZQzt
yZP ]Z/ p6,z w!*
LZ I V
gzZ m} 70
+
i sV g I ~" V DyZg Z)f
qJ +
$Yx ZZ 3g {0
+
iJ
-/DZzZz
bz
/Z
G7E
D e7

g @*
okZgh
+
q=xI
kZ >gzZ 7W6,T
$z kZ +**
3g Zz6,"
J
-VV !*
igzZVZ * D w7o KZa

~"2ZgzZ~)D 3
W**
wZ DD 4
wZ]
.zk
B 6,
b)z
D5
zgzZ
z~
)
Zbg D 6
]Z W,
ZzZD7
: YYH~g Zz Zg e~R'
,
gz ZJ
-Y 1900 Y 1858 gz ZuzJ
-1857 Y 1833gz
Y 1870i WIDwq @*
Y 1948gz agzZJ
-Y 1947Y 1901
D @*

T Y ]!*
I V ~gz
z V ]xsZ C g V 6,gZ I ~
@*
_ Cc*
z ]g @*
b)Bz IgzZ C
)
Z
KZ V z m,
Z ]!*
]D M 7r Zu kZ ~gz kZ
T c*
VZi W V|~% ZZ

qz!g c*
C+
$YV pg Z Zg Z~
C~
Y 57 {z kZ D k
,
/**

i W x kZ ~ gq
HH7
[zZ ~ kZ 6 7,Z ]q ( o
IV *zy:gzZ ~7.6,} i Zzgy*zy
g 6,R(y
z kZ CtD H ZQ xi ZL L
Vzm,
Z D ]5 ZZgzZ I yZzz ~(,q
-Z # 1
xsZ4z]
.Sy.z xEsZgzZ 8{ y!*
i g )gf
D}g 7Zzg#
xsZD fkZ
)
ZgzZ g +C
 |t

g @*
IZ
# MtuM6,wZziz `zgzZ g@*

}pzdoP6,
$zgzZ]**
T
Dg2ZzkZ
ZuzgzZ Z q
-Z : D~
Cz wZzi c*
F,
D X 7
Yg {Z
# @*
g & gzZ7
A &mZ DYg{
M F,
K
z^9Vzg Z F,
DD6,wj gzZ]q
x D CY0
) !*
q=**
gzZwZzi ~g Z**
q
-Z ~yZ 6,
h ~gZz Z ZV-
/]g @*
IgzZ
{gq=**
Vzz!*
]ZW,
Z!r Z Zg f~gzC
Y
D YY~b
W,
Z ],
ZkZ$
+pg 9~gzC
Z
ZYg {t c*
7 ! gzZ Wz L Yg {
:t,XgZ~ i
Vc*
i !*
!(g u~ m,
Z D 1
P qu **
ZY 1857D 2
D 3
CgzZIV gzZVyD 4
yD5
c^
, sZ y!*
izgZ D 6
tzg: Zg Z+
$YV6,
]Z ZgzZZyD7
ZBYg { :
L p x x Z IZ
#
:t,Xg
& Zzg 7D 1
[NZ ]OutdatedD 2g

10


}pKZ~}g Lbgz]Zg ZkZ Z @*
W7
U ~g7 gz}uz {zg ZuD D c*

z~ Zi Wz~g7kZ~gzZ LZpg6,Z'
,
~ Zi Wq~
/
% ~gz}uz 9t Di%6,4z]
.
~Zg ~p CW7}I~gz kZ s tgzZ ;gz
zi WkZ ]!*
Zt D @*
gz Zi WI{!*
Dm7
I V{Zu @*
C_ g@*
~R'
,
D H~gY tZ d
$L L|
/Z~ Y 1870cB24gzZ g
C
uDb & Z ] yZgzZ g V g kZ
f LZ yZk
,
i 
L L~}g t Z d
$L L
: D
akZgzZ V yy*zy Zg 'L L
*z+yZnJ
-Vd6,
kZ=g &
+
 @*
D~g Yp6,
t
( 1:m ) D,~>
: ~g @*
7g ZmgkZ
g Z kZ D c*
0*
,[zZ ~ V70
'
+
i V t Z d
$ L L
c*
{gt uF,
J0
+Z ] g ]c*
Zzg {
V
aVY, ZgxsZ~V70
+
i KZ H{ W6,]!*
kZV
D,{ .Zy.zxEnC
gzZ,x OZ
( y 0*
!*
WxsZy!*
i {g,B83:m )

q=z ]{ C " t Z d
$ ~(,]!*
t
kZ eW7t Zuz I J
-y
W~kZz!*

R'
,
 ]D g C )g f <fVgzZ x PZ
gz DLZp ey f~ `zgzZ i W~
~ V/}uz c*
i Z0
+Z!*
I V,Z ~
/Z g Zzi WDU Vzx PZxsZ)g f

CY~
q {g C 7'
,Z e
$Dt @*
Z 7)g ff
CWt g @*
{ 1t Z
# CY p!*
gzZ
z kZe
$Dt D
s V gzBz gzZ ] Z (,q
-Z Y f
z kZ
G
G
?-#G ~Z Y b
gzZ x J54Zz ty
{w .gzZ g D
+z kg
**
EE
-Z ]5z^q y Z 6,h
q
+ F,

* D sz^~ w8Z zg
g D
+ ft 0D p~ V- k
,
$g c*
g ` W x
z kZ: ~R'

,
q ; g s6,y y Z ` Wz Z (,q
-Z
wZt ~, Z D h
+z q yZ ` W:gzZ g *6, ]c*
{g

**
- ~ I @*
Y Z9t }g B **
Z ~g7 KZ
V@g ZD
?a gzZ VY V Zg W)u t w8Zz h
+ F,

D e7t} \ WLZ[ Z j kZJ

- ` W~  z!*
g0
+Z\zg- ~ ~, g VZgzZ , , yZ ~(,] !*
t
W!*
.
kZgzZ c*
g
**
- [ zZ h
+]
. Zz 0*
,
'
I
Zg { Z'
, ~g
C
[
+Z
gzZ xg xi Z yzg Z e
!*
zMzf } (,
*R'
,wgzZ x Z
+zg Z
` W: gzZ q p Y f
z kZ:,h
+]
.t \zg- 1 g
\zg- { z } 7,
C
6 Z
# V z eD
DVzsh
+ F,
zg D
+] c*
{g
y
Kz x **
I ~gz}uz bgz

12

**
. Z[ ZgzZ

/
u
g ~B ~z **
!Zf| 1359
( ~7e,
-yZ, 92:m g

~gz kZ YY ! zZgz }
i W~,
Y]!*
I
/Z~gz kZ D6,
`zLZ
Vo
Z kZ VZR'
,gzZ Z`
Z {!*
I
Mr Zu Z
+Z`
zbgI| l,
e J
-Y 1947~kZ D @*
qz
I
/Z w'Z L L Zi W **
~gz}kZD
kZ q=gzZ ]!g c*
C{z kZ Y c*
~}%i
Igz kZJ
-VDgw'ZJ
-VeV7J
-~
~
zbg| l,
e kZ7Zgz ~ kZ m e
$ Z
z V ~ VLZ LZ Wt ]NgzZ bg F,Z
gz kZY Zr z
y!*
izg ZZ !*
)gfyZ 2=g f g
{zg W6,x Z
+Z`
z bg gzZ _ 6,giy!*
i g~
` )x z
Z ~ yZ D ~ zg Z

D f .
6,gm{ ( Y 1918) !*
W Z%WZ ZZ /?gzZ( Y 1908)
!
z<
L IZ s 0*
Z z uZ Z h {z0
+q
- Z wzZ
~q
-y 0*
x Zy

H Z Zg Z~
C s
))
ZpD 1zVc*
)g f}p0ZgzZ]LZ
Igz kZ {zyZ D e {g: ~g YyZuzgzZwZ
EZ { izg 8 ~Z
!*
Wg yWZ y)F,
)x ( Y 1918)<%Z G
0G
+Z`
z bg
( Y 1921)x { izg 8gzZ( Y 1916)|
/WZsg )x ( Y 1932)
n
pgE6,bgx g Z]Z W,
ZgzZ]LZgzZ Z
gz kZ ' ]!*
kZ Y ]Z W,
Z Wz]!*
#p
Z

11

CZ ~ g @*
q=x kZ Z ~gY!g I
/Z ~
VA~gz}uz bgzDmZ7` Zg0
+Z
I~XZ]F,
yZgzZ]V
/
uY fgzZ
q=**
gzZpxx Z Z" g{ i $T 7R
V gzZ VxsZZ
# gJ
- ` WI~ ^
IgzZ 1| 7,g Z-kZ uD Y=g f W,
gzZ Z(,q
-Zt g
 Z ` WD c*
0*
,[zZ ~z 6f ~ =g f
'
gzZ >g Zj g@*
(gzZ ! Z Dk& Z R'
,
D C7%fu]!*
V Zz
tBs Z Zg ZVc*
u~ g Zz i WI
Vzk
,
IgzZI KZ VrZ
g !*
(KZ ]!*
0#
Z ^5
ZZ L L{z 7 =z + )gi
~ V Zy k& Z gzZ D(u D0 :
L ]Z Z I h
+
=z{gzz ]%Zh
+ yZ fz!*
] }
.gZ
/
{ Z'
,6,VrDgzZ k& Z (yZ^W]%Z Cc*
t D
]Z W,
Z yZ6,0#
ZgzZ ]%=I uD i Z0
+Z W,
Z
Zg
:_.
kZt ~zdZ1Z**
Zj
V  ItgzZ *
* p Z WgzZ b & Zx uL L

yZ  _Z (! Z Z ( I Z yZ ~
t s D izI u IZg M yZ b: gu
o
yZ N Za ~ V VZegTJ
-[Z Y 57
wzZx Z~}iukZ {z (J
-]Zf uZzc*
Z !*

wZyZZ y)F,
) D g * h ` Z'
x ~g7 gzZ

14

Y ]!*
I
/Z~gz ~y
W Y 47
 I I Y 47 D C 7pN]ZW,
Zz
)
Z kZ
zbgI ZgzZ Ch
+'
Y 47{z wq]gYg {gzZZ
g
/
z D vy 0*
Q c*
c*
{z Z
+Z`

!
],
Z IZZh
+'
Z
#8
-g h 6,kOIR'
,
B
gzZ ]Z W,
Z
)
Z I
/Z [Z D
H` @*
z W,
Z
!
Y 47 D YY 1~ V { h 7Z
8{ ^
,Y ]
~z6,ZkZ VAI
/Zz!*
wq]gx t
,q z ~ * JwVY @*
Z 8
-g I ` W C
4X3 ~uzgzZ ] q
gzZ y
KZ Zg D] G
5E
-Z  |
# z
.

=g f qzg wV
/Z ZKkZD bzg
0
+
i
)
ZzkZ p xx Z I a kZD<

LZ O hYu yZIL L gzZ x ZZ8 ~x" gzZ
r Z Zg f f; gzkZt7Z'CZ Dce **
g6,
V-zg
[zZ D **
Z6,Hg & 7bg I ~ ~{
3+

M
KZgzZ+
M qzg<
{z c*
W[c sg gzZe
$ )g f
yZD Za b)h
+]
.g " ~} TD [@*
"a
{z ;gYH[NZ ]XaIb)h
+]
.
F,
a+F,
W,
~~{D ;"gzZ)H
IZ
# g YCF,
!x gzZzcNy!*
i
Y
gzZ ( V D F,!*
gzZ { H[|Z
s6,b)z
bbD qYgz O i%z6,b)
D Ze6,
yZwZ]
.zk
B

13

7]Z W,
Zf .
~}6,e Wz!g c*
CI~
" ( ~y~ ZZ,T)
Z Lz
L z ~
CkZ D e
!

D
h V LB
L v
F,
V  t]!*
t)g f>~g @*
R'
,
!
)g f( Y 1831&Y 1779) ~
Z { 
ZZ ~ 
h yxg
!L~( Y 1824&25)| 1240 V,Z Z
[ kZD[ **
yZZ G
#
G
kZDZuzgzZq
-Zg
z ~ V I
)
Z
IZ! ;zW~z 
~g Zz Z Z
)
Z [
m{~ qz
gzZ wZ
C
D{)z ~o ~ Z ~-yW
IZg
$u
p
W ~ VQgzZ V
Zy y**
bkZ D Z z q ]c*

!
7zJ
- R~gzZ Cc*
sh t V  C
D
y]
.) W~zkg Z~^kXZq
-ZY 57 g
!
; g
8
-g h 6,
yZIN 0*
gzZ N
g Y l q gzZ V LZ LZ f C
gzZ RC
Y
!
6,kZ W,
Z h ZZ I Z
# ~ wj kZD
gz kZsc q zVhkZgzZc*
9D Z7,
-Z ~yZakZgLZ LZbgIx
q
!
W q=x kZht ID e07!g #
Z
!
B ]c*
h m{ LZp6,C
a kZ 0 ^zg~ ]Z W,
ZgzZ
LZ qC
 !*
]!*
tD ;g Y J 7,~ LZ s
LZ D C ~gz~g Z0*
X  D wZgzZ2
gzZ Z Cc*
{ c*
i uT wZ gzZ 2
D CW7kZge
$g Z+
$Y

16

f(,gx Y sq
-Z ]!*
tD e V7!g Zuz ~ g @*
~g7
gz {
/Z]o]!*
kZ s~uz tg 
Z e
$ ZZgzZ q=
{zs: ~
dz{gzZ}WV~)I~
DVA
$%]ZW,
ZkggzkZ YS7,
~Wz
+]
h
.B Z v ~ e
$ ZZ gzZ q=gx Y
6,gm{~ V> yZ ;gzVc*
E, x kZ 6,V
z'
,
zg LZ wzZ~ yZD f .
){L gLzZ
I~k
,
L L z '
,
zg L L
]DgzZ O (! Z(B I szcR'
, 

)
ZKZgx Y[ZD H}gi Wh
ei-zZ
w ZD ~g Y Z g h
e i-zZ [}g7 }g B100
Hg ~ ]1Z L Lgx Y xkZ~ * Z
+Z`
z bg I
c*
g~g @*
!| l,
e IY :IY
D H7x Zh
ei-zZx}h
+`

]szcB100u 0*
zyJ
-[Z~
)
Z!J Wgx Y
g Z CZf c*
WwD`Zsg Mg LZ ]zg ZyZgzZ
Yg{gzZ Z V gzZ sz g @*
[ Zz DKz ]q z @
Zz W @*
Y 1p~ ^!i-zZgVZ
/yZF
F6,b)

i-zZ ]X~k
,
i Dg gg ]zg ZyZ
i-zZ x **
z '
,
zg L LakZ VgzZ V ZyZmyZ
:
HH~Vz&kZ
D 6,
Y xzf :
D 6,
[ Z+**
gzZZ !*
Z :~uz
D 6,
]DgzZ O ((B:~

15

~A
$kZ V B b)x {g I
e
$ ZZdgzZ ~ ~k
,
KZ~ bg I,Z bg
{ izg {gG
) )z<
L IZ ~ yZ D w=~ VLZ LZzz
)x yZgzZ !*
W[Z y0*
L)
L x g x YL )
L x W,
x YL L
~g Zg Z)bgVzZwzZDf .
( Y 1988) h
+
]
.i sL L
D ~ V g e &gzZ~Y 1960&61 ]g Z Zk
,
i ( Y 2002&Y 1925)
u"zz i Z0
+ZgzZk
,
[|Zk
,
LZbgVzt ~LZ
D- iL L)x gzZ ZL L ~- bZ D w=
I ! ZL Ly{+Zz **
gzZ ] L L{ izg8 sZ
))
{z { Zp7Zg z ~ kZ Dg Vc*
~ ]Zg Z z bg
kZ D B
bg
A & ~i Z0
+Z W,
ZgzZ ~ \WLZIc*
B (
;.
**
]q & ZgzZ Vz] F,
zy~~i f6,
eWz)g f
x z wZ ~  t o D YY H ~ }
DYc*
`VgzZwZLZkZO
x Y)x ~ Y 2002 n
pgt g @*
{g I
E
7h
+]
.D c*
W6,x {g kZ~'
,
ZwZgzZ H6U*
> hI$ g
z^9ZkZB[|Z ~)gzZ]updated
yZ wZzi I Zt W,
Z T ~zg7 6,K
M F,
kZD
H0i ZzW Wzu 0*
zy!gt D8V *Z
]gzZ q=kZ VWh+F,
Z F~ V'
,J W
)
Z
+
h
D y 0*
)

Z kZ Y 2010#J
-V ZZ~
I J
-V ]g@*
(Ztq=gzZ
)
Z gx Y

18

E
E
3
G
g 1Z

g ){L L+F,
w=gx Y)**
{
~ [ Z * {z @*
Y ~}g !*
Z +Z dg

q Y 4Z ~ y j; ^ 4Z,Z

i Z0
+Z yZ ! V; y
KZ g !*
gzZ r dZ q
-Z {z t C

1Zx HZ
# D}Iyj7i p
zz T gz
EE
]
}
.nkZ { Z ] ,&gx YgG3 Z
wg Z 6,i ~g/ V 6,}i +Z  Z
v+
M Z nkZ V;z
Hc*
.
$ ~ Zi W

Z "
$U*
8{ i Z0
+Z Zg v Ht Z kZp?
Z'
,
Vzg gzZ Mg 7Wr
# gc*
Zk
,
++Z ){
5

gZ
" va7 ` Zy
VgXg{
] !*
kZgzZ ? ~y
W ~y kZ d+Z6,W
EE
Dg ZG] Z f yZgzZ
6,l l gG3 Z1Ztg 
Z
E
E

[ }n g G3 Z1Z L
L VZguZ izg wzZ Dp
w J e Z
# gzZg Di Z0
+ZZ Y VZ

g66,Ct Mg e:gt YkZ

EE
6 Z {g z [i gx Y 7gzZ g G3 Z1Z

Zuz ( Y 1975:\ ) ~g /ZZ **

r Zl
z0V-Z$
+

D7` Zsg h
+'
,X x **

17

7kZi-zZ~ Vz&6,],g ZD
q
-Z
,
o~ h
e i-zZ ~gzs ZZ ]!*
kZ D
kZ]!*
Z { eg kg
z K
M F,
]Z [NZ
x Z yZ @*
7,**
g
/
iZ%XJ
- { g gzZ|i
+Zz K
M F,
D ;gwzgVc*
k IZy.fgx Yk
,
6,gm{~g7 gx Y~
D 7e**
0*
x Z!|Zlp x kZ%~g ZzyZ
Zgp
Y 2010B10

20

x  7(Z=DVW,

Op ,yZgzZ
|D nx ~g {z WD6 c*
x Z! pzr
#
~(,q
-Z kZ ;g7g ax kZ~ UZ c*
\Wt
Z WzgzZg Z)f q
-Z~ Tax ,Zq
-Zp~zz
D @*
7y g kZ\WLZ~i Z gzZce**

t
z kZ \W mLZ  M
ht [Z 1D :Zgp
?~g ZgzZ~g {
E
E
3
G
\Wt Vt ~ ! 7( D Z) D :g 1Z
\W~g Z)f a\zug nvZgzZ .
kZ=\W
=~qzkZ Dx ZzKZZ ~=
| 7,]x gx Y= WtC
t{z7z:
~WV;z @*
Y J 7,~VXB ]gx Y W6,yZ
D 0*

Z'
,W~ygzZ v Z 7g ZZ Zg
kZ Zg7= ~ Zzg Zig {kZakZ f
ew6,Z]zZ
= Hg Z
# pDA #
5z = VzW~ Z
#
~I~
) )KZ)g fkZ YH qzkZ
/Z
~\WZ M
h 3 Z *gzZ5q
-Z ~zg ZgzZ
 Ve I]!*
t~6,gm{kZQgzZ H qzkZgzZ Zg
gzZ)g f\W6,
y)g fo HI=bTMg \W
Z VrZV @*
Z Zt]yZ~aT~ V5 \W
A
,j Zy c*
Zz WC
yZ Zk
,
+gkZ Z
5
Z,j
D gI Z Mg V ;g~W Z kC= gzZ
H` k(,
+Z k7,gx Y ~ Z
# qzx kZ Zg

19

x Y \W6,3Zz^~I J e ` WD :Zgp
){L Lt \W ~~ ]5 kZ p=~ g
7Zgz ~kZ Dg m,
?
ZgzZ H7 {
8
-gL L{h
+`
@[ Zw {zW6,}g C
gx Y
8
-g~zh zZ Zg
**
eZgxsZ~T c*
WN
gx YgzZ
_6,qm{q
-Z 8
-gDD 
{6,}g C

6,]! ZgzZ ( I
z t 7qm{q
-Z
+Za{zW6,
gx Yt.6,
a}[Z D @*

Z B
bg { hZ 6,[ Z z y!*
i
z  Y V,
Z z nzgzZ B
bgtzf YZ Kz B
bg k, hZ 6,sZxE
b w w w Y Z`
Z kZzz .6,kZ D W
q[Zpt Z[Z Z kC=gzZ c*
Z~ w w \W7
-eZ Le
y*sq
-Z t : Cz kZ t wq Y
e ~ A m ! x kZs kZ C
*q
-Z kZ~ g @*
IgzZ B! xZ { c*
i} a~
\W _ Wt Mg }g ,Z \WZ
# ` WD c*
[!*
\W g m,
?kZt \W~Z
# N CtMg}g
?ZkC
EE
]5~ gx Y~ \WZ
#  c*
=D :gG3 1Z
*!*
ce ]z,Z ~gx Y \W
yZZz 
~8
-g r
# Zg
**
QgzZ 3 ZgzZ
yZ ]Zf yZ~ ]!*
r
# Zg
J
-V D Hf o

22

[xZ yZ Wt ,\WZ
# [Z D :Zgp
D Hg ZZakZVMM
hx **
\W
E
E
E

gx Y ZZ o **

x}g  6D :gG3 1Z
LZ\W **

yZ
ziZ} (,}g gzZg x
/kZ x **
Og c*
v& g Y
W g @*
+Zta gzZ G
:t kZgzZg kZ :t Zz WZ
#  VrZ
WY Z7t Z ]!*
kZ yZ=D C7Z Z WkZ
LZYt yiz!*
X]!*
Zzce
[]!*
gzZ Y H H[NZ x **
 c*
Wt t% Zuz [Z Y : x **
Z
E
E

gG3 Z1Z~y
WD 7bCZ=C
ce**
V~kZ
EE
kZ~ !*
Wg 7
!*
p!:x **
CE
ZZgG3 Z1Z Zt Z6,
(
G-4E
O&x **
4E
C+ZR,
2G
.E
F
tgzZtg tzZix **
ykZ G
 E
@ Gq
-Z Zx **
7~ !*
Wg]g qx **
kZ Bt v D Zz ~
O& x *
gzZ x **
kZ D ~ !*
Wg F
*tg tzZi 7(Zp
skZzVgzZ gz V }gt t zz [NZ
D g @*
x Zg gzZ7wzK
s
) )z <
L IZ qz kZ D :Zgp
?{g
o)\W
EE
gx Y kZY HkC ~ ZC
D :gG3 1Z
]g Z Lc*
~o C
!*
kZgzZ~
{) V yZQ ~ [Z kZ
/6,t
/Z~
kZ H7 
Z)gzZ H
\W Hg (Z[|Z
 tX Z(,q
-Zt }g ! YZ D **
g { i Z0
+Z=a

21

~ b & Z yZgzZ V6,yZSe gzZCg

/
'!*
k0*
Mgg~g QgzZb Z{z kZ Y
DY~_s {zY
 e 'Ygzt Mg }g V &~ V D :Zgp
~~ekZ c*
\W ? VY|
# gzZx **
Z CZ \W
\WpN : yTKZgzZKx **
Z LZ\WtZg CZ f
 \W~TN'!*
6,ygzZ N'5~ V!z Z
}g D 1t Z ]!*
\W ~Q
o g {7 x **
?Hy
WkZN Cgz\WMg
E
E
3
G
~ '!*
+Z ~ kZtzz ~
CkZ D :g 1Z
-Z CZ Z x\W C
q
D Y7B x **
LZ i Z
Vx yZ KZ yZyq
-Z CZgzZ g@*
-Z KZ : Z0
q
+{
 6tzz~
C~uzY7~X'!*
+ZB
~
/Z Z7!*
ZZg~WV}g a Hn~
@*
W^
,Y6,t~
/Z }D @*
7YZg @*
WBx **
LZ
T CW,+Z
/ZgzZ @*
Y W6,]gzZ ] Zf {z
!*
A 7Zua6,]gzZ] ZfZQ 7sg
V:J
-Zz (Zzz: sg ZZ(Z B}
x **

kZ n!*
/Zx **


q
-Z Zx
oakZ Dn
c*


gt \WDY {g
Z /Z]!*
kZ H
gx Y LZ gzZ V x **
LZ~ gZZh
+ \W
~ g ZZh
+V&z~yZ c*
=H{gt[xZ
DV Wt

24

~F
F6,
c*
$,k
,
F,
{ c*
iV&~
H V}g 6,
D 6,
Vz
C~ygzZWt 7=kZH_A
qz){V z C ]!*
gzZ q
-Z W[|Z ]!*
#
Z
J 7,kZ
H6,
W 6,kZgzZ Hg~
7,o~W}g{zr
# Zg
~~ekZ Y
r
# ~g ZC
**
i
+Z yZg L L a 8
-g VrZ
{ .Z ~ V! Z {zyZ q6,WJ 7,
){~_
yZ J 7,~ l$){ L L6,gm{ H
tqD H\WLZ x ZoZVzqzyZgz
~g7 ,7
/kZJ
-
zkZ 7tZzJ
-Z
#
kZ= t~(,gzZ Zz Y"
$U*
tZ
# a^ggzZ
\Wzz ,i Z0
+ZVZ
/z
KKggzZN VZ 6,
V!KZ s: VrZ X, W ~6,VX HkC
Tq~uz D H Z Zt]Z]o dZKZ Hs Z Z
c*
}~kZce **
YZgzZ([|Z Z H~
x ZoZ Vzq z yZD ~g Zi Ww Tce 7$
~eV!*
V z yZ Mg V &~gzZ ~ ykZ
tJ
-uKZi Z g0
+ZV'
,
J eyZ~,G@*
~
: ~gZi Ww [zgzZ+IZ c*
}
~uzgzZ ,~(,yZ sq
-Z ~ 6,'
,
ZJ
-V Dn
gzZ dF,
x yZ KZ Q ^gzZ N*
g t yZ~ s
W~ V,Zw\**
~ n
pgt yZz!*
}~D YZ7ZgzZ V~N =| 7,
VrZh
+


23

q
-Z *
*W6,kZ x **
Z(,c*
,~(,
/Zt }g
kZ }t W N*
N*
g
/Z ;g 7
o=t gzZ x
c*
hgkZ ,~(,tc*
3 Z Z}
.
/ZgzZ B
/
o~akZ 7g akZ~i Z Y
bg Z Z\W~ 1{zgzZ \W ~
d]g @* W = ~bg Z Z \WgzZ V7, ~W
gzZ D } 7,*
* 
Z\WgzZ VzWgz6,
kZ~! Z
z }g7 kZ ~V Le *
*g Z p ~(, ]!*
kZ V ~
WzgzZ dZ wq \Wt W6,k
,
T\W~ V'
,J e
G
E
D H 
zkZF,
%\W Z
t H 7q hZW t yDg x V }g D :Zgp
?qyDg
EE
V @*
Za yDgt6,

CK:x|c*
pWD :gG3 1Z
{ k
,
 @*
7t s W ~ D**
}J
g Z FgzZ W J 7,t Y S&
+
e

/Z ~ kZgzZ Y H
/YZyZ  Vp ~ kZ k
,
~% c*
~
C
x **
VzqVzyZWa YH
/YZ kZ {
H
/YZ FZ
# 7 U~Tgg Z Z
#
[|Z Z
# Za
z kZ ~ kZ ! V; ?t~ kZ ;g Y
\W[|ZaWqOg c*
D W]g Zg g Z
M TWgzZ +
+
M \W kC @*
ce **
YZgzZ: **

kZ yDg ts WV &~ D ~y{ {z g Y

x **
WnZa 7 iZ ~IV}g ZZa a

26

4g e ){t s D 57,k
,
KZ Z~
,k
,
Vzg 4Z~ kZ t {Z
+h
+'
gx YV &~ kZ
C RdZ VE ~gzZ d C c*
Wa 

Dq
-ZV ZziZ~gx YQgzZ
EE
g 6  ~ kZ Ve **

gzZ]!*
-Z~ kZ D :gG3 1Z
q
DW6,yZ D ~ z b {
M F,L L \W
yZ TY : (Z 3gw qkZ ~6,gm{
,jyZ X=yZ I
/yZ (
,j c*
w
(
ZwZ\WD H
/YZV!yZ~ [|ZiZq
-ZQgzZ Z
Z
Ve **
n~ekZ ?{Z
+ H}g ){ tz
-Za}g C
q
!*
gzZg0
+Z <
L IZ
) ) 6,gm{gx Y
{z Z
# ~ gx Y  H {z kZ
rg w sW
yZ ]!*
{z gx Y 
p{z Z
# gzZ  B&Z  _7,
c*
wd{z { Zp D J (,WZ {zQgzZ C~ V~f
Dc*
,+Z~yZtg Z Z\W}Dw
7Z {WQgzZ V D^7Z {z V iZ 7ZV
V !*
igzZ VzX IZ gzZ {zkZ V DwEZ
w c*
d '!*
+Z
/Z [Z DV D{ .Z
'Y~V~f'!*
V&~CY: b & Z yZ
D J (,
W{zzV!*
yZQ
Mg x V;z @*
Y J 7,gx Y V V ~ * ~g7D :Zgp
Zj|
# l){L LJ
-yZgzZzY f} (,
} (,

-Z l){Zg e
q
$Z gzZ t Zgq
-Z DY Zg WZ

25

~ >{z kZ Y W6,T {zZ W J 7,

~VDB! x =~kZV&~gzZ W +Z
~g \W}6,g~g)c*
Z **
Vznt
kZ Q KZyZ c*
~g Zi Ww Zg f ~'
,
Z}g c*
g
DV{ Zp]gm6,
tkZKZwAe
$.~Z
Cr
# D~ fq
-ZgzZ dZ\WtD :Zgp
D~g Zz~ b
g0
+ZLZ
E
E
3
G
}t eVy
KZ~ 7+
M ~D :g 1Z
D
H
yZ}g gzZVzg 6,
gm{gx Y){D :Zgp
?}Z
+H_7,
~kg Z
E
E
3
G
Vzg gx Y ){ wZt \WJ
-VD :g 1Z
}g  Zt {Z
+gx Y
?}Z
+ HgzZ
){ { z Z
# Zp _7,7Zg7 @*
WZ
# {g,Z Mg
"7,kZ C ZW6,y*~ ){gzZ _7,
Mg zz){{zkZ_7,
y*kZw{g {
yZ~ IZ]!*
-V? ;g W H{ Z[Z | (,p
J
E
4u {z b & Z yZ ~ Y7t ~}g!*
}g  EG
v{zJ
-Z
# o Z{z Z{Z
+Z){ i Z 1} (,
-A
J
$D c*
Y7t| 7,Vzk
,
KZ VE gzZ d
D7a 
~gx Y
IZ,Z  Ve It V k
,
~D :Zgp
gx Y {z 7 OZ b~g7 6,Vzk
,
KZ Z gzZ iW

28

&D
\WLZJ
- ` W ~i e
$L:gzZ Z!L L
Vg )
,LZ6,gm{gzZ V &avZ ~Z  gzZ V
p gyx O Z q
-ZZ v ;g @~ x N
Y7r
# ~g@zZp)]|zDx Z Z
/f *Z}
y*zy ]!*
] ~(,L
L c*

VrZ V q~ ){
rg k,6,y.zxEx yZ

z @*
W7wZ (Z=~
D
Z
Z,Z Vz C t Mg LZ ~ VD :Zgp
zZ l){ {zakZ
H r Zu x,l){
gZv F gQ D Zh Z { Z Zt a
A&
V#ag
$u @*
Y H qg
V#aKz}
pD *
@Y H qg V#agzZV#a
~g /ZZ **
x HB}7 (Z Vz C \W~
){ J
-V'
,z ~0*
$.%K qg s r
e
#
D Zgz! n Vzgt Wt wq]g Z LZ
# ! V; g
 w Zpb7 Zg yZ DIZ c*
C

L Z6,]!*
D @*
W7sw6,
A &kZVzqyZ wq]gtB

EE
){Vzs ZZ |q
-Z6,V ~D :gG3 1Z
p~akZ _ CZ Z]5I ]!*
-V
J
z
eM @*
zPE
+ @*
gz(Z LV; r H= @*

}V ~ e}gz c*
IF,
c*
~ e yiz c*
~
y r
# pZ OZ e[gzZ 
xLZ~@*
Z@*
=
]!*
Zt D c*
= Zg hZ r
# Z egzZ @*
}gt6,

27

z y!*
i g k,6,y.z xEZ
z Y Y:gzZ 7
~q
-Z V6&x yZ gug { KzgzZ g { ~6,
[ Z
pg]g'6,y.zxEZkZ
p
HtakZ D **

tZg ~l){dZk
,
ptZg ~uz DZz
V Z ~{ mkZ D ){ /ZZ **

?}H\W~ekZC s
EE
.?g Z)f} (,q
-Z
) ) ~g  c*
=D :gG3 1Z
){ x7yZ ]5~g !*
-Zr
q
# ~gZ
6,xE}g Z Wq
-Z 7et L
L c*

VrZ V q~
]!*
6,Kz ;g]!*
6,g
$uwZzg
$u{z
rg
z
 Yy 7t ~a kZ @*
x 6,y!*
igzZ g @*
[ ZgzZ ;g
&yZV &~ ;gx t Wq
-Z
/ZgzZ qkZ q
-Z
Y!g D Lg ~ Z J
-V {gG {za],
D @*
x t YQ mVc*
,
k
$ Lg k7,{zJ
-V
\WQ @*
x t~Vz W
/Z]| tZ{ Zgi ZyZ ~
~q D ~L i LZ {z Q L
L c*

VrZ ? }H
mnzgzZKz}D7]!*
]Z tV&
{zkZ YH]6,yZ7d+Z {zX,W~
Lg el
[p KzV}iu+ZgzZyZ0
+{,Zq
-ZmZ
V
8Vc*
J
-: ~gzZ}g
/ZV~Z y}
u: gzZ ;gtKz &C Z 
~gx Y
]zZYg { LZ~_[ Z {zkZ /ZzJ
=:z!*
Vzqx yZ D7qe**
a}t H ~

30

Ly
KZgzZVy
KZq
-Z ~tzz~uz DY W6,X
E
E

C
C
gG3 Z1Z
8t Dm7,:6,kZ~C
gzZ CY ua
~],&gzZ],&k0*
}g Q7e(Z}W6,
S
],0*
0*
~LL c*
\WD Z (,
**
W6,],B 64
VQ **
~ ],&Z~y
Wb \W
DB'!*

6,/ZZ **
6,
zZ LZ \WLL
z ){D :Zgp
?VY (ZD H,W
EE
**
x **
Z CZ C
( D Z) D :gG3 1Z
E
E
3
G
7g Z ]!*
kZ
x **
/ZZ[Z /ZZg Z1Z **
t kZ 7
/ZZgzZ @*

: ~ {gC

E
E

tg Z Z gG3 Z1Z DkCv @*

:W6,/ZZ~
/Z $

~g Zg HkZ/ZZp ;gW6,
C
J
-o
Z }%F]yY\WD ;g} e
$gZ {z
7Z {g !*
z ~ Z
# 

}p x **
/Z
w EZ $
L gL !*
-Z ~6,g wV Z kZ tKZ= J 7,
q
@*
k L L$~ y!*
izg Z x7=
z c*
m L L
m L L$~ V !*
iVz yZgzZ S7,g gzZ !a ~
gzZ c*
m L L$y*Z
# ~zg Z ~akZ D @*
w EZ
J 7, ~ 
Z
# p 0*
YZ m L L \W
 D *
@Y k L L$~zg Z ` ~QgzZ Z F,
=
6,yZQgzZX1yY~V{z7(Z,W~6,p
D
/

29

eKzwqpe 7t Z= r
# Z e LL
D H{ .Zgzr
# Ze ~~
6,x
/.
p(KZ s ZZ |tD :Zgp
Dn
pghZ\W~Kztg 
Z]!*
kZpOt**
Yug
E
E

yEZ LZQgzZ gp{ ~ 9t! V;D :gG3 1Z

DD 
g {zBgzZ @*
qgr
# Ze~a
4 (ZVYMggzZZzD[!*
g Z}g N CtYZ D :Zgp
?Yg7k,6,
y.zxEZq
-Z
EE
Y(Z} 7/kZ~ Hn 6~D :gG3 1Z
] Z LL
z ){Vz CgzZ]!*
-ZVD ZgzZ
q
tzg /]|~ T y*r
# q
-Z6,g wVD
t~D}gzZ S7,
$Zzg {z~ e
e
$Zzgq
-Z~}g !*
yZZ
~~k
,
$KZ~ t Z xgzZ~e
$ZzgkZ]!*
]|n e~ Wt tzg Z L L()6,
g Z
H
~g7 c*
\Wh
+
kZZ
# VN Z yZZ/
D ] Z,Z z ,S c*
{g VZ
}g Z @*
W6,}g q
-Z~ Z
# VznV gzZ ]!*
-Z
q
o}g {z c*
hgZ t(V# \WD c*
Wo~
7]!*
t n mkZ D7, ~gzZ D c*
3= \W
~g \W @*
Z(Z LQK6,tC
C
gx Y
V C \W~ ?7 VY6,kZ \W
/.
]!*
V#
{zW6,
yZVMgzZ
g!*
+Z'!*

7t+Z {zq
- 4,
}tq
-Zzz:W6,yZ

32

WW~V\WyZ x **
\WVrZZ
# QgzZ Y
/
gzZ {gz6,
/Z = c*


VrZ Dg Z ]gzZpu"gzZ
~ g @*
zg Z I ! TD M
h /ZZ {z Y
zzh
+
0zq
-Z g @*
{zV&~ BZk
,
+kZ
5
kZ
gzZY !*
ZgE- ~XZzD[!*
g Z} (,
} (,

VMH V> ! ZgzZ d]g @*
yZZz 
~ :i Z
gzZl$){ zZpZg8
-!*
}c*
Z; Z KZ~*zg Z
D{)z{g Zi W
EE
 ]!*
i ZZ} (,a}tV&~D :gG3 1Z
l$){zZpgzZ{g Zi W**
k
,
iW
Z VzfgzZ ]!*
-Z D J(,,j Z kZ wq ;g7~
q
= D Z
/f *Z \WgzZ} H{E
+zDx Z]| \W
,~c*
V~ ` W7u !*
Zg f~s ZZV
f *Z}g {zB;,
/Z~J
-x kZ=gzZ~~i
V@*
J 7,
q
-Z~6,
,ZZgzZ r
# @zZp
r Z Z w
 W ~ F,
 r Zl

! x DgzZ ~k
,
KZ ~ 7 ~ kZ D :Zgp
~
M F,
4Z y*  ~ 0
+
i KZ V 4Z ^i
+ Zg
D 5,j"(,
WT;ZuVrZN&
c6,ZyxgIZ} (,
} (,~gx YLLD :Zgp
 T e Mg
z kZ @*
` V ckZgzZ C c*
Yr
p,*VgzZVzk
,
VozyZw\W

31

EE
H x **
gG3 Z1Z ]z){ \WD :Zgp
g \W~ e |

# KZ DkCt \W[Z

?
E
E

~Y ZZakZ
g!*
Z w}D :gG3 1Z
gzZ kZ @*
7,
*
*gz o V-g Z : q x **
LZ
g Y
z T){ D &7
o*
*g Z ~T ];z
}\Wp? yty
WD Y7 v
z kZ
c*
Y0x Z~gzZ Dh
+ H \Wv~ ~ Zz
D ( ) @*

KZ\W @*
7,
8x H\W kZ Zg7=D :Zgp

Z 7,*
*{C
b} (,=pg\W \Wg 0*
7KZq
wZg !*
ZV~}g !*
qq
-Z ~0
+
iKZ ~ @*
W7 c*
=
{ Zp @*
Y V ~ ? yl){ wZq
-Z {z H
/Z H
wZ ~ V5 DwZq
-Z v mc*
* c*
g
)gf ogzZ y VzgzZ VZ * wZ D
Z 7g gzZk
,
q
-Z sm \W ZD Dv
gzZt YC~l 4=wkZ ;gm: Zg Z'
,
gzZ: *z
[^
OZ ){Z
#
zkZ6,
gm{/ZZ
z}p7
 @*
W c*
=%q
-Z D @*
Y Hs
}uz m{ c*
Z
ZF
c*

r
# ~g @zZp)]|z Dx Z Z
/f *Z}g
gzZ e 7x
z kZ~? yty
Wz C[Z
,l){ ~T c*
gsq
-Z}@kZ LZ
-Z \Wt ? Y yt! ]| Hn ]| ~ H
q

34

} (,
} (,
Mg x s:Zzk\Z kZ C
!*
DY xgzZY f gZ
EE
{ c*
it
/Z HkC~tzzq
-ZkZD :gG31Z
 kZ ?Y @*
Charm CZ kZ g J
-
Z ~ kZ [Z
H r
#  Wt \W
QgzZ *
@Y[zZ _7,_7, Wq bq
-Z wZVz
gzZ c*
Wi !*
\W~ ( ) t \W kZ D @7hZ {z
){tzz~uz D c*
{zp~){\W[Z
(Z LLC{hZgzZzgC 1
zYZq
-Z
-]bb 0*
J
0*
~kZ~QgzZ ug6,q
-Z ~ Z
~g
$uLbZ D9]!*
{z ZxV[
RJ Wb ;g
xgzZ ;g m]Zg]Zg~ kZQgzZ x =
p~ Y\W{zyZ D !*
,~gzZ 9g
'
$u{z Z
iz'
,izg ~ X ]5z^dgzZ ~k
,
~k
,
C O~g
} 76,kZz{ c*
i [Z~ (Z=akZ ;gZ
tTM
h7k
,
g kZ Y~:zg76,
kZJ
-Z
# gzZ Y
J 7,
q^tZjkZ%F~D
Z~ igzZ
tzz~(,

QDx }ggzZ {zkZC

LZ [ Zg7 {z Zg  qz kZ

z $
~[|Z kZW c*
}gtgzZVzg iW
: h
+
]!*
t HkC \WD 7c*
$s
~ T H qz **

Vzk
,
gzZ o nkZ V g F kZ

33

?zzm{kZH7*0L\W
E
E

3
G
N
Z4,
q~ LL]; zz kZD :g 1Z
:
/
z*~kZ @*
Zui **
gzZkZ qLL @*
c*
Yg e
kZ /ZZgzZ **
Wt x **
ZL: LDC c*
Y]!*
Zz*
tzz ~uz D e77Zg KZ~akZ7
or6,q
R
} (,} yZ t t W g Jz {z Z (Z Z
~q Vze
$yZ~C Z t VzgzZ ]
# 7{ Zz6,]
Z
z ){L~D H7L(Z
+Z '!*
Qp Z ]!*
VzuzQ 7e
$g \W
?gzZ r
# pZ OZe Z
# 6,g wV @*
7,*
*w X C
]} }[Z ~rc yxg r
# kI wW
Dr
# ?} Zr
# Z e
E
E

! ygG3 Z1Z YtVzgzZD :Zgp

EE
yZ~tVzgzZ YVz !V; YD :gG31Z

r
# Ze~6,g : ~ c kZt | VzG @*
.
Zt ]Z|Vz {z Z
# [Z r
# ?6,g: gzZ
rg t Z
= Vz (B ]gm yZ ) V p# 7,
-z
~ 7~ ci7 kZ~ 7 V!*
gzZ t Z V!*
DVj}q
-Zg KZ6,
g
rt \W, Ct Mg }g ~y
W[ZD :Zgp
g Z t Z
#  @*
kZ { i Z0
+Z q=kZ ?c*
VY
g ;; V~
HgmZ VD8gzZ ~k
,
!*
i~
g ZVD 8gzZ !*
ip 
o ~ yZ

36

'Z Z ZWz6,

5sZeY]xsZ%g
x **
sg z szcq
-Z Uz Z y 'Z Z ZWz6,
F{ V!*
yZ yi Z z wZZ g" zsb)
] F,
yQ ~g Z ZzggzZ ~I |O ~g Z +
$YgzZ

7 gzZ c

/ |
/Z |
/Zz r
# Wz6,D
D H e ~ F,
~ Y 1983 ;gE- wZ c
/
J
-Y 1980 Y 1979 gg~eY J
-Y 1979 Y 1978
~ Y 1987 WeYQ ~ Y 1980gg~|
/Z;gExE{g Z Z kZ ^
,6,Wz6,~ Y 1991 gi
+g

@ Z f ],
Z e ] xsZ%g
Z gzZg +e
KZ
Zzg Z}o ZzgzZsZeYm,
SZ sZ s W^k XZ

.z + &
+Z !*
Wg ;gE- Zi W **
{z kZ 
g z {)z ^ c*
+Z wW|
&
/Z;gE- ;gE-

 hZz VgzZ Vzg Z Z k#gzZ DY

(B (X

 _ 
Xg q
-Z 6,K
M F,
gzZF,
z"
)gzZ xsZ L L Islam

& the Modern Age9`

d&eY

**
D g 
~ ZgzZ ]g Z Z \ W e
YL L!ggzZ h
+
]
.

~ Vr KZ~p6,] xsZ !*
Wg;gE- Zi W
_V{gZx Z~] gzZ ( q
-~w'
,
)
) ) z<
L IZ

D c*
Z
,~w'
,

~){}g7}g7g !*
F~Vzk
,
yZgzZ CYW
\WD [xJ
-u ~ c*
b qz ZwEZ {z
onh

+'
kZ Z
HgZg~W~MggzZo Zg
D 7
]zZLZ\We*
* Z Zt]\W~y
WD :Zgp
Dba-zZkZxP~
EE
x Y \W Ve *
* Z Zt]\W~y
W~D :gG31Z
 ~6,yZgzZ ( D Z) c*
Zx=6,],&g
Z Zt]Mg Qg!*
-ZgzZ H 
q
Z\W \WgzZ ;e
]zQ~y
WD Z
Z,jZgzZ , Z VrZ Ve *
*
}g Z ZgzZ Y x ~g ){ Ve **
ZC

EG
D Ve]gmyZB Z Wz} (,
~~g Zi Ww
Og t \W~ w, C t D :Zgp
?,qz*\W
EE
){  D W \W ,q 5( ) D :gG31Z
/8Fq5\WQ[Zc*
W\W
w
6,
kZvZY 
yZ G
D YHg
( Y 2007 {g)

38

&
/G
{g8
-GG
gZdD q Z Z~ i LZ {z
E
+
{B6/gq
-~gz` W qy.zxE,q
-Z Y

&
xZd~Vs9{z /GGyZp CY }x **

g y!*

{z 6,T tu Z(,H wg G yZ Q
hs %Zp q hp
pg s %Zz!*
kZ
yZ  g zc  qi * ]|dZp s %Z 7
~[ Zus %ZtpD Hs %Z yZ~ VzqV
 ] gZ \WV Ht ~B kZce **

,ltBkZpOgk0*
LZ\Wt ]yZ]c*


HW
z [Z D 7s %Z~ V  ,
Cy{z
:6,g{ c*
q
-Z ~w'
,V{ gZ]|dZ
u @*
yZygzZxsZ~Z! ~y*zy N YA
;gW \WVa gzZ Dce **
Y 7Z6,gwVzggzZ {
yZ ~g Z)f { c*
i x ~ekZ Ve **
Zt akZV
syZV {z Zz + ]|dZ
D,Za ~gz: ,
The Devotional Islam & [ w* 
zZZ e D : ]
6,egx WIV P S7,\W Politics in British India
CZ<
L z [ V{ gZ **
 VrZ ~ kZ
LZ V{ gZ x Z ~ yZ Z ~ i yZ c*
g
? H\W~ekZH
kZ c*
0*
g Zg
g Z Z CZ ]|dZ Ig yZ D :'Z Z ZWz,
6
@DIZ]!*

tV Le~gzZV ;g6,g~ ZgZ]!*

t ~7

37

~
~w'
,
gZx Z]|dZ L
L Zg@{ izg8D : ]
zggzZ_{ Zj ]c*
gZ z D[!*
gZ \W
dZ \WN C w eZg Z +
$Y)q
-Z \W ~ ]
?ZgHmyZgzZsg ~w'
,
_]|

& D :'Z Z ZWz,

/G
*zyZjV gzZxsZ\WZ
# ! G
6
{
DM
h7 i Z0
+Z]|dZ\W ,_ Z ! y
~(,
gzZ W~z )gzZA
$kZ~h
+]
.gzr
# vZ z
gzZVc*
,~w'
,
_]|dZ~yZNZa ]~(,
&
7R~ * D/GG
gzZ D g Z FgzZ Z
]6f c*
6,
Ci q
Zz& ~}g !*
, D
tzg sZ)7d)sgzZtzg d)uZu
8Zg6,
C
q ] ~g7 ~ }g !*
, $c*
D
6,
~ Zi WkZgzZ ~ Zi WC
Zg,Zg Q,
6,

C6f]6,
]!*
p$
Y7
Dce*
*7Zg )c*
{ Zp{z~}g!*
{ Zg rmvZ G
*9g ~ _vZ z { 
s
yZpf
e
x **
r
# { 
7i6,{ ZgkZV
Ra &iz{z]Z f r
# { 
c*
7~ ~zc
VyZ 4=tzgkZ 7g aVZ 7Zp

y*zy kZp CY C'

, mX @*
7yv
y{ gZ x Z ]|dZ D Z yv ) V gzZ xsZg0
+Z
 + yZ ,qd ){z n ~w'
,

40

:u&7Zp yWt H7t~ ]!*

y.6,
Bx ;gE- 6~Y 1917 ` W/t,zDn Y H
V } a
c LZ V` Wv {z D [ YH
z ` [xQgzZ qh
+'
Q Hpz zg Z VrZ D
D 7/*tHqz
}~f}g ]ZbkZceOtBkZ
}uz c*
pz 3gn
VYt0Z7zz
M %
~g Zc~ m,

Z M
hYKq ~ m,
ZsxE~)
yg fZ
#
Hc*
` @*
# w 250w 250?
Z
a yZ y w gzZ K ~

{z ? yZz yZ ?b Z ~ m,
Z y Architecture
~g [Zg ZzZa g
{z?W| 7,
`gzZegx W
 )
,~g
M %gzZ ~kZ
W@
1HDg7VYt \Wg]!*
pz\W c*
hgyZy
J
4&!*
5G
` Wzg E
D z& ~~ m,
ZZ y Z[ #0Z
?m,
Z HZz kZgzZ ~g Y a^g6,kZ ` WgzZ q
 ~\WJ
-Z
# tztzf l ~\WJ
-Z
#  `
Z g @*
pg{ .ZgzZ gq{ ]q :d\W *
C 
Zz W i {z H
Zz * N Y {g D
? 7VY e **
p7yWkg pz *zzg Z
 Z**
C
wtzzkZ wZzizg!*
Z6,
V

39

g yZ 7g ZZ CZ ~w'
,]|dZ D J
-VgzZ
6,g <
L z[gzZ HwJZVrZ c*
W6,gkZ<
L z[
C 7yZZ6,
kZTygzZ H
kZ ZF,
Z7
 } z
 }z b H q Vt
wD Z ]!*
~ S
zZ! , Zg pV'

,/
X-
;E
1 x ~g :zZ /

/Z
mvZ -vZ wg zxsZq
- 4,
\vZgzZq
- 4,
}g
X-
;E
a kZ D 1
{z  {z kZ D J
-)g f z
gzZuyW
**
yW
 Z
/]Z f zmvZ -vZ wgg
~ ZsZ **
g ]|dZ gzZ g t **
yW

 ]!*
ED6,

CwgG #}g {z
/Z
X 7az# 7 7.#CZf V]|dZ
D'D}g \ gZ{z}g \ vZwg
+]
h
.}uzgzZpz[Z~( !*
Wg) ;gE- Zi W**
D : ]
mkZq*zzg Z~T ;gi WV
? wpzZz Pass Out zg Zt wZ
?
o**
Yc*
ZC
~V-gE-~uz"kZH2
Zi W**
mZVzs
# zt~
D :'Z Z ZWz,
6
% kZ kg C&  kZ 6,e z ;gE wZ kZJ
-Vp7 { c*
i kZg Z ]xsZ
:gzZ7]!*
~'
,t H{ Zg Z Z *zzg Zpz VrZ

42

kZ ]gzzskZVzuz~?
g| 7, =g fzg Zt {z ?gzZq
-Z k0*
}g s
Ys Z Vt ,: ~zg Z yJZ NET\W It yZ 
{zVgHf *Z 6,gwV~ ;gE- Zi W**
C
t]!*
~uz
N W V{ E
+Z {z [Z VZz J 7,~ *zzg Z
?Vbzg Z=g &
+yJZ NET
Wq
-ZC
V ;g~ kZ~t xq
7~ kZ v}uz ]!*
kZ ]gz @*
7
zg ZkZv]gzA 7Z hyZ @*
,i ZzWKZgzZ,
D } 7,
**
VZyvD Wkg ZyZgzZ
;gvse
$ +
M qzgy
KZZ
# ~gz {D : ]
? e
$szZHs~,Z
}sc*
}y}H,
}yZ\WD :'Z Z ZWz,
6
 Vt~BZ ;g W`
gt,x **
kZ\W
t~ e
$ y
KZ {z O kZ @*
7e
$ s
y
KZ V
H| (,Z " s ZuZ V ~ * +Z q
-Z ` W @*
X
~gz,ZgzZ
Hc*
Economic AnimalZ Social Animal
]ZpsgzZsy
KZ ~}}ns(zV
D { c*
i]gzs gsC

Vg y
KZ ;g Y @*
yZh g, g0
+Z y
KZt }uz
Y 7 R~ ]Z f KZ bTy
KZ ;glZ
bTk
,
k
/**

s~
z,Z
s Z
/
]Zf KZ ;g
Td
Wx W
A **
X
h+
M
KZ\W
/Z D

41

* Y ~  u
*
**
Z kZ kZ [Z
 =gzZ  } 7,~ \W tXZ
Z
Z
%6t '.
LZ WIY A 7u**
Z **
IY
Q Dg D
%6t $
+~g VzVgzZ
<
zg Z ]gzgz7ZVx mzg Z
:gzZ7y!*
i~
zs{z7y)F,
d
$s{z7y!*
i
kZ kZ y!*
idzg Z y!*
i VEgzZ: YZ s
D ]gzh
+'
[ZgzZx d~
~zg Zw$
+x **
VZz 7tpzzgZQ
~~ m,
Z {z]q Z N Ybw$
+x **
V-g FN Yb
kZ @*
/
/Z bkZ gzZ $
+*zsg
Dce*
*xlkZ VVYy.6,
zg ZkZyJZ NETZz=g fY-D : ]
aV Zzzg Z ~0*
6,
kZI{ [Zpeb *z
t H H\W~ ekZ ]!*
~(,a V gzZ
? $
Y ~0*
kZpV[eZg~ekZ ~D :'Z Z ZWz,
6
gE- x yZy*zy7X sZeYstV CtB

akZ% zg Z c*
]xsZ~XX
bkZJ
-
z kZ hZz x Z
/
z6,Y- J
-Z
# ~ce
Vzq yZ 7Z Dg Z)f}g t ]!*
Zg 7
@*
VY
ty
Wce O D} " !*
{z C 7

44

x
/
; ZQD y ; y c*
C7tp
~g D
8 *^KZp @*
Z}QZ
# ;x
/
D]!*
.
_
/
gzZ
/k
,

//zgzZl~g
n ] {z gC]!*
~g ZgzZq
-ZV
DsvZ {zgzZ @*
k
,
{z @*
Z'
,
c*
YZ oF^i ]
~g Zt p 7y{z6,kZ: yZZ TgzZ6,kZ yZZ Z
n C~g7BZy 
kZC~g ZtgzZ C
M7y
KZ oF^i ] n ] o^ ] ^
@*
svZ{z @*
k
,
{z @*
Z'
,
c*
YZp%kZ
cB; H k
,

gt kZ s\WD
D ~gz$~(,
tV Dgh
b
/
p ]!*
~q
-Z= h^]!*
# gzZ
Z
~ D  ~ ~ D gzZ ZhZgf
~ pV7g ~ah g LZVb
7 }Vt xg" wgzZ: " wqgzZ xg {0
+
i
` @*
~ ~g fokZ xg DgzZ xgt@*
hg
+Zx gzZ +Z c*
k K~
~ w c*

\W
tJ
-Z
#  7VYt \W}x J
-
t H y
 g} HVzuz \W[Z ;g *
@Y Z \Wg
6,x **
h
e Y 7
8\W]!*
~(,bgzZ ?Z
/
\W
gzZVgzZyce Ob)}g tDf
e x Z
~}g7 kZ t b) V ? VgzZ  H[Z
D$
+7qB$
+7\WJ
-Z
# lzgi~g7

43

sk0*
\W **
X
W 3Z
/Z g 3 * b
D 73 Zg gzZ{z
<gzZBgsvV@*
s
# zgzZ]!*
-Z
q
}W}uzq
-ZVz<gzZgq
- 4,
}BZgz
Y7 ~ Z&]|AZce xg Zz {z HsD
Zag0
+ZLZJW' VrZVLe
C~]|
(7) (6)
) (5)s (4) {g
Z (3)
) Z(2) gZ (1) Y 0
) Z~Z'

,
Z]|6gZ 
s
# zkZQDL(8)gzZ"
$
[-Z}
) 6s6 *
c i {g
Z
Z +Z
gZ
CZ VrZ&6zmvZ -vZ wgLgzZ "
$ 6
VVz9g;ZYJW 7yW
C~Vs9D c*

DD0*
7kZv
zzMgt~zc
)gzZyb) ZgzZ ~
CV *zyD : ]
?yb) Z)gzZ~
C
~ ~ Zz u**
q
-Z \WgzZ )g f wZkZ D :'Z Z ZWz,
6
V t ]!*
Z D \W c*
wZ{  g 4Z
Z s gzZ D c*
7g7'
,
c*
g7gH~V
kZ t
q
-g!*

@
gzZ
) yZ t] v

V ~ i
) {z t gzZ 7uZg Z
D4Z~Vzuu
V ] t {z ZgzZ]!*
-Z~ekZ
q
{ c*
i ^C C~g Zg wt gzZ 3g {0
+
i ~ VC~g Z
; c*
CtV ] ~g 6,gwVD C&
h

46

ZzVz` W IdiomyZpgwEZ*z(Modern)
C R6f q
-Z C ]KZ iC
D$
+7 LZ VrZ
D7W,
Z
# hZ {z
/Z,\W]*
!%gkZ
~akZ 5 g
$u '!*
g R6f V
Wi Z0
+ZgzZ]L CZV&~gz**
zkZV g
?
kZ Dgz kt W:gzZ }o:: itB$
+
$ECBkZ M
n]!*
t08G
h7W,
OVgz kZ\W
7x \W **
Convert **
Communicate x \WVz
D#
VZ Z&
+eakZ
~ OZ Z}
.gzZ ~ OZp~ J
-Z
# Vznt ]!*
~y
Wq
-Z
c*
~ OZ Z}
.gzZ ~ OZpZ
# gzZDWd
$

Vzuz } u  gz

$E
Vzuz p #
Z08G
C Y7,
:t
D ]gzWd
$
{ c*
i
Lg@*
sg \WZzWgE-kg ZD : ]
N C ~ zg kZ H_ V6&gzZ];yZ \WJ
-[Z
?, {gtH\W7Z n
pg{q)
kg Z  V Lg H'
,
Z'
,~ ]!*
-Z D :'Z Z ZWz,
q
6
*Zz W kg Z 7a kZaeY} i Zzg
~uz V @*
N @*
kZ ~ D,|
# KZgzZ N Y 8
-g~ 8
-g
gzZ m,
SZ sZ ! zgZ {z g lzg KZ yZt ]!*
$
+i Z0
+ZgzZ lzg KZ 7Z D7 cg s}uz {zg
g {z ! Z  _7,~} Z * ZgzZ} Z ! V {z ! VY D

45

0*
gzZ,t *ce
8]!*
gzZq
-ZV
vZ wg[ g 0*
Zua! x V{0
+
i W7x yZ
Wx V}uz* zbg z zmvZTD]g gzZg z {zgzZN WgzZWx \WzgzZ
t kZ
Hc*
t 
Wizg @*
D C k0*

x WV
aZ Yx WgzZ Y7
} 7,
DVzuz
Z }Y 7 c*
y t izg Z ]{ bkZZ 7,*
*{>
\W * ~g Y \WJ
-Z
# D } 7,Dt Zz + Y
zC
gzZgQg Zp\W gyY7\WZ
# gzZ gt
~ *gzZ +D  DZ- ~Zg t Dg t **
)DgzZ **
D zmvZ-* q
-Z Dc*
.
$!*
[ s~
KZ g @*
 Vzn ~g Z)f ~(,]!*
-ZD **
q
Hx (Zq
-Z\W qi q
ZzstzmvZ-vZwg
gzZ 6,g$
+ 
{E
+Z}g gzZ yD
}g ~ T
V;z 0*
VZ 7 {@ c*
t \W
D
<
W]!*
Z
# VH~aZc*
3Z
 zmvZ -* wg Dg { 6,/gzZ ]g ' *ZgzZ d
5!M~B; TT
~ HE
Zt ]g {z c*
g ZuzV
5!N~B; kZ C
g]g ~ * \WJ
-Z
# D C ~ HE
ce ODxz ` @*
Zhg]g\W ` *
@?u\W
? 
VYN @*
Z]g zmvZ-*
ngzZ ]!*
-Za kZ g ^]!*
q
6,b) V Va
+]
h
.x {z g I c*
Vg ( }g  t .6,~g  Vz

48

Dce
kZtkZ)Zzx { c*
i ` W6,
xsZD : ]
**
o
%]xsZ~,Z ;g tx F,
{ c*
i ` W6,
q {z @*
ce**
Y
A & !*
gzZgz
} (,
]xsZgzZce
z~]xsZ @*
Y @'
,
kZnp! lx
? HiZkZy
W @*
7~V}uzZ XD Y
gzZ @*
W Raw Product Zgg0
+Z gE-D :'Z ZZWz,
6
M
h7Z C !*
/Z\WD FinishingkZ

$KZ} Finishing TuchZ @*

W Product k0*
}g
gzZ @*
g 8g : w q
-Zgw]!*
-Zp
q

Zz
3 {z0
+
K 7Za vZ z { 
kg Z }g ;gE- :
D pZ ZZ **

Zz W ~'
,:gzZ 7~z0
+y
\W Wg g ZlZ 7]gz y.6,{ c*
i
7|z J
-Z
# g c*
D 4g V; v #
Z'
,gZl
?BV
g7x t)}g g~f tBkZ
~akZgx ~i Z0
+ZdgzZzc)
kZ g t{z
/ZV7akZgzZ V7y.6,{ c*
i
yZ q Z kZxsZ D g
/YZ xsZ {6,:
gq
)xsZ {zD,~ m,
g t6,kZ {zq
- 4,

C wD Zw ;g(Zqz7]!*
5 ttQ
iz%Z @*
wi Z ; g g { U
n

-;X1 gZ ~ r Zl
E

47

gE- Z
# kg Z Dn zg Z  D W| 7,~
{ i Zzg eYZ
# akg ZVg )
,
}g gm{Zt Z
{ c*
i ]
gzZxE
KZZz W kg Z ]!*
t t yZ
gzZ6,~ m,
Zgzi { c*
i
7Z  D W| 7,t 7,{ c*
i
gzZ ~ m,
Z {z
/Z  D W| 7,]
C {zce b 6,xEY
}uz
yZ  f
e _ Z xEY
}uzgzZ  f
eJ3!*
i 8 g- ~uz
tVq7ZZ
+Z~ Z
+Z qzggzZVqZ
+Z~
bkZ {z ?Z
+Zqzg yZ ;g[Z7]gzC
+BZa ` ZZg0
+Z LZ *gzZ+{z
&N6,
,x F
kZ U
@*gzZ+ {zBq * {zZ
#
#
}
.6,RdZ + {z DY t tQCgCggzZ
D gq7Zwz{ Y~z*gzZ,
zg Z VrZ Vzt lg Z
/q
-Z kg Z yZg Z)fgzZ kgZ [Z
p6,zg Z
/Z @*
7V;zp6, zg Zp 3g y!*
i
W~ekZ V ~ g YZ t Y

wZDY c*
J 7,gz[~ kg ZT et\W[ {z
G
4

G
\W~}g !*
sgzZ Z(,H{z_7,VY Z P%Z\W
]*wq Dg J 7,Z\W g Zh
+ J
-]t w H
kg Z V~y
WD ]gzzskZa\
og
x Y~B; q
-ZyZce ~g KZ6,gkZ 7Zg WgE, ]i YZ ~ y!*
i u
/ZgzZ DGyZ&~}uz <
vZ Z 6,
ugzZb~ N !*
,~B; N Z}g
~zT wVyZ V(~gz 6t D ` @*
vZ wg

50

~zC
g sZ
LZ

{C
g .'
,{{: {c ( Y 1921DY 1856) ~w'
,_ gZ **

,
'
Vc*
z is:Zj+
)
Zz V~q)

dq
-Z } Z {Z D{ZggzZ:%aV{~uz R
~ dgz >
Yz Z0
+{ KZ sZ x**
,

` ZsgV! Zz du 0*
zyR'
,zz 6 !*
~gzZ
**
Y !ZZ]
.ZzZZ~Y 1957 Za \WD7

zD~Y 1972wjZq~#
}
.g

wzgzZ Hc
/
7gzZc

/
zgZq|
/Z

gzZ sz^~ ~g ]**

JZzu wVZiZ iZ
u

F,
Q H zZ u V Zz zgZ [x zgZ ~ Y 1981
x KZz!*
p^
,6,
LZ D`gZ

~ ~gW[ Zz y!*
igzZ 3ggZg z b]5z^>F,

z ]6,]Bz Z u\WDg

\W~*! Z Dg[ Zp m{\WpK}p

E+G
G
C

3
G

3
G
G \W8
-g: 5gzZ I ~ yZgzZ YZ \WyT
!*
L L}
wZe L L~VV YZ\WD Nz m{

zgZ D{? Zy
W w= g OZ

6,ZgzZ ~g
/~g+ZiL
L Hs ZZ **
D
HZiZsegZ-ZO ZiZZszc[ Z~Y 2005

49

-;X1 g Z
gZg & gzZ i Z0
+Zx **
kZ V; qz E

HN*
7i Z&D
H@*
zg {z 7u~ r Zl
p
g c*
gzZ]!*
-ZgzZ` W Z&gzZ }Y7 Vhp
q
~R'
, {0
+
i Z&o d {0
+
iO#
ZgzZ +
{0
+
i W{z {0
+
iY 2002gzZY 1992 {0
+
iY 1947gzZY 1857
]gz%$
+bzg LZ sD 7]!*
.6,g
,6,{ZzmvZ -*~ Vs9t {zgzZV
DvZY 
yZyZqC
BQ
?x \Wagx Y)x D :]
~w'
,&
) ) z<
L IZt ] !*
pD :'Z Z ZWz,
6
S(,Vx
/
uy ZO Z W~g Z )V  q
-
g giZ F ; gx 6,Z W~ zg 6 
YY Hs %Z Vzq y Z ]!*
Wlpt 
V ; gN g 7g Zp~ y ZO Z p ] !*
kZ= p
C
\ W~ kZ {g S6,z Z #gx Y
.LZ Zgp k~q) c*
]
WI= 't ~
! R'
,7y*zy sZ ~gzZ  g J (,WudZ
6, ~ DV @*
gw(a b) V gzZ xs Z~ Z
DVy Z
( Y 2008s6,
Z {g)

52

kZx ZY fxgzZszcy*zyBB+C
hZzgzZ
x kZ]ZW,
ZXZi Zm,
z ZgzZVzgtLZ~e
Dg
Vgz {{z 3g[gzZx  wZ ~ ]_Z
D
}g Z Z}g 
H3gw]!*
kZ BgzZ
H3g
wjZ V wZ Dn Zg7 VI LZB~)
V9
300 ~g Y kgZg^eY^kXZ[
V;zg Zzg Z !x}g Z Z D 
9; ;ga
 gzZ CY o Z ~ e [NZ { E
+ZgzZ @*
6,{ E
+Z
{g Z Z Zg D W'
,}iZ yZK A
$% ~g e
V @*
@*
{ E
+ZiZBbZ
Salary packageiZ
V9
Z Z

M F,
z B~g Z $c*
~g7 ]Z|{z
:   D `g e :+ZB ~zg: x ~(,;g m<!*
gzZ
dZD} 7,9 }g }g Z Z :gzZV Z
/6,
A +Zz
7Z Z
V  0 {)z ligz O ` lzgp
wZ i q
ZJ
-VD **
W~ w
zg !*
-Z\Wa
q
~ ZZ q
-Z KZ ~|
/Z ]_ZeY ~ ] \8
LZ Vx
/
u Dp! Z c*
yZy {z e}g |
#
x OZ g
$uzyW
i ]zZ 0*
Bg 3C

gzZz~g7OZz{ E
+Z}g Z Za~g Z/_
.Bz
D Wgz~}g]ZW,
ZTg}x Zx LZB
y*xq
-Z ! V{z jZ ~)~wjZ]_Z D
C
Dz[{!*
]
CgzZkg yW
gzZ CYJ 7,
~^

51

]_Z G!Y~|
/ZD;gE-~|
/ZD : ]
?Hm{x
ZzWZzx ]_Z G!YZ
# ~Y 1995D :~zCg sZ
~|
/Zx }g Z Z c*

ee
$Z@{ukY !ZZg Z
/
C ~gzax }g Z Z (  V;zce **

]|Z ZV_g em} Z {;gE- |

/ZV-D
aZm,
g Z'
,
gzZI}Z]|x Hg Z'
,Y !Z]|c*
@*
wW
R}g Z ZC
n
6, |
/Z bq
-Z Da }g [ZgzZ
;gE- |
/Z Z

M F,
z ZZgzZ Z Cz
{g Z Z (Zq
-Z6,
zvZ D ;g Yk(,
g !*
Zy/y6,
~ ;gE-  n Z
V9
y Z
M F,
z ~g
RZ~)~wj sZ DD Yk- xz Z
} kg z6,dZ V D
 t q
-Z x Vzg Z Z
ql=g fg z!*
6,g~g {)zB.C.AD B.B.AD M.B.A
D
SH[gzZ
M F,
zx ]_Z G!YD : ]
?Ci Vzg Z Z}uzZ 
gzZ x kZ I x ]_ZeYD :~zCg sZ
 @*
HakZs ZZ g q
-Z~e[
gzZ 6 Cc*
gZg!*
x }g Z Z: ~ ~i !*
x
~ kZgzZ~ zg m,
zqyZgzZ}gtb!*
x Z} f
yZfZg/y#
]Z|eZ 3gE- F [x

54

D {+6,
x Z
/]_Zw
6,
RC
V ~Tt }g ^g7gwD : ]
t Zz
/Z ? n
pg t Z H\W ^g7g kZ w
Hc*
3 {0
+?
~ Zi W *zy ? yg Z)f kZ 6,^g7g
?yp c*
]qY
z(y*zy
P x ~g J
- ` W ~ Zi WD :~zCg sZ
g ZMZ T g C wEZ ~ ^g Vkg 0*
( }v
V  }Y ! l]!*
t VZ
(gzZ Kg 0*
(C
@*
Y Hq
1qg ZMZ
z LZD Y7qgZMZ%~g Zz{
(Zq
-Zt CYqe
$zyZg Z'
,
LgzZ @*
Y
D Lg ~g YgzZTg s$
+~h ~T
]
g \~kZgzZ g BG^g7gw
)f \WJ
-V  $
Z Zg Zq
-Z~ b # V G {z 
] g Z yZZgzZ 9VH]!*
ta~D]!*
~gZ
LZ W7~g Z J
-Z
# g0
+Z}g D g Z)f { c*
i
yZh
d

x PZ ~ ]5 ~ Zg Z ] W7 /E
7g zgzZ]{z~o^g7g Kg 0*
7J
-Z
# Zb!*
} Z}
. ZZ hZq
-Z^g7g wDD T$
}
KZ F:g Zz~g ZMZsybkZ f ]
g \kZ
0 g (Z r
# ~ e
$g/ ~(,
kZ * 6,
C]~ Z
Z
{ c*
i\W{z t
~g (Zr
# gzZ ~g Zz~gZMZ
D YbhZ
HiV aF,
(gzZ(D : ]

53

]xsZ ~ T @*
x OZ Sa
M F,
V
MBA ~ wjZ [s W^k XZ DZ ~ ] Zj
Final Job v:ZgzZ ~g YB! x ~(
,kg
cZg 7a Z ~ ]_Z x OZ J
- Placement
Dv:ZSg7 {
L q
-ZgzZD Z
g Z Z (Zq
-Z x m,
SZ@gzZ ]_Z/ ZgzZq
-Z ]_Z
x 6,b)Z I{z ]sZ Z
zg/zg * {z }x WZ F,uZ }
]"gzZ]Zg Zd T ex ~k
,
$+Zq
-ZD}yz~
p V
M F,
"gzZD
/ZV(~g Dv:Z _ZZkZ
/
%
Zp WZg Z M
h y 7[xg}g7 ~LZ
~ Zi W~ wj LZ {z @*
x OZ x gzZ ZaV
D CyWw2s +
M Di%zKZ6,sp"B
c*
i Wx kZ z6,V8g kZ 6,vZ
]_ZV(~VZzW\vZY 
yZgzZyk
,
i9; VY
{z kZ D q B
9; ~ wjZ
/
VZzgg ~ m,
z*gzZ ~x T H{ Zg Z qzkg B.Ed
D\vZY 
yZYqzkgtd
$kD_
zZD z6,
D
}g Bi q
Z Vzg Z Z LZ
~ 46,uI}Z ]|D Y p~}g Z Z kZpY Ng}g g
dZ~Vzg Z Z}g Dx Bx kZWZg Z}g Z Z
xZ]| Y rg D
V Z
# gzZ
M F,
{ B
t
~ t ZgzZDZ L
L [yZZ6,wkZ*Zz \vZ

56

~ s Z Z g kZ KZgzZ Hox OZ V
L g L g
D c*
0*
,Z6,
^

.
Vz) C Rg izg~ yZ u
~ V- !*
WX~g D M
h Y 3 x YgzZ~h~
Y%wjZZ egziVz(V;z VjZ
| (,
W ~97g Z- ~{ Zg g izg c*
nce
wEZQg z ZoB gzZ} Zg ZoD:
Dce
**
Za/_
.uZg+ZakZ wZ F,
(J
-V
KZ Vzg Zz yZ yZ  7s V qVg 0*
(
4V;z~ Z~(,yVD xYZq
-Z *
*~
6,V
A $Zce **

oVkg 0*
+ZgzZce **
~
$Zg ZzyZ
q
-Za
yZ D~g (ZgzZN ~g ZMZV
$ZVkg 0*
( ] +Zq
-Z i**
] ogzZ 4 Cc*
ZspZ gzZ K (Manifesto)g yZ ( ~
( Z**
gkZ ~ ]g WgZMZu'
,gzZ B
bg
A&
Dw ]
kZ ?VYX'
,
-[Zy]**
J
JZzuwD : ]
?ce] ZZyazV s
@*
YX'
, q C
yC
o}g D :~zCg sZ
ZqgzZ : gzZ ;gN/t{zZ
#
x t J
-]]zyZ x ~g Z Zg D q :
~g Zz[xgzZZz
~yJZkZ 7 b

55

?ce
V a F,
(gzZ (D :~zCg sZ
Bq F,
gzZ (
/ZV &~ mJ
-V i
D @*
YyWx F,
(
~(,}uz q
-Z VzB Z a
gzZ ~gizg"
W X
~gz*
*
gq
-Z hZzJ
-u
(iZ D { c*
i ZVzgZ Z[!*
kZVY Y gB
kZ D YJ
-u~(,
ZkZ *
* q]gzgzZY Z`
Z Vzg Z Z
*
* ~i {g Z Z]Z|qZ gzZ 4 j/a x } (,
hZz VKg Kg *
* Za g]!*
kZBB
Vc*
g
gzZ KZ ;yz Z
Z 0 V-g
c*
g {~ekZcg7g }-e hZKg Dce *
*o
~ !*
W Zz e
$Z V Dn Y Zh 
w $
"
$U*
LZ Z
Zg /gzZg Z V;z V Z Cc*

kZ {ztgzZ7c*
gqn
cg7g Z
ZB 0g N*
D ib !*
Z

zD7c*
gbwEZ
YYc*
C
VZ {Z
+bZ V - g izgZgzZe
$I
]zZx 
{# ~C
!*
yLZ
) ,Z r
# ~} (,Lg
ugzZ V~
z {gHq
-Z V;z}.za x kZ~
~eVZ {Z
+kZgzZ YH i0*
#
~}g !*

mVN YKt{z C]gz{)zVg X

LZ n
LgLg Z b!*
ZZ yV;z ~g
VMce **
VZ {Z
+ wV- @D M
hog izg

58

a: c*
g;z
7WZ zeX
]**
kZ! xkg Z 0E
0~]**
JZzuwD : ]

?

7[Z kZwZkZ Z lpw ZD :~zCg sZ

sZkg Z\Wi Z YkCp{ c*
i~
V q
-~ ]**
JZ x yZ {z H bkZ s ZZ V6&
DV@*
wLZ2w(kZ\W~DM
h[x
,
k
] Cq]~V 6&KZsZkg Z \ W
yZ ' D 7 g Zz q xE ~z* ~
kg \ W
/Z wZ zuwJ
-V **
V 6&
{ c*
i[ kg , [ ]**
JZ CY [
p Zy ZyZ!*
}p ]!*
gzZt D 0*

ay Zkg Z @*
q
-Z V JZ Xg i ~g
-Z~ { kg ~
q
/
%a y Z  T e
8z~ y JZ
D ~g Y 9gzZ ~g7 ~}g !*
zuwy Z~T \ 
ugz
{!*
~ ekZ Y ~g yJZ C J e y JZ
t z qgzZk
,
] ~ OZp~zuwDce Sg
y ZsZ kg Z}g \8gzZC Z Zg Z~'!*
Vzg e
**
6,yZgzZ **
[ NZ }p' s zZ x
y*gzZ ZuzgzZzg Zq
-ZQ ce **
hZ G gzZ hZzg Z
/Z
y JZkzuw{)z g @*
BZ' ] ((D}0 ]

$E
/ZB Z gzZ,j}g7  ' Z Y Hg 08G

57

 D
/7IAS y
W D
gzZ ~A b
H7#gZ]]z}g 6,
e} (,
-ZZg
J
/Z } Zg ZLg[Zpgz$Z}g zz

H
@*
7yJZ ~gz**
%i Z akZ **
Y~
A
YE $E
5h }g X
~ \Wt wZ
 t i W,

{ W z yZ ~gz
yZgzZN YK\
ugzgzZ *i3~V} (,} (,~V-gE]!*
LZ {z @*
`q! x~yJZyZ YH]Z|
g g6fa]**
JZ yZyZ }g ~ zg ]Z@xgzZ
]**
JZU.P.S.C  w]!*
t V yZgzZ
 Y H[NZ V9
,Z 6,R ID @*
7~
~gz **
Z~g yZ i Z  Dk0*
Bi q
Zzg VZg!*
C} )
g
,} (,~ yJZkzuwt ]!*
Wlpq
-Z D
~ kzuw @*
e)
,\!*
LZZ VY
87z
ID=g f YZ g Z
/0
+
i]!*
aV+Zz d
$gzZ
~gz*
* yZ6,wZb!*
ZZY CiZ6,R
B;D
" ]YZy
ZT
B gzZ V1 @*
q[ k0*
% ~ iZ%&
/Z Dn
pD @*

{ Zp{ V9
,Z u ~SZg^ V@
Za t6,Rk,g !*
~V9
 ]!*
kZ]gz~(,

H{ W7Z D 7ByZY c*
yZgzZ Y H
m,

yZ LZ DBz~ yJZ kzuw~ Z ~(,{z Y

D @*
W c*
q
-Z jyaV9

60

g
$1]!*
tzg Z y*yZk
,
i~|
/Z
zkZ Vx
zmvZ-[8kZgzZ \[gV@*
n6,g
kZ D
~ J
-Z
# Hq wz~ Vz M.A, B.A 
!v:Z c*
0*
7^ Ieg kg x {kZ q~i q
Z~%J
-
zuw =g f zg Zg y*~g (Z g @*
gzZzgZ
Hk(,
,j
gzZ 1z~ yJZ%& WB; ! x \8gzZ
~ yJZ
D Z[NZg !*
V\8
q]g ' Hg (Zy*kZVMVY x **
,Z
[x~ yJZ CY C

gd
$ Z
]g ' op c*
0*

% ]
z x **
fZ } (,
7,vgz **
Carrierzg Z t ]!*
k\Z ` WDce **
q
yZ a }g k7,~ ~y w
D7I J
2MgzZv^Z eVI Y1zg ZZ.Zz**
zg Z
7x OZ
/Z #
bgzi6,~ U*
gzZ ZZ y!*
i KZ ,
yV LZ n: Q
/Z Zegzi)g f Vz( C
gzZ hZz 7 wZg s zg Z b zg Z~
DM
hN7[ZpiZw%K
V
o]xsZJ
-5g ZtugzZg D :]
? ]gHF,
z
sZ J
- 5 6 g Z tugzZ g D :~zCg sZ
w EZ Z Zt  M
h jFVz F,
o]x

p}g Z ZiZ~)ce **
izZ DBq
-ZgzZ  M
h
gz Z bT,x OZ
og ZZgzZ <
~ yZgzZ B

59

} Z}
. M
h} x Z)**
g ]g @*
B#}g
Ajs]!*
} Zg ~ekZ| 7,V !*
~
jy w
J
-V }0
+
6,k
,
W
N ,j 1 i Zz6,u
~ *zzg Z yJZ Zg7 kzuw pyYt kg Z C
h
t gzZ c*
\Y ~ zg ZF, Z~gzN.C.E.R.TD M
Cq]{ c*
i
kg Z[
7BW
D g Zqz kg& A
kzuw'!*
P yZ D
v c*
V DsZ kg Z
yZ xz [NZ +F,9 }pwzZDce g|0
+!*
{
/~ e yJZ
y* yZx[NZ +F,9 ZvgzZV16,}p
Zg ZZ [Z wZxg X *
*g B Z]
]zIkZce **
7[Z Z (, swZ~[ZwZw
M
hB~!
ozgZ 9
/Z D Y
~ kzuw
]!*
[ZgzZ ~g ~y!*
i ~g ce**
gz*zyJZzg Z
D CgzZ
~kZyZg Z)f ?hZzwzg ZHD : ]
?ceg7 b
q~^x {kZ\W[Z wZkZ D :~zCg sZ
D Vz7~ ^aZm,
g Z'
,[Z Zuz 7 WgzZ
W|
/ZQ HqCZJ
-wjZ ; ~{C
g N~g
}Z]|x Hg Z'
, Hi%sq
-Z y Zg c*
y*zg Z

62

d
-I
zZ sz^~x :
zC
gzZ\!*
Zz E
4t
/
]ZggzZ W,
O
q
-ZyZp,q
-Z Aaq
-ZyZ0
+{ugzZgzZ Z ~g g
DVpq
-Zq
-Zg ;Z
~V1@*
y ZyC
g ZV !*
gzZV X
R6,gz ~hC
!*
y
5DD Y4Z~ \ W\ W
tDv} (,
gzZ6,i
Dy !*
i!ugzZ **
Z u" q
-Z\ W x aV' Z
_ [ Z y!*
i kZa g @*
Z ~ b zg KZy!*
i kZ 
@*
q V Z 4,
u" c*
e[ Z ~gz
H~ Y gzZ wgzZ C H] V/ M
h 7y Y %K_
D @*
t

;g k0* Y Z}
.w
;g kZ Z Y V yZ
rA
$`Zug0
+Zw Z
# x ZV-g Z)fq
-Z r[ Z
]gzZ @*
] @*
Wt [ Z {z ~ ]gZ ce
\W , 2zg Z a q
-Zkz7,
/Zap
pg {0
+
iy!*
i KZD
D g {0
+
i ~g q
-Z i Z\W
k
Z~]%Zb!*
@'
,
V{ ~uz {C
g { {D :]
GG3E
4]z + #
}
.B ;O
i[!*
g Z { {y
W sz^~
zz X t }g }t
z$
+T 0*
y{z -z
?
/
%z
) )~g7{ {t
-V @*
J
[Z swZt \WD :~zCg sZ
G]!*
t]!*
k
Z~]%ZV{v \W
T{z+Z Hce**
gB6,
qkZ
gzZ

61

~ w} ~gzb~ kg Z Dyi {]Z|

~ m,
ZgzZ ~y {zkZ ~gzI bZ~ V~)
7]Zg Z,Z
/Z r}p~]Zg ZgzZbg
c*
z7
-ZZce *
*~g Yg Z~ m,
ZgzZ ~yp
+ ?xq
-Z~zu{0<x t YY1Zg
~zKV!*
X c*
[ZH'
,
VrZ ^
,Y9 ~zKH Zb~
~ e ] ^
,Y 9 6,~z K7Z ^
,Y 9 %
k& Z ] sZ g
$uz yW
kg $
Y F,
]xsZ
Z +5 6 kZ x Z
/
z6,z b){%izgk
,
g
Xc*
pg7
n
A &"7,! gzZzg Z YYc*
d
$

D
zzzwk0*
u\W
)
Zg Z: 5[ Z~ YZD : ]
? x H \WaV' Z5~ekZ ZZ
g6,
g~gg Z: 5~Vzk
,
~ YZ ~D :~zCg sZ
yk!zWz Z(Zzzwj gzZ:h
+
 W
} i Zzggp{ {gzZKZ0
+{'
,
Z'
,yS
-M Z(,gzZ ua C
!*
Z(,
~ iV SggzWx+],
ZiVp{ g
zZp,hg7Z _vZ wg c*
g { ZvZrgzZ

{ g~V
/
gzZK~Vzh Yg ZVz,hg7Z
g D
+
"Y q
-ZgzZr
# qq
-Z V y~}W'
,
p
Z **
~w'
,
gzZkg Ug 2
gzZ} h NBVa
gyY @Dxs: igyZgzZVX G
*9ZmC'
,~g V{ g
z [%
zy ~ y,i ZzW Zz Y F,
Z~ wgzZ wxsV?

64

D z7Zt **
]!*
wZ e
L IZ ]Z f {z G
<
*9ZmY !ZZg]
. Zz}yZ
gzZ Vzy} (,} (,b) } (,} (, B
bg w ~
) )z
VrZ D Y Z~ [ yZ ]5gzZ b)Vz Z {
p ~ { i Z
) ) gzZ c*

Z`
Z ~.'
,{ {
g D 
N @*
;g 6,lzg KZ VLZgzZggz ]%Z
zoz!*
~i **
KZ ZI}Z]|x H Z'
,}D
kg Z  D 
}gz a rz
gzZ #
}
. + o yz
azb #x Z} frg gzZsZkg ZgzZ rz
sZ
B
pDg}g Z Z~)V

!v:Z D D
'
,
Z'
,6,V gzZ p[xZ  g ^
ggz d
$
V Z
(gzZ
(.'
,{ {
!W L L{ c*
gzZ Hz~VZgyZpD~Z Z G
i
G
pg6,w[xZ LZgi !*
n
{
` Zg ~n{}g
 c*
C Y !Z Zg S Vg )
,.'
,{ { D76,
A
'[xZ{ { D 
t {z ~gz]x Zf
{c LZ { { *kZzz ce ' wgzZce
/Z%gzZV{ ~uz c*

2t { {T e^IVz%gzZ
p(KZ ZgV c*
2$t{ { Y]g7D
Dce**
7@*
~s Z Z

~g7 p
pg~} ],
ZWzkZZ { {IZ
LgzZhZ<
/Z Ct[xZ BgzZD
gzi6,
,
k
g k& Z p{ {IZ DVg ZZgczg

63

DCZa Vxc*
]%ZyxgVzg Z)fV{
` W kCgzt \W B { ^
,Y \WgzZ
/Z ]q {
gzyZ 
~ [kZ Z
Z c*
]!*
.gzZ  g WC Vc*
_
gz
6,b)z

/Z ?VYs %Zy
W @*
W7t ~~ A Z b
kZ
q
-Z[q
-Z {oZg ?]gz H Z CZfyZ s %Z Cc*
~]o yZgx Zg Wvg )
,
gzZ 5 ~ Vg~V{
D}uzq
-Zv6,

CTzzy{zQ7s %Z
6,g~
C  D V Z v { z {Z
+ ] %Z V{ x y Z
[ Z ] !*
kZ ppD n
pg s %Z } ogzZ } g
K}uz q
-Z v t
{ c*
i ~ ] 5
p6,
aq
-Z
Wy { z} Z}
.D g Wd
$
gz Z g
yz ~ V ~y y Z V g Z
Z,j}uz q
-Z p
DVg
t ~ Hg Z ]!*
.LZ \W m.'
_
,{ {J
-V
az #]%Z Y" 't Z
Z.'
,{ { Vzn
a Vzqx yZ D Za Vc*
g Z ~(,~ { Zg F,
Z { V 7~yx 7 agzZ CY g a
,j Y Y gV ;g q ]!*
kZ.'
,
{z G
*9ZmY !Zg!*
Z } (,}: H, Z
Z
GG3E
4]*& c*
x Z)**
g i g @*
c*
+Z wW {zgzZ $
&
7lZ
L
gzZx Zf~
) )z <
L IZ Z
#  gz {zt Dx Y !Z
xg Pq
-ZyZgzZxZg Z DQ zDx
JY x
GG3E
4]gzZ **
VZ ~g Z)f ui **
] 6,
@W#
6,
b)IgzZ

66

kZ Kg {uk Z
/Zz}D
H{g V Z0
+
+Z: i 3
$
@*
g 0*
G,0*
G,
gx Y L
L c*

~}g !*
gx Y i{u
]7Fr
# xkZ \ W D CW7J
- yp6,p
bT Pgz !gzZ RkZ LZ \ WBid~g7 KZ
D *.
G{ z~g W
@*
N Z g Z ZLZ w A~ gx Y
w~ m,
z*6,
qLZc*
V?K 
m{ F\WD
kZp~ Zi Wk
B g Z ^m{0D n
pg
6f ~g gx YN Wt Mg % +Z,qF~
 t q
- 4,
}]!*
Z q
-Z 7 #
}
.{z
M F,
XWt ,ZIZ 0*
i Z
)
Zh
+]
.gx Y
GG3E
4]z+
Wqz
y
z_7,
g D\vZ 
yZ #
}
.
sz^ ~ y kZ @*
Wy T!g \WD Lg kZ s
#
J
}pF,Z~g D Zh'wD Zw [Z DV @*
Y
}p%Z~ D :B p
:  
}pogzZ
7{ Zg W~z[ Z%s %Z DVZ V7s
Lg kZ kZp\WD @*
t
~ ~g Zi WwgzZ s %ZpD t
gx Y Qe
$ ]!*
kZ D Tg D\Wg Z kZ kZgzZ
p V g e & { Zz V-g Zi Ww ~h
+]
.
)
Z
Za c~gzZ d( \W~ yZybg I?VVY Z
[ ZZhZDD)LZ LZs Z ZkZ
zg Z
Z ~ y*zyV k7, ~0*
V g ! Z~gzZ
-Zgx YB bkZ D*
q
@YJ 7,{ c*
igx Y 7(Z!g! Z

65

Y c*
(Zx Zz [xZ}g  Sgt lgZ
/ x Z} fgzZ
DZiTY+Z
  D],Z ~k
,
KZ Vxm,
g Z'
,}
~g b)8{zgzZD Y D F,
Z~r zw
zz Vzk
,
k&Z KZ~ 6} (,q
-Z {z!v:Z DD Ci
Dn
pgx
]|dZVzoVg )
, \zZ y z
 Z% .'
,{ {
H~zgb ZZoX{uk~w'
,
V{ gZx Z
L 5Zg kZ c*
Z_6, zmvZ -B y
TgzZ
KZ} vZ Sg t BN .e: x }g
gzZ yZZt yZ d
$
7Z  xz olp zz d
[zg Y.'

,{ { Y 7k
,
9e
$o
Dx x ]_Zr
# g~46,
uI}Z]|
[ [8kZgzZ {z T x {z
\z ugn[ggzZg
DVZgzmvZ-
~uLZV 0*
q
-~zdgx YD : ]
? ZHkZ~[ sz^
y'
6,{ Zg F,
~! ~(,vZ Y 
gx YD :~zCg sZ
k)]|B gzZ x Y ~ | ] Z|\ W
= F,h
+'
h
+'
\ W * [g 3g ~g Y ukZ {u
kC
z kZ ) ]|]gz
)
Z gx Y ( }W ) 

7gHJ
-ukZ e y ZhbgzZ
+Z`
~g Z
#
 { z ) ]|pD Zg7 V gz kZ  0*
C

68

x Z ZzZpZ e

;gE-z1wC
Z zg Z%Wz6,
$ZZ
f
gzZ ' V1 Fg f *ZiZ q
-Z zg Z x ZZzZpZ e
q)D yw5q
-Z Zzp
pgg~)gzZ ysg I
@*
g Z~gZiZ
# 6,
yZgZtZ (,
-Z ~gZ
q

x Z ZzZpZ e s '
,
kZ @*
Yg kZ yZ
gzZf *Z;gE- z1wC
Z {kg ~)~(,
-Z y*zy
q
u @*
x gzZIg xsZz!*
;g~ wj Zi Wq
-Z

( V gzZg ZsZ
zC
gzZ  n
pg Z w

D Tg V
6,gLZa J m
yZz6,g(gzZ

( 8 -) xZ 8g  n
pg m g 0E
!s

;gE-`gzZ b sxE~)^ ~
C
* Z} Z * Z V gzZ W- + ZZc
/

g L LyZ q\Wa* Z D~ e Z8 gzZ

~,Z L LyZ ~ e Z 8 gzZ

_~W[|ZjZ


Xg J
-[ Z D {^
,Y ~W VzE
+

S
Z zF,
gh
+]
.L LgzZ s 0Z ~zg Z L L~X _

Wz6,
$Z Z~- +ZZ Zr
f
# Z e DqZ
a^g hZ c*
z ZEg}x Z] }
.+g D
+
w
DhZzVgzZV
/
udzZgzZ;R,

67

waY Ng\WgzZ \WD ;g Z Z h#

}
.y!*
ix
D
N
?x aMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
t xs@ ~ #
}
.Mg gx YD :~zCg sZ
yz bC
gZ gx YV Le *
*n
@*
Y F,
Z n
\W Y V
z
/Z uZ Zi: D !*
$
} x Hh
+'
agx Y)x D @*
kCe
$gzZ
{g Z ZgzZ
jy'~y
WDagx Y wx t DV Y
D.CZZgx YByZkZ V7,
 Ytig 07% J
 Y G0cZ 6,


( Y 2007'
,
Z {g)

70

` ZguZ&6,
{ ZC


@ZW5 Zgz0
+
i=
~ z'
,zg !*
t 0 bt 0 xZ
6,
i ZzWp "gzZ}geq
-Z 8 ]gzZ]
] LZ: Z Zi W M
h 7| M
h 7 gzi  D hzi
zg V 0q
-Zg 0*
kZ uvs~uz M
h 7g Z
CW]P`
gzZ !*
" ~ yZ  V;z ~ Zi W
@kZ~H ~v]: Ac*

v \WZ g !*
g !*
~
-Z Z Zzq
q
-Zq
-!*
kZ=p?V Yg 0*
uv
}{zX} iZ pgzZ @*
.~x 
: Zizg xzg
-{z g. ~8gt wzZ] V!*
z=
_
a}g qt @*
.~x 
gzZ @*
.{zp c*

4]{z
2G
.E
kZ~G
_}x 
{zt~uz
D Y ? Y7 kZ ~ y q
-Z ;g 7 kZgzZ ;g~

3gZ ~~ kZ wjZ V
$**
-Z~` kZ ? V
q
kZ ?VY4Z~kZ ~H Y7Dg e ~
e
$DVY } e
$Dt 7 (Z } c*
i W= 6,g6f
3 Zg=kZA
$1 ~ OZ ~ZZ
# ` Zy
Z 9
~h~y
qt~
zkZ 1Z~k,~gzZ c*
C
r
# Zz 7b a
z kZ $
+
q! T7 l=gf Tgg Fe],
g wjZ
Va ~7q :Z6,
yJ
-[ZgzZ 1k0*
yJZ , ~tx
;gg e D C V ZzyakZ 1hcg KZ ~
H k0*

~ yJZu~ ~ Dge Dg e r
# Zz

69

Lgq
-Z\WN CtBg "Z
D : ]
?J
-g D
+
;gE-xq
-Zo{g Z Z
kZkZD Z Z]vZ
D :x ZZzZpZ e
{ c*
i p N*
gq
-Zt H ^
,6,x kZgzZ
~ SZ~
/ZgzZ V &~g Z)f BgzZ Z d KZ~Z
~g 7 7[Z ]ZyZ
H[x
} (,q
-ZyZZz G
*9Zm~gz+Z**
Zz}qz
} (,
-Z~g
q
/~x #
}
.gzZ {b & Z 0
+
i ~g yZ
~ W{z {z~ T H^ V Lgq
-Z ._c LZ
mVx ~C
x **
V V g V!*
+ 7Z D J hzZg eq
-Zs{z D Z {)z VxuVx

Ht yZgzZ
Hc*
~ kq
-Z 7Z c*
7 m
g w 45&40 Zg
/7F{ c*
i ;zg +

zkZq
-Z
HspZg7]vZ~]ZgzZV
z\z
/V Zz"7,
V } V ` Wq
-ZgzZ V
T7y (Z ` WgzZ  yz ~ V }  v~ T
+ ~Zp~(,Zz}: yW
q c*
+ ~
VrZ = ~ / wB 11 gzZ ]c*
Z@ J~(, yZ a kZ V
V;z ~ D c*
4Z ~ xZ 8g ~ N|
/WZ g
c*
yJZ S7,V*1 VI H qz 7,~uz g
8g g =
**

z }q
-Z ;g ~g yJZ
V;z Z
H``Z~gzZHzs eg1m Z

72

]gzZz+ Yzg Zg ~TW(q

-Z
zZ~;gEZ [;zWz6,yxg Z
HgZgzZ ~
Zpg ~t Z
1gZgZVrZ~ZggzZN YWg \W r
#
-wB5
J
HW :ZzQgzZ W7I= cdgzZZz [WV;zp
~ +Z- Z kZgzZ ~g Z
/]!B5 g ~ ~ ;gE -
DVt \W~[ZgzZ
HgHWz6,
kZ
\W~%ZZ{zkZyq
-Z\WD : ]
gzZxsZ#
}
.BVv6,\WakZ ;g VzgZZIm
?]F,
b\WakZZ
+9
+]
~ CtF,
~ZjVz] D :x ZZzZpZ e
=g Z
/0
+
iwyq
-Z\vZV@*
vZ
V W,
'!*
+ T 
Za W,
Z {z ~ y!*
i ~g gzZ 

CZ 7ZgzZ J'!*
hZ }g g %g Z}g
yZ  ]5z^~g  izgz
V @*
\vZ ~
- +ZZ6,gm{ Z Zuz Y W,
@*
T`Z: x (Z ~
kZ  D WV(gzZ a yV wj Zi WZ(,V @*
t ~
~g7~gzZV@*
W]!*
sZ}:}yC
~kKZ~a
~g
$ q Z bTV Cgzx|q
-Z g
$uyZizgC
 C
tzz kZ ~i g ZmyZ Hp~J
g yZgzZX
}
CyZ 6, OZ
CyZ  }g Z Z ~)
t ~ C ~zg { Zg" zz ~i g ZgzZ 76,b & Z
~~i g ZyZ V C'!*
+ZZjg
$uzyW
 C
D
Z Ct bq
-Z ~c*
"
$U*
yz

71

YZ Z~ ` , ]i YZ \W qiZ V
Zz wZ t Zp Hg Z ~q g KZgzZ lp{z s
D
HwZr
#
-Zt e ~a kZ ~ } ]i YZVa r
q
# Zz
~yJZf
$zZgzZ~(,
~ ~g Z)f6,
zZ} b
gzZ p = kZ D q ci7 ,g
H~ g }g7
]Z~i q
Z ~Q Z
Z,j { E
+Z}g D J(,
,j
} Z *Z ;gavZ V
HW- +ZZQH} Z ! zB
Y
Fp [pgz G
5J4f(,Zp~H\N*
~*ZH\N*
~
D ;gVZ
/
u~l
C
p {g Z Z <
L IZ {z ;g| 7,~ Z ~ Z
#
m{)zg egZ'
B gcg !*
-ZV;z@*
q
**
Y**
WV
^q
-Z 6,],B 16 ~kZ w HyZ~xsZ
K } ztg zgzZtZ ztg z ~~ kZgzZ
w H~xsZ gZyZ
/YZt6,gd ~gzZ
-gzZ ~ ZgZD
,
q
-Zx **
~N
WW+
M ~'
,IZ L^
L t
(
Z`Z q
-xi Z r
# q
-Z~s H<XG
/
zkZ
H
VrZg@*
b Zq
-Zg]!*
5<
Z
 ~ kZ 6,],B250[Z ^ ],B16}
`-i
+g c*
+Z wWZw= t ~ +
&
G `{z y*
jZgL L~ ~ *Z c*
W- +ZZ kZ D Z ;g!*
y 0*
gzZ gE- o [ yZ
_Cc*
[|Z
~ e Z8 ~g ~kZ D [
~;gE- gz?

74

} (,aZz + Y ! gzZ zg Z ~ V bkZ ]gz

Z a Y o yz - +ZZ ,i Z {z Z
zg]**
kZ ~ VjZC
!*
ayZ Bi
+Z ! t
/Z
{z C 7~}uz +Z ! pq
-Z ~ kgZ 
Vzg zz kZ q yz W,
,Zgt

{E
+Z {zzz kZ @*
{C
b YZ yZ~ V1 I~ *i3~
D *
@YgyZ}:}WgzZD YW~Vz
-Z~,Z gzZ ` Z'
q
-+ZZ D : ]
? YZg Z
/
VB` Z'
sZD
y
y*zyN 
gZgf\W DYZ
D :xZZzZpZe
~- +ZZ x Z zZF,
gzZHg 9Z~ yZ }g Z Z ~)(~
# @*
/E
~9; q
-Zq
-Z @*
7}~y*zy}g7 G

~T{z{ ZpDy
Bq
-Z
zg9Z
hZ wkZSh ZgzZ @*
8 I 6,V  V;z V
$
d
,7~g k B1 7^v z kZ @*
Y
hN\WVH+Z +Z~- +ZZ V Ct\W, 7
M
Zg V?@WsXC+ZgzZCVc*
4 
t  VY~ [ {z} w1 wW Hp ~ [
Sh ZgzZ ; 8 I{z M
h 7L\W~}g !*
D

Z{ c*
i~wj kZ k {zc*
tkZgzZ
rg
x bT N 3 **
3 bTg~ k]T\W ~ Zi W
~ ;gE- y*zy \W wj Zi W Z 7^zg ,
Dx Z{ c*
iayZgzZp{ c*
iV Y7

73

{zn7gZ CZ {z~r z
g ZsZ6,
g: Y`~
 D {" {z xEVY M
h776,g!*
DM
h7gZsZp
-Z~V-gE-+F,
q
xo;gE-z1wC
Z D : ]
bakg Zgm{gzZa~ {g Z Z kZ
?qZ
Z~}g Z Z- +ZZ]vZtD :x ZZzZpZ e
ZJ
-V 6,V gzZ hZvZY 
Z{ E
+Z hZ
6,iT bgq
-Z!*
t  Z" V Z ]!*

~ ZhZVkg Z D Y3 Zg}:}N Y
kg Z g YZD
z6,Vpg YZgzZ
~ V g e &Z Z(,q
-Z kg Z  W
A &:
7Wm F
@gzZyZ{zt g Yg *` W
yZ
/Z M
h C7x|]c*
W W
M
h7F,g
$ qZ D 0*
| (,
,Zp 7ZV a,ZQ 7
A &tg0
+Z
hZ ~ m,
Z KZ VrZWV gzZ hZ !X

b iZ ZiZ} (,ayZ M

h {g7g " LD
,Z
.5 G'
4gGE

V Zz Y ! ~ Vzg Z Z}uzgzZx ~ Z x 3F,
yZk, Vq
-6,!gzZ ~ m,
ZXD
,ZgzZ ]gz
ppt @*
7X la,ZgzZ Z"
k zg Z V }g {zkZ  f
e weV Z y}g7 gzZ  D
zg Z ` Wf
e kg Z &z wC
~ kZ kg c*
z
V Zz x 6,X Qd
$zZg qzM
m !

76

s
Hc*
7=g f Zz W,
6,r z wD~ kg Zt
z6,UkZakZZ 7,7W,
Z6,,D
kZ
Hc*
ZIg ZX
x 6,~i g Z{z ]!*
kZ]gz[Z~kg Z D ]gz
D,
wq H zg ZkZ c*
x Hzg Z-+ZZD : ]
?gn~kZgzZ
;gE- +Z * 4 zg Z% - +ZZD :xZZzZpZe
kZ c*
: W,
Z zg Z%- +ZZV;zgzZCzg ZV 7
}uz gzZ kzg *`
y Ze )M%Z N Y \W~ \g- V: dl

D x **
Z(,zg Z- +ZZ~ x yZ )^ I
iz ;g!*
~ V-gE- V;z {z  ` lz { E
+Z {z }g
]]gzZ V;z x Z
/
z6,8o Z ` WgzZ  g Wz6,
rgx ~i q

Z CZzg Z%- +ZZ]!*

6,
R*zyD W6,
V
HZ m,
e bkZgV}g 6,gkZ |
# ~i q
Z kZ
 @*
c*
xi~yaLZ Lg7z
H
p~[zg Z D y!*
i o B| 7,~yD

/Z
V }g  DJ 7,[ Z~:g @*
gzZ d
$
H\
Zg  f
e
Vzq x g0
+ZyZ gB17~ l4) B4
]Zs
B V\ gzZf
e]**
JZp Z!*
i
VY y
W \W7 {z i WkZ}g 
&
N CyZgzZN 3  } 7,**
g6 x (Z ?c*

\W/GG
a Z q
-Z  ZVt
B20{z kZp
/Z  C7,9 7Z

!B8kg Z}H~}g !*
yZ\WpD : ]
kZ ? w$
+KZWVgzZWV[
kZ ^zg bq
-Za}g Sh Z~ D t {za
D
H~gz*
* (ZaF,
a
kg Z wB8 {z gz Ug.
t! V; Y D :x ZZzZpZe
` Z'
CZ7sgzZ 1spKZ D WgzZ W;gE- | 7,
{z Z
#J
-V B8 @*
6,
M F,
yZ wZ
1w$
+
Z **
Z c*
7
M F,
sZ yZ V;z H g~ kg Z
kZV ~ 7,eq
- kbg Z- e
$gB q
-Z
6,kg ZZz
M F,
yZz CW6,D
sq
-ZV~g Z)f
0*
,
k
W,
Z yZzz T b: ~ yZwq CW
D ;g 0*
{g7
X,Zq
-Z FV Y C\W~}g !*
V2z LZ~
gzZ  D q
-~ V<[ z [Z{zgzZ kg Z m
~{z]V@*
Y7,
~]Nt~DwEZ yZ
-ZWtzz kZJ
q
-[Z=? VY (Zy
WV6,
kZ
%M{z6,V;z C~0*
[Z M
hg 7F
Za~kg Ztzz
~ Zi W{ c*
i ]gz  D W~ wj ~ Zi W {7
-eZ {z
{{ c*
igzZ{{ c*
i @*
Y w$
+
7
-eZ kZ D W~ wj
DkZzz~
Cq
-Zt^yZs~ Zi WZ
M F,

g7 yZ V;z q V VrZ t ]!*

~uz
C ~ x **

M F,
Zg 7
1 }g c*
i w'
,Zg D
1 }g i @'
,
Zg D

78

9!*
g}7zO Zvkg Z]!*
t \WV
&
/GG
]gzg6,kZ X{ Zgt
qz~ y D Y J 7,
~ kg Z,z y k
,
+p: i
5
wZt k
,
+pqC
5
Z
# g zZ k
,
+pqC
5
 @*
Y c*
J 7,t ~
ce ~p~ kg Z ?@*
Y **
7wJ.
VY m[
1yt
/Z  { `}uz ~ptZ Z(,

]gz
/**
-Z b & ZzF,
q
~[Z
# w~p~[Y
N Y {g N Ygz: i 7F,
/Z

&

/G
gzZx yZe
$ ZZ yZ B6,R )ZgzZ
/Zkg Z G

M
h7g T x Z(, Z yZ Y7g Z %yZ
ogzZ x Z(, Z kg Z 6,R*zyce **
6,kgZ yZ
/8F\W g Z Z Z kZ~y
kg ZZ m7#
x  G
9zg VzhzVzg ZD
aLiteracy Movement #
` W g
t H Za Literacy Movement T~x p g ay

&
Z
ZCc*
B70~kZ /GG
~ !*
W~g7kgZsgzZs
ykZs\W
/Z Z7ay

q
-Z #
6,
Xkg Z
kg Z
/Z[ Z D W{C"% kg Z *zyZ
# B
Bh Vx (6BF,
~h
kg Z ,7 cg VjZ v N Y, Z kg Zt A
$
g
$ugzZyW
6,g~
C~gN Whz s
kZ $
sg $
33 Zg 9 * {z
V!*
xE}uz* ` W
/Z{zkZp 7g Z
gE- gzZ 4gzZkg Z ` W fZ {z Z
#

77

,} Z *Z {z CY g bq
-Z 7Z1M
hN 7
HH HgkZ Z m,

e [ Zg c*
| 7,e 7,gzZ 9
kZ Y~ kO}g7 kZ @*
7Cover qs{z
D Zz:
zg ZZ
# w 25B 20t i q
Z Z(,q
-Z zg Z- +ZZ
c*
zk zg ZyZ e zg Z%- +ZZ
zkZ 7gkg
m zg Z y*zy ` WgzZ ;g ^ ` W H qzkg
M
Zee g gz gzZ J
- Voice of America B.B.C
- +ZZ}g ~T 7(Z J
-Vf}uzgzZTV
~B.B.C  ~ggz r
# Zy
V: c*
zk
[ Z 
ez6,Dr
# Oggz  {gz6,D
V b 0*
 H qzkg c*
zk yZ} Z * Z wz
D x q
-ZgzZ x **
-Zzg ZXtz
q
t ;g^
Z m,
e (Z[zg Z-+ZZ Z\WD : ]
~uz [ zg Zq 1qZ VU x zg Z kZ Z
~g h
+]
.~[zg Z%- +ZZ\WQ ~V-gEVe **
ZwzKz\Wskg Z ~ V[Z c*
g Z
i zz
gzZ Zg kg {g +Zx 5V;zV F6,
gkZ {z
Zg H mkZ \W ? 7g J
- ` Wa~p~ kZ kg Z IZ
? HZ~g h
+]
.[2?
+Za}g Z Z Z [D :xZZzZpZe
}g Z Z@*
7 8
- kZx **
}g Z Z Z ~A | l,
g~
D
,zgzZ +z [ 6 @*
[ kZ x **

80

gZ Zg tXZ D ;g YHx **
+yZ6,
$
R@gzZ
6,wg nZ {zv 7, g zY f}g 

/Z,7x Z$tpN W}V1}uzq

-Z Y
V- 
g egzZ} [Z kZ Zz Vc*

g e ? yZ
tgzZn Ct :{z}~i Zgy!*
i6,t :{z
/Z D}7i Z
tF D c*
7gzZ {z c*
x ]g xsZnZz
kZtZ(,
a}g gzZ g Y;]s }g ` W
: { LZ: 7{axsZ ` W,[ Z ]
D ]{z oxsZ} (,T` W zg !*
gzZ/
kC\WHgzZ ?tH\W
q(V D : ]
| (,s~) ~!ysg V sq
-Z ` W D
? ;g Y@*
ysg yZz ;g
gm{}6,g}g7 VtZ(,~D :xZZzZpZe
H qz **
33 Zg \G,
ni kZgzZ niq
-Z ; B90
B ,g\W~}g !*
wk(,
W
7~V g
/
Zp [t\G,
t~
a}g T Z(,q
-Zt p 5ni Z(, bq
-Z
\G,
-Z~gC
q
 Z c*
g ZgzZ Db w 5 Zg
f D Le7**
Wt ^q
-ZB\G,
p
Vs{z~gx D zg {z<W~\W yZx Z
%@WP
/Zp ]gz kZ
 Tg Vz
~)xsZB]xsZzsp" N WF,
Z~yZy@Wd
x Zf ^{z s D Y w$
+u ,7 =z

79

Xk )}uzq
-ZVz akZtgzZ UWzq
-Z
@
UZ
# gzZ Y2
$UYF,
~h
/Zak
Y74 ZM
h4Akg ZV C~Y$

yy ` W *
*g{ z DIZakZgzZ ~gz F,
D 7]gzJ 7,[ZgzZYK[
xE
YZq
-Zkg Zt{zVeIm{g~V]!*
-Z
q
{z ?{z pce *
* Za g YZ q
-ZgzZ YZ q
-Z ? YZ q
-Z
wj 7z
/LZ {z Z
# Y x CZ
z Zg {z
g } Q! s%Y{
/Z\Wp} Y
Za m}Dg} 7,
@y
Wz}i\W A
$
~k
,
yZ {W~~~g ]mkZ *
*:a
D Vz7gMg 6,
g
gzZb)naxsZ~gzc^
,
{D : ]
HVzI xsZa i W y Z ~\WgzZ  7g ]Z
?ce *
*
vZ -g~ 0
+
i V {z ` WaxsZ D :xZZzZpZe
 t{z{azmvZ -xZg~0
+
iV 7gzm
+ZgzZ;g Y ZC
i ]s /\WgzZs \W~gz kZ
* ~g7 ` WN Ye6,g}g7 yZ vg Y c g/i
ct 8I g Sh Z ;g s xsZ~
kZ ~ }{zgzZ g (Z ]g q!*

/
7 }}t:~
gzZ }Vc*

g etg!t~}g!*
g ^e} }g b]  ,Z b)zt Y Y

82

D7~c 6,
}i
]**
sgtZj~y*zy` WD : ]
J 7,VY v~ { mVY6,gm{
? **
Aa7Z y
W?z H
~7
/Z ` W}wZt s~ yZ D :xZZzZpZe
? V Ze **
` Vgc*
'!*
VgZ e
x **
Z',7Zzq
-Z
/Z {zN Y {g D &
+
e r Zl

7
{z} w&
+
e}]g+Z b hgVz Z e /GF
gz${ c*
i ,
C~g ~: Vg
/Z ` W ?n k,
6,wg]
 It;ggzZ D ~gz{ c*
iVVV&t~ N Y
t
xsZ Z
# m  V~ **
Aa Vg
7
z
W ]g~ Zz t
 Dy H7
] qgzZ^xEBkZpN SVc*
g Z)f g0
+Zy{z @*

!*
VB,g!*
-Z {z @*
q
~gzayZ W
D ~B;Vg6,g~
Cy Dy,g
CZIgzZ ? HZI~q)D : ]
?ce**
H HgzZa0*
s@
D c*
yDg *q
-ZI \WD :xZZzZpZe
nkZ ]gzz [
+Zg !g q
-Zt @*
Y ^ ~
I~ kZ H7t ~ Dx q
-Z kZ ~ V gv7
\W ~)7pV F
F6,]xI g V: ]x
-g ?H@d
8
$i VY k]Zz VrZ,g6,ViB
\WpZa W C H aZ VrZ (ZpM
hg (Z

81

&
kg Z\W` WT e71{zzzT VzgZ
/GG
} 9BV}uz* H \G,
Cq
-Zg0
+Zq
-ZC

tV-
/e kg ZV2c*
gWlpt` W ?M
h
 M
h ~ ]**
JZ V)  b Z
Z gzZ 1
kgZ V;z N Y ~ g \W M
h q ~ kZg

CkZgzZ Hi
+Z! Yg VMN Y.g ,ZVz%
Vc*
/e ~ e Z 8 VrZ6,

C Z kg Z  wjZ ; 6,
g75` WT D g Z~4gzZXq
lp7t Z% yEZp yEZ wq ]g
vgzZ Y !g \Wt gzZ ]gzZ ` WN Y
i .   M
h Y h{z gzZ  M
h x ZY f  M
h bg
8 VzH{ Zg [ZgzZY fZ Z (,` W D D J 7,
{z ` Wx  yZTp ]gz%$
+ysg kZ
6,i ZzWx Z LZ x ZbTN Y ~ V } (,} (,` W 7
[Zg0
+Zx Z[ZgzZY fyZ D76,
i ZzW F
@
ugzZyJ6,

D ]z~gZ(
H9~\WgzZ H~q)D : ]
?ce**

\W
/Z ~i g ZsgzZ s D :xZZzZpZe
D \W 7t D YPZhg izg
]!*
tVDakZ\W ! V; Yg izg\W 1q
E
E
37y
KqxE ~gzakZ ng Z GG
KZ Vzf
VY Y ;g.Zz ]qgzZpy g @*
~)N Y

84

KZ

y#
Z'
,
g 0*
s WM.
^q
-ZY 1928 y J~g7 x Z#I!zF,
ZN N*
gq
-Z 8-

gzZ VX
RgzZ ~ w kZ bVx gzZ Z Za

Z kZ x 1 Hi W 0
+
i KZ D Z ~ V

Z (,q
-Z [ Zz
xq
-Z y!*
i! g7 gzZ SzZlzg: A
~LZ ;g 0*
lgz6,dY Cq
-Z zz ZnzLgzZtu

V{ ~D }A
$% g @*
5q
-Z [ Zz t Z

^~ CZ~Y 1940VM x **

szcZR'
,
KZ
G
E
G
!
3
4
45E
G
gzZ zBVzg ZD
~ V'
,70gzZ H qz

z
yZ~[ ZzyZyD Hwz` Zy
V6&~KZ

Y 1944D c*

KZ L LZ z1C
Z ] H W,
O

MJ
-[ Z;z kZgzZ c*
W6,x ~yZ~
KZF,
z}E~yZ`
~Z
+Zi
E
B
-E
x \ x YZzZzx Zzq
-ZpVzg ZD
8
-g6g 0
+e CO

6,V**
g ! Z \ WDf .
E yJZ CgzZ g
_ a^gaf
$Z egzZ * Z~ V-gE- Zo

Z Zj ] }
.! Z D ~g Y [Zt gzZ 
~ yZ
HZi Z ] Zi Z Z gzZ i eg Z- Zg " o yz z o

gzZ eg Z-Z tZg L L~ Y 1955 +

$Y y #
6,gm{

Z D .
f i Z Z ~x3+L LV; tg/g~Y 1976
D ( Zg )g 0*
s WM~Y 1986\ W Zj

83

t0zk yZ ZZ}k

,
g fz6,V g
7 B i \W C w" yZ kZ p
6 6 /GF
/#FYk
t ~) MH,
p G
,
 H7t ~ Zm,
e
ZjkZ p=D bzg {7 { D q AzZ
D *.
x \W
?x aMgkZgzZgx YD :]
N He
$gx Y=g !*
jvZg **
D :xZZzZpZe
] Z W,@*
D
H| 7,~ q
-Z!g Zg7 ]gzZ ] Z" =
Z \ W V1 7 6, \W mkZ ~ ]!*
-V
J
gx YGD V6,V~uz]Z W,@*
LZ~%Z*
\ W\z ug nZ}
.V @*
~ c*
x q
-Z CZ~ *
D} F,
h+'
kZ Vzh+'
Z \ W 
=
VY , yz{ c*
i { c*
i \W{z Ve **
]!*
tgzJ
-Mg
\W _7, p Z v 6C
& !g (Z q
-Zt
-[Z Dg D~peC
J
._ V
z lg Z
/~
kZ C
/YZ && \W kZ Zg@*
ZC
 / ~ kZ \W
6,V~uz~V @*
{zQg !*
-Z~}g !*
q
]ZW,
@*
m
D Y7t \WD V
( Y 2006 {g )

86

t?c*
tu Z(,
Zzg ZV,Zy
W?7y
t?yc*
Dzg Z li cq
-Zak
,
izg ZgzZ ~kZ yZ
V!
zyBV ~zkZ D~gDgzZD S(,
D kZ 0y!*
i y 0*
t~ Zi W Zgzt! V; D g ZZ
D '!*
bkZvt~| m

=g f ! x~ m,
Z W,
Zk
,
id
$! f~y*zyD : ]
,Zg Y Dgz !*
y!*
i ~g KZ a }g gzZ ;g Y
?YHvb~VY5y!*
izg Z~
` W 9tD wZ YZ t! m,
}IVK
Z
6,VZ*gtzz~
CkZ D g=gf ! x~ m,
Z

y!*
i ~ m,
Z ~ Vx yZzz T ;g #
~ m,
Z
LZ AdoptV/} 7,
}
/
VyZVzm,
Z {zkZ
V &7y!*
i hZ~ m,
Z kZa kZ y!*
iq
-Z KZp~
gzZ ZzZ

z ?
ZOa yZ 1 V & Adopting Language
KZ VyZpgzZ ~ F,
[pZ c*
zW,
O 0
+
i: Z Zi W
V;z VW'
,h
+'
Dg: !*
~ J
-*d
$
E
$ ~g !*
 1t VY~g zz Z g&gi 08G
zg}i
5KZ D{)zNBCc*
F,
gzZ Y: 1C
!*
3Y ~ m,
Z
VjZ LgLgt Zg ~~eZ Wzg Z VY
kZgzZ Y c*
gzi6,%1gzZ"7,kZgzZ Y H4Zy!*
izg Z~
0]!*
$
Y ~ VVg @*
]c*
Zzgk
,
KZgzZ Z
Y c*
7gzi6,kZ~ VzyLZV qzJ
-Z
# D
! Vzy ,Z V }g D7ew kZJ
-
z kZ
kZ D M. A. ~zg Z ayZgzZ  _7,zg Z ` W 

85

#
}
.gzZ~gc*
[WwkD[ Zzy!*
izg Z D : ]
?D 0*
6,
x ~y*zy{kZ\W
~ ~g %gzZ ~
zzg Z ~ V kD kZ IVK
Z
`{Zzzg Z q
-~ Zi Wtzz kZ c*
Wo zZ
X
H`~V; Z
Zlz
zg Z,Z c*
VAg c*
yZzg ZgzZ
yZ Zt W,
Z T g CZ %1 zg Z c*
g `{x ~g c*
~g
H! ZgzZ}xD{g !*
y!*
igzZ
Hzg Z~V kD
E
$: Z`
c*
08G
@*
F,
{ c*
i {z[Z D Y{gZ
)
Z [ Zzy!*
izg Z
kZDy!*
i Z'
,c*
[ Z Z'
,DDaT
W,
Ox C
kZ  ~zgZqD
Hk
,
+o zZ g yZa
5
Y ;g7qx {z~y*zyzg Z[Z1 @*
W,
O`
gzZ C
] zgZ Zz x ` W ]!*
gzZtD ;g @*
Y Hi Z0
+ZxZ
aV~Vzk
,
KZv{zg66,%1zgZ {z C
D7{ge{zkZk0*
yZg66,
QoutezgZ
6,


Q7
/Z ? C0*
<
gzZoy!*
i HD : ]
?{ WVY6,
SZy!*
iV zg Z
y!*
ih
+
{zgzZ [$
+gzZ Z **
yZt B(Zv IVK
Z
[ Z c*
y!*
i x7t yZ D 7.Zz g@*
[ Zz
V szgZByt
/Z6,gwVD C7C
~yVM?yzZ]|gzZ ~ !*
Wc*
gyIg2Yo
tD 7k0*
V Z ~yJ
-[Z[Z kZ c*
}tu Z(,Z
zg Z bZ D y!*
i V zg Z {z~kZ c*
Z **
yZ
7Zg **
GiE
4F

`'
,~gO
cgt Z
g y!*
i V sy!*
i

88

~(,q
-Z kZ DV ;gkC V ~ ]!*
t IV K
Z
-Zg7 ug IBZ G!Z%q
q
-Zt {z M
hZz kZ \Wzz
wEZ8t Hg : CZt 6,~
~ r
# ?
~DV q~SzZgzZ ~gy!*
i ~Y tgzZD
IZ ~ Z
# VX4Z!*
Y 7{ Zz6, :kZ[
gzZ I@W]|Iq ]|y WZ ?]| } f'
,
Z <
L
4E
&]|
gzZ ~ ZkZ VyZ J 7,t Z:<
L IZ 0pIG
f} (,} (,Z Z
#  t~a kZ D 1xa Z p
V-ggzZ VAZ6,Z ? yr
# ?tQ ~ dZgzZ ;Zu
~ggzZ SzZx ZygzZf ` WD Z q Z4,
yxg
! gzZ g t x7yZ  .Zz**
s kZ gzZ Z
H
& g
34E
{ i Zzg Z OG
C~ SzZgzZ ~gD M
h 76,SzZgzZ ~g
x Z;Zz gzZg \ yZ 1 gz8t  c*
)gzZ c*
gz
-Z i Z0
q
+Z=D Z **
b} :d6,yZ D
]c*
}uz yZ **
gzZI ]Z ]Z|tt ~uz Dgzzt
VJZ}g L]!*
KZ D D]!*
4ZaZ
yZ a kZD c*
VZU t VyZ 7~ i Z0
+Z
kZD Y h
+ F,
kZ D 0*
7 CZtZ .Zz**
Z
+<
L IZ~ i Z0
+Z
/Z D CY| (,gzZ Z kZ
w
\W LZ J
- Z D D W: ~ z 
Z ` Wh
+
D
/YZ
f LZ Z
# t D  Z ~ Z Y 5 7 gZ
Z6,
V!*
q8
-N*
}uzq
-Z ~:W D 0*
7
Z'
,
~kZq
HHi Z0
+Z=zzZ D QD
VD kZ 7` WV ;g#
}
.~Y @*
7{ Zz6,

87

{ WVgzZZ gkZ N`6,gq

-q
-Zy!*
izgZa
h V !*
i O p Z t Zg z ! zg ZgzZ N Zz
)gf~
KZ~x gzZ (,p V kZ D,
DV;gV kD
X gq !*
ZgzZZx
zLZ\WD : ]
{@x,gikZ~
zg Z\WgzZ Sm
yZz6,~
\Wy xg
?D 0*
6,
x \W~
yZgzZ Z{~,ZD H
[ Zzg Z c*
~
zg ZwkDc*
:eM` WIVK
Z
# Zz ~y ~ Zi WDK Za d
Z
$ Z } (,} (, kZ g
_7,gzzg Z wy!*
i ~uz _7,6,g y!*
i KZ~y
{ z
zkZzzN Y.ZzVzgzZVz @*

G
Tg ~
hZJ
-.OcgzZJ~ Zi WDD~
hZ
z e
$Zzg ~g Dg DwEZ }Wz 8
-g {zgzZg W,
O
z0
+
i[Z D z }g 7Z }g gzZ z ~g
kZpce %$
+gzZgw$
+}g 7ZgzZ~g g
gzZ Z6,{z @*
H / W ~
h
+]
.gzZ ~
~h
+~ "z!*
7~
hZ~kZ g~
 [Z D 0*
7g~
Zzg
V +Z >g ezgzZ Bg ez ^gezV~ yZh
+
&
gzZg wJkD pDnY g~~
Z6,
nqx ~[ Zzg Z(Z^Zg  7J
-` W
D:gzZ yEZ:6,
p Z
i WT~Ks 0Zg"\WV~~
D : ]
c*
zg Z[!*
g Z\Wx 1 Zhg{f Z (,6,<\WV;z
?DkCH\W c*
7 Z
ZhZz<
gzZfx {z

90

li ByZ
t 7W,
Z kZ1 ;g w1 WZ
 b8
-4Zq
-Zx 0*
7^J
-V
t @*
D
kD [g Z [Z ya kZ Wt cZ x q
-Z
kZ
( [Z D YY 7c*
!*
V [Z1 H
Z'
, J
-V
x ~
/]g z O6,x **
<
gzZ ]gge H
5_I W6,w2
:gzZ
(:6,x **
<
~o Y t
D#
Q;evZ
/Z
B\WH wq]g{V D : ]
wV hzB20y*zy Vg0*
gzZ g 0*
yZM
s Vo) ( IgzZ
6,
? g ~ }g !*
?6,
VzgziYZgzyy*zy

6,

ZuzgzZ q
-Z \z
/
z~VbTIVK
Z
6,V zq
-Z #
$ ~ Vz ybZ

8 Z ! a ( Zuz { c*
i Z T
s1 y!*
i 4ZgzZ c*

@;CZ V,Z D 
~ Kg 0*
6,

I
E
\
]Z|a X KZ s ~ kg U c*
V i Z 3;X {z { ZpD
7]!*
s ZgzZ  g w1 s V x }u~A
1ce i ZzWs kZg 0*
yZMD uZu D
yZcea]!*
sgzZ hl{
aKZs
x ~ 8 *Z~
z kZ J eK~'
,
!*
z TD 7~

 ( V8 Z! c*
w d8 Z!{z{ Zp )Vzg7(
d
- p Y0g @*
} Z V E
-Z,} Z
q
W
kZD7e Z {z Y{gg0
+Z x  Vx1 Y c*

}g ` W
/Z H V Z k\Z =
z

89

gzZ V
H{g Z /KZ ~ D @*
Y ;Zu~ }Vz
)gzZ
)D` Y /gzZ } (,E CZ'
,}g
-A{
g **
Z t **
~g7 ~i G Z1Z **
~g Zg Z
6,f gzZ Zg Z
/
z ~BX v,Z
t
D.z ]gzZ Z = vtD Hx Bq
-Z
;e= Vz(,Di Z0
+Z=vtYyZ[Z
DVgvZY 
yZgzZV;g^~` W ;4Zt
d
$

(6,
gMZg\WD : ]
E6,zyzYW~g ZMZ 8 Z! DkC\WH
~ y*zygzZ ^g?V
6,
#gzZ w 8
-R
?$
Y~7$Jz'
,
Wz]gzZw zyYV
^g?Z ` W &^ N*
g V q
-Z H tIVK
Z
t g}^g?!*
V
6,
8 Z ! ` WD B
kgZgzZxsZgzZg J 7,
VLZ]c*
z]F
F6,
#xsZ
 t C g Z C
i ~ V<KZ x A s sZ
g Zz tZgzZ +
M
KZ Z~ kg Z VgzZ Vzg ZD
y*zy
KZ Vo) ~g  x k\Z } (,D @*
Y c*
7kg gzZ
CY ~ ~0*
z Z6,V-$

+yZ
/Z zg77ZaX

/cV t ` WD B7J
-V "
$ ` W
Bq
-Z HgzZ 7~
/ctDpt
/c} (,

}g zy s~ ZO HD CY ~LK~'
,
!*
gzZ
VyZp ` ]kZ Z
# gzZ ? }g 7y?
~g H{zA7
-g0
+Z LZ ~g Z0
+ZZ 8 Z ! D c*
ZzZ

&
,
k
izq
-Z /GG ]P`
yZ ?7c*
ce A~0*
6,V
6,
yZ?

92

gE- ~)a~i g2 kZZ

# bZ
0g2 B ZeY kZ @*
Zq
-~ kZB LZg2
g Z)]|g `Zm~gz + Z ?)kZ Dn
Y c*
%1 = ~ Y f gzZ ~g Z
M^g ;gE- ~ ~ ft r
# ?6,kZ
 g +Z ~y Z1  ;gE- V Y C\WV
Iq ~ ~} # LZ Iq]|D c*
W`JZ~
g2 kZ z!*
Zp [
 WW~ V\W
b Z ZkZ
/Z ` WD c*
0*
07J
- ` WgzZ ; g 0*
07
~ ` WD {g Z ZwV" *t Y0g2 Yq
-Z kZgzZ N Y
a kZ ~ CWW6,kZ Z
# gzZ VM g>kZ
DVLg Z9
{Z'
,
u{gZZkZ ZqzZ*q
-ZwZIq]|
yZ Z**
 VZiZzW
T ~
z kZD y
D Y c*
eZ 3gzZ { Z'
,
u yZa kZ ' B.E  { Z
# ~g Zg Z)gzZ /Zg ZuZ **
r
~g @**
e
$~
Z**
{ i ]| ~ D
Hc*
{ Z'
,
uyZ {)z
Hk0*
Czm,
gq
-Zs Z**
VkZD c*
Z7,
Z t **
B} Q ~ B q :Z =Y c*
wyZ
yZ V~Dr
# [8zgzZ ~ LZ **

: { Z *Z LZ  ~ gzZ 1 zZg7 {z V;
tgzZN Y
T evt?}
Z'
,
Hx {z}
Z'
,

CBZ bkZ D c*
7 (Z ~1 B K6,
Z6,KZZ
~gzZ V
~gC
kZgzZ V Z {gZ Z kZ J
-[Z

91

]gzgzZ,^eahVKg0*
{z{ Zpg 0*
yZM
G
$ ,} ZBq
4G
D(
,jV26,

SE
5G
-Z
} 7,
?;gg Z H \W~F,
zyg7ug IBZ G!ZD :]
;gE- ,
-BZ G!Z~ ] Iq ]|IVK
Z
gO
cg~ ~ i kZ D Lg Z ~ ~g Z'
,S yZ ~ a
mIq ~
z kZD M^g ;gE- |

/ZgzZ ;gEE
1 Z Z~ gE- v]|lg Z /
2G
.H
DgzZE
tZ
G
!q
-Z VY ce **
g7 ug IBZeY bZ 
gzZ !Z >z0
+
;gE- ^C
i ZeY~aD 7~y*zy;gEgzZ { [pkZ ~f}akZ [N gE-~uz
# ;g 0*
Z
7(Zp V Z ZkZgzZ Yc*
;6,}i Wz
g Z) wkZ}g gzZq g6,kZZmIq]|
bkZ D 5( ` rg
z kZ ) pZ V Z**
gzZ ~g Z
C
!*
Z6,xZ b IBZeYT et vg ez
-Z kZV {)z 9; iZV Z Z kZ6,}i Wz q
q
-Z
}g  @*
bVz ~z*gzZ ~ T g2 Y
axZ Dn Za
A & i W wj bC
g0
+Z
1 7,
CD Z e
C;gE- ,
-gzZ (~ Y 1972
7{PIqY7bzakZ tX Z(,

g {z6,
kZ\W Hg6Iq~
zkZDD
[zgFV;zgzZ ~g Zg Z)gzZIq]|~QgzZ
]|Q D H {gz V}uz bkZ D W
kZJ
-[Z1
H qzx tgzZ 2zgzZ +h
+%
D 0*
7

94

@*
zskZ f V @*
Y ~ Vzg gzZ V5~a
DV
Ibx HV gx Y)x \W~Z D : ]
?,
gI\W ZgpVx m,
}
IVK
Z
~g Y {g !*
z!g {~g Y ~g ZgZ)]| \ WV
Ht~QgzZ ;g {E

+~ iq
-Z gkZD Hx YZ
D c*
x Z)**
g Z(,q
-Z J(,
WukZyYZ Z LZ \WD
gzZY
! ZkZ\W{ c*
i{ c*
i} =Z\W\vZV
tZgzZ fx KZ=g fkZ~DN J
-}ZgzZB6,
g
wgZ CZ6,}p6 6 gzZ K{ c*
i { c*
i {z V Le b x
~y*zy}vgzZnh
+'
g zgzZg !g kZ @*
,
\WD ;g V{Z
+
TgzZ*
!!gI(Zq
-Z i Z
! { c*
igzZgzi}vZa
( Y 2003~gz
{g )

93

D Vg @*
a~zF,
kZ J
-Z
# 0
+
i
~Q C~y!*
izgZ~sZkgZD : ]
Za pZj[ Zz y!*
izg Z~ yZ D @*
Y c*
0*
7tzf Z_[ Zzg Z
?ce
M F,
z{!*
zg ZJ
-uZa
 D WakZ F,
{ c*
i {z D W~ Vg }g IVK
Z
~KQ c*
N Y kg }c*
B{gZ Z ~ rg

gzZ **
zd
$ ZBkZ
/Z v,Z w ZDY #
Z
}
#
.bhZ gzZ +gzZzg Z)g fkZgzZ 6,t V
gzZkg Zxk!*
akZ @*
uF,
{ c*
iyZ 1
[ Zzg Z {!*
~ Vzg Z Z }g Z
# C7zskZ
~ g Zg Z) ;g Y H A
$% [ BZ Z
# Dce
~[ c*
gzi6,]!*
kZ~gzZ ~ LZ **
Zt **

} y~ ,.q
-Z f}g Y e:t p Y H4Z [ Z zg Z
y!*
i Z y!*
i ~g ~g zg ZZ
# T e 7
_WgzZ 
Vz]~y*zy)gfZgzZ ~kg Z}g
Dgx
4X3f}g~y*zyI: ]
{e[ Zzg Z] G
5E
HDC ZgzZ ~ o Z ,k
,
yZxk!*
zz 3g
?
H{gsZIyDg6f V zzZ
gzZD WZ
+Z`
zbgfk0*
}IVK
Z
{z}gz xk!*
gzZ V 8 I ZF,
gzZd
$z ~ yZ~ D CW
 QV~Z gJ
-V  D {z  DwEZ
 9t DT e **
Y0)
L L n
pg/Zz [ Zz y!*
igzZ
kZD
H{g!*
sZIyDg6f V zzZ

96

yZ0
4G
gzZa
ZhZ]|c 
6G
0E
+{D : ]
?H] }
.mzz! ZgzZzdkZgzZy*Z
~g7 7
- ~z
/ +Z ]|D : /Z @Wz6,
zg c 
q
-Z V- Z$++Z ` @*
]|} Z Lg
D v~ ( g7 ^ 4,)g7 **
Z q
-Z|
/WZ kZgzZ !*
5
-ZV vsg7 ~i t gzZ Z4 Zr
q
# vZ%Z ?{
xxz$~ yZ0
+{ ZsZD7 yZ DwZOyZ ~ E
0;X
[
7} E
+
yZ~{)z{ i @*
z+y
G
5.ZgzZgx **
sZ
agzZ Zv( I) ~g ZW~ ] sZx]|{ Z {t D
&gJ
-
zhZ]|~g Zi V F._yO
Q
YZg|
/WZ~Y 1857 hZ 1a kZ s Vzm,Z
Y
7gzZV] Zg Z
ZZ
+Y~] Z D c*
B Ig. YZg( {g W ) {g7E
x ~ ]zg U*
W L L[ KZZg D@ZT
$rgzZ 5
D 
`~k,
$jZ}
.[ tD c*
]
{gH
z}g Z
!*
7ZgzZ ZZ
+Y~g Z
# hZ
yZ D vx ZwZOKZ Ug6{z
Hc*
hgg0
+Z
,g {g b D Zz ;g {g b Zg Zz wZO
]|DhZ]|Z{ { 
]|~ zZ h
+i !*
(tz)gZ0
+{J
-/Zz]|} ZhZ
sV sZ x]| Z Z6,LZ \WVa VW'
,h
+'

I
G
GG34h8FL 6,
sZz
L /Zz]|c*
akZi Z
u b
Z L L
Zz LZ /Zz]| D ;g 
V0*
{I 1 &W,
Z

95

/Z@Wz6,

H|1;gE-|Szg Z:g

( Y 1949\ )x Zz { 
]|{],Zd{ =/Z @Wz6,
~ Y 1969 x ZtL { {8gD7` Z sg ] Z f

~ Y 1974} Z * Z ~ zg Z gE- ` ~ Y 1972

) Z

8 ;gE- |S~ Y 198 5gzZ} Z * Z ~ g gE- |S

Wz6,~ Y 1 992gzZgi
+g~ Y 1986g Z)~ Y 1976D H~ e Z

gzZ wz**
z \ WD g
H|1 ;gE- |Szg Z%[ Z gzZ

] Z6,w/X  ` W6,x ~ YZ ]
\ W~Z
+Z`
z bg+ F,
Zu 0*
zyD i Zg W
s \ WD Tg D 
}p~Wz sgzZ YZ

z ]|g U*
W~ V1v \ Wzz 2@[ Zz

f {)z ]g c*
iz e [ Z W g z ]|g U*
W ]z g U*
W

V1 Vg ' V1 Xg | l,
e \ WD 

Dg
~]g Z Z >gzZk
,
Z
+Z`
z bgZDA
$%z
x d
$k }psgzZ V V \ W

`~ e Z 8 ~ Z\ Wi eZXgz D Zz W6,

wp;gE- |
/ZgzZ ;gE- @*
;gE- `D

~ /Zg Z Z **
x ZO Z hZ \ W D M\ W

! Z Z\ W 
6,
uz !*
g zgzZ
H~k
,
$
D [YZi Z i eg Z- Z

98

&vZ IZZg D jyEZx t ._{)z ]qgzZ Zo

` x Ws!Z]uz Q D CYg
/~ 6,p 0
+
i a
]|g U*
W]g c*
iz e [Z W~
/{@ b #z i x qzg xsZ `z
J W~ D 36,x **
] }
. c*
(Z _#z ]|g U*
Wz
***
zi WXgq
-Z fXgq
-Z{z ~k
,
$q
-Zg z
wJvZ ' Dp FgzZ ]"z g U*
W~ Z Vz
! }WD 

gzZzdyZ ~i *"yZ] Vg )
,
Z D : ]
]Vc*
~LZ LZJ
-[Z A
$~ yZgzZ  H] }
.Bz ! Z
?gy
 t ]!*
~
C Zzp
pg c*
~ ekZ D : /Z @Wz,
6
/]!*
-Z2/Zzq
q
-Z BgzZsZIvg )
,
Z
_~ q nZ yZgzZ zmvZ -+
M
KZ x  $
Y W
?x y ZRole models &yZD i Zd
$zZpgzZu0*
gzC
W
M F,
ztns Z Z|~
CkZ
h
+
D C Z]:SCZf KZ R,
gzZyC
gzZ Z~
%wzZ p kZ D i Z ] mZgzZ Vz Z {
x t{zgzZ )**
u g N Z(,q
-Z T x 0IZ
Z ] Vg )
, syZgzZ @*
[q
-Z
M F,
~ s
I
G
N !%V 7[ V G34h8F1 D W~ sf [
D ~gzgzZ a!%kZZz ygzZ` iy @*

]Zz)
KZgzZ Zy~] Vg )
,Z~:kZ
]uz c*
B Z x d
$
D YY HVc*
m{g

97

vg )
,gz ZgzZ
g
z LZz!*
T
$**
z iW
z]i YZ!*
~tg gzZ zstZx zZp]|
D } i Z
Z /Z z ]|} Z yZ /Zz ]|
Zli **
]|/3Z ~/Zg Z Z **
]|gz/ZZz]|
[ z /Z z [ ZNW[ Zg+Z Y ]|
[ (@*
Z e **
[ gz/Z h[ ~gz/Z **

E
4
45G
gzZ wz aJ
- hZ+g ~ m,
gzZ hZEG
~ m,
Zg +i Z e
Dsq
-Z V ZzZa#
}
.
z\WV &4{ c*
ip~K] }
.! Zzd
@x{ 
]|'TVzvs V
$Zgz ~L L[q
-Z
: **

yZDpEcZ{ {{ =r
# tZ
;@*
z "{ze
$Z@ zg y =z ]|{],
Z L L
+Z]|#zyZgzZtZx zZp]|D Hx [p[p
Y"
5E
A sz [ Z (
{) ~ AXG
c
!*
]|gzZ ~ K@
]|{],
Z Dm: { { Z ~uz gzZx Z Hz]|{],
Zx
g Z Z **
]|~VodVc*
{],
Z D, 30i Z z
Ze /Z @Wz6,[ ZNW]| Zli **
~/Z
Df.
m{gY
ZZg+iZegzZ(@*
) x [ ZzD~ { g {tn ] }
.
~ [!*
kZ ~gz *
*n._x sQ 7x
& ~k
,
@*
{ c*
i igzZ x ~ V{ ti wzZ
KZ V Zz x D} kZgzZ t }VY

100

( ,)gzZ,{ c*
i ) gzZ,k
,
Xg)x
yZ XgzZ }px6,X K x ~ ]Y6,X
D Zzi~=g f+i Wz#
Z e [ tZ +Z g **
]|~ VZ {@*
z {0
+
ik,
x @*
%g(@*
**
Z e[ g7;gE- g zg Z%g 5g1Z
} z!*
z zg Z%gi
+g Zg +i Z e [
H
Zi% ~ m,Z
**
D !*
W8
-gzZ 0zg Z%g~h+
Z e[ r !*
~g ZD
;gEE
4
*Z h Z EG45G ~h+

U***
h Z+g **
tZ +Z g
[ r
#  v{ztD ~gzm{gf Zg Z **
} Z
(@*
**
Z egzZtZ +Zg **

/Z~yZ Dwz ar
# gzZ
D7x~] }
.gzZsz] YYHg ~)x
i Z D WwwYq
-Z kg ZZ~g zg VW'
,
+'
h

Xc*
H Vg )
,Z c*
YY Hf W/kg Z 30,Z
D V{wq D)fV Z gzZ Vg )
,Zx ZZzx OZ
g ZD
i Z X ~g gzZ 8 - g { Z 20i Z
VJ
$
-V ZtYHg +m
/ZgzZVgz Z
Z
}pg ZD
&zgzZ,200i Z  Vzk
,
gzZV1wq D
DM
hYKW/~D 3yZ
G
$ Z
uz w'+Z ~g Vzn~ Y : O
/Z
D 7{ { ~uz
E
E
!
43{IsZ L\WD : ]
kZ[ZH HEG
?DkC7]gz
E
E
!
43{IsZ~! V;YD :/Z@Wz6,
gzZEG

99

I
Z x AzZ yZ **

!Z yg c*
~ AXgZ ]uz c*
~ Z
VZ x J
-qZmtZ x zZp]|6,R
KZgz
5yL gLzZ ~g !*
e
$s ) E
'
,Z g Z  V
V70
+
iBZ Dx gzZ BZyZ z ( y
x **

gzyxsZ
/Z M t x ZgzZq
-Z_
yZ #
/Z6,~
ggzZ=g f i yZ #
/Z6,

g yc*
{z
Gxsz > [ e=g fxsz > [
~gz **
y C a i bT i *" 7xz
Zg p"owg q nZaxsz> [bZ 7
D e=g fxsz> [
zt
Z
[ ~g7 , ] }
. z d Vg)
,Z
0 ekZ ~ V'
,z 7
/
 n{g 
Z g sV
t xz D c*
gz x DgzZ + J
-V i Z Vg )
,
{ 
**
]|D 3/Z{ 
zZp **
]|D 2tZ x zZp]|D 1
]| D5 Z U*
+
h
+ Z h
+
**
]| D 4 ~ !*
Wx]G
Y "
5E
c
!*
)]|D 6~ K@+Z
+Z_#**
]|D7 ~ AXG
**
]|D 9 Zli **
~/Zg Z Z**
q]|D8 Zh
+Zx Z { 
**
]|D 11 ~h
+
@aZ **
]|D 10sZ y
M Zgz/ZZz]|D 13~h
+
+ZI{ 
**
g
$LZ 3D 12~h
+

{
]| D 15 ZM ~ !*
W8
-gzZ gz /Z h]| D 14~ !*
W8
-ggzZ
_ Z ~g V{ m,
+Z { 
]|D 16~g7 ~i ~h
+
+ZL
i Z D r !*
~gZD
i Zd
$8g !*
tZg x { 
**
]|D 17
~LZ LZ YYH{E
+W/VzgzZgzZ !*
ZBY f,Z

102

gzZ yW/ kZ **
W6,xg Pq
-Z VzI s A**
W
~ kZ ]gzh
+ VzqPX+
M
KZgzZoI
z kZ
'i ZzWgzZ`ZQg}Z}
.D ~Isq
-Z
ZggzgZ {Iui Z
DVg 6,
i ZzWkZ` W~z!*
{g
? H|~IsgzZ:{D :]
t ? H| ~I sgzZ :{D : /Z @Wz6,
Q { YgzZ sp **
~ kZ wZ
D } 7,
**
n HwZ\W
yW
<
gzZ bzg <
s~~t n:
-zmvZ -V Zy
J
W x W]|DxsZ {zgzZ q
-Zs~
Z~V !*
iZ~V iZx q
-Z+ q
-Z<
q
-Z
L D: ( u)I g **
<
Z
6, D ;g (J
-V
KZ ~ 2Z
: w2z;g =g f z;g azgz CZ (az
g)vZ
[Zzq
-ZtD : {)zg
C Z}
.c*
g @*
zZz;g wgwg : Z}
.
D ;g}VzLZ Z}
.T`gzZ
x=gzZ V } bzg <
s~ fR ~
{n <
bzg C sg {z T @*
{n q
-Z bzgC

g CgzZ $
Z._Vgzkz i 9C
t <
: @*


g ZyW

6,
+ q
-Z?LevZgzZ3 ZggzZ<q
-Zc*
q
-ZC
~?
svZ Dzhz sV>gzZVp ?: Le **
i W ?{zp
s %Z ?~ ]!*
T( } C gzZ ) } ( ?{z R
?

101

9E
xj% ) Z)Z Z e sZz Ze
HHwLZ kZ6,ey
~ q /Z b I **
x Z ZZ e t'
,~g{ 
Ze i c*
Z sZ
+
h
V
/Z b Z:gz W c*
{E
+'
,x *
*t Z @Z e
Q
HH~g Yt~q
-Z~ex Z DN Wx **
VD
E
E
!
{
3
4 I sZ L LQ b ]!*
-Z D EG
q
Z ]Z ]Z|
Z1N 
kZ Z 
^q
-Z yZ sg
D[Z} (,
z;g: u
~I sgzZ :{ 7 Zzt 6,VzI s (Z)
*
* H[ ZIsD 1VW'
,
+'
h
He
$znkZgzZ H|
D~gzs
# zkZ6,
VzIsD*
* Hd
$I
ZIsD 2
E
d
A
4E
7&Yi Z }v
5E
Z c*

Z R E
G( [)
 D Wg A6,VzI sgzZ V{~ g@*
` W}gz{)z
9 ?kV( vZY 
Z) ^~ ~hKZ 3C
76,gzZ
VM u{zt c*
0*
gZ
J{z e Z { i @*
T7g
/ Z { i @*

D7g G
g W?
ZR,
R,
KZgzZ **
Yg[ @*
LZ
DM
hY7ut/Z
3{!IsZ ( ` )
4EE
wdh
+'
Z ~ D H7 ~EG
Z @{ 
Z e ) ~y
WkZ D ;e C
!*
g y LZ a
~ Zig Z { 
yZ- ]|{ {6,ZZ Zig Z { 
yZ- ]|{ {e{ =
t q{ {e{ =~ q/Z b I **
[ ~ ) kZ
kZ D
HHgH~hkZZ@{ 
ZegzZgZkZ;`[@*
DB:kZQ=V wg c*
gzVZt
6,xg Pq
-Z V{VYV @*
kC]gzkZ [Z~

104

7a sgzZ sy *Zzg xg } gzZ Z}

.c*

**
CZg i,Z q
-Z Dg
/
g ]z
V a kZ <

T A ~
CzmvZ -g gzZ g z gvZ :{
p 6Zsg ~ `
gzZ bzg gzZ wZZ
-V Zy
WC
D c*
z #
ZL L
Hc*
C~*yW

t V W uZz z #
Z L
L #
Z zm\vZ
~IsgzZ:{~~ZD Y7IZ b{z
/
c*
+nt { Zp Z A wZZ~A C
D wZZ|
D *
g (Z ZgzZ He
$s~)
M F,
x D : ]
?M
h
D 1t e
$s~)
M F,
x D :/Z @Wz6,
g =g fkZgzZ 3gx
/
gZi *
!  4',
igzi~ * ~g7 \z
/
7:%x **
+bT(xsZ)szZx zmvZ$
t ~
M F,
xsgzZs~g @*
` W.
kZ ;g YH
LZ.
V7xsZZz7{*xsZ {z

y ~: y*zy m{ VYn ~ NZ
Z {
M F,
_0Family welfare organisation :
L ZR
: qyZ m +
M Z D
( 7s~
CV+Za
]!*
kZ+
MmZ ( [)wZZ ( Z)~
M F,
x 1e
E
GG3E38KZgzZ

G {zD 2D YW'
,} 9g it
gzZ
( ( [)0: hY6,x **
+ ( Z ) ~ yZ  DyZg !*
g !*
g ZZ6,Vzq z
gzZgZ Vzq z
6,x **
|
# /) D 3

103

( 48:{Z
+ ) D
V- v p Z/ Z D{n <
}gzZ bzg <
s
z D ( G
<
}gzZ ]1) <
s YY
G31) ]c*
u1 Dgz yz2Zz *Z]c*
~ iZ%
M F,
g0
+Zy
KZ V ~]1) 7~ ( *Z)]c*

D B
bg
Z4Z

W
M ZE%Y4ZgzZ4Zg0
+ZC

M Z E b]1) y.v (s)]1) <

D%
._<z]c*
<
c*
v ]1) <
\Ws[Z D
(Essence) C
 z{**
]{z6,g~
Ct+
M c*
M !*
+

<
 t gzZ y .
**
qd Tp1 :
L 
{ k]: 5 q
)xg  C
b ( s) ]1)
gzZ ~IC
Z
Z I sD 7sZ wyZ ( [Z W

Hc*
{~xg {g !*
z
/ZZ[Z D ` Z {q
-Zps ~Ig
D &5q
-ZtgzZ s Zz]c*
]1)t
6,
gW ZzY6,
sZ&Zcgq
-ZWt( [)
Dce**
YJ 7,
Q 7Z T $
YJ
-gz W~ ,
" y
KZ C
g Z LZ bzg ~gz *
*nZ
tpDW'
,
^C
Vztg zt
/
6,
Zg c*
B
<

/Z s bZ  {g 7Z yEZ c*
" bzg6,g~
C
Zz kZ tgzZ [ZCZ ~ |lA
$ bzg
D |ZsZg

106

105

k
B sZ ~y
W c*
Ct _g @*
1nZ t
D ` Z {~y
Wxs ~ g@*
xsZ k
B y
W
/) g @*
~IWgzZKC~IgEZ g @*
V
D ~q
-Z
Cr Zl
zg ~,Z ( m,
+Z0/]|]Z
\W~ ZZ a
VtgzZ_ V
$ZgzXts]!*
g
~ kZ Y
n 1 , [n Dg
/
]Z
/

Z]|Role modelBzszm\vZ -xZg

7 kZ Ksz<
Z
# ~WZzkZgzZ
9gzZZ xsZ z B xsZ ]+Z[gvZ Z
D
Ck ;gz0*
a}VzsgzZC
D
wz**
z~g : YZQn
pgm{ Z { {\WD : ]
?ZyDg \Ws~g
z
/Z d
$ Z Zzp
pg m } Z { D :/Z @Wz6,
G
Z ) 5E& ~g Z *yW
]!*
]t:zs: YZ
ZgzZY !*
Z ;i Z;J
-qxzg **
~~ ( 7Z
,zt c*
gZ=g f CZ ~
gzZ : YZ wz**
y*Z
] Zt ~kZx Z D W]c*
z \W~B]
G] Z:~Dh~VgVzgzZ]c*

~mZpgzZ
DVg + r
N*
L Lwz**
z: YZ:V
`zV{wZziz`zV *y stHD : ]
*y a kZ  { WwZzi {Va ' i gzZ ? hZz wZziz
?wZzi/b y
IZ (Zp~D Z(,tD :/Z @Wz6,

~
Y Y6,**
#
Z {z
/IC
L L
D7{7{z c*
yv<
bzg~IC
kZgzZ
:q)Z gz ]g 'gzZ )
A &q)
6,=g f
f w5L L{z t e
$sZ
M F,
x ~
: g D g b gzZ I
u L 
L } g r yj
Y Za
M F,
x s$;f +Z D: Reaction ActionD
L L LZ sV @*
Y 7Z'
,V @*
Y 7Z'
,V
D @*
Y7u
Z
]| ~gza kzg L L{g !*
z
M F,
x kZ
K
/Z% m
F,
DY 6U*
>
Ks b ~ !*
W8
-gzZ +Z x
*ZgzZ ( h
+%)
/
YH qz?k V Zz]**
Dgzg ZZN Y
;g YHh
+%Ng VyZDV*ZzggzZ O 4,
yxg( 3)
D **
{ZgzZZ 7iZt
~V YZ}g gzZs6,
\ WD : ]
k ; gz0*
{ z gzZs : Y" Y V- 
kZDg kZVzuzgzZDqzg\ W V
?zzm{
^I ZgzZ Z ~@x Z ]|D :/Z @Wz6,
,Z Dn$: {0
+
i1Za 6 c*
CV Z Dz
{ %zZz ]|xk c*
D yWxx c*
Z~ kc*
z]
x Z]| !k
,
L Lc*
VZuq
-Z~wB"gzZ ~ 7,
6,t
xk g CwZQgzZ Da {0
+
i +Z zZq
-Z~
D
H3g ( /Z@) @x **
ZZZa~g

108

107

^6,
,
]g Z;gE-|Szg Z%\W
Z D : ]
Z H wgzZ N Zz V p H V;z W \WD
?} Zg Zz
( 2) Z~ Zzg Z ( 1) D :/Z @Wz6,
&
?G
nZ( 4) ~gY %v ~k
,
$ ( 3)
Hc*
4F
7ZZ%
y)F,
%( 5)
HZh*zg Z C
!*
%=g fVzZgzZg
D
HH Za~
)
Z x xL L
kgwu wzg Z ( 2)kgzzx`
zg Z ( 1) Z w
x OZ `z6,

C
A &af
$
/
7( 3)

]kZhZzgD
+
zkg~;gE-\WFD : ]
\W myZV D WV \W kg Z ~)gz Z ~
?
A &4~ ?g]!*

Ckg Z ~)wk i Z ` WD :/Z @Wz6,

$ !*
.nF
~G
yJ
[Z1 Lg { { c*
i/ Ckg Z f
zg Z~ Z D !*
w1
~ kg Z bVz ~)gzZ D
c*
;g Y sY (gzZb c*
( 1) {z Creamy layer  `

"zzkZgzZ) ;g YzsV-gE- C
!*
" ( 2 )
( ~gpx ZwgzZ
{ E
+Z~V-gE-gzZV
-VY{W7Zq\W]c*
J
Zgz]c*
ZzgXD : ]
?g[H\Wa
D :/Z@Wz6,
" 7VZl

b
k
x 
uYV uZ

D 
g ~ wZziz `zV w ZD &7
~)~eRgzZ
) 16fl~ 
g yZgzZ
g7yZVa { D ~
Cwyzx Z ;Z V
;gkZt ` WgzZ Sg I{ 6,V{akZSgwd
~ RgzZ
) 1 6f :
L { WwZzi V{
n l1 ;ggD Vn y V gzZ ~)
D ;g0{ c*
iVgzZ V{
h
+gzZ~g Zg Z):g Zi! ~g ZC
:dg D : ]
kC(Z\W K~ [|Z: z**
._2 LZ LZ
e ~
[|Zzih
+]
. ]c*
z ]sZ @*
7
?ce
+gzZ ~g Zg Z) ~g ZC
h
[D :/Z @Wz6,
kZ[|Z : YZgzZ wz**
~ Vzk
,
v KZgzZg Zi!dg yx
~ YZ7Z B7]zZ gzZt : YZzwz**
vt Hg (Za
b
8 [|Zz ih
+]
. Vzk
,
yZgzZ kZ
[|Z
2Z 7}qx **
[|Zzih
+]
. Zg 7
2Zx ~ sfz yZ D[|Zh
+]
.D 2[|ZIF,
D 1  z '
~t1Za ~[f wq]gq
-Z e
$h
+]
. DD YW
+]
h
. kZ%Z D '
,
Z'
,  i~ l y
Kz x **
T
~g ](N Wt m,
g :
L Za wq ]g
]P
Qm~
C m,
gx yZ1D{)z](gWkZ
& 7(Z[|Zq
-Z k0*
e
$h
+]
. D 7^zQ
Dn[|Zh
+]
. m{{z

110

pZZOZ e

|
/WZg7ug IBZ G!Zg>:g
z s q
-Z 6,} 6, w D W6,y !*
i (Z OL L
# U*
/E
a G
P gzZ *
@Y hg@k,
m,zWwgzZ ui **
z%s
OZ e L LZ
# gzZ CY[ze~V g ZlpgzuzT

 C~9 W#
]g[p+Zq
-Zt g 

b Z'
" { 0*
D>
Yz: Z
` Z'
d tzf ! Z LZ

CY CY6,r zfgzZ w Zg !*
g !*
L qdgzZ
:
g Zg>kZgzZi g7ug IBZ G!Z D

t Z eg /q
-Z D z **
- gzZ d
$ Z D~f q
-Z 
lpq
-Z

8g ZZ D ~pZ Z OZ e **
sg
+
F
.>F6g a8g ]TgzZ xZ
q Zz HF
GG G
&~ G
0$ z G
0 xEB ci7 wzZ g7 ug IBZ G!Z
~ }pg eg !*
!*
W!Z pz **
- QgzZ q

eg kg q
-Z q ! x ~ **
- B Vz~i q
Z

~
r
# Z e D i~ CZ~ VZi Z H

+sbkIgZaZ e D C ~g ~(,

 Z
# p] 5z^CZ f yZzzT szc

~g -zZ7sDD Y hg c*
KZJ
-q
-Z
D 7by*! Z

109

g WgzZ zmvZ -wg Z}

.qJ
-]c*
Zg z ]c*
Zzg
{W
/
g Z LZ ~Z  +
M
KZgzZxsZZx=
IZ} ZZ} zZ ~~ {W~ ( ) c*
J
-
~ yZ  

z IZ}gzZ <
IZ}}yZ0
+{
Z Z ~EgzZ 7X Zk]gzZ1 **

d
$z<
AL LZ ]c*
Zgz]c*
Zzg7b~ ~ u
-Z VDVsz^~ AZJ
q
-{WKZ~gzZ **
Y
/ V V
 @*
C t/ Z DV Le *
*gzg Z
zz `
oyZt ]!*
s1 C { c*
i Conservative
D @*
YD]c*
ZzgIzR
?{gt]g Z Z>c*
x \Wagx YMgD :]
< { f lg Z
/~ Mg D : /Z @Wz6,
x <g(ZE 6,]5{z gzZ
gg ~g Y?k
<g (Zw'ZgzZwt< x`

t4{ c*
i
h
+y
bg zg Z D #
{o]o1cggzq]o Vg )
,
LZap
pg Z z g { gzZ f { gx Y 7,
V ~ VB: ; kZ gzZ g x YIL L~ Vz LZ
e
/Z D <x OZ ]P
i ZzW/gx YgzZ <Iz<
&
'x q
-Z'a]g Z Z>D <WkZgzZ<W6,
kZ
! c*
tzfaF,
Zg Z
( Y 2010y {g )



112

w2Vz/gzZVr! ZZ* [ ZzD :( 2) ]

? ~
hZz VrZ~g Zz Z Z* [ ZzD :pZZ OZ e
I F,
L] Z'
,[ Z L c*
Wt t[ Z Z'
,[ Z Lg
]c*
yZgzZ Wt ]c*
e
$h
+]
. Le
$h
+]
.Lq
-
D ~g C1]
.gzZ ~IZ LL6,
VqgzZVzg Zb
zggzZ 7F,
z MH,lZy

z lZF,
V/F,
{ c*
i[ Z Z'
,[ Z
gzZ ]z ]~ ] Z'
,[ Z;g=g f g Z]{z ]!*
.
_
G
E
G
D?g7] G
5{3!]{ zwj
* Yg{ e
$h
+]
.Hx ]c*
~ Zzg [ ZIF,
Z[ Z e
$h
+]
. gzZ c*
rz
bqgpz|Vzg

D H Zi W{|Vzgz
}p{
zw 0*
{z {Z
+[ Zzwq Vr! ZZ
{zwj gzZ `
]g yg gzgzZzg Z
D 5gzZc5yzy!*
igzZ
H0k?
E
G
!

!*
s%)z s%z K ] !*
6 6 ~ * ~
z
s 0 ZZ W~z~
~cgzZ ~g Zi W Zg ~
yiz
z ]k~z ! Zx yZ DIVp~ gzZxg K
i Z0
+Z z{ ~g [ Z wq[ZwJzggzZ wZziz `z]c*

b)}g ]z ]{g:0*
tz q
-m{ D
D
H0=g fxg Z]Zz]!*
.~gzZZZzYg {
_
yZgz\W~BZeY{ ZxR'

,
D :( 3) ]
?wj ! Zzdd

111

? tX W~* ?,! ZgzZdq

-ZD :( 1) ]
~CZ Zm~
zgzZWz[ ZzDD :pZZOZ e
0* ?D=g fg z!*
lPgzZ#
}
.m* ?gzZ tzf
kZ[xZ}VLg x Z] }
.! ZzdD
! Zz d
z gzZ b~z!*
]5z^Z Sg]6,]!*
]!*
DV
8w ] 0 nz ]sZ% [ ZzDx]
g
@*
tztzf ~gzZyDg8sZ
# tZg
D
8wz!*
Zg ZD
Zg Zz[ ZkZ
ta}{Z
+
'
,!*
gzZ Z (, q
-Z hZz * ?
` ( y Zgzx ~w2~g )ZmyWZ ?g=
q s ; g !*
` ZmIqggzZ Z q s
Z (,6,` }ZmIqgD ~J
-
z ~y
W ; g
{ Zg i Z
KZ ]|:Z y g !*
-Z y Zgz
q
@*
; g OZ
H4F
5_; iZ ]|z ]o
]|
Zpg ` ~ 5G
` y ZgzZ OZ Zg7 6,yZ= r
# OZ e ` L
L c*


OZ e p N Y Z e } (,} (,
( ~uz {Z
+
D7
( V mKZ = Vg )
,{g Z}
.t0*
Vz yZ
3r
E
` W]ZW,
Z Zz]'
,z nAyZgzZ Zi Z ] G
gzZ]Zp
yjzyEZ s Z Z |kZ=!,!*
DV;gkC6,g}g7
W~* ?g ga]
g z]&dz! Z {z
D7x

114

, W]
p KZ : W: p KZ
G|@*
~
** b
~u O yj
D77,
~L7N~zg ZgzZBst ZxkZ
~ ~ ~rc m ZgzZ ~g !*
-Z bZ
q
H qg~g7i *)~ wc?7c*

g IwZ
}
/Z s ~gz _~ s gzZ
/
$ ( s) gzZ wZ Z Zce r Z wZ
wZ ~ c*
[Z r
# i *D{)z g ~ ~} ~
~gzZ Z @*
W c*
= pD ^
,Y Z r ~
x~~IZ {~~i ZzW )**
izg~
~}/
$ c*
{ Zps ~}gZ
q
-Z
Dg ~wZ ~
ggzZ >W~KZ `g Vz ~gzZ Z~/W}

D `gq
-Zq
-Z
H Z g c* 8

-g : t
H Z @

Hg 3Z 
( g)
x Y V\WyZ ,Y: 1
+ Z t'
j
, '
,
Z u
( >W )
q
-Z 3g~sf~p

113

wj ! ZzdBZeYyZgzd
~D :pZZ OZ e
p [ Zz{z](g NgzZ ~g Z(,
k)zkLZ~T @*
Z ZZ Kzx)
,{zV5b
gzZV/ D Zq
-Btz tzf} (,
Bx
C
/J6,wEZ yZ C M @*
zPE
+
WD @*
YH qg[ ZzDxR6,
s %Z~xz
D7 {e
$ Z Ve*
*7gz],
zwVZP1s
$E
]zgi Z t08G
CZ Zrcq
-Zm 7NL L
G
E
'
\
L
\
M
E
.J2.O O pB{g Z uL L9
M8LE
G
E
E EE
DBstbLO MQ8O
Z%: *z}xj%ZzgzZ
R ~gz b)t
D ;g!*
q^yZy!*
iyZDc*
W6,
y9zZ
) !*

E
GB+E
5 V!*
V Zp~L7N
]Z|DIZ9{zyZ_7, Q L7N7N{z

z kZ ~g7 i *) ~a kZ1

# ~g7i *~[Z D Y [gzZd
r
$ Z } (,
@*
C
7Z c*
!Zj ]X\W~ 7NL
L
Z 7N~u bZ @*
Y J 7,bTgzZ Z 7NZ
D L
L 9p HL\ . V Zz g Y J 7,
D 7
g 7,
~L7Nce7,
Z 7NG~zg Z
~ t
"zf [Y ZZ f *ZV[Z kZ~g7i *)
~Z{)z Z pVrZ~T ~g
/
wq
-Z
D5 HwEZ ~L7N

116


gZ Z6,v._x Z
/
z6,
~g !*
~Z
# gzZ r
# y~Q g Z LZ Vx
7Z D#r
# V Z~ S ~ W
z ] D d
$z yZ
z kZ g Z { i @*

t ;g W7~yZg"zeJ
-k
,
~[<Z
gzZ D
HH{ W wq]g9yZy.6,gzZ C D Z
:5 c*
q^q
-Zs {g7 c*
g Z
g s?CY8
-
!vZy4 HBCgzp}gzq
-Z
i *) 9kZ ~ ;g cqq
-Z ~
"
ng !*
-Z
q
D Hc*
g~g7
: ~n
 8
-gz Z i
Zg { !* g Z ,g1 g
zzIkZ L
L tOyr
# i *
w~ e~[Z kZr
# i *D z
rgx|z pq

-Z CZ xgzZ @*
Zq
-ZC
wgzZ) Dq
-Zt
t zt ( zzzI77(
pD:zr
# i *~DnYHx|7
~ ~ D c*
t[xZy kZ6,gLZ
G!
DYyW
 @*
=p Z)4h
:p Z=
-!
AE
cu8
-g Zg Zv)E
:

115

X ~P { $Z
~6,we w1 ? =
~

( 3g )
E\

C
wz **

HHwEZ ~  a
V

:

Z ~  ~6,} Z
c*
W ` W
m
~}uz t
"**
p /
$ Z ~V
:g6,
g8
-g~
8
-g ~} K ~ Z
# Nz
H E4OX VZ- C

l p
V Z ) xsZ) V Z~ Vzy Zz N gzZ q
-Z
!g7t 0}~BZ( ZusZgz~hw pZ
q
-Z6,z y2q
-Z k0*
kZ Sg VZ m,
zW~{g Z- V +
$Y
D c*

Zxj%r
# Z Z**
6,T Lg w
yZNgz ~"~Ki *"7z
/
6,
Z
| 7,
g ZyZ~h Wy2 Yd
$
,
$
3)Vx**
[xZm{ LZ ~ap~f
y**
gzZ ( ~g Zr
# Vx ]|gcxsZ
ZzkZ( !*
W; **
zgsZ G!Z6,
.) - W,
"
Zr
# V{
vZ
# w
D 6,!*
x 
` W Zt ~ :W Hf
V Z~\W, 
g Z{ i @*
}uzq
-Z V
&
/G
OD @*
W{'
H G
Q VrZ ` W N g Z z

118

117

1 q u x yZ 
10*
u {| (, V\W
r
# R Z 
: b & Z 3g !*
!q dkZ r
# g
" Z x CZ \W H7 \W~ c*
$
d

b & Z6,w
R Z;g Zz ]g~(,6,gzZ y z y!*
iyZ 3~ `
d
R Z;pZgzZf
eb & Z6,
xLZ~ `
d d
$ Zr
#

&~zwqr
b & Z 6,i\WVrZ /GG
# gD
1L a
L kZ /
$u {tZzy!*
i~kZ ~:
Dce D7
g
g~` W)x V 7Zv t ZY c*
t ZZgzZ
D 
w]gzpgzZu%Zq
-Zr
# ~uZz
@*
yi [@*
6,
@*
y uZ C
0
+
i
Vc*
/0KZ u x)

,
@*
c*
VZ yZ
C tq
-Z~kZ
WZz % Zg
/ yY q
-Z
@* uZ ~i mY z @
kZ /
$~i mYz @ ~gz _~gzZ ZC

D Z$PE
+r
# g"

gY
@*
L
L

zq
-Z c6,M @*
zPD
+
~xwD Z)g!*
-Z
q
~q
-Z LZwD Z) HnZ Z
;g *
@Y VZzg q O **Zz

Cg Z$
+W :
g Zs s g/C
 ng Zq
-Zg1 : ,g1
sp
pg]ZC
Z /e :
+
0
gi nq
-Z0
+
ZzVZkv ( !*
g { ) : *
!
x kv
/
g6,} l c*
} Z
/Z t { T
D
8VZZbt,.

C cux
/( VpZ)W}~G Zt
Qp [ gigzZ VZ**
gz$# kvZ1 g Z b
c*
V ;g 0*
7 Zi Wp qg Zz z ^z GgzZ t

rg !*
Z,
Kg0
+Z LZ s]gzps s q
-Z 0*
Zu t
8+

$Y KZ btx kv{z t { !*
gzZ
]/**
Vpg ZD

rggzZ
M f YgkZg0
+Z LZt D
^}uzQ c*
D7eW"gzZ ~gz kZz!*
e
$f ZzgzZ
D Z%Wg HgzZ6,
z]gzpu @*
zzgt
3)r
# vZ**
 xj%~zr
# vZg **
g !*
-Z
q
yZgzD
i **
gzZ ZZ ~f ZBZgzZ$( Z
wEZ 6,gx kZ V Va HwEZ /
$`
W
# R Z;]|~D Z~r
M @*
zPE
+kZakZD
 c*
`

r
# R Z ? c*
/
$`
 Hc*
g
 **
~z wq {z 7R**

vZg **
p/
$
gzZ DTg DV9zZ~M @*
zPE
+
$ ZgzZ
d
iZiZ
~z  ) ~uZzg]|
szczg ~ V 7Z t Z =
D iwBPKZab & Zk0*
(

120

p Z }g nkZ
ysgt [Z ~ g Y E{!
DcerZc*
]gz{g ZO
Vzf J
-VC Z! Zz dg " bkZn
D **
q
-ZakZ
ZgzZ t
H~BZ` WgzZBZgzIqD : ]
? \W
gz LZg Z ~yz (BZ gzIqD :pZZ OZ e
[ Zzgzz% Iq z i Vog v
c*

x OZ y.z xE~)h
+]
. n
pg wbVzg
H
E
&
14 c*
XZ G

2IV !*
i ~y~ m,
Z!BB
D c*
/x }gzZ^k
b \zg eY 8g q
-Zg zZ *
* A
$% [  V ~)
x gzZ+
M m\8@W%{zpo V8Z'
6,
xx: yW
s !*
y
gzZ ;g @*
J (,xZ @*
gV-g ZgzZ VIzg ~g }g
,'
, !*
,
W
H [x ~ B y
:  J
-w2
g gzZ i Z6,
KZp ~
) ) ~g hz +gHDzZ U Z%
z!*
gzZ c*

Z`
Z BZ)x Iq DkCkZ
* ` W }g.
gzZ ]g[p T c*

%xq
-Z
)
Z
D zi Z6,
KZg : h:~VI ` WDt

yZgzZJ
-0*
V1gzZV1ZpIqBZ gz kS
ypLZ Iq|
# g T sz^
z!~ F,
{Z
+Zg7Zg7=
D kZ *gzZ [0|
# ggzWxgzZgzq
-Z {z` W
D g VZ

119

;g @*
Y Vc*
i kZ w VZzg
 Hn6Z ~ /
$ q O  HwEZq O
s
# Z kZ /Z ~zg Z !*
!*
~ zg Z Z B Zq O
HwEZ/
$q OwD Z)D
V ZzvZ
Z z + q O
m,
g Vp ` Z Z
t
6,
~ h @ZiD 0*
{g 
Z ! V;
6,g.6,
Z
# HwEZ /
$6, VrZ V
D ZW,
Zk
,
iy!*
i
K
t $
Y HgzZZkZkZ
G
G GE E
SG
-Z
q
~ ~rc m5Z 9 ~ WG
5z w G
S0 g !*
G38 S5 G
~L
L c*

k
,
6Z VrZc*
g5ZkZ~g7i *
D 7p .
VZP t
"
$gs~yZ~Zg
0q
-Z 7t
"
$ g s~ kZ t |p
D ~igzs
c*
{gz @*
~y
W V/X t {~ +Zg
z6,> Z @*
Y H7Z Z > L L~ yZ CY @*
SG
S G
0  D Y '
,
i
c*
i Zg @*
~y
W V/XgzZ G
S*7 G
D z @*
YHZ Z ]L L~yZ D CY-Z@*
!  H m,
? w g b & Z eg1 zg Z F,
Z [Zp
]L La+gzZ Y ]L L-Z @*
~zg Z{gz @*
bZD{)z~ g m Yc*
'
,
iz6,
kZZ Z
~zg ZD Y{gZ~! HtwkZ
| Z **
Z @ .} dZ\zZ O N Y Z

122

Iz c2z f'
,
Z<
L I Z
) )B]~g76,b)
k0*
eg1 b)~ ]gs %Z  D 
g
]b
x Bsg jwgzZnpzg}g7eg1gzZD Yb
WswgzZm5 {zgzZ y q n
y
pgp]
g gzZ`kZg eeg1\{hD @*
g
D ;g YY 2007agB 12B11g VZa` YK
~
C ^ _ BZ Z ^x Zk
,
iBZeY
ggzZo1% !*
BZ} ZgzZ g Zz rz
BZ G!Z G :
K
{q)gzZib)/) zB r z
Zz+BZp
Z Z { izg z +
$Y ^D 
~ ]F,
AzZ **

[ g [x { izgzY 2006 #B19B18Qg yZg c*

z
g**
gzZ { E
+ Z!*
]YZZzD[!*
g Zf.
~T
7]gVZ
/LZ6,q{ggzZ 

]Z| zg
D ;g]!*
Zz]ZgzZzc6,
] 

gzZ Wlp ~(,]!*

t a >gzZ g>{eY
F,
x LZr
# Z **
]|dZ { Z'
,
u kZ j+
M8
] D 
7Zg CZfgzZZpKZ6,
z!*
]Zg (Z
W
& $KZ{q/6,yZCk0*
,m,
? Dx Z ;Z Zg
gzZ { b~gZ OZz (BZeY
/Z D 

D CY{gz~i Z0
+ZkZ CkC
g Yf(,
ggD(C
Bx D : ]
D~kg Z S \WkZ
wq]gu**
gzZ u **
k\ZtD :pZZ OZ e

121

Zwg>gBZeY\WD : ]
?n
pgzig W 6,
x
6,w2+F,dZ g Z z `zBZ G!Z D :pZZ OZ e
Y s g Zz `ziz',izgBZeY yg Zx DVqzig W
~)Zg g
z6,J
-w2Zgg7
D **
qgzZ W,{ c*
i ;zF,
~[ zz%VG
E
+
m"Z ;g^By
~i q
ZF% GEZ {B
kZ _ k0*
~ g>m,
?kg!z !Z [ Z
0<Eg ~g Y l { E
+ Z
ogzZ z Zz i W
Y Hx Z!*
%1 "7,
z V !*
iVz ~ m,
Zz ! J
E
H
"
3
5G
b HG3G
uyZ{!*
[ Zzy!*
i ~ m,
Zz! ;g
! x^iz d{WLZ {z=g f yZ ]gz
D  @*
N Y
ax } g Y ~ R,
!*
R,
Dg ~g YB
]hVazZ6f~g YV Zzgg
Z
] 6,]sfzgqm<!*
~X;g Y Hx Z
DY [
]!*
Z]Z ZxsZ+
G( 1)
( )6,wg] ( ` )6,b)zx Z sZ ( [)6,Z
+sZ ( Z )
6,
g sZ ( { )6,
$z2
~
C {h
+]
.xE ( 4) y.z xE g @*( 3)i b)a ( 2)
6,
] ZvbkZ gzZ D]
;g}x ZZ
LZ! pz%h
+]
.gzZ Z Z yc*
Z.

+]
h
.~ T [ k
,
+x !Zg VZx Zk
5
,
i >

124

pgzi q
Zzt
~yiz%! V;D **
gzZ8
-g"T
$E
T ~gz**
6,,Z
M F,
z]g08G
sZ g
gZ~g Z: {m<!*
B] ~gzgzZ ~
CZ
+zx Z {z
]Z z t Z yZgzZ
M F,
z zZ Z
C
t +Zz
~qZ bnZ ]]_qDn Z Z hgZ
}qy.zxE~)h
+]
. Tg~zzu]g
/Z D7
6,kZxsZ 7B p "
$U*
aIzx {z T
gzZZ e
/Z]g}D C]gzh
+kZ6,Z @*
Z
+7
3{z
D +4aVZ0GE
~)V +} f t ZH\We
$DkZD : ]
?@*
7w 0
+?~ OZgzZ

& D :pZZ OZ e
/G
mq
-Z CZ 6 q
-ZC
t ]!*
~
C! G
Zg + } fD @*
z
/
%zg"Z V
/
ukZgzZ @*
{],
Z
CZx Zf6,gZ
)
Zz VkZgzZ! sZz {],
Z
V {z 7(Zp Tg ~ x Z9
>
Dgi Z0
+Z80
+?~ OZgzZ~)
Hx OZ y.zxEh
+]
.V~)~ A
$kz kg Z ` W
sw Y )gzZ wz ^
,Y w'PV ;g Y
` W=g f~4z ~ OZgzZ wxE~)D ;g Y HZg
! xzF,
YY Hx OZ Dz q LZgzZ]!*
Z{#xsZ
c*
x Z6,g4uz CgzZx PZIzx $
Y B2
D YY
x Z gZ BB ~ !*
,z ~z* 0
'
+? ~ OZ

123

gzZ m { E
+Z  t :
L ~
C DgzZ "(,
#
}
.: i Z0
+Z: Zgz&_7,gzZtztzfgzZD J 7,
z{ E
+Z9 [w$
+{ zZi ` W : ]gD @*

g /_
.
DD~6,
:{
~gz6,_ Di Z0
+ZV6&gzZ V{g Z Z
Z D~g{ E
+Z"_
.gzZ ~i Z !*
Z

~ f)z .
**
{E
+Z Z
# ! G D @*
y% Vg \gzZ V Zg 2
+
VI I
KgzZ IZ **
tzf " ?H N J 7, V ZZ
: kZ { E
+ZZ
# V gzZ uk
,
i tzf !*

/ZgzZ ?H7,
kgZ)z ~nkZ ? H { .Z yZ V
D V7 wq Vz7{
{ c*
i Ag " z
Kz { E
+Z gzZ o zZ ~ kg Z p
Iz + V.
W!*
~EakZ u **
gzZu **
k\Z
n
pgzg [Z Ng gzZ] Vz **
gzZ b Iz gzZ#
}
.
$% W,
A
Z t6,
)
Z z VxsZ Z **
gzZ {@*
b~ kZgzZ
D k
:
L
VZn
pgpsZgzZ]]_qD : ]
? Zg H\Wm
% oF m ] gD :pZZOZ e
z `
4 6!*
gzD% ~gzDwaVz ]ggzZ
:%D e**
5Z Z Z
z t 2t Zz d
$gzZ {
D Y}x Z9
zb #Izx : Y0~YZ
" { yz d
$gzZ ]{0
+Zp **
]ggzZ {0
+Zp
/Z%

126

- Z$
+Z e
~C
T V-Z$
+x **
Z (,q
-Z ~ Vz&x% y*y

! Zz dZzZ V-Z$
+~ D qzggzZ ! Z d

ygzZg"
zuZ wWg"
gz -Z$
+O
" -Z$
+
"~ ]
d) bZ D .Zz y q
-Z x gzZ x **
j
` Z( Y 1961\ ) -Z$
+Z e Zj Wz ~ ]
ZZ D [gzZ**

d
$Z
z sD7sg

Z;gE- V;z J0
+!*
^|
# ga!Z >z0
+ \ W
\ W ;gE-dzg~Y 1992D H} Z * Z~Y 1984gzZ|
/
!~
/e ~ e Z8 6,
] }
.! Z 6,
gzZ -Z$
+ L L

~ \ W~ T b sKz\ W~ZZ D
Wz Zz \ W~g Zz Z D c*
W6,x [ ZpbZ L L

~gz ! Z ZZ LZ D 0i q
Zy
K\ WgzZ

zg L L{h
+`
! Zz dV-Z$
+ \ WJ
-V'
,gzZ ;gm\ W
o8
m{ -FFw \ Wszg @*
{z[ ZzD 
]g Z Z

zdZ
+Zi Xg| l,
e \ WJ
-[ Z]

[~( Y 1981) c*
gzh
+6,gm{~X  _ W6,x

D  f .
{)z ( Y 1988)' zg ZgzZ ( Y 1984) wVZ
~ Z

+Z`
z bg ! Zz d{ u 0*
zy {z V1

V' Z  { V7 \ W6,Vz [ Zz <

D g

D Ci \W

125

: c*

s ~]|D CY0:
L @*
z {~
x0
+
i
Z%!*gp p x i -Va

~i Z0
+ZTgzZgTx Z} f7!*
e
$Dt p

wzK7zZ skZ { z Z ]gz zs kZ
Dg
?x aVZzg kZgzZgx YD :]
I {h
+`
! ZzI~g q
-Zgx YD :pZZOZ e
 zg 5gz H 0*
,[zZg Zlpq
'
-Z kZ ~ *
b)q) g ZsWVp~sz ~g H Zg7 V~)
s Z@Z * { Zg |
# SkZ {u !*
"gzZv"6,
6zDqu"ag~)z yZgzZ
D ? Sz$;f \WlV6
z x bZ ]gx Y C gzZu" ){
Y 2007 ~gz
z ~g DC WMg x gzZ g p T
$
}y[Z 0
+
KyZy
W Wg Vx{Zy z y!*
i~ Vzg
bgzZ
+Z`
v pw g
p [p *
?
V! Vzg gx Y [Z H ?VYy
WD7gx Y }

?g7!*
]gz[Z b & ZyZ c*
?:gz
V6& Vp F,
x KZgx Y yZzg gzZ ~~y
W
@*
B ~zg #
sz ] ~g7B2 g ZB V**
Z gzZ
Dg
( Y 2007ag {g )

128

X ~ VzE
+zg Zx **
V-Z$
+} Z~,g VZ D Z kzg
s )"
g Z~{ 
( Y 1760s )
" +Z ( Y 1749 s ) V
"!*
@*
tZ: 
x **
( Y 1830s ) Z"
V{vZg[Z( Y 1805 s )S
"vZ x ZZ ( Y 1796
Dszc
} ZD_ o [ Z z{!*
~ V-Z$
+~ ~,Z

" "

tzf ~ { E
+Z ~ D H ~z { E
+Z V-Z$
+
a
" Z >
"W~ { E
+Z ~gzZ {)z3
" z "qr
"Z I
" t
"Zgs
"g s
"zc
gzZ~V-Z$
+bkZ D H{ .Zz.Z )zt
"Z
w
"
"Zt
"
V-Z$
+pZ ` %z w=y zg Zi2Z ~gzZVz
"
r Z I
"
" "

tzf D ;g
W,
Z wjZ ~6,wj ~
s )Z'
"
,
ZtgzZ *
cJm
yZz6,V8
-gkZ {~zC
g
" ZgzZ
D` W~]g{( Y 1965s ) -Z$
+
"YgzZ ( Y 1973
gr
# O Z 7 yDg dNz!*
~kZ
( Y 1914s )
"tZK{E
+r
# ( Y 1902s )H
" 
6,R
) ,Z
dZ 1Z Z yWr
# ( Y 1925 s ) 
"+Z g gmZ + r
#
" Zg j[ **

~+DX E
L 8 ( Y 1928 s ) j
x SZ kr
# ( Y 1943s ) Zp}pr
# ( Y 1929 s )
gZ
#
q
-Z yDg! ZzdkZ {)z( Y 1947s ) -Z$
+
"@+Z
DM
h Y
?BZezg6,
4z]
.V-Z$
+IZ~~ Zi W D :]
s{y*Z 4z]
.V-Z$
+IZ~~ Zi WD :-Z+
$Z e
,) ~ Y 1857 V-Z$
+!*
[ q
-Z -Z$
+y~6,T
g ,Zq
-Z V ~p [[Z [t D4 ( Y 1960c Z

127

?,IZ ezg i)Z6,

g @*
! ZzdV-Z$
+D :]
]g @*
m{ ~ I LZ g @*
i V-Z$
+D :-Z+
$ Z e
!*
Z z Zlz dkkl,k
,
V Zx]uZz
7~z B
bg {f Z(,q
-Z "
$zg U*
W*gzZ**
g A
Z ~ z ~{~,g !*
gzZ ,g
H~y D *
*
zg Q ~6,
ZD CB( Pre-Urdu)zg Z ~6,
~b Z]*y!*
i Zz
mvZ G
*9g ~ rZl
+Z{
]|DZ[
7 ~V-Z$
+:%q
-Z
(Y1264s)mvZ G
*9gZ+ZY**
Z
# w(Y1356s)
Y 1zZ +Z x ]| ugI
(Y 1249s) vg)
,ZzZp]|
y!*
i/ vg )
,Z
z kZ Z g *6,
u( Y 1324s )mvZ G
*9g
6,g Z Z **
( vg )
,
t ) Z %
+t **
}g ZL L: ~zy
kZ {z ;g|0
+!*
g* ) }
*0*
0
+*
!Zr L
L c*

h
+'

D~VAzZzg Zt( ;g 7,
V 0*
~(,q
-Z + yg)
,J
-[ V wzZgzy sZ
**
g ~zd@*
Agz kZ D CW~V-Z$
+
))
+Zg **
gZZ tgxr
# Y
ZszcDVg)
,Z {z
D(Y 1324s)mvZ G
*9g 1zZ+ZxzZpgzZ (Y 1252s )mvZ G
*9g
?\Z(Y 1287s) { ,:X&+Z[3~
3( Y 1337s ) ~EE
)
E) kZ
E
+
I
B
-o+Z M
WZ Z Dszcw
i g ( Y 1350s ) E
t
( Y 1561 s ) "
A **
V{ +Z w) ~ Zi ( Y 1605 s )
9V{+Z
D Zx **
( Y 1595s ) -Z$
+g Z5 ( Y 1582s )@"
Zig E
C:XE
~
zg Z V-Z$
+B i W ~
zg Z ~ y

130

Vgz c*
i 5 Z
#
ZVz Z {dV-Z$
+( Z )
D
8zF,
b !*
WzgzZ **
3 Zg W! f
V{gzZ kg Z yZ0
+{Zz J m
yZz6,wj ! Z z d( [)
D **
Y7,
gz$
/yZ6,
}gzZ **
Y^I {)z

8zpJ
-e
$Zzg gzZ
( Vzg 2V-Z$
+( ` )
6,
$Zzg ~zd gzZ
e
86,
pVzg6gzZVg6[ ZzD
D xgVZi **
gzZt
?N C~}g !*
^~k
,
gzZ! Z LZD :]
~ ZZ D Z ~
~Y 1974i W^! Z}D :-Z+
$Z e
-Z$
+{ } (,}~ Y 1978mD ;g
8z~ VB~
~ D g Z'
,De
$h
+]
. H~g Y)x ! Zq
-Z x **

zg L L
{ ~( ) [)x } yZgz ZKqz r}~kZ
ZVzg i y*zy ~g {gzZgkZ D { /
~ ~ Y 1981 D Htzf "7, } T
H Zg
~Y 1983D
HHI~V! Zzd&HA
$%

"L LV-Z$
+ zg L L
zg D wep]g Z ZkZa[ Z~Wzzg~
}p~Wz }yxg kZ D ;g ~g Y wJ WJ
-Y 1990 Y 1983
! Z ;g ~
Dg D 
~ bg
o
DX4?x6,
]
?Z e6,
{ Zg ! Z\WV2[Zc*
ZH{zD :]
Sy.z xE~ i d
~D :-Z+
$ Z e
Q J 7,s 0Z ~
Hg Zz s 0ZgzZg Zze_ [ Z
~g ] zW~y
WgzZ: YZz wz**
Zz] {E
+
z g @*

129

D m7WJ
-Z6,
TV&
o*
*f }
Y Z"
( Y 1830s ) Z"
V{vZg[Z{}g kZ
z ]P`
D g w g gzZg {D
/
g**

"vZ
FDYJ
-]c*
W"
$gzZ g h YC~~
]P`
Z
/

yZ ~ ( N) q g @*
L L!*
g @*Z0
+{ yZ D Hx ~ ~J
-i Zg
D 
F,

( *zy ~ ]g} Y0
+
i
{z y*zy Z"

B ( Y 1834@*
k
1797 #
gz )g eV{ Z yZk
,
Z 
7u
@*

Zpg gzWH 6,y*zy~~ Zi W

%NZ Zi W` ZgVzm,
yZk
,
ZZ"
D @*
lg\z[gziF
ZzgzZ
kZ }kZ Z"
D ;g k0*
k W Y 1810 Y 1807: i Y
kZ ~ Y 1857 ~ Zi Wk
B  Qe
$h
+'
w
kC6,g4kZ 0
+
i
q
-ZV-Z$
+gzZ Za g U*
Wq z
x 6,~ Zi W{t J
-i ZgFD c*
p~ ]g}q
-Z
~[KZQkZ y~~Y 1960D ;gzZ VzV Zz
-Z f
q
e{ ^
,Y]g @*
z}kZszQZ Zg~Y 2008D H
D Z 
~( Y 2008c )|
/WZsg D H4!
Z"
gZ;**
~yZ ;gg ZVc*
~~ Zi WX'
,
Z {zV-Z$
+
D i x **
( Y 1858s )%
" ZsZ~ ( Y 1857s )
/Z?9ItH _ 7,

dgzZ! Z ~V-Z$
+D : ]
?VY V;
_ 7, dgzZ ! Z ~V-Z$
+
 9tD :-Z+
$ Z e
:F{zkZp

132

4{ c*
i+
$Y KZ ~ ]gkZ @*
Vz)Zg Zg C
!*
z
z[wi KZyxgVz)gzZD 0*
agzZ D 0*
N6,
g
"(,
W}g VVg )
,LZtzg Zg~zDDlz
t
 ~ agzZg g g 0
+
i ~g ~ Vz} (,D @*

z ] @*
Y yz Z(,~ w bz z [Z yZ {z @*
Zz
ZzZ
bz ~ Vz} (,D
W yz~ Lw
vs ~ Vz} (,/VzLgzz D YY H7g Z
%N{ c*
7Z LZzz ,!*
gzZ  D uz wd { c*
i OZ z x F
i
DD YV~d
$

yEZ H~Zg\Wg ! Zzd~gz {D : ]

? j
;gZVz
ZizgVDgzZbz0
+
iD :-Z+
$Z e
^zZ
/~0
+
i Z ~g !,!*
p [0i[Z`D
$c*
$
+{ c*
i { c*
i D g Y _(,g U*
W
Y D{~g yI**
zI CZ f ~ ]5gzZz z K
-d{ c*
i
Z wWWz6,wgzZ Z [z ld CZ fgzZ]:Dg
! Z Zg Z
# C
D F,
6, klgzZ =Z- ,L Lg"
zu
D n{gjyEZg Yw$
+g zu
% ]Y sZ wZ g ! Z z dJ
-V
!*
C
gE- D Y h VVzWz6,zgZ ;
6,Vzf Z !*
z p g {z ;gx z d
O^: Zg Z *Z
q=gzZ Zk
,
+{zD @*
5
7,
ZzVCZZ"gzZVY E
g tDD YVZzz6,
V@*
0*
V7J
-u~y
WkZ

131

[ ZgzZ ]xsZ , g @*
D c*
z _B K
M F,
z m{ q
-Z
! Z Vzg 0*
[ Z g kZ D ` WgzZ  g ] {h
+I }
Zp
p6, V-zZiZgzZ 6,g]**
kZz b)! Z ]
]!*
{z t D
H0% Ze6,{ Zg ! Z ` Z'
D
H0*
` Z'

UgzZ q
-Z D HkC ^ V 0*
/ ~&
( Y 2003s ) -Z$
+ZgzZ} Y:
L ~% Z e6,{ ZgkZ
,
k
g V-Z$
+zg!g :
L kZ D l{ q
-Z yxg
CZ W,
@*
-Z6,]z Z {E
q
+- kZ ~ DZz ~
#B 28 @*
22 y!*
i ~g ) ] -Z$
+Z
z .
q
-Z L Ly*
:~~y
Wy*kZD c*
~( Y 2003
B7.
gzZ pw CZ= {z
/Z }~ pkZ
"Z L L
gzZ }t yQ D @*
0*
7b s% U z ~
~h
+

~
~ D yz~ ^! Za }ug Zg
yZ D 1aLZV- Zzc WzgzZ c*
hgayZyZy
D YYH7lZ
c*
T ]q
-Z]
"
gzuZwWg"
gz-Z$
+O
" -Z$
+
" @*
Y**
(ZD : ]
+Z
! Z Vg \WpgzZ -Z$
+Z ~g Zz!tg jy
q=z ]Z
3C
!*
V-Z$
+1N Za ~ V-Z$
+ 
{g ~ V-Z$
+ z DIZgzZ Z!*
Z {z Zqx ! Z z dgzZ
?VY (Zy
W m7w{zZ
]! Z ~D @*
7t Z wZkZ\W~D :-Z+
$Z e
x ! Z9ZD Z~Y 1993~'
,
DyZgzx ~V-Z$
+
tZg]!*
D c*
Zsg * ! Z=T V-Z$
+x Zgz

134

{ c*
i6,[|Z6,qzyZ` c*
g
E
4Zz bTD g
%Na3 Zg WVzk
W,
ZF
,
KZ +gHgzZ EG
]Zf ( "
# )gVW Z}g bZ 1 Zg ]c*
Zzgz ]uZz
D 3g 7po Z ~ z )Y ~]uZz z ]c*
Zzg [g I
V
C
WN: Z
gzZ ]c*
Zzgx) +Z ~ ] bkZ
x:
L YK F,
Zz] V2IC

awJ6,g}pwzZ}ptgzZ 1qzg y*
EE
DnggI]gzZg
$uzyW
{zp$ Z
#
[q
-Z s1{ ^
,Y x ` Y6,J
-Y 1987 szQZ Zg
ZZ6, ~g
/ ( Y 1974` t
"'
,~gZ e ) ~
zg Z
I
/# %[6,]
hZ FJ
-
z k Q6,G
K g Z,Zg Zz_[ Z~OD_ W6,x
g ZtKt gzZ K BF,
Z}p{g ~ X
~ Dgng bgzZVVg I]gzZ g
$uz yW

~g  Zt W,
Z kZv:Z 1{ ^
,Y }pszc~ [ KZ
**
W6,[ Z kZ:gzDW6,}pgzZ[|Z
D @*
Y[ Z
HtgzZN,W6,

]Ygq[kZ\WD : ]
H\W6,kZ7\W' ce g ! Z\W
?eI
h  @*
7,

Cs@W[+Z D :-Z+
$Z e
W6,[ kZ p C]!*
h e
$Zzg dZ {@gzZ
d kZ%Z D W7, Zz p
pg y d= ~ Z
Z Zz

133

! Z~ ]gkZ D g ez} ` W wZt ?ce **

HgzZ H
D7jyEZ` Wg
! Z bZ 0` W1=g f [ Zrz
}xD :]
Vzg ` WK qza%Zg5Wzg
?t\W~}g !*
! xgzZg
~ S D :gzZ J 7,{xZ(,:Y 1988 ~D :-Z+
$Z e
}g !*
Vz
~ Z D Zgzt Z }xLL6,zg Q ~z K
rz
}x~ VzngzZ%Z DV~
ZZg h
+
D {g0=g f y!*
i rz
t ` Wp=g f [ Z
6,lzgVzxt mVzg J
-VDqZp Ztzf
D B
]`
ZgzZ
~gsg 9 D
gz szc~ Vzg !gzZ Z }g Z Z Zz g
k6,yZl]**
kZ6 ~ [ ZzDD D WD rZ6,V**
[Z ,q ~g t W6,Qz ~
. xgzZr [ Z z xE }IgzZ
D7xpgHKHD_gVzg
+
h
gzZ ~g Y^ Zg }g b!*
*gzZ Vzk
,
~i Z6,
KZ s

D g ~gYgZ{W
~Y 1988'
zg ZL L[\W~WD : ]
d \WV2[Z H{z Wt
?H{ W6,/E
H_ zg Z [ Z g @*
~ iT szQZ Zg D :-Z+
$ Z e
p
C
Iz<
i q
Z ~g  HkCkZA
$ ~
S
~ <kZ ZP ~ N ZV Vzg ZD
SrpD vZ
zg Z} Zt{zkCk Q ]!*
~uz~]m"Z

136

yQ {z lgZ
/: !*
~ r
# p D V "
$U*0*
,
k
gzZgzWg !*
g
W:
L & ~0#
Z N: ck
,
i~gb)%Z
D YY7Zh YY!*
sZIyZD
uq
-ZV@s]b & ZZ
+ b & Zgx Yk
,

s wtCZ ZDce g ~g YB '

,
D
+
: 5L 6,
L g
!
6,I h 3 Zgq
-Z C 7zD%
D**
zqvZ!*
0*
1
( Y 2010{g )

135

1Z**
}M
hYK7x **
Vg**
F[ Z~V Zz
LZ V{g D{)ztg ZZ eV{g ~z0
+ZdZ
B
bg Z z m [ kZ ` W{z ]!*
 ~ }
:V,Z
gzZ ~gza Z_ T [ hZ tL L
)gzZf Cc*
M F,

) Vzk
,
+Z 9t DaMg T{
p9V!*
yZ {zVY @*
Z7{Z
+Zg fV Zzp
pgL
M !*
.Cc*
_
1
D J 7,
Vzk
,
B ~Ztzf lp{z1M
h7~
D"
$U*
jYZq
-Z[tayZn
pg
A &K]!*
gzZ
( Y 1989~g)**
kZ})

G
$ 
<6,x **
[ Z ;gN {zgzZg .Zz sZ
L G
Y Hxc*
H7~z ]%=z]ZVsZ
?eh %ZV; H `C
~ kZ @*
' kZ {zgzZ ;g
D p
~[|ZgzZ~u0*
zyZj~
D : ]
?M
h[ZHkZ @*
Wt
Vc*

B S~ V P
/ szQZ ZgD :-Z+
$ Z e
DVC[ZyZakZ H7_[ Z~
\Wa]g Z Z>kZgzZMg gx Y)x D :]
?{gtc*
W,
@*
x

g~fzD~f Zgp[k
,
gx Y)x D :-Z+
$Z e
: xwZZ {z
/Z D t /_
.yZ g
/
aIzx D
/z iz d yZ G Og ~g Y^ ~k
,
CZB yi ZgzZ ~zg

138

zy&k
,
g 
\W { ^
,Yz! ZyZZ + L LD : ]
kZ1 [Y 6,yZZ+Z
#
HJ 7, t~ u0*
?]!*
yuk
,
kZz!*


~ ^! [Zt Vz C t \W D :T,
' Z e
kZ~lkZ g^8
-i
+gsz6,
_8
-i Zz
-Z}~iV@*
q
ngb7\WV[~}g !*

6,gZx Z  gZx Z r
# Z  
x
]5z^KZ c*
yZt VrZ  Tg ]**
Z= a
w H{ Zg Z J (,{ c*
ig ZZ Z
# ;g mN*
kZ J
-V
) !*
-Z i qzm1Y c*
q
1
CkZ~ V&z
kZ c { c*
iLz
[ 
s gZ x Z [
VZZyZK nZZ
C" z 6,Z y!*
i gZx Z~
~kZ
Hw$
+i Z0
+Z k
,
~~ +Z g JgzZ ~}g Jq
-kZ
Dg [t \W 7[|ZZ{z 8
-g
y!*
ikZ CYt]!*
-ZZj yZZ + L LD : ]
q
[ ZzgZ\WD F,
Z76,g ! Zh
+]
.:
L *]gzZ
?Dt ZJ
-V]!*
kZwf *Zt0*
q
-Z
y!*
i~ ] Z k'
,
B 96"yZZ +D :T,
'Z e
uz[Z  ,Z p ZP ~ yZZ + CY Vp ~
~ Zhz
/L L{zDzZz#6,
Tm{q
-Z
{{kZ(g e &7(q
-Z {z1 c 6,kZ
gzZ kZQ c*
Z 
~gg I B
Z)x L L~

137

,
Z e
T'

8 - !*
W Z%;gE- !*
W Z%zg Z%gi
+g.
q
-Z ~VyZ} a
[ Zz<

z T'
,
Z e
!
DCYS7,z~ h zI{ c*
i ! Z,k
,
X
-ZZzg Z { ~Vzdy WgzZg %Ii XZq
q
-Z TZ e

~ Y 2010'
,
yZ- L Lx 0 yZ 6,g Zg ZD
q
-Z D 

]Zg Z gzZ Z
+Z`
z bg I ] 
g sD [ 

{ ^
,Yz ! Z yZZ + L Ly*dq
-Z yZ Dg C 
~
z Z Mg LZ *
@Y Z Z q
-Z ~ [ !*
]c*
g&

z ! Z yZZ +g !*
TZ e D [wz d

yZZ + L L.
W Z F,
zg Z}uz kZgzZ H_-
8y*t g76,gLZ
/YZ! Z

~ ^! kZ Z 
g Zz m~ ~ gg Z L L
f *Z[ Zzg Z~;gE- !*
W Z%J
-FssD c*
W6,
x
72 /~ : ZckZ1` e],
g[ Z{g

Dg Z2Zg yZzk
hnZ%Z7Z

140

D[
}g0*
q{ z i Z0
+Z %d~w'
,gZx Z 9tD : ]
gzZ ~g u% \'
, . ~ kZ z!*
kZ p 7w=~
z r !*
z ! Z { z7kZ wEZ'
,gzZ]}gz
: h zg Z IZB yZ Q 7 b Vz%e g
?VYy
W ?u|
Cg !*
6,V~f Z ,k
,
d y*Z g z r !*
L LD :T,
'Z e
zzz~uz D$
I7t Vz**
%0Z L%d
V[
7J
-ZZ gZx Z CW~wtzz~gzZ
D w=\vZY 
yZ ;g+'

)
Z[Z
V6*zg Z ~
~[ ZVzk
,
ID : ]
4E
C9~g e k0*
zg Z rz
=g f Vzk
,
I H1 ]z@*
gzZ V G
5G
? H\W? YYHlZ
] }
.lZ
.
**
g Z y kZ Z Vzk
,
I i W zg ZD :T,
'Z e
lZ
gzZ i Z0
+ZLV**
g x Z5 g @*
[ Z zg Z Y
D$
7
kZ~[ Z@2k
,
+g Zc*
5
{ WwZzi[ Zzg Z ` WD : ]
? w H
k
,
+o zZ
5
z kZ [ Z zg Z~ ~D :T,
' Z e
 ] ZgzZ 3!*
i 8 g- we V Zz 6 [Z g 7[ZZz
LZ { Zp 7wm{ [ Zy!*
i R'
,~ [ Z @
D0Vx
IZ0*
Z
(gzZ[ Z<
 D : ]

139

h~y*ZzBZQkZ B
bgzg V~y
W]1@*
c
D M7
z1V
rg { Zg ZZ 

D a kZ 7[Z Zz F,6 yZZ + L L

**
! V; YiX N Yb `g ~ tgz0*
p ]z
4E
5.Z
Zz 
V `
d  `x t r
# ~g ~g EG
?/vNp ZuzP~ yZZ + L
L ]!*
kZk\Z~
[r
# ) 7~}g !*
3 F,
kZZz
D]zgzZ
ZyW
W ZF,
zgZv {zyZZ+\WD : ]
yW
~g F,
n
pgt Lz
zg Zh
+]
.kZ H_
? ]gz3 F,
6 ` WH ? HZj
[Z7]gzyW
0*9E
F,
+]
h
.~Zg ~D :T,
'Z e
D **
Zm
*
*F,
* yZZ + L L
{zyZZ +mvZ G
*9g ~w'
,
_gZx ZD : ]
43X
g ZkZ H Z Zg ZVc*
 ~rz
zg Z],Vzg ZD
6,
]G
5E
VY~ g @*
zg Z rz
V@nkZ [ Zz 0G71 YY H7
?H
7
~`
txz wzZCW~tzz kZ D :T,
'Z e
xgx V]!*
t,zg{ c*
i~
gzZVE
Vc*
/e ~ e Z8 B 18~V-gE- Z *J

-[Z6,gZx Z7
~ e  gx ieZB7a*Z ;g^x 6,B11  _ eg Z-Z
~}%iP *
"
6,gzZ w
"D Z
" {z bkZ D ;gx a

%gzZ yZ ~ V-gE- ( p ])  

142

g"zVzg Z ZyZ ;ggzrz

: D :T,
'Z e
~
s yZ ]!*
hsg
)
Z V~g 7
BjgzZ  DjD Y 7}h
+y

t C
T 1| 7,7 H Z Z h"7,
/Z  _7,v V1
DD
g Z { gzZ~
~\W6,
V1! zgZakZf *Zzg Z\WD : ]
?e**
{6,
yZ\WH ?
[Z ;g
/
g@*
g V1!zgZ ! V; YD :T,
'Z e
Y V7f
$
/ ` WqZ Zz k0*
0*
zg k'
,
g
/
uk0*
Z` W[ a0*
zg _Z~
@*
Yc*
gzi 6, gzZkZ C+zD
+[Z
#
G-.& CY
E
45B zgZ
D HW,
O{ c*
igzg Z c*
g EG
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
g \ W wZ \ W1?Hx ZgzZ H~ D :T',
Z e
 Y \ Wi-zZyZ  gzZ IZx Vi
#g Z 7k, \W[ ZJ
-yxh+'
,Z
7k- \W~17IZ kZ  g x kZgzZ c*

V@*
nkZ, xsZgx YMg
D Vz
, kZ bC
gzZ , F,
yZZ6,]gzZ ]
z w
y!*
izg Z,~zg ZykZ x "7,t
Zpg ~uz
 DN 
a}t
Zpg ~i
( Y 2006~g{g )

141

mkZgz| m
| (,tIZ~X [f
?H]Z W,
Ztc*
0*
kZN Ct2? HZg\W
IZ [fIZ 0*
t
g ]!*
t
/ZD :T,
'Z e
gzZ 3g we yZ akZ
8z| m
| (,~kZt
 {g ~ tIZ [Z 7 p {zyZ
Da **
$[ Z
;gZVgzZV355yC
` W~T~
zg ZD :]
?tJ
-VkZ\W
V5 1 ;gZ s 0Z55~zg Z D :T,
'Z e
yZ w ZV 7t~ s 0Z Za V D ~ }g!*
D7s{ c*
i0
+
i
~
x
) ~w '
,_6,~
zg Z D : ]
p zgz Z }Wz y !*
i ~
` W2 ? A
$%] Z W,Z H
? t
m{ ~
~w'
,_6,~
zg ZD :T,
'Z e
:gzZ Zwg 6yZ:~ CxtzzkZ@*
W7W,
Z
Z6,LZ zg Z ~ ]g  ]q &Zgz~ y!*
i ! V; (Z
kD ]g {z g F,
~ y 0*
%Z g ^6,}Oe
6,kZ ~w'
,_
) !*
ZZgzZe
$g
Z5{zWw
D7xwq@7W,
Z
zg ZyZg ` W6,
x **
[ Zrz
}gZ Zzg Z D : ]
Z7,
^` Zzg
)
Zx 06 q
-ZC
` W S? ;grz
H
? ;g{Z
+H zg ZkZ

144

kZagzZ B
bgZXaq
-ZD : ]
?Hxi Z/gzZI
gakZC
 yZZzmvZ-* D :g %
J
-V gzZ
rgzg g ZyZZ gZ x?Zz > }Zm
u **
.Zz VzaZz q
-Z mxi Zz /
$.~ < <+Zq
e
-Z [ Z a kZ ~gzzg
 g g @*
~g  DgZ }oLZ ~ kZgzZ x H
DB]gzZq=7Z@*
,
'
Cgzpxi ZVzyZZX
gz&6,
V<ZI<
L IZ~u 0*
zy` WD : ]
\Wmx[NZgzZizg ZZzi Z0
+ZyZg| 7,
VZp
?}H
&
/G
y 0*
p 7D= ] q y*zy ! G
D : g %
w ZLZ Z \ W c*
Wo zZ ~ V<Z I m ~
V ZpXY z { z c*

wEZ g z& L L~
CY 7{g]ggzZ g izgy ZC
 D ~ kZ LZ
g izg CZy Za kZ  sz^~ x Z ] Zg y
) !*
q=KZ { z
]!*
g ZZzi Z0
+ZgzZixJ
-V @*
7,**
q D
[ Z W~q~ kl{ g !*
;g >% ! Z" Z (,q
-Z
._}oLZ  [ Z W zmvZ -* z 
a: Zg 2
+~ { g !*
yZakZ B**
zqzmvZ -g
y W
[ Z W bTce **
7B x Z ;Z z [ Z WZ
{ z ~ z
kZ  D[ NZ x Z
# Z 2

143

g %+Z %

y 0*
c Z8
-g:k
,

y 0*
c Z ZjWz gzZ
)
Zz zF,
[ Z
x **

g %
"+Z %
I gzZVZpszc
: Z]
.~
)g f 8
-gL
L Y 1995 Vc*

` Z 0*
Zus: a Ztw/gzZ ! Z

isyZ xi Zg f z [ Z a g J
- 

Cg;g7Czdq
-Z[ Z L L8
-gL LDgg7
H0ugz,

M +**
gzZVzg Vz
V' Z*zg ZtCg
~ y 0*
c Z~Y 1965] z g %+ Z %D
~ Qtv
z kZ gzZ  ( ] (() } Z * Z ;gE- cZ \ W

d
yZgz \ WD gx /Z
/
z6,s W],
Ze

x z J
-[ ZgzZ c*
i W ~
k,

L gLzZ g
C
a^gZ L L~Y 1995\ WD`
8
-gL LJ
-[ Z
a^gZ L LHi W
)
Z 8
-g

\ WD_ 
Z
+Zi M6,[ Z{zVzg B21

V {)z [~: z Z|a

~ V

F}p~W6,~
\ WD Tg D^

\ W~Y 2004DK 
] ZS bgz `

~ Y 2003I kZ Z
# i Z
u eg Z-Z Cg Z y 0*
D Hq eg Z-Z ~i Z ZZ|#

146

Dg Z kZgzZq
w
)
Z}h
+`
e
$ZzggzZ 8
-gL LD : ]
?H qzZ\W~]qgzZ
2?c*
W~w
[Z 1x t gzZ Hg (Z ~
z TD :g %
g !*
wtBkZ1 I7 {z :s=
W~ yZykZ
/Z V ;gg
/
iZ% ZZZ~ @*
Wg !*
?H 6,
R! Z ~?VjW~~{[ Z 1^
-Z Mf kZ :gzZ H7t
q
g [ ZY
= ]!*
t ? p Ha i WT~ <kZaZz W6
Z 6, kZgzZ Hzg~6,kZ Cy.6,g !*
g !*
7x dgzZ! Z yZzzZ ;g Y736,
6,
K~W]&
:  +
$Y y 0*
~ D W w kZ D ;g 0*
#
g
~Xt Zg**
y 0*
~ kZ @*
* u 0*
]
g m,
?t Z Og ZzgzZxj%T
$@*
Wz6,
{~ kZ r
# T
$@*
6,kZ ce **
gZ
/W~

B )~ kZ c*
k
N Ygz v spkZ e
x kZB mZ e
$.vZ Y 
yZ 7 ~ Y qz
-dyZgzZ, qz
~gzZ Y 1994 ]!*
t D, F,
!*
V E
kZ H 
x **

WL L{g 8
-g L L~ Y 1995
c*
"
$U*
t Vzg yZ` W6,x }g B17J
-[Z !v:Z
ZgzZZ
# CWd
$
[Zw2gzZ H qz^9
o Z~ yzo Z
Zv mD x q
-Z CZ~[ Zzg Z
;g}z6,[ Z ` WD ;g Y Hg6,VU! ZgzZ gzZ

145

gzZ -
{ z ~ Z ZkZgzZ ~gzace **
[ Z
~q6, ZRzgy Z c*
~x)
,x?Zz> }Zmgce ]g
M
h7(Z
/Z D C~g ZZ z i Z0
+Z}g
z
]Z
iz ]w+Z ~ Zp[ Z Dce xg {e <x
] !*
. x Z\ W [ Z  M
_
h } U x\ W&  4Z
! Z" tV &~gzZ g~g Z Zag Z
Dce *
*[ AZ kZ
? Hw
q
-Z~h
+]
.` WD :]
kZ gb7ZjIw
\W
/Z D :g %
3gx6,5Zg,Zq
-Z kZY zg ` WgzZ zg w
gb7 bzZi ! Z \W
/Zp zg zggzZ ggV
VZ g @*
[ Zzg Z \WD7J
-[Z 6,g! Z w 
ZJ
-V
Hc*
7x ! Z 
~ kZ B
zx @*
f Zg~ [ Z X ~zggzZ f
Z
/
~Z'
,
Z LZ~w'
,]|dZ D
HH7%
/Z H7wJyZ [ ZzgZz!*

kZ1{z gzZ gzZ

;] **
Q {fyZ {z  D_ g @*
! Z
Y !*
ZgzZ Z} (,} (,~ T ZZ >E
+L L": igKZ
kZ @*
x kZ 7{E
+s~ kZp M {E
+
7Z
g {z J
-
z kZ c*

HH7tw! Z yZ ~

xq
-Zp@*
W7sw6,
w! Z]|dZkZnY
7wZ DZ Z(, q
-Z **
{Z [ Z}E
+

w<Z~[ Z @*
W V-zg ~W

148

Hyz Z(,VM  f .
6,gm{ zgZ wD Z { ZicgzZ ~g
BS{zyZ H Z Zg Z~~ Zsg 8
-ggzZ
oLZ ]& Zz 
~ 8
-g L L r
# Zg
**

yZ D Hzs}h
+`
Z
Z Vzg ZD

7{ ^
,Y ! ZgzZd)g f
L IZ } 7,**
<
CtB1u" = 7 \W
/Z {z
D ]!*
gz yzQ/_
."7,
:gzZ t :~V
Zjx \WL,~(,
<
L IZD : ]
Zk
,
+\W  gx 3 Z q
5
-Z \W ?H7yz V
?ce
V ;gx q
-Z~ g\W t ~ Z D :g %
<Yp  -'
,o Z ~(,~ ]gez v V }g p
7y)F,m{q
-Z Z ~t .6,B}?yz
!
h 8
-gL L ~1V
rgm
) ) z<
L IZ~ c*

~RZ gzZ qZY 3ggz \Y

g VJ
-'!*
yZgzZ J
-Vzuz ]!*
KZ 
kZD0
+
igzZ !x8
-ggzZg V6,
akZ
Y e
$D kZ= :gzZ Z 7qyz n= ~ K
awgkZgzZvZgzZ ;g^ 8
-gL L!v:Z %yz
D [xt
X~LZ6,
R@\W
)
ZkZD : ]
?B!x
*zg Z ~g7
)
Z 8
-gL L !v:Z D :g %
8
-gL L~ V5Vz 1zgzZ e
$.kZ ! Z c*
I{z { Zp

147

gzZ| 7, p *gzZ g} ZgzZ ZY !*

Z
;g @*
4- B! x
/Z^tD !x ~g V&~ g
D Ytgz<**
Zq
-Z[ ZvZY 
yZ
\WVdgzZI<
L IZH
3 8
-gL LD : ]
?5yz
dgzZ J 7,
 <
L IZZg wZ{1 Z (,
t D :g %
C
7Zk
,
+yZ
5
) ) ~g7 kZY zZ(,{z
8p~V

/
udV m: zkZ 7Zk
,
+Z
5
#
~
gzZ [ Z X kZ7~gzt dgzZ c*
uF,
 DW6,V-zg ~W [ ZgzZ `
V yz]!*
g D
{(ZtBs~;gl{
) !*
Yspv
akZnnZ Z VDg e7,
~]!*
+Z 
~ Y ZZ Z 7,*
* o V-gZ H qz 8
-g L L Z
#
*q
-Zv:ZkZp n
pgJ
-[ZgzZ n
pg]v
D HqzrTZg
yzH<
L IZJ
-[Z\W Zg ZJ
-[ZwZZD : ]
?5
XB}h
+`
}~ y*zy {z y 0*
D :g %
E
E
~gWz6, ZZ o **

zu~ yZ Hyzd V
a8
-g VX{)zOZegzZ ~ m,
jZZ e t'
,
 Z
Z {
) ) z<
L IZtC
gzZ ~gzZ
z ~yZpgz [ Z ~%gzZ ~{zY f ~y 0*
sZ)~ yZ Z
Z,j ~ VM +Z

150

Zg 1gx 6,gLZZ
+Z`
z bg kZ
c*
bg6,kZrz
! Z  t~
C
/YZVU ! Z rz

s~ yZ 
i
zugzZ H q zg Z
/
V- zg ~WkZa
BCakZC
gzZ c*
: e a
/YZ
!
~ 0
+
i KZ D 3ggz \ Y h kZ a kZ ]gz
] P`
Tag Z kZ 1 DkCVgzZ Vzq
!~}g !*
b) D C { z C ]gz
8
-g 7]!*
' q
-ZC
rkZ1 ; gt
T e 7
7b)Xv~ iq
-Z Hx V- zg ~WkZ !v:Z
8
-gh
+
D g
Z'
,gzZ  gkZ !v:Z ` W
D U Z
!
gz\Y h kZgfg !*
g !*
\W !YZ D : ]
]!*
KZZj W q
-ZC
V xg (Zq
-Zt 3g
H n
pg a
) )z<
L IZ {kZ \W
/Z Y
?@*
yv
&
D :g %
6,kZ { Zp WZ
# Zj ! /GG
{z Wt x **
Vc*
gzZ Z
 1 V )Z
G zmvZ -2gzugY
) )z<
L IZ
: AZzAc*
7}gzZ V\W'ggzZ]g Z
!g [ Zq
-Z8
-gp Y7(~uz {z A V\Wi Z0
+Z
!

]Z| IZ6,g wV[Z M

h 7 z{ h 6,kZ
yZ1 Yg Z ]zZ
+yZ

149

N W6,x Z F6,]
g kZ p
Vzg B178
-g r
# ~g .Wz6,
H1B; V; X
!v:Z [ZgzZ ZZh
+'
~ Zk
,
+kZ kZ 1 { ^
5
,Y ~W
N Y ~ Vx yZ * \WD ;g Y ! *Z6,8
-g
~ y0*
Y\W Y 8
-g \WV;z CY S7,gzZ 1 zg Z V
~y*ygzZ@kz&
+Z ;gE- Zx Z~lwsZ
C; gzZZM%Z Z|bzVV}g A 8
-g\W
xkZ ;gZy$
+y~ ZkZgzZ ;g V 8
-gL LV;z
{z  Zg x gzZ ;6,R Z Z  [ Z @*

D ;gZg7
B ZVzqgzZV\W~!x 8
-gL LD : ]
?
}v"kZ ! x ~(,
8
-gLD :g %
kZgx BkZY **
:t sp6,
kZgzZ
y
KZ C7hZz Z
# gzZ 7
8 n
kZ 7 B; 6,g~z*6,u8
-g @*
g Z Zg KZ
T e CYgzZ r 0*
Y zgzZ z c*
J (,x: !*
" a
bkZ ]ZZV 6,kZ c*
7Z s
gzZ C ]gqJB1 D]Z Z~ V
DVtx LZ~ { c*
iavZ]gqJ
kZH ? yUZ
 c*
C7t\W1D : ]
?gzZQc*
?}v"
&
/G
D :g %
;gx 6, 7{h
+`
8
-g! G

152

t ~ 0
+
i KZ \W)g f Z ~ 0
+
iQ c*
~ ~
~
V&~%W *
*7HgzZ **
g (Z H=N 0*

& \WDY {g0k0

/G
KZpy
KZ Z(,
 G
+
i
Ht @*
;gg Zuz(kZ Uq
-Z lg KZ {zZ
# @*

~g7 ~g7 y* Dw$

+zg V/ ? @*

w ZgzZ ? W ? Ht ~uz(kZ^
D { c*
i
t
6,
xZgzZ'
,
ZmKz~ 8
-gL LD : ]
Z
Z<
L IZZ @*
Y 6,g z /yZgzZ C,W
? Mg x \WgzZ
IA
$kvgzZ
) ) z<
L IZ~A kZ D :g %
gzZ W:~[ ZIV}g ;gtzg q
-Z V
g7W{zW
/Z H
Z'
,Z :
DYc*
3 Vzuz T
'
,
Z Y7~ {g ~g Z]!*
 wZD :]
Mg \WgzZ Z
Z<
L IZV-zg ~W 8
-g L L6,]&
?
B
ZkZ 8 7hZ WD :g %
-d g6,VzuzW
Z'

,q
-Z g6,p1 @hZV E
-d~ kZ D7
,
k
~h 46,p 6q
-Zn V E
CZt gzZ  gq~ { g !*
ce Ot {g Z
xg !*
~ kZa Z
KZ tY g7x
[ykZ x Zg ce ~g7 6,gLZ1 e

151

X ZgYY Wwq 6,VU! ZgzZ /

pgm
n
) ) z<
L IZ Z
Z80Zz ]!*
gzZt! V;
\Wq 79t 7p6,<
L IZt It 6,
CkZ [Z 
**
\W } a
B q
-kZ Y f <
L IZ 0G7 B
] 
g 8
-g VrZ bT ` WB r
# Zg

{kZ
/Z ZzZ~zd<
L IZ kZ H' /gzZd
!
LZ:gzZ D 0*
7J
-Vzuz ]!*
KZ y)F,h
J
-Vzuz Z
+gzZ '!*
KZ ce **
lp Q!x Z ~
\W ?@*
{Z
+H D lp| 7,gzZ ~ y LZ
/Zg
3 Zgap
pgt yZ]c*
LZ} ]6,xg PLZyZ
-!
:XE
mW7~]!*
tJ
- ` W= E9 Vz]gzZ 1g Z
GG3E
4]gzZxsZy
x
WQ 7g Z Zzg 5B; yZ\WZ
# 
 D W]Z Z }
/Z !*
kZp?N bJ
-yZ
Z'

,W6,Vzg 0*
LZ 7{
Z'
,V}g 
VD =7~gz  KBkD \W
/Z D 0*
7
V :@*
h Z
/Z~
Ch= 7Iz=~yZN WI
\WakZ ax Z \WYVzW6,z Vzp
7Z\W D 0*
7(Z \W
/Z ce xgg aG
g VU Vz
D (7h 

HaF,
}gzZ[ Z\WWD : ]
?B~gz

& D :g %
/G
yT} 7gzZ L\W{ztx W! G
~ [ Z {z { Zp6,Rt CZ}'
,gzZiZgzZ CZ

154

! Z yZJ
-[Z :W6,~
**
pY
ZZ >E
+L L[ W,
gzZxLZI kZ ~ e: x
7{E
+ ~w'
, ~ [ kZ KZ ;] **
 Hf
LgyZ @*
(Z
/ZgzZ c*
!;z{z 7tzzkZ H
t [Z ~,Z ?DVY~ [ kZ KZ {z {E
+ V{ g **

bTn77bkZ6,
R! Z**
M
hB
~
**
)g fkZ8
-g h ~
**

]ZW,
ZiZkZvZY 
yZgzZgZw! Z
]**
kZx VEZ[ Z6,
~
yZgzZVA
$%
( vZY 
yZ) DVzg
? ;g7,
**
oV-g Z\W~V-g kZD :]
t ~  g WVc*
g Z Vc*
g Z= ~ ~g kZD :g %
g " VaA
$%~Z
# 6,~
**
 &
Zz x **
yZ~y 0*
g Z Z
Zx 1A =yzN
i Z0
+ZkZ H7yzf.
Z~ekZ VzgZ Zszc
spx7= {z ZHkZ
xyZakZ p ~
yZ=p pxQ c*

t KZa kZ x ! Z yZV Le ~zz

DV;gA
$%
kCt
H~\Wy 0*
gzZy*zyD :]
?D
~ 8
-g L L~g y*zy k0*
}D :g %
ZV;z @*
kCt"7,yZCWa 

153

Zg Z
/
~WyZ au0*
x [~C
yZ u 0*
V{z{g !*
z @*
@*
YH Za g Z'
,
gzZ YZ~Zz gzZ @*
Y
DN Y{g:
-Z6,
q
~
~w'
,
]|dZ\W6,
e@D : ]
V-g kZgzZ ? H[ZkZ  gY% ! Z?e
$.
? o V-g Z\W~
V}g ~
Zm~w'
,]|dZ D :g %
{z ~ zg Z
}uz  YgkZgzZ w=Z~ x Z
Z{ **
Zjq=Z 7q gzZ q=
 c*
W J
-[Z~}g !*

,Z  uZz
~
 J
-[Z V Zzp
pg]o yZ D~ i Z0
+Z g {z
H
ce ]o yZ ]o 7[ Z {z V &~
CY| (, yZ  ~x yZyZ Z
# Y
B}g 0*
kZtn
p6,
6,
K/gzZ! Z}g 0*
Z
# 1
kZK6,g9{zg~}g !*
kZ @*
s Z
t spq
-Z6,V Zz x 6,r
# V{ gZ **
V &~~
q
-Za}g ,g Z
/
V-zg ~W
/Z~
yZ

& Dce *
/G
* W,
@*
kZt w ZZ
# Y0X Z(,
! G

kZ  Iz~ hkZ
/Z
xq
-Z zg Z
6, kZ w
1 W~z z s
VU6y$
+y ~
kZg
/
K~W @*
W7sw
Z ~(,Z ~
r
# V{ gZ **
]|dZ D g W
7[Z ` @*
gzZ q=xuyZ w=gzZ z

156

155

Vz# X ZC)g f LZ],Z,Z \W

~g Y Y : $e
$ -6,} Dg e ~
,hg ~- W7,C
LZ  1t
))
! zZ \W = DV @*
7xs~]P`
\Wa kZ
A &~yZYVx } (,

} (,
YtZ
# Vzk
,

) `Za x Z
# t gzZ 6,htY
W[zZ ~~<
?
L IZ[Z !v:Zg Dx 4- \WD }
b y 0*
\W~ Zg ~ {z kZ D g Y kC
Zj V;z @*
ce *
* a^g ~ y*zy
aZe \Wx t ,]!*
6 6 ~ kZ {zgzZg Zg Z}g
EE
y*zyM
h Z
Z ZZo **
gzZkIgZ
Dce**
x 6,
yZ7xZj[ Z~
( Y 2005#{g )

V;zW,
Z Tz[_
.7<q
-Z[ Z6,
g~g
g ZgzZ ]]!*
gzZ U P8Z b) Cz B1 ~
[ Z~y 0*
Z
# CW7~~
V;zzgVU6
Wz6,\WDM
hyTxyZVMLZ LZyZ\Wb
1, ug5~g Zg ZD
q
-ZZ} (,v c*
Og ZzgzZT
$@*

T]LZLZ Ve Og Zzc*
$@*
T
~ C{z
q
-Z;z {z  CW ZZk0*
}g y*zy D D Y
I(q
-Z ~
V;z 4 T C ~
z

gzZ ;g m{q

-Z c*
0*
7/*{z~kZgzZ
g 0*
V7J
-yZ c*
 g 0*
V7J
- {z gz kZ [ Z
Tgv ~ c[ Z c*
Y !*
ZV;z ]!*
kZ]gzakZ 
I qz]!*
~ Y A
$N Wt }g yZ
DW,
Zk
,
ie
$Zzg Z6,
gzZm{q
-Z{z
+
$Y\WaMgkZgzZgx Y)x ~ZD : ]
?x
V 8 Z
+Z`
z bgg"y 0*
z y*zy ~D :g %
Zz
3 Zk
,
i Y xz Y f} (,} (,
 C 1 N 7Z
HxsZ 7Zz7Zb)~) 7YZwq bg
]gzVzk
,
gzZ}pba`6,9Ib)
{g {i] Z
# g x YL)
L x g !*
D @*
7 yZ
kZ 3 Y
H{g 8 
L L\W ~ Z
# 6,gm{
H
s q8 t7nkZ=
))
]= c*
W0h! zZq
-Z~0
+
i C_~p6,t\WD $
W

158

]}
.+g D
+
z ~k
,
[ Zzg Z\ W V; FD : ]
6,x ~} y !*
izg Z ` W~\ W g} x Z
? ~9
y!*
i{z @*
x CZ y!*
i D :t,
'~gWz,
6
x:
L ~ q=D Vc*
~(,~ q=kZ~x Zp
Dg x~ g D
+z kg zg Z y;Z'
,
u T} Z { {z D /Zz
zg Zp
/Zy!*
i ~g VyZ D g"KZzg ZVzyyZ
~ ~y{z D g Y C ~y[Zy!*
i ~g yZVt ~p
H qz ` Zzg q *zZ2  g| 7,

# z
|
 g zgZ D c*
yvzg Z kZ
7| 7,vD 4z%s~ kZ 4 (Zp g
zg Z
zkZ{zD g!*
5{z8
-i
+ggzZg
 iWgzZiWtZ +Z<YpD.Zz**
V1 ZZ
! Z kZ D y!*
i ~g zgZ D7,7Z _7,~ g v
g ZkZgzZf
e| 7,{)zV*1VIv "7,
kZ zg Z ,gx tD @*
7,W,
Z YZ6,,zgZ T D Z'
,
iZ
7 tzf {zt q ~(,
gzZ g Y Ca **
~ V1
z
J 7,
zg ZX{ E
+ Z {z]tVZz+ Yzg ZgzZ ;g
yZ 7]!*
qe {z g6,
gTgzZ g ~ga
XvZY 
Z  D p{z!k
,
yZgzZ 7
g s
 g~
 gy*{z c*

<z tzft vZ
gY f(,~gz ~(, zg Z np g yZ }p

157

t'
,
~gWz6,

( g ) {g W;gE-Ig.k
,
zgzzgZg.
6,[ Z g gzZzg Z }ZVZzg { t'
,~gWz6,
[ Z D
q
-ZgzZgzKq
-Z d
$ Zvg)
, Zzp
pg { ~

{{
q
-Zd{ =gzZsm\ WBBg D
+
gzZ

{
]|dZ]
. \ W~`g7 **
Z
C { { T
28E
.E
~Y 1938c] z\ WDg~Y 1745~G
Y@ug I

~g **
Zz\ WD ~p~gZ]w**
\ W

pg k,6,!*
p
gzZ y!*
i ~ m,
ZgzZ
zgZ z g ~g7 **
Z

Vg ~ ~ m,
.
ZgzZ zg Z g \ W szcq
-Z Zz

~)gzZ I ZZ t'
,~gWz6,D +zZzgzZ ] >g

~ ;gE- ` a dZQgzZ ~g7 **

Z z LZ

kZ H} Z * ZgzZ} Z ! ~ g gzZzgZ \ W V K 4Z
E
g 0G
0L L~ y!*
i g QgzZ ~ e Z 8 ;gE- Z
E
4hI$ { =m<!*
! D.Lit yZ { { IZ z y E
5G
g yc*

x{ q
-Z \ WV H yZk
,
Z\ W #
Zk
,
Z6,T

zg Z z g J
-[ Z Db i)~i Z Z ~ VgzZ V-gE- F 

X`
F}p~WgzZ]>\ W~

x6,[ Z~R'
, f .
~
~zgZ L L~
d
-E
IBE
L gLzZV x **
zL L{zkZ D t[

D`
V!*
gx **
K[

160

cD~Y 1976{zgzZ 8 Y[q

-Z x **
Z ~g7
kZ 7 VrZ  Zz gzZ &z gzZ r
# B<Z1Z Ze
~ kZ VrZa kZ Y [ t'
,

Z qzZ6,[
p ~Y76[yZ 1y Y 1976~g c*

 gzZ D
H1tkZ6,g.a kZ D
Hc*
7~ kZ
]|dZ Dg
P~Z
+Z`
z bg {z6,yZkZ g 
){ ~
D Z 
~gZx ZgzZ~ Y 1972D73: i Z y*Z6,~

kZ \vZ ~ wgzZ tzfaD HI VkZ

D
PVqD 
! x~
\W[ Z*W6,
x [D : ]
?ZA
$%W,
Z H [kZ6,
[ Zzg ZgzZA ]ZW,G
&
D[ ~V- [t D :t,
' ~gWz,
6

]h D c*
ZV Z ~i Z0
+ZiZ w} (,
DI ~g {zS(,8
- kZgkZ gzZ
{zgx 6,
qkZ~V-gE-v~y*zyDIy 0*
_ c*
[t [Z Dg[t6,
gReference
DYWBZci
+ZZuz kZ}Z}
.D
wK<u 0*
yxg[ ZzgZ~y 0*
D : ]
8
-gL L~X g Z ZgZ Z e
$.Z
+Z`
z bg FaZ
77 bkZ~y*zyJ
-[Z1f.
{)z L gLzZ
?$
];zHq
- 4,
\WD
D Z~y*zy{zZx  SZZ6,
Z D :t,
'~gWz,
6
yZ6,kZgzZ Zz4Z ;gE- gH **
6,r
# hZegzZ

159

y!*
i ~y ay
zW{g ZV;z
H~Kq
-Z~g !*
-ZV C \WD
q
qC
Z
# \W ! }g Z Y7 V G3}! V;z ~ VZm,
zW~
gzZ ?7,yW
gzZ {**
.Zz**
QZgzZg| 7,~~y
mzg Z ZD7,
i : c*
\W`e
$WgzZyW
Z
#
D <
z+} 7pzd
$s
\WZz[
~R'
,
6,
[ ZD : ]
?zskZ\WgzZ
N C\W 9t
/Z
gx Y Z
# wB35]!*
t D :t,
'~gWz,
6
]|yY!*
Z}D T eu" = ~g Zg Z)]|D ;g
~x g Z ZZ
# ~`D ]}yZ ~g7 **
Z
 
VrZD Lg~#
}
.)]|9zZ~c*
W
~#
}
.yZy*q
-Z ~ DVy*6,~
~ zg Z
wF
g)}
zkZ D H 
~gx YZ VrZ H7
a
gi
+g ~DB} ~g ZzyZ
gi
+ggzZ `g
/
#  A Z
r
gi
+g t oq
-Z ~ kZ D [ }
Zpg
y*Z ~~~D7"k0*
}
z kZ"
]vZD c*

Z [],q
-ZD
t bkZD 1= a
gi
+ggzZ Ht V yZ[ kZ
6,kZ  ]gzD [q
-Zt 6,qkZq [
D,7B#
BgzZ Zh
+'
ZU*
h
+'

?~(,
~J
-
gi
+g\W[kZc*
D :]
~ y 0*
8
-g L L~ wq Z ! !*
D :t,
' ~gWz,
6
y 
ZeZg ? y[
~[ Z~rcq
-Z

162

~ Zcw{z e D{z <~ ZcT x **

*
{z \W
/Z!*
g D wq {gzZ~Zc~c*

}g gzZ !gzZ Wz <a kZ !*

g1!*
g
J
G
X
4
45
45G
Ks 0Z
D ~zq{z6,
 G

yZD `!*
ZgzZZzg Z
/ZugzZq
- D : ]
8
-gL L}DDWzZ%gzZ]yZY Q!x
p ~}g !*
g %x Hk
,
8
-g L LD t }g
yZ {z ~ zu" ~(,
 S7,[ ~g .Wz6,
D c*
J(,Wx kZgzZ 1kZ6,guq
-Zq
-q
-Z VrZ k0*
yZgZ
+Z`
z bgZz x 6,[ Zy 0*
`W
7Zg f z bzok0*
yZZ
#
zu 8
-gL L~
]**
DgIV&~DJ
-w2kZgzZKZs{zp
{z p M
h g4x kZ !*
ZgzZ Z,Z zg ZZzp
pg
? VY (Zy
W7D
&
/G
D c*

9 \WD :t,
r
# g %! G
' ~gWz,
6
{z 1x **
r
# . \WD 5^g7yZgzZ c*
`ukZ
]Z|IZvgzZ r
# B2D g6,qkZ }p
} ;g Y ;ZuV;z Vzg *zy D gx V;z6,qkZ
E
V;z }p X {)z y1ZZ egzZ G3kI$ mZ e ~g7 ~i I
p g ,q ~g ~ y 0*
{g ~ y*zy D g
c*
{g Z Z (Z V Y  g 76,
gkZ ,q ~g ~ y*zy
Devotionq
-Z yZt c*
` ugzZ {g Z Z g %bT 7u
D ;g| (,
sWx {zgzZc*
.zpVrZaT

161

D
Hc*
VZ~ y*zy x +
$Y [ Z c*
DB~
/e ~ e Z 8
\W` W Z y
kZgzZgzgzikZp Z~
t~y 0*
zz ay

Zz W6,
) S V1 zg Z ~$u VD t
akZ D(,
W x kZ6,
gu 7 Z(,(Z D
p H7x t a kZ @*
WZ {g a 6,g~ ZZ
 bg {zt g7 ug I B
ZL L gx Y L Lx Z W,
ZL L bg

.- Z9Y}p 6,
p 0*
Y yZ E
zZ VM
G

) !*
{z G D e 7V ;g V;z u6,g
Dce**
V
?zz~
CkZ **
:x gzZZc*
D :]
 k0*
}a kZ (Z w ZD :t,
' ~gWz,
6
(Z =]gztuq
-Z Ve **
ZVZ6,gLZ~,q
VyZ g ~
K~c*
}
kZ CZ M7 **
D 7J
HZz!*
Zzg ZZzp
pg]**
DgI\WakZD : ]
? Zg Z)f
!*
Z igi
+giWz6,Zz p
pg ]**
Dg ID :t,
' ~gWz,
6
pg f I gzZ kZ Z
p
z kZ wj  p  X
[ Z~[gzZ k[Z D c*
yvVzg gzZ V' ZZz
wK<q
-Z c*

Z \W 6D g7z6,
?Hg Z ZckZ Y**
K<q
-Z
/ZgzZ7c*
Y Ht
{ wce m{q
-Za kZ
zbzmvZ -xZwgZ
#  Vzn~D ~

164

G t gzZ Za >
e + Y kZ gzZ Za /Zz kZ G
D [x
{{~,Zd{ ={ {
q
-Z\WD : ]
? W,
Hab & Zz]x
gzZ Y Z VzgsZ
CV{ Z D :t,
' ~gWz,
6
E
Y xgzZx Z0G
!*
 7] !*
tgzZ~ 7,
aV
0 ZzWC
V {
z kZ D c*
;~ y*zyxsZ} !*
tt x

J
: {~^V-;Kg Kg{zGDg^Y{ c*
i3
Z
LZ~ I0{ { sp~ Vgqs t Z
# p{
ga  4 (Z Ve It n
pgp]ogzZ] Z ;Zx
~gzZ c*
6,}g kZgzZ
Hy-V;z} i Zzg
K ~g YCZ ( 2Y ` { C T ) k{zw
: Zh
+
gzZ  {g gzZ D
: wD Z)
7Z ~ z f g ^
7Z ~ { ` Z'
z F,
E
I
O4
Za g $q
-ZgzZ
K+ZV;zt Z% { ` Z'

D
H7,
1:{zV{ e
$zgzZugzZq
-9{z
g {{#
5zW6,
sDkC\WHD : ]
?]c*
Zzgz
q
q
-ZsgzZ 
g\W~sD :t,
'~gWz,
6
[ZgzZ YZ1Z m<!*
q m{ q
-Z { { k
   kZgzZZ  q
D qt ~tg

163

? \W
KD :]
(,
WDt
/ZVD
KD :t,
'~gWz,
6
IZ y*zy bTgzZ gzgzZ Zz yZ G
gzZ d6,V Z
# i Z0
+Z Z =  g V;z ]Z|
LZgzZ , qg skZ IZ y 0*
'
Z e
DC}p
gzZ[ Zzg ZaV Zzx Zx Vz]6,
g~k
,
D : ]
? B
bgZXe
$g~i Z6,
KZ

Va s ~i Z6,
KZ gzZ [ Z zgZ D :t,
' ~gWz,
6
yW
`]c*
W~y*q
-Zk\W}p,ZzakZ { c*
ig
,m,
/ "7,t v V ~ QouteB Q

kZ
_kZp D
Hy*t 6,kZgzZ qI t
v kZ Ky*Zuz 6,
g} \W
/Z D7 
<
x { WwZzi c*
Cc*
wZzi kZ 4 (Z D _7, yEZ
{ i $ ZgzZ Alergyq
-Zzz ~"gzZ/Zz**
KZ s
T,gsZgzZ ,g {zi Z6,Y
KZgzZY !*
ZpDg v
6,gY
KZ c*
( }:kZ: YZ )6,g~ YZ
/ZkZ
+
M
KZ
q
-Zy 0*
: YZq
-Z } D Wg { c*
igzZq G{z,7
: YZ [x Zg yZ6!'[Z D ! 'L L yZT r
#
gzZ @*
b f s + Y]b
kZ { Z({ Zp VrZ
pi Z  D Wt Z
# t A
$ ? VYt q Ht W 7
_gZn t:n > 2iiZ D @*
Y.Zz y
KZ
Y H7 zG6,g r7ZgzZn 9n

166

*]
.yZ\zug nvZXZgp **
k
,
]gr
# gzZy!*
i
WkZ {z 
<zgzZ {V
$Zgz Zm~g Zg Z)
gzZ} F,
!gt =D ]!*
Z
ZyZ ~(,Gtg| (,
ZgZ G%skZ DzigzZ6f ~mZpzx Z kZ
D 
! xvZukZgzZV
( Y 2004 {g )

165

~0*
6,kZ c*
~ V1 KZ + yg )
,gzZ Z[8]|
S7,,q H~ q
 XD g 0*
kZ g 7
w s{z [Z g )g
tV vgzZ 7,v N Y
gZh
+y

s'
,7W pJ
-Z
# pq
-Z s'
,
vg )
,q
-Z
z kZ DvZY 

Zu{ c*
yv ~g ZC
kZ D7
5V;z gY ~BBVz ~z*gzZ ui Z V { {z
~  +Z {P g D YY H7g Z kZ  g^Y
x g Zap
pgg Z
'
,
{y =V;z V7x **
 A xE ~XgzyZgzZ W~xE~z* {z
z kZ 1
z%gzZ Zz36,gx pgx + V{z)gfkZ
~ j)g f V yZ D D yZh DV { c*
i z
Dgx **
+{
$
? ]gzx ZZa bCg{ {D :]
I~V{t
D :t,
'~gWz,
6
 N Y kZ N Y _gZzkZgzZce gz
gzZ 9{z ce **
[c*
{ xEyZ N Y d{ = kZ
Xgz kZJ
-VZz WLZgzZt
^
,Y**
gzZ ^
,Y
D Y{g~x {:gz6,
g9$ ZkZ
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
\\ gzZ Zp ~ ~D :t,
' ~gWz,
6
gx Y{zG `uTgx YD 
F,
Vz
Zizggx Y
g!
}omg yZZmg mgD W + !*
ZgzZ
# gx YD Y
r
g yZZ Y
gZ
#

168

\W6,
]g Z Z[x!k --g,
-zg Z
D : ]
-zgZJ
,
-V k {W M
hg \W H !*
ug I
?n{gsz^~zg Zr z
bZ--g

& D :wD Z sg
a {Wp
H Zg7 vZvZ w k ! /GG
kZg
_Vg {0
+
i~J
-Z
# ~p I Z
LeImrpovement ~ kZ~ ^{ --g ,
-zg Z {z
q 50 c*
40{z Z`
Zg kZYV
-[Z {zpVg @*
J
Improve kZ g ~ n
p)x izgwzZ--g,
-zg ZVz C\Wt c*
0*
7
vZY 
yZ e7)x ;g zt J
-[Z ]!*
k\Zt
DnW6,
9LZt{Wg~~w
* y!*
i{0
+
iq
-Zzg ZDyZtsq
-Z\WD :]
\Ws~uzZz%1kZy
KZVzhzV~C

6,x **
r z
zg ZgzZ >
ezg Z~{ zg Zt
~,Z H 
/Zzg ZB99~yZgx Z
Z c*
}g Z Z
z kZ ~ V Zz W1 {0
$
+
i
Z zg Z t
?Y
y!*
izg Z L L yZT y*q
-Z ~ Zg D :wD Z sg
ZpV^i
+Z ~Q tg Z Z [ L t
L
/
Z

Z *zg ZH 
VrZkZ c*
V g F._
kZ g Zzg Z L
L !g q
-Z y 0*
H 
Z
(H
 ,q Z Z z [ Z zg ZgzZ y!*
izg Z ~ ~ kZ H 

167

wD Zsg

5 - -g,
-zg ZL)
L x :dZk
,

~4z zg Z  gzZg
z zg Zq
-Z zg Z wD Z sg
+!
c*
yZ c*
g Z
akZ y
Kg yZ
"
H45F
~zg Z g \ [kZC
7Z 7nc*
-oGE\z
/
z sD y!*
izgZg Z=gf T m,
g {zC
gzZ
g ZZ Y 1962ag B26 ] z \W g g7
zg m7 M.com H B.com \W;gE-

Zzk
,
Y 1979D Za p V1Iz ! Z

6,V1 ]g @*
Y
! Z d ZJ
-[Z ~ T
z y }p {z V-g Z Z Z
+Zi 80gzZ VzZ
+Zi B 400

~ Vzg zg Z \ WD` 
~ bgz ] Zg Zzg Zu 0*

Vz**
%0Z \ WakZ DI 6,g CZ f%0Z

Vz**
%0Z K
M F,
\ W H x K
M F,
z

-Z ~ - -g ,
q
- zg Z a C
\ W Tk
,
iVZzB12
}pg VZ
/ {z kZ D H 4 tg Z Z

: K~'
,
!*
I ] : K~'
,
!*
~ X  b K
M F,

wg ]J
- Z&
71wwq :t Z ]

-- g,
-zg Z V B14D Z2 igzZzmvZ -vZ

DgzZ! Z\ WBB g]gZ Z[ x

D c*

170

}g7 wk/KZzz Hy
Wp!gZz
?m7zMgLZZ
{ c*
i qz x Zm--g w ZD :wD Z sg
~~ m,
Z @*
IZ c*
}Y- -gm{q
-Z ;g7
Zh 7{ c*
i u yZgga--g
~}g !*
kZ
_ x **
--g,
-sZ 6'
,
!gq
-Z
{z ~ qzZ
#
_6,B7 L
_6, 6 L{zV
7
C
 g bkZg--g~ ~ m,
Z Z
# )x
 zg Zy!*
iy c*
 k0*
zg Z Mg gzZ ;g @*
Bzg Z
@*
Selective Approach q
-Z ~ ZgzZ ZyZ
{z ~ D}g,Z F zg Z  _7,Z v~ kZ
--g,
-zg Zp 7{ c*
i0*
u yZ1g w
yEZ akZ yEZ=t {gGVt
/Zu
&
B
4E
5 zg Z V @*
EG
Y J 7,~ o kZC
t z!*
ZkZ
D Y"7,zg Z vV ~k
,
$C
{z *
@Y J 7,t 6,tzf !*

C
Vg @*
Y!gq
-Z
/Z~ ~k
,
$q
-Z @*
!gt V;z 
*
@Y ~ ~k
,
$q
-Z y*
0 Y!g Z DZz "7,kZ Z
Z
D_7,
Z Z
Zz V
*zg ZV k\W --g,
-zg ZD : ]
{ c*
i ~ zg Z n~ w \W /skZ  hZz
? ;grz
{ c*
i zg ZgzZ?g 

3gg{ izgz q
-Z O Zzg Z ag B18 ZD :wD Z sg
7!6,yZq
-Z O Z Popular Literature q T

169

y!*
i{kZ`
m[ ZZ
# `
gzZx Zmy!*
i
y!*
iC
 ]!*
C
 Tg ~ r z
gzZ w xE)g f
rz
y!*
i(C
[ Zq
-Z y!*
izg Z bZ @*
[ Zq
-Z
rz
y!*
iZ tZV}g p6,[ ZQCY l~e
[ Z {z;g !*
 g7zO Z 7~e
~g O Z zgZ c*
*
*[
zg Z~zg Z ;g !*
6,x **
zg ZJ
-VDCgz$y!*
itR ZtT g { c*
iz
-Z zgZ GVzn~}g !*
q
kZ wZ \W m
mkZ?H [ Zp g {0
+
i6,
R@gzZ g {0
+
it y!*
i {0
+
i
V {Z [ Z V kD gm{ Y Y 7
vZY 
yZp $
Y ~ 7$J0
+
ikZ kZ
Hc*
.
$!*
~
v~ qT{ Zp[ Zz
~ zg Zzz g {0
+
izg Z
V; 7 !*
J (,tzf [Z ~ V DwLZ kZ
gzZ
z~
3kZ g0q
-ZV B 25
D}wLZzgZ {zWWgzZkZvvZY 
yZ
[ Z!J
-V Z%H\WwZzi[ Zzg Z D : ]
g Y}pnC
g]&` Wb ]!*
?6,
V~gz$~\W?H wZzi[ ZQ
q Zq
-Z gzZ q q
-Z @*
i W D :wD Z sg
 D ,qT m p6,(KZ [ Z !
W~p~]&W~p~Z
# Cg Z
Dg ZG0*
X$
{g {0
+
i]&c*
zgzZ
Zsg 7Z{zsg V1zg Z--g,
-zg Z D : ]

172

kg Z c*
 zg Z y x Zt  7{ E
+Z [ Z  s
gkCt ` W w Zv}uzbkZ c*
 { E
+Z
{z q  ~p
pg {0
+
ikZ {0
+
izg Zz!*
wZzi[ Z
 M
h}~:kZsqzZZIpZI
*
@Y J 7,{ c*
i
Z kZVp V 25&20
x **
~[ Z ]g @*
[ ZYgzZ[ Z ]g @*
Vc*
{ c*
ix **
&z~kZ
xZyZ  r
# t  ~i s Y 7Z \W Vc*

 w Z~}g !*
T Vz
yZZ y*Z L L VM
g|
# z
B~![t` WgzZJ 7,kZ VVzhz
Z (,
~rz
zg Z [ Z YbZ wzg YZ ~ !*
W'b
\W 7,yZ  i-zZ c*
 , k
,
 %0Z H Z ZgZ Z
D,x Z] }
.ykZgzZVY[ ZYVrZ { i Z0
+Z
%0Z[ Zt{zVe**
wZ:q
-Z~yxgVD : ]
{)z}p6,yZ:gzZ [
},k
,
yZ:
HHi Z0
+ZVY
c*
VYi Z0
+ZbkZ~ ! Zd
$ Z} (,Zy
W  D Y
?
H
ImkZgzZzzq
-Zsi Z0
+Z%0Z D :wD Zsg
V y{g0
+Z x **
,+Z q
-Z %0Z gZZ
x LZgt 7ZZ VrZ7ZkZ rz
gZZ
t \W~N Ws ,qt~Vz**
x yZ Hi W
@*
Zz]q
-Zg Zq
-Z LZ~ wz**
-Z LZ %0Z Vz wVq
q
-Zs
aqIg Zq
-Z %0Z ~ 'q
-Z q
-Z V- @*

] N Zja}! 7L
L H{z g eg W[Z

171

7!gzZ
HgFyZgz kZ~ t Z H =a
Zg 6,
Popular Literature Hc*
g.kZ~ e
*i3c*
g L kZ 6,q,Z O Z zg Z ? zz H
Popular Literature ~ F,
zg Z tH'
, VrZ H7

H kZ ]!*
kZ[Zvt c*
g6v[Z wzg
Hg 6,kZ H Va kZ M
h| (,7 W% kZ
H\W Hc*
g t yZ ~n Wt | @*
Y
} (,} (,~g kZZ
# a6,Z77 I=
 HtkC~ VrZ ? 
x **
VozgzZeZ
LZy.zxEZvt s zzM
hYZ { c*
i\W6,ZI
,Z}g
/7d
$
ZItpg g @*
Z~r
gzZs 0Zv[ Z c*
M
h 6,
z
t*6,
[ Z` Wv
kZ= VrZa kZ M
h 76,<
1 M
h {z 6,Vo
ZjVzk
,
%0Z
/Z\W tyZ~ Ha
}uz6,yZ ;g Y 6,Vzk
,
yZ VrZ Vz~}
[Z i Z 6,d
$ Z lZ
q
-Zg p=t  gr
#
akZZzt [Z wZ\W~ ;g Y
kC
~ kZ g ~p ` WD +F,{ i @*
!*
t c*

[ Z yZ Z77 st 0
+
i zg Z ` W
h Y K g 6,VZ [Z Zz "7, yZ  ! Z  yZ
M
zgzZ pv& g7+ZVyZq6,x **
[ ZY
kZ ? {0
+
i zg Z ` Wz!*
kZ @*
t wZ[Z 7,
&
/G
tB
VyZtglarz
zg Z` W G

174

v} (,} (,Zzp

pg m zg Z c*
/Z~ ~q
-Zp
qzZ VrZ[ Zzg Zt {z IF,
~uz q
-Z VrZ  ~
kZ D hgt y!*
i W WgzZ ~} w~ U*
y!*
izgZgzZ ~
V,Z ~gZ {g YZ6,[ ZgzZ ny!*
igzZ
H6,
zZ[ Zg
J
-V!*
D Z W W{z ]Z|~ D
 @*
{ i Z0
+ZLz
kZ @*
x **
*Z
/ZV;z
1D J 7,
zg Z V.ZzV,Z~Y7y{z
yZp[ZJ
-V Z!*
d
$zg Zg yZ^yZ
V/s  D J 7,~ VjZ *zZ 7Z {z _7,7zg Z a
[Z]!*
kZ xsZZ ~ " ZI Vz~ ~
kg Z wq]gu \Zq
-ZtBkZp '[p[p
~g)!*
}
#
.yZ#
}
.kC)zg Z~V JkD
[q
-Z VrZ r
# i= r
# q
-Z y 0*

VxsZ\WZg fY HwZ yZ

/Z xsZ kgZ L L
xsZ wkgZ C:6,g}g7 {zh
+
Cg@*

C  7a kZ  76,g}g7 [Z1
[x~ xsZ[Z kg ZtgzZ C7C
!*

 gJZ ]kC
!*

/Z Z ]kC
!*
a kZ g 7
,Z g 0*
7~g7 T: kZ
mzg Z Z]kakZ g7}g7   2
{zg [ Zz y!*
izg Z~Y ZZ kgZ IZ Z
zg Z !*
!*
Zuz /Z~ zz g 7~gz
zg Z Y f& C~}g !*
[+Zq
-Z \W c*
W7t

173

Hz LZ L
L H~[Z {z 7[Z{z C
t gzZ  VzgZD
%0Z bkZ ?Y 1 Zg 
(Z ]!*
C
c*
w!*
%0Z 6,V {g 7Z
^yxgVyZ {z;g}] g ZZsZg (Zd
$ Z
~ VVX[ ZY 1947 ?n
pg7yZZ L6,Z}
. YQ
V 0*
~GZ d
$ Z vg)
,q
-Z D (z wq
yZ Zg
/
gzZvZ {z y!*
i KZp g/yZ wB75  \
d
} 7
w6,],Z {z M
h 7x **
zmvZ -wg
{z~yZ ` WR` W'!*
yZ~yZyWgzZ[ Zp M
h
wqtTp ~9 ~, Z tg[p
H6,x **
[ Z~gz kZgzZgz y{z ZwB75 Zat
/8Fp ;g
lzgx {z VZ q
- Y 1952%0Z ~gz kZ G
? YYHwJ%0Z~,Z Z!*

kZ<
tZg6} (,
-Z m[ ZD : ]
q
V p Y Y c*
7<
V;z W]!*
V [ Za kZ `g{
~ kZ I7 ~ kZ X rz
y!*
izg ZJ
v V;z CW]!*
V rz
zg ZQ  g Z Z g Z ~
?VY (Zy
Wf
ex **
<

kZzz ~
C : s ZZ Vzk
,
I D :wD Z sg
kZ xsZ Hg Z ~kZ Z Z.Zz ! l\W
!*
Z c*
VZz W,
O K Z Z {z { Zp ZVX6,[ Zzg Z
z
xsZtkZ@'
,
7xsZmV}g yZVI
A
{z ;g W~ >zgZx **
TgNt B CZ

176

 p ]!*
kZ= **
wq **
pah
+y

*
V ;g ~V @*
gg !*
g !*
~ ;g x \vZwq
V(6,
kZg?7c*
A`
Z6,
kZ ?V;gVYy
W{z
xEZ #
Z ]!*
C
;g7 V ;gx {z ` W~
x ~#
ZV~g 6,
VZgzZ
)
ZzzF,
y.z
\vZ6,
x Zg76,e} (,
x T c*
g7}uz
E
/# \W 3gg =
~]y
WYkZ kZ=
/Z G
D Vzx kZy Z~A 7`
Z6,
x kZ=
V1Is\W e
$D\WzfsD : ]
wXe
$D yZgzZ ? H: e
$D yZ  D 
sg
?
t Z%~ hZ ]5hZ ~ r
# zf D :wD Zsg
6,y8p VrZ]5_'5b 0*
~ yZ
~ V \W Y7 VrZ ]!*
wb c*
0*
t
[Z {zwqpNp=gz\W ~X'!*
gzZ V W
VrZN'5 yZ~ V<~uz F{zkZn W7 J
# wq
Z
-ZkZ;g @*
YyZ--ggzZq
M--g,
-zgZ
o; c*
B--g,
-zg Z ._w
H yzgi yZ
;g @*
Y !g
Hg
/
gzZ wq
-Z H7 '!g ~pg D Y
~ q
-Z= VrZkZ ;g @*
Y ; c*
BkZgzZ
{zazgZgzZ zg ZmT ,Zq
-Zt at
~ce J
-x Z]z ] ZkZ ;g6,gLZ
kZ p[Z~ bo~ c*
\Yz yZ

175

[Z 6,Um{ [ Zzy!*
izg Z c*
mZ
 CY ZZpg Cg D
+
~ y!*
izg Z V }g It s
W igzZ ]q7 It s D YK 6,Zg
W6,
yZc*
Zsgs 0ZX[ ZIZce (,
M
h6,gF ce b ContributionCZ bkZ ce
kZ6,
g~g)
t1,x Z] }
.{ C"zg Z Gkg Z
Dm7O Zz{ c*
ia
\W
/Z [F{ c*
iwk]g Z Z--g,
-zg Z D : ]
[Z \W ?5H\W~nazg Z rz
wZ
?H
~~T J 7,tgZ Z {zZ \W ( ) D :wD Zsg
bZ {zgzZW y 0*
# q
r
-Z Hf ZzkZ
{z  hZz ;gE- c Z{z  V \W bT
} c*
C VrZ 6, Z
Z {z WV B z T
VrZ W Vz]5k
,
--g,
-zg Z t~x Z
/
z6,
} 9C
!*
~}0
+Z {zgzZ V
$ W~ }gzZ Hy=
~ ~Yq
-g @*
z Z1 yY ~ O g @*
kZyZgzZ 5 yZ ~
H{ i Z0
+Z ~N!g Dg Z ]KZ VrZ c*

Y~ ~
H l0*
l0*
!*
N kZ\Wg{z Z
vZ~ /Zz]q}
V;g{z ~' V
vZV @*
kZvZ~V ;g Y @*
V Y}g
` W1 w W}Z e: ~ i W{ c*
i \
CZ~V g e&{zW}vgzZVLg~ykZJ
-

178

?ce7Zzs 6,
TgzZ
&
gzZV qzZ#
Z Z eC
KZ~ ! /GG
D :wD Zsg
!

@*
G
g gzZ JZ6,
zZ kZn h  b
L
/Z }Y7~ H~wVy
KZq
-Z~pV
yZCY{g,qU @*
(Z LD wqtc*
(Z
akZ ~BkZp \Y7ZgzZ C0*
V76,
CY W6,kZ CY 0
+
K]!*

/Z 3g{ i Zzg

~g7
/Z]!*
t wZV\YZgzZV@*
wJZ~
DN Yi lpb)YZa ~#
Z
?x \Wa g x YL)
L x ( 10) D :]
!g\Wqzp 7]5~\WD :h]q
Clzgx  bgV@*
kCZZ~DV@*
IgzZV;g| 7,
slg Z
/ \W~D y'
6,lzg4gzZ Z!gt kZ
!g,tByZ Vpg Zlp \W Z
{z\WgzZ W~4~7 kZ Yp6,#
Z
D Zg7
( Y 2006y {g )

177

c*
\Y yZ ~ ]ZW,
@*
LZ {z6,kZ J 7, Mg Z
#
g}uz}: [Z
Zg { Z'
,yZ ~t st~
D c*
\YzoCZ W,
@*
}uz6,
kZgzZyZc*
[Z6,
?H ~LZVrZD :]
c*
Z17 c*
p ZkZ=Z,z Z{zD :wD Zsg
nc*
g= r
# q
-ZQ#xsZ~ kZ VrZ
K: (Z {zp,: T e b 7yzgir
# zf
/ZL
L
,
'
Z'
,7Z\WgzZ V }a] @*
yzgi yZ~ syZ
# zf V~ZggzZ c*
r
\ YyZ ~ g !g

/
u ~g7 t Gifted byV#'c*
~ V;z Address
n b:gzZ # ~: r
# zf {zkZ
? Hx`
Zp\W[Z
Vzg ZD
6,
]Zy!*
izg Z rz
Z'
,
D : ]
Qd
$zzg ZgzZ bgz]ZgZ Z`
Z Vfzg Z Z
)
Z V1
?7$Jwu @*
zg Z Hb Z
{ Zg rz
zg ZZwq H zg Z D :wD Zsg
pM
h$Jwu @*
zg ZgzZ}hZ~
hZ bkZ Vzg Z Z V gzZ {z kZ Cg Z Z q
-Zt
$J @*
y!*
i g Z Cg Z Zp l
DM
h7
'!*
Zzs ~g {--g,
-zg ZD : ]
Zzs +Z mV{ gZ **
]|dZ  D Y
W 4,: 
\W,k
,
+Z wZ'!*

180

7,H6,V gzZxs Z W,Z kZg y ]` W IV]

? ; g
7g akZ~6,g6fgzZV W[ Z ~ D :/ZWz,
6
]Z \W m `
gzZ
(J
-u ] KZ
yZ~ wZ y]J
-V D Vz [Z
LgzZ 7( ~ xsZ ! V; DV @*
G@*
V
]!*
~0*
wZ z wqZ sZgzZ { izgz i y] YYH7
Z'
,
DV~hkZ~DD]!*
f x sZD
]!*
e
$y]t }g  y
KZ\Wh
+
IV]
]!*
IwZzwqZsZJ
-V! ]?
D @*
7IZ (Zyy ]!*
Zpf x sZ
wEZ gzZ
a kZ {z ~ kZ s e
$ ZZ y]
?D
&
D :/ZWz,
H xsZ k7,7i gzZ Y !*
/Z^! /GG

6
?
stpDYc*
Z7,
i g Z xsZ IV]
E
$ m
c*
08G
F,
gzZ Zt D @*
K{ c*
ip
pg c*
gzZ"7,
\W !*
gzZ V7,
7i ~Y|!*
^ n
D
H
{z  D]!*
y]J
-VgzZ M
hZ7,7 kZ 4'
,
i g
D  g V; LZ {z $
#
z
c*
g sf TC

<%KZ V;zp #
0*
V;z 7#
yZ~ ]Z
t D 3g{ nZx Z 3gx
/wj ]g z OD g**

179

/ZWz6,

;gE- :f *Z.
Z ] !*
t /ZWz6,]1D ZC
Zhg7x = wD Z L L

wD ZBZz~ yZwD Z~T 9

_0
+
i ~g7sWz6,
D @*
Wm1Vzg 0E
!_
.gzZG

gzZ wD Z L

/
uwD Z L 2 Z ~ wD Z L~g Z
/~ wD Z

d p {z Xg wD Z ] ZgLgzZ ] 1D Z

zg Z Za Y 1939ag B2r
# Wz6,DD 0*
?iwD Z

;gE- 6,
Q+zD
+
~ e Z8 zgZH} Z * Zg gzZ
B 38 gz g D
+gzZ} Z * Z~ ;gE- H e

gzZ ;gE- z1wC

Z ~ ]zZ ZD n
pg/!
;gE- c*
+Z wWJ
&
-V k gWz6,|iz ~~u;gE-

|
/Z;gE- zy kg - +ZZ ggcZ Z kzg Z
m,
e !*
O Z V-gE-B22 o ;gE- ;gE-
XZ w~g ^
,Zzi
+Z O Z zg Z !*
Wg O Z wD Z D M

Y- J
-Y 2007 Y 2005 D q Rg ;gE- ^k
Y $
.2 H-oG
G
@z D ` {g H
Z 6, z6,} (,F
Z
+Zi 100 gzZ z dB25 D
~Vzg
Y 1972D ` W~z ncg gi 0%{ \ W}pz ]

gzZ ~ e Z 8 10~ Z\ WDi

+Zy C 8

D_eg Z- ZVc*
/e* ZB15

182

t kZ g0\Wg 0WZ
# D
Wg 0W
Zuz D U q
-Zt pD LZp\WDp\Ws LZ { Z(,
xsZ6,R@ st D(,
W\W e 7t Zuz t U
gzZ.: * ~g7 D x
/
g Zi !*
} "z6,s V gzZ
9 g *[Z Wzg Z sZgzZZ g @*
z psZ xsZ
p Dg )a gzZ ka kZ  ~g Z)f ~g ~,Z D
T x kZC
6,Rzg0
+ZgzZ DN X
W g 0W Vzuz
t~ s gzZ D ;g Vyv V c*
xsZ
{zD,: c*
,t Z\W7x J
-uyZZgzZ ' Zt V
D 7{xsZ D7 {|gxsZt
V# { kZxsZV ;g W
7 ~ V JkD
y}g D !*
V V xsZZ
# D { V# {
gz$ a
T @*
kZ {Zg D g F,
6,gL ZgzZ 
gZC
~ dqzg {zgzZ LkZ o
CxsZ D C
D 7{xsZ ' ZakZ D **
Zzo
*Z DgM%ZV !*
zZ@uZ'
,IV]
n
pgt V-g Z
/
g J
-[Z yZ\WD
H6,g~p~(,
?n
pgZgHZj~pkZ
~p ~ x ~z* p7~p~ x @D :/ZWz,
6
( VY N ~pgz~ V0*
(r
# !*
zZ V
[Z 6,;6 DZ-gzZ ~g Zi !*
o6,g xV0*
g0*
~ OZN~pgzT e **
Xo LZ !*
zZ
/ZC

O%ZzzkZZ~yj
jZgzZt Z ZV0*
~g Z

181

? ~g Zg y
7( a~xsZV [ ~t D :/ZWz,
6
kZ D U Zuz y]t D YY H7
Z'
,6,gD
D ;g]!*
f x Z gzZwj q
-Zs~D 7t Z Z
)f DaZ e #
6,
c*
gx C
\W Vt ~B kZ
D k
C

c*
g `
gzZ
C`

D 
 `
Vc*
g Z
ygzZ g Z )f C
D
c*
gq
-Z D State q
-Z p ]Z &
+y
Zg ~ i}g D }7Z Z > 2i : Z HD
yZ D h y Y
v gzZ W,
Zq
-Z } D k Z(,{
)f
c*
gV H~a kZ D @*
Y H
g yZ^ !*
Y

gzZce **
gV-g Z)f KZ6,g CgzZ ~ ZZ  ZVc*
g Z
Dce**
g ZakZ
c*
6,
RZzgu**
{ c*
iaVzWxsZ IV]
?6,
RYg{
{ c*
i yZ  g0
+Z ]ZxsZ V~D :/ZWz,
6
wt~gzZ Dg0
+Z { c*
iyZC
!*
]ZgzZC
!*
px zDLZ DV C ,Z~ DV ;g7]!*
w
 D8 Zv D M
h wZ e 76,) ~g Z)ft D *
*
V@*
KZ DwZ e6,k
,
w!*
zZg DD7wJV!KZ {z
7}~sz@*
/F

g]\W kZ D g%vZ G
;g { e 6{z ~B; k%Z * ~g7 ` W ` WD7g Zz
Z

V D ~g Z)f KZ \WtwZD ;g (z
Vz)s LZ\WV
Z
\W{z` WDCY39

184

7( ~ y*zy VZ c*
C x Z*zy }I
\
#q
-Z VrZ D c*
]o6f
) 1g !*
kZ S V gzZ
VrZp ~yZy Z
Zh
+y

gig !*
kZq c*
2$Vz(,} (,
0*
g(Zg {C
bt g(g c*
p H{C
b t Z
wD Z y%V! Zz;]
og(tgzZ 7
: ]!*

[fy c*
VV
 T e Z x Z*zy ]gzx x kZ wq
D YHg { kZbq~yjkZgzZ7]
o
Vg Vp Y~]!*
NZ g 0*
kZ IV]
gY C ~ g @*
~ Zi WV p S(,
?eI H\W~}g !*
kZ D
&
/G
{7 Nt ~ kZ ,g~ [Z \W
/Z G
D :/ZWz,
6
 7^~
/
%Dg _
OZ~ V$~g D wZzi/b gZg 
~ h Vkg 0*
Z s V{ VXDn ~g ~g
]0*
] Z f
(t]!*
~uzgzZnh
+y

gi {z|y
i W
( ]0*
]Z f C6, g Zz , C 76,
Qe
$!yZVZ
( Zi W**
HIyl
~Oa
g/~ y*zy t ]!*
~D { c*
i
!xa kZ
f|
/WZ c*
lZ
b kZ VpM
h ^7%aB
7~ !*
WZ ~g V wo KZ {zpc*
Z9g ZzyZ
` Wt ]!*
a D Z yv kZ | (,W%aBg/
~ yZya ~
gzZD] ~g

183

b 6,yZ g `  V;zC
VY ~ !*
,]g z u
'
b
/Z6,
Zeq
-Z Dyvu }g Y{z[ZDay

hzb 7]Ze q
-Z s @*
Y%{zQgzZ ay
hz
~phZ q
-Z H  J
-[Z !*
zZ wq D yv9zg
=\W WZk

,
izZuZ
/Z VrZ D #

6,gp
/Z c*
3 VrZ ZgzZ ]gz]P`
~ kZ **
g Z'
,
YW~p~ wq ]g8 z Y k0*
!*
zZp!
gz .lp i Z gzZ ce D
bg ]u !*
zZ D 7
/C
(Z
!*
zZwZ e !*
J
-u }uzgzZ sZ 9 [ZDce
O7ZpN !*
zZc_ V D D gzi6,i ZzW
hZ a
/Z D ZgzZ Zuz @*
W%ce
D gWlp
gwgzZ

A y*zygzZ Z zy~[NZg 0*
Z IV]
?
HZzyy*zyB\WH \W
&
gzZH7]!*
Zz^f] a v ] ^q~ /GG
D :/ZWz,
6
Y WQ~ kZ [ZC
i {z
H C
i Z zyV}t:
 gzZpCYg Z pgzZ~{gpVY
7I]g zOx ZVD ;gZa ` Z'
gzZx *q
-Z~y*zy
!*
,
'
ut]!*
~uzgzZ D7Iwj ]
o D
pg Ag g
# v izg Z Y~|
/Z Le 9 7
kZ {z YH A[Z p #
Vzg Ztu Z7,W,
Z6,u
K~'
,
!*
twq Kg 0*
6,


s~uzgzZ M
h7h
+'
g
y7Z [Z ~$
+~gCQgzZ yp V|~3h ZQgzZ ~g U

186

D  <
g r
z W Z F,
*yW
wD Z Zzg L Vx
} (,{)zZ ?q DD;[Z<


%C
7Z >
~g W[ Z LZ <
!*
ZzZ}uz
[ Z
ZzZ
g ZZ I O Jz +
M c*
V yZ
[ Z:%g ZZIgzZ+
M qzg<
t ID lW<
~
<
zg Z D M x Zzz kZ: gzZ km
yZz6,: @*
W~ z
Dg!*
,
k
i]**
Z
kZgzZ ~gzzg Zb HkZk0*
\W IV]
? YY3g!*

& D :/ZWz,
:!kg~}g !*
y!*
i ! /GG
6
It is a transparent medium for the transmisson of thought

~ y!*
i ~g D =gf o g Z
z " ] y!*
i
_Z~~g w{gG zg Zt ]!*
~uz C bhZ F,
zg Z  Bv 6 7y!*
i wJ e st D x **
zgZ ,g
/ZVYzq
-ZZg _Z*kZZa
]Z~g t s {I^Z ~ Zz *%0Z Iw{gGZZ
r z
6f}g t ~gzakZgzZ zg ZIw{gG
wp y!*
i {z ~y7akZ=g f
Za L~~yzz_Z~ZzgZ Za wD Z Zuz
/Z~
zyW
DtuIxZg ~y!*
izg Zt ]!*
~D7wD Z Y
p~!
t u}uzgzZ}zW Z F,
g
$u
tu Z(,~zg Z [ Z CZo{zkZD ~zgZB!
b!*
) Z ]ZoB {)z `
tg W <
Z Z

185

yv6,
C[Z}g yZ C7
A &] ~yZD F,
Z
D W~
gzZZ
N C~gkZn
pg/(s\W IV]
? W~g ZX~V ZjZz]gz
[fy L L{zh
+
p g WgzZ W~g Z D :/ZWz,
6
h {g Z kZ y ;g w$
M
+{ Zg7 ,z ~
~;gE- g W7~p{ Zp{ p
~ !*
Wp
}g V; g
t p ~ !*
W y J e
zz yZ  ggzZ Hx y Zz D Vzg Z Z
lr
# qgqdZ~gE- .g kg Z
~a
Kzg ~izg ~g ZtV pg.
~ekZ
ydgzZ du ~gZ Z
#
C
z kZ x x gzZ
{zkZ,6,0*
g e ,#Z] (yd
~ Y:gz ~ V zz gzZ  BVgzZ
eZ ]YYH qg+
$YT 7:c*
_(Z
~g Z 7yp}gZ ZgzZVxO Z DY]!*
T 7
[Zy

-uu**
J
Vz [|ZgzZg kg ZZj
DceY~4~kZ
? Cg ZJ
-u6,
IgzZZI0
+
izg Z IV]
z[ Z!x%+
M qzggzZg ZZI<
D :/ZWz,
6
2Y o gzZ ]g ' Paradise Lost Y W7~
[ Z un]c*
Lxj%V{ gZ **
<
g]
]z 3+
Z**
#Z ]({6,
L ~z**
<
kZ D g 

188

~,Z ;g Y@*
/

g zgZgzZzg ZZ
# ` W IV]
? twq]gzg Z~;gE~pgzZ wB5 } hg;gE- = D :/ZWz,
6
~(,
]qgzZ *g6,
g: ;gE- QD Sg CxC

V B10B5 Ve It ]!*
q
-Z V~ D/ZzJ
-u
~Z
# ~ Y 1965~ { i Z0
+Z \WD W~p ~(,~ ]q
gzZ D7c*
6s~wzZw} Z *Z
zkZ Zq~;gE-
| (,
$
W Zt,]i YZ { E
+Z
/Ztwq]g ` W
kZg w tD  50sa kZt ~g6p
 VbgE- && ` Wg zg Z V ;gE- q
-Z s
z
zg Z s
z kZ ~ ;gE- ~ Z
# D g zg Z V
EH
"
5G3u
ZB30B25~XCWZZpg0*
0*
akgHG
gw D _iz 1500 ZV2Zpg yZ [Z DD
EH
" t
zg Zs7w#
i 5kZCZZpg kgHG3u
}g bkZg w t gzZ ^ ZZ
y!*
iKZ y` WD Czg ZXD Zzy7
{z 0F,
~(,
V Z ` WD Le*
*7W,
OVzuz
 B~gzGzg Z {zakZ D,
g t lgzZ ,gJy!*
i
!*
W!Z D ;g w1 | m
u ~gz wZzi kZ ` W z Y zgZ t
` W D ZoB5B4~} Z *ZIV ~ ;gE~ Y 1962~ ;gE- gO
cgD CWZZpgFgzZ  g} Z *Z V;z
105 Zx
HV;z~VD Z~} Z *ZB5o
Vs ZtgzZ  f
$Z6,65gzZ  ~ F} Z *Zcg

187

~ V~uz {zy*zy Z ]Y Iz ]ZoZ ]Zo

( Galaxy)VK VzgZ~ y*zyt ]!*
a D 7
{)z ~z**
gzZ Zi W **
(V{V gZ **
Q7gzZ}{z
hZ ~(, wD Z !~ VE*zya kZ (Z  BV
: ]!*
Zz h{ gQ
!ZZ ~y f F,{
VYgzZ ~gzJ
-uzg Z ,g6,
V!*
~g yZ
? ~gz

& Y 3g !*
/G
I Vg )
,G
zg Z t UZuz wZ\W
/ 7,
(Z
/Z x gzZ G
cg} $Z 
z7,
y!*
i Z ZzgZ YZ@~g D7
]!*
t ,z DN Y {g
7,7zg Z
/Z y!*
i o
Z ~g {z D VZp$
+6,qC
~ a
V g c*
1p~g i q
Z Zg zg Zt]!*
~uz DT e b{g 0*
{g 0*
zz y!*
i ~g v bv}g -
z y!*
i ~g
hZ {z @*
t WC
T e GZgzZDzs~g
 @*
7 ~ Vzgq , y \W
/Z}wEZ zg Z
gzZD~zg Z MDp ZzgZ ~kZ @*
C
@
_7,7zgZ
/Z i q
Zy
KZg zg ZtZ
# [Z D @*
<Z
;
x zg ZgzZgms pKZ c*
 s17
Z(Z5)g fY[p Y 1[p i
Db szg Z {zgzZR6f yZTYH Z

190

;ZDWz6,

zg ZgsZeY

-Z 7Z Z
q
# g b!*
sgzZ <
[ Z
Vzql V{ V7 y
s
HH Z }uz

~<
gzZ
H0#
~gZ<
[ Z
H`~Vg

g 6,[ Z Da**
B6,
g
H1|{ @*
z

tkZ
H{gJ
-gK{],
Z <
gzZ
HV- Zz

X ; ZDgZzf *Zszczg Z kZ

W- Zj sgzZ <
[ Z a gx Y

ZZ Za ~ Y 1947  ~ ( 8- ) Ir
# D

~ e Z8 gzZ} Z * Zc
/
;gE-|
/ZzD
DIZ3 Zg WTg-i wD Z] c*
L Lf
$Z e

\ WP
) Z
D _wzdz Zz

WsZeY ~ Y 1976b x Z Z
+g D
+ ~|
/Z

,6,}kZ wq @*
^
gzZ 0zg ZggzZWz6,~ Y 1992

,
k
+x ag D
5
+zg Z~ @*
\ WY 1990@*
Y 1988~
@D

VD gzZ Xg J
-[ Z  2- e
$ g

`q
-~ Vzg I z ! Z Vg  ` q,}p

~#
}
.[ Zzy!*
i{g ZV- z{z
/! Zr
# D
s @*
zg]yZp
/Z msDsz^

Dn7$HiZ#

189

6zZ wD Z)
Hc Z~ Z
# V D Z VY Z Z
~ D izIq
-Z ` x Z} Z *Z~ ;gEyZgzZD} Z *ZB 120~;gE- s c*
C7ZgzZ ]
S~ ZZtDf
eZ}9zg 25000 D{z20~
*ZZz kg CsZ% {ggzZ @*
a !*
gzZ V;z
zZ 600~ 2005 200~ 2004 Z,Z~ ;gE- } Z
}D ZVyZ6,kZ D V9 Zt wg
zg Z c*
y!*
izg Z p" ItQ 6,VU x yZ t s
x 0
+
i ~V-gE-x 7;gE-sg DwZzi
wj sg kZ6,gm{gzZ D g Y Cw=zg Z~ V Zy
6,Z1 `gzZx Zg ~ [Z Db J (,]**
kZgzZakZ
D q=zg ZtDg W,k
,
zg Z
( Y 2009 {g )

192

W,
O x ! fVa ^CgzZ Y
];z
6,`
W,
Z s~ ~,zB19gzZ ,zB 18 ~gz kZT
D { c*
i
4Z zs~[]xsZeYD : ]
`g { [kZc_ V ~}g !*
kZp
kZyZ\W q Zq
-Zx {xsZsVYYc*

?Dt ZJ
-V]!*
kZ
CkZ CY]!*
 bkZD :; ZDWz,
6
$Zzg s I ~zdZ1Z **
e
q
-Z
-ZszzkZ W,
q
Z e
$Zzg: ZzygzZzy6,kZ 9X{ Zp

xsZ bT Za Hq
-Zg0
+ZkZgzZ
H0DgzZ,x
,{q
-Z {zVY g:~ kZ]!*
{z RgzZ '~ kZ a
D#sv Dg Z **
Zc Wx 6,T
H0
D
H0,q
-Z{g: ] itgzZ W,Z Zh+z6,s {z
gzZ I p {zq DI **
Z # swD Z Z e
o }g  szz kZ gzZ n
pg m Z y:
Vg ),}g ;gi Z0
+Z W,Z { c*
i6,st , <
 e
$Z
-Zstp7!*
q
ZyZs~
,g~uz <
gzZzm ZstUZuz s U
D YYH7g ZZkZgzZ @*
N @*
',
6,giyZ
{ c*
i{ c*
iZ\WmsD : ]
i Z0
+Z W,
ZZh
+zVY YY **
9J
-uq
-Z~ *zy
Z x Z * e
$Zzg sp $
Y ~Z ]!*

191

g byxgsgzZ[ ZD :]
!\W
/ZgzZ g @*
*!z [ Zzg Z D :; ZDWz,
6
W,
Z kZakZ ;g4s6,
V;z,Y ZZkZy
 kC 7,
kg
L L\W
/Z Z7,
Z6,
%V;zgzZ ~
V;z
yZgzZ ~ ZAzZzg Z 0 z W,
Z Z Z(,: 6,%kZ
kZ 7,x yZ
y ! t
2zg ~(,yZ~
{g 
Zs[8~i WC
~V yZ W8
-g Z s~
{I|~ T M
h =kZ 6,gkZ e \W
/Zp
~g tF sb Z i Wz |tgzZ
Vc*
6,
~
zg Z W,
Z kZgzZg,
Co ~(,
s~
sgzZ ;g: W,
Z kZ~T ;g7gz (Z ~ V J ez
aZ m{g7%W,
OkZ <[ Z7~

D7Wg ZuZz igs n

pg 76,:sv
Z 8 gzZ} Z *Z @*
7,*
* o V- g Z {~KgzZ"7,[ Z7Z
**
s7Z  D W6,g D
+Z
# v,Z ~ e
xZx Z [ Z @*
7,*
* o ])~[ Zzz W
kZsgzZ hZzgzkZz: DC
 ZT
D ~Zz
xEVz H7t L~Vzs
# z t ~B kZ
[ Z Z g@*
s Z Z Vz [ ZgzZ s q
-Z
;gi Z0
+Z W,
Z { c*
i 6,[ Z sz!*
kZp Z g @*
T  gz$ ,
C kZ ; B70gzZB60 ~

194

q
-ZpzggzZW,
O{ C"xzg **
6,
g~wD Z D : ]
sIZgzZs nkZg Zg "wD Z {zkZ

:q
-Z yZ6,
gwVD )F,

yZN ] Zg Z V7 y
yZb 7 :
G
45_W KZ  a h
3E
~ V G
+
7~]!*
tD
yZQg Z gzZbkZ
? #swD Z CW
W,
Z Z s6,g Z wD Z ! V; YD :; ZDWz,
6
6,s c*
C ~ 6p ! yZ %yZ6,s
{zwD Z #4Z wD Z D 7,]Z W,
Z Yg { ~g Zz ZZ
{ yZgzZ 0
+
K ]Z W,
Z Yg { } 7,6,s VM
c*
CtQgzZ H_Z s~@VrZH ZssZ
g Z}uz(kZgzZ
H`@*
T
${z s/ b
y
4P _ 7,~AzZ xsZ
CsD f
e wqZ z
Zd 7p * 7Z yxsZ iV7
z st q z ]Z Zg gzZ @*
WyZ ~
yZ wD Z xsZ *g @*

+
M qzg
sZ)Zz 7,6,kZgzZ HssZ c*
CtgzZ H_
gzZ 7g D [&
+E
+~XkZ LwD Zzz  H]ZW,
Z
kZ 7e
$kZ L 8
-e  6,x **
s
sZ6,~
wD Z
g ]!*
\WB kZpDh
+ F,
# ~ p W,
Z
Z { c*
i gzZ s6,yZ ~ qz W,
Z Z s
E
8
F

5
.>EG~) VrZ
LZ kC]gz"(,
W~yZy0
+
igzZE
G

193

t ~}g !*
yZ  ~ Vq} (,
sY f[}uzgzZ
D]!*
tW,
O: Zzy{z
gW6,s~T
zkZZg D :;ZDWz,
6
mZWgzZ t }g sV *zyt 
sZ)6,kZ { 0*
*u kZ~ 7
g Ztg eZg Zzy W~ y*zy 7} 7,]ZW,
Zg Z
Yh
$
+ F,
]!*
tgzZ} 7,
6,
kZ]ZW,
Z<
Zzg Z}uzgzZ#
|$
+
]gkZ~ZgzVY #kZ fzz ZgzZ
W~sZgzZ: Dg7]!*
Zz {z w$
+
gZ Iv Z'{z t
 ~ Vz  M
hq
-ZVz
0*
7~ s]!*
t gzZ C { c*
i ~gZC
~ yZ  D
C{] C 
g mO ~g ZC
~ kZ CY
i s~ sD C Z g yxg} gzZ Z}
.{zgzZ
sIZ D @*
YH7rZ6,~g ZC
yZsgZ}uzgzZ { izg
b~ Iz <
gzZ z 8
-g {z hZ ~(,gzZ ]!*
-Z V
q
" xsZ kZB W
~>KZ%K &
Ap Zr z
xsZ V@Y f Zrz
xsZ Be
${ C
CW6,Xt
# I{ztD e7 f{zZzg ZBrz

kZ <
I wZZq
-ZxsZ w Zp ce gzZ g
0gzZ bgzi { c*
i6,Uq
-Z ceCZ {ZgwZZ~gZx a
p{ c*
iZgzZFy
KZiZq
-Z\ W Le xsZ D79**
Y { W6,
'K{\WLZ~qC
WH* ~g7V:g DR

D s sgzZ s xsZt

196

t [fz tp+
M qzg s + V }g J
'gz Za b)
H` @*
e
$ ?~g C ~gz
DI Za xZpg0
+Z}g qBo Z
ZqC
gzZ I| (,
Cgz$ W W,
CqzggzZ ZI~g kZ[Z
 T e **
#
}
.<
` Wv J
-V "
$ ` WgzZ I
sC
DwZ<
paw}Z
+~ {z]zZ
Z (,Zt DX kZ \vZD !*
w1 e
$
KZ ~C
ag0
+ZkZ ;g Y * ~g7 [c
7} 9b)a xsZ IZ s kZgzZ g
s
tgzZ c*
yi Z Y
e
$ y.6,v<
C

D bq
-Za

d
$V o (Z *~\W
zkZ D : ]
` W Hp BV~g e kZ ~ ? W,
Z s6,~
gzZ[ Z
?g| (,
ssv(
gzC
sT |H +Z q
-Z sD :; ZDWz,
6
$  *
e
@Y ~}g!*
X {z g pgzZ ysg Z~
mqzg~ 6} (,q
-Z 6,V;z \g- Z
M%Z gZzZa z
bzgyZ lq+Z agz[ZCZ qzg7Z
qW~ F,
x 7ZV V6,
x kZ
zkZ{znt
tbzg yZ ;yZz!*

kZp 7q yZ
yZVT e s
+Z e
$ {z[ZgzZ 7
gzZQ[Z wq ~o}g Dntbzg yZ b
A s e
$ v V z!*
kZ p W,
Z +
M qzg

195

E
58F
-G
.>E
7Z  E
 0
+
i {z  @*H 7 ~p gt V Z
G
,
k
akZx7 t H~k
,
Z}
.D Face

KZ=g f4z]
.gzZ KZ {z g:yZ 8z6,
yZ  I wD Z ,qx CZ~}
x t
/Z x 5Zgt
/Z  wZg tu Zg
~pgzZ c*
x V Z VrZ=g f ~
a Z ? Hw
bq
-Z ~
~i Zq Dg:~~p" yZ  @*
c*
,
D C
h
) !*
Z wD Z ] g Z
0
+
igzZ ~
gzW
{zkZ i Z0
+Z W,
Z: GZg6,stFD Dh
+ F,
kZ
D msTg{zi#J
~g U o6,Vz g6 h **
H x **
+ , \W  T e
$
g0
+Zy
KZ ' wD Z DI **
J~
bkZ {z
0
+
i : GZgt : } wEZ ]kZ y
KZ gzZ ] ] h
D}u Vzg0
+
igzZ g Z
/
~
CkZ~\W c*
WwZzi~yZysD : ]
?H[Z

& D :; ZDWz,
/G
kZ 7~ ~6,s ! G
6
v!*
+
M qzg
H@*
e
$ 6,}V &~z!*
" [fZz tZ
# ];z e
$ C7,Le
gzZ Z Y
0
+
i { ~g ~T* KZq
-Z ~g
z kZ
g ZZ ~uz ~ggzZ bkZgzZ ~g Z~ ` Z'
}g e
zkZ ;g,

@[fztJ
-Z
# Z [fIZ

198


 ]q 7z
/~ kZ @*
kCt C
^g W
sWwgzZ @*
W,
Z ~kZ 7(Z1]Z LZ
gZ/{g 0*
kZ [x Hd
$ Z c*

~7kZ[ZD @*

D YYHt[ ZkZZH
F,
A gzToolsa [ Z yZ  ]k! Zt
[ Z
e
$h
+]
. gzZe
$h
+]
. q
-I
Y Y 7 8 m{ [ ZpK Z
gzwZ:a
]!*
gzZt ZV7
` Ww&{ Zp~
hZ
V { c*
i~ kZb)gzZ]Zgz kZ C ~
gz T
'g ~
hZ DqZV7 Vzg Z~
1
@*
{ i Z0
+Z kZZVpX~kZg Z/
D7m ~
hZ
kZDy.6,
mlzgZD : ]
?g Hv\WZj
p kZgzZV%g~ V B9D :; ZDWz,
6
y$
+y gN  y.6, ]!*
=
H qzkg c*
zk zg Z yS e Y 8 a kZ g Y n Z
 a gzZ c*
z7
-ZZ **
R,
F,
~T
X lzg Z kZ  D J 7,~ zg Z
,q ~gz
l[ Zz y!*
i Zg ~D ZiJ
-uq
-Z
Zt ,: i W 0
+
i KZgzZ g _7,s
zY Zh
Za dZgzZzz
M F,
ytzf ! Z 7~q
V ~ ~gzgzZ{ C " wq_ wD ZgzZ
za

197

g 6,x **
:{gzZ s }g Z Z {z  Vz
~ wyZ\Wp 
g ~ J
-u ~(,~yZ
p 46,
V;z]yYt7XuV
F g| (,
~!s+
M qzggzZs ,Zv(
+
M qzg Eagz e
$f Z qzg6f  VZ
/
u~ l<

7!*
tD ~* ~g7gzZ ~(,
ZV,Z D~l
]gz lkZx Z` W ` W s M
h
D,7e 9kZ
zg6,
kZ? yte
$h
+]
.gzZe
$h
+]
.~IF,
D : ]
? gZz6f \WN C~}g !*
LZ\WsZ e
WIF,

VY ;g7IF,
L~! D :;ZDWz,
6
q 7Z ~ : gzZ 7g0
+Z }{z g g && a
g!*
kZpgzy~q
-Zse
$h
+]
.D
80&70D Cv c*
Wgz e
$h
+]
. kZ g7Zz ~6,
t p e
$h
+]
. gz t
H gz e
$h
+]
.;
Wgz e
$h
+]
. gzZ
H gz e
$h
+]
.7
-eZ e7J
- ` W~
ZK[ Zs ]kV Y Ct U~}g !*
LZ ~ D
H
} ]g qq
-Z \WwVkZ %c*
~
[ Z i Z q
-Z
q
-Z VzqZ bkZgzZ}g ` @*
}DM
h
m{ q
-Z
D Y 7` @*
{z Z Z
x **
^
~ ~e wq [ Z D q 5q
-Z = e
{zp Z~~e7[ Z {z1p Z}g
q
-ZtDDqz6,
yZ~p Z8kZ

200

jZtzg Wz6,

gg7;gE-g zg Zg.
gzZ **
Z ~~&gi dKZ Zk
,
77 N g S&
!

M**
Z]|pg u q ]o
) !*

gz 8
-g yK ZzyxgzZz Dv Z Vg J
-xj%
g W! zg Zg. jZ tzg Wz6,D }g *Vg

\ WD 0
+
i
i **
}iu&x%Z g7 ;gE- g } Z

<
 g %dq
-Z tzf gzZ **


z
4X3 ~ Zz
-Z Z z + IZ  YZ 6,] G
q
5E

yZ Zz Y 6,] ~)z a kZ  *ZzgiZB

wjZ &
+ Z
/ ( \ WD C q Z V7 , k
,

Z 8 H ~ e Z 8 gzZ ( g ) } Z * Z ( zg Z ) } Z * Z ;gE- g
{zkZ q, ( )l) y{nc*
gyZ- L L~ e
~W g
P, k
,
Vz%\W~ bg ! Zz )z

_.
 Z 
~Y 2005 zx ~Z L
L }pz

Zk
,
i\ WDg Dq
-~Vzg dzZ\ W

8 gzZ* Z6,V ZzY6,]dz VgJ

-[Z
[ gZ x Z L L~ V yZ _ eg Z- Z Vc*
/e ~ e Z

gzZ ~g YZ^NgzZdr
# Z e D q Z ~g
DhZz, yZyZ

199

Q7~gzZ CY Za ,qtg0
+Z}g | 7,[ ZV HJ
tB ] kZz!*
pD 7]!*
w5gzZ k\Z
^W sp
HZh 7 g izg zg Z
/Z  g kC
g 7Z
#  VY N Y zg Z V-gEVZpgzZ { E
+Zx zg ZakZ ?} VY { Z9{ E
+Z U.G.C.
~ybT T{ Zg +Zce *
*gzZce O
g izg | 7,zg Z zg Z  D Y a
a
g izg | 7,~y
kZgzZ y!*
i Zz Y gzZ 1(C
tt lpzg ZDN Y
7q]Z%{zZzz Y 1(C
t $
+kZB
~ bq
-ZtbkZ CqV !*
i ~uz C0*
DNC
!*
kZZZzzg Z ]gz
?x \Wagx YD : ]
-Z ] !g ~g gzZ YZ D :; Z DWz,
q
6
g Zk
,
+kZ bkZgzZ ;g ~ Z~(,Z!g Izg Z
5
gzZ Zzg * z +6,\W p ]u" 6,]!*
kZ=
D ZgzZ DW6,
b)bC
g^BBVz
{ c*
i { c*
i Iz <
gzZ [ Z z y!*
igzZ w=gzZ!g ~g
Dn7] }
.
( Y 2006m{g )

202

V Zzg (Z}pv A} i Zzgx { zaV Zz

Da
[ Z z y!*
iZ
# Y Y c*
VZ
z Z {Z
+ ]**
kZ zg Z
zg Z 5` WDYHZ~ ZZ KZgzZYHp_
kgZ c*
W ;gE- c*
{z { Zp CWC
!*
+'
Z
G
4G3!*
t C ~g V6&xk!*
u @*
V,Z Z q
-Z EG
D$
Y~7]g t
Kw

y*~g (ZgzgZ~]**
JZkzuwg D : ]
?{Z
+HzgZpgzZV kZ
y*~g (Z~]**
JZkzuwzg ZD :jZtzg Wz,
6
;gE- 6,Vz} (,
} (,
 Z{Z
+tV kZ 
zg Z6,
g
gzZq!x~yJZ CY]Z|Z rgkg ZgzZ
g gzZ zg Z 4% yZ6,g wV D ^
, 6,Vz dZ
~ y*zy }g7 ~ yJZ Z D } ZD W }p ~g (Z
Z D 8D W (
ez6,8g { ) g ZC
gzZ q ci7
6,e zg !*
V X[gzZ D J
-{ 8 Zk0*
yJZ
qq=z] )VrZ{C
bgZZ8 Z
w
/
%p !:g D$
Y Z
BVVg bkZ
x dZ,ZgzZ  n) qzg Z~ ]**
JZwzu
D Z{Z
+zg ZpX`~
Z gHwq]gzg Z~g ~V;zD : ]
? VYg D{z` Wz!*
Yzg y!*
i ~uzV;z
pkZp y!*
i ~g u~uz~g D :jZtzg Wz,
6

201

kg ZSV Z VZzg Z ` WN Ct

D : ]
?]**
kZ H~zg Za.g 6
~ wZc i Zgde
$ Z zg ZD :jZ tzg Wz,
6
D ;g Yc*
y
KDZ6,q"7,zg Z id
~
{kZk- w[ ZzgZ 7]Z|
DV **
Z
+ZkZgzZ {0
+
izg ZQD`
D ;gF,Wz Wz {],
Z ]**
kZzg Z~g m{
k [ZgzZ N V0gE- z ~ Y 1952D ;gE- q
-Z J
-Y 1951 Y 1920
]Y% zg Z f
$
/
7 ~ VgE- x gzZD  V0g D7W~z {WyZc_Y c*

6,
VZyZ D Zg{q
-Z g)zg Z i Z ~C
gzZ
D ZgV Zzzg Z
E
$
2hZR,
.G
$**
T
gzZ H
aV Zzp
pg&zg Z~F,
~gu+
$Y ~uz
E
$
h

H
2
.
kg Z~yZ D Zg.g zg Z6,
yZgzZ g} G ZR,
{],
Z ]**
kZzg Z bkZgzZ g ~ Z{ hZ .g
D ZWza.g kg Z
!*
gzZ ~
/
% t NV c*
q
-Z ~ ]**
kZ gzZ Z
+Z zg Z
es:aV Zzzg Z **
^
,6,VzdZOZ
[ x
z$
+zg Zx Z +Z WgzZ Z D8 D WZ D} Z D W
-~ ] **
q
JZ CY zkzu 2- ! xtD 
[ xgzZ 
wy*~g (Z zg Z ~ XD
zg Zt nD k
az i q
ZgzZ~g V Zz

204

Dt~gkZ
M F,

6f V Z sVo)Z( Z )
bZ
ZI~V !*
ix gzZyW( [)
x Z
/
z6,
IZz6,
Vf}uzbkZgzZ Q.T.V.( ` )
s0
+
i~ ]Z Y]Z|gzZg7 ( )
D~gZ"
[ZkZ~\W ~cQ* ` WD : ]
?Hj]kZgzZ ?HCz
{z
( !fb Z ~
/c D :jZ tzg Wz,
6
kZ~qgzZ c*
g Z
x`
q V V>
gz$ Z ~ C 1 kZgzZM%Z ` WD c*
x **
~
/c
gzZM%Z~ yZ  g C g h h N 6,V
KZ
B; aDLZgzZ KZ c*
~Ie
$w
/Z  q
-'
,
Z'
,
\zg! f
/Z DiVEZ6gV>t ~
/c **
g V 0*
p/p~
/c , h'
,
Z'
,VzuzgzZ , hg **

DY
agzZY fVzgZV Z * {ic {D : ]
?,x H\W
_6, xsZ <


D :jZ tzg Wz,
6
D,x WzZ *gzZN Y
| (,
~!yDg w~)g0
+Zkg Z` WD : ]
? \W ;g
ysg w ~)g0
+Z kZg 0E
0 D :jZ tzgWz,
6

203

p (KZ]Z%D u **
t gzZ ~ V Zzzg Zp
D x
/
u{ c*
ia[ Z CZ fgzZ { zg ZZz { .Z
/Zp V Zz"7,zg Z D @*

7>zgZgzZCY Sg6,
g
zg Z ]!*
t } V Zz J 7,: gZz "7,: g C
Dceh[ZV Zz
ZzWt {W
({g D : ]
x Hag y**
w 0*
Zt ?}H\W~}g !*
}
?W
kZ D t [Z
( {g D :jZ tzg Wz,
6
D~g OZgzZdg y**
 YY HgzZ ZkZ~
kZn
pg_F{ZIB[ Zzg Z\WD : ]
? VY,
@<
gzZ [ Zq
- 4,
VN C \W~
?c*
(,
gzZ, t{W~Zg\W
kZ 7, yxg<
gzZ[ Z D :jZ tzg Wz,
6
f
KZ <
gzZ g Z V6& +4 f
KZ [ Za
V%Cc*
F,
[ Z @ D =g f +4gzZ g V6&
} x~ [ Z ~ m,
Z D
rg w
Czg <
~
E
4h]I
.2F
D $|6,

{)zZZKgzZ Ej$YZeJG

/ Za U
@ <
gzZ [ Z VzI F,
~ zg Z
g Zg ZZ IgzZzZ}
.: rZ6,<
s
gzZ]ZgzZ
+I }g q
- 4,
yZ D c*
Z
/~
~I F,
tyxg[ ZgzZ<
wZzi~IF,
ZINoqI
Zg[ZPkZ D gZgs<
5gzZ ;g,

206

205

? ]gz b & Zh
+'
U~
i z~Z
+Z`
z bg I x g x YL LD :jZ tzg Wz,
6
z b) ~z*BB zg Z
+ ?e
$.ut kZ
+'
h
{ c*
iZVpkZ DY3gkzgMg LZ ]5
D q^I6
,
x **
b & Z

` W ,qzg,ZVLZ {zcekZgIZx *.

{)z ,
MZgzZ ~ Z gR,
Z%~D}B 0
+
ig g t'
,
H
5"gzZb D
G
Y Y Hi Z0
+ZZ Vzq yZ~gz Y3E
~(,kg Z 0E
0 | (,7zgzg ZV0
+Z ,i Z {z D
DM
hW~yZykZ W
V'
,
kZkg Z~hz~) @*
YD : ]
Zz
/ZgzZ ? H\W,zgpp V2kZB
? ]gH b & ZyZgWg
gzZ ~g Z 6f ~)g0
+Z kgZ!
D :jZ tzg Wz,
6
$%]Z W,
A
Z6,zfyZ ~)6,g ! zZ
bzg ]gzp
pg { ~
/
6,kZ WgZ kZ
/Zg
D ogg Z,
g0
+Z<
L IZf ]
) !*
]!*
ta}g` WD : ]
U(Z ~\WH1 ;gZa ` Z'
x 6,f C
0
+
i
?ce**
x 6,
TgzZ zZVVzuz
w'Z ~ V Z I<
L IZ f D :jZ tzgWz,
6
~ OZ V BB b & Z Z
+gzZ , Za /_
. w
gzZ 5 @*
,7g ._ <
L z [{ i b)
IZ ft ]!*
~uz D} 7,:6,5Zgxz g6,RZ/
Z+Z bVv V 6,
Z~z
zgZ]W<
L
V,ZgzZ V*.6,t{i Z}
. Tce
DyVpxsZW,
O] }
.Y f}g ~V
kZ~\W? wH~\Wugx YD : ]

( Y 2006~gz
{g )

208

~ fgzZ
A & !*
-Z
q
) Z
\Wgg IBZ G!Z IV]
?VYz\Wss
# Z`
z"
$SQw ZZ
t U Le [Z - wZ \WIVkIgZ aZ e
**
q
-Z~ Z ydg7 wg gg Iz}
V Zz D +yZV: Vxh
+i]| ]Z
gzZ} Z *Z ]Z**
D **
T V Zzg7 ug I%dyZV;z: **
Y
[ Zzy!*
C
i!D
z~~> | WZ! sZsZ
D Yg7wg yLZx 
C
**
Dn
pg \h
+~gzZ
V r
# G ` Z a k
,
~hgzZ Dg
/ D}
BZ G!ZgzZ O}~ r
# G ` Z ) DI
Vr
# G` Z~
zx 
yq
-Z ( gT
$**
gzZ dZ**
yZvg )
,q
-ZD p=w
D r
# ]Z**
Z
qz **
y wq CZ VrZ p=**
~gOZ
8
A Zz{7 wZ~gzgzZG
g wq **
c*

m,
?\W Hn **
~
H: { LZ}q
-Z T
#Q c*
Z5Z yZizZ Zg7 **
O z0~ , 

vZr
# Vx]| Z Z LZ ~ ? y ?} Z
7Z = Hf Z%Z0
+{b!*
VrZ H7sg CZZj
-Z yZ0
q
+{ **
[8 L LyZ- Z Z } Z xt
D c*
ZV~ Z 6,6,Z ~gjg r
# Z **
vg )
,
} Z gzZ c*

5 ~: {}**
nZ
c*
g !*
g !*
=]t **
D Cx9
L o~(, ~g v

207

kIgZaZ e

;gE-}V{1Z: *Z.
sg ` Zyxg DIZ ,g Z M kIgZ aZ e

 gzZ '
z d
$ Z + q
-Z
z { z 7

: Zg2KZ~ V Zy{g r
# Z e kC]gzZ
#

N{ DY 1944yB15kIgZ e D H{C
bg7 V6&

m,
+Z**
Iq ggzZ Za ~|
/WZgg I
,z Df b} ~
M F,
~ !*
W Z%_
Drggg IBZ G!Z0+
A & !*
-Z
q
z KZgzZ H ~kg "
$S b s
gzZ gHg)~ }V{ 1Z

gzZ g I \ WD e],
g
7 gi
+g D F,
d H%gL L~X 
/E
" F6,
] ?
?z d\ WD f .
{)z { ^
,Y zz /Zug

X Zi Z eg Z- Z F\ W VZgzZ #
7 ] }
.

s c*
+Zs W **
&
- gzZ eg Z-ZZg m<!*
~
# gzZ7tt ` Z'
Z
sDeg Z-Z sL L

gzZ yZym{ yZ[ Zz zz~(,

x Z L Lq
-Z~+ C
P{Z znz~y*zyI
gVZ
/
6,
kZgzZ o ZuL L~w'
,
V{ gZ **
Vc*

D ?zg6,
Z nz\ WgzZ)**
g
'
,
i \ W *L L

210

0*
6,Ze: +
HH Z ~ kZ c*
o O Z gB
c*
K
M F,
kZ ~g Zg Z)]|k
,
Z Kg =V(
/Z p?):( Z ) pZ V Z**
( Z )pZ'
,
Z **

g !v DZm ~g Zg Z)gzZ ( kIg ) Z Zm ~Z

DV ;gn6,g g
$1t D ~ N
kZ Z~~x Zk
,
iO Z g ~g g bg
k'
,
PZ
sZ sN !*
~g g bg 
D]Z~N6,nZ~
a ~g g bg 
Z
# 7gh WZ ?gzZ I}Z I
~g g bg
]|w
{z J hzZw
bz@]| I}Z]|
[Z D Y7y {z wq w }
z kZ ~ wZe6,u}
-d
DV@*
q
- C
Tg D W**
]aVzg E
5.G

-a~`
$

uz` gzZ6,
`zLZbpz` W IV]
H\W ` i**
-*yxgyZg Y XZgzZN Zz5
?,w
yTKZ` W**
-~'
~)IVk IgZaZ e
7w ~ h
+]
.~ CasualtygzZ ~`

up
u **
 @*
n7 XZ \Zg e q ax J
- ` W D
E
4

1 yZ x t Dn nZ%Z
gzZ a^gce *
*V- G
Da
~x sT<
L IZ
) )DkC\WH IV]
LkZ { Z'
,
u : Zg t Z T ? g D $
+ ~w'
,
x j/~ kZ : gzZ ) : a
? \Wg Z)f kZ (Z
/Ze

209

Z~ , ]i YZ Z
/
Zz
/Z 1{ Zg Z ~ ;g @*
W
D VZ~~
G
~ V ~BZxZg ZO Z D 0E
0kI$ [Z wZ\WZ
~pDwk
,
~T @*
Z* b]ZC
k
,
i
q LgzZgq) ( Vx )xsZ 3 ) Vx gzZ
kZ~ Dgq
- w g g g 3 g
Hn x HZz ~ c*
q~}g !*
wLZ= kZ
gzZ V Y#
}
. Z}
. y YZ ~ Z
/Z
~ Z ~gzZ ~ ]i YZ x HZz V- D #
i 5
/Z
z"
$S~ eCg qz
zZ'
zwk
,

/Z 1Z
D @*
:zss
# Z`

B\WH cgs 8gq

-Z IV]
? W~p~u|Y zY fx
 ; IqgzZ lp ~tIVkIgZ aZ e
Y zY fgzZBZmZ cgs 8g
@*
;gg g>zOZ>J
-k'
,
{gGY 1972BZ D ;g
]!*
~p~ u|Y z Y fB}\WVg g>wq
H
p=G
*9Zmy WZ ?g~gg I - ]! H
g  D
# ~g Y j
Z
+} q~
# q
z
]i YZ? c*

j
+q
-Z=Z
zY p=]|
gzZY fF
/g ZWZ ?g
z kZ *
* c*
}Vzq]gz
DgBZ
x Zz uH,
$.~ ~~ Y 1992 y WZ ?g!
e

212

]Z Y)g fq
-ixg Peg1Y 6,D
VBV Z V)g f ]**
gzZ ` Z }C
b6,Z
g kZ)g f-ga~g !*
Wi !*
gzZ ZZVy"gzZ
[Z f X @*
7k
,
+x Z~ 46,
5
u+Z
+yZ
) ) ~g x
D
HH~B4
gzZ
$g3WyxgY fAzzHy
W IV]
t Zz Z3Wt Vx tZ
# ?7~6gzZZ CY0*
? kg zmgzZ ~g Z Zzgzt Z
$ggzZ Z 79*!*
tIVk IgZ aZ e
kggz ]ZW,
ZkZ CY 0*
 ~ Y fV; CY 0*
7~ 6gzZ
BDgzZ
zB
D D Y D c 
g c 
gzZ  D
0*
c*

 ~Y f}g  D }$} (,
mZ yZh
D ;g){ i ZIkZgzZ u \Zt CY
oz* c*
Wt )**
gq
-Z\WmZuD :]
?N CmkZ\W el
~*d
ay

z gz 7)**
g IVkIgZaZ e
}V"
$~ yZ K q VpZu Z

HVJ
-],z],x|}gzZ `g { yiz }
H p"
{g !*
t(q
-Zz Q H
g"
$o Z =
D ~
kZ DB Z
g r
# ~gG` Z \vZY 
y Z~
) S {W&
f
HUZg g z L(
L C
~ZuVg@*
nt~K

H~ zg ]Zk,
]|dZgzpce **
hz !N
D zZg bVzzgi Zp
/ZUZg~;)z Zi W: Y

211

g D $
+
) ) ~g 9!*
V; IVk IgZaZ e
X
Z ] z] (uX ]Z|{z sgzZsg Z)fkZ
+B ZgZ 6,yZp,Bq
$
-Z]Z|t
/Z D 7{ c*
i Z
DYqzM(
o <
L IZ
) )J
-
(
)
ZzVyZy IV]
? e kZgzZ?VY (Z 73 W,
Z 6,
e
~ kZgzZ
yZym{ Zg
)
Z z VIVkIgZ aZ e
+
A.E
GE
4hX3Z
sZ Z]Z| g]',
/
% ~O Z g ;gx =
D
z V  g 
Z6,5 V 
/Z%F{zg7 ug I
~g Zz~g ~
(p#
wWlp m
)
Z
gzZ
(J
-Z
#  9t D *
*gY 2zY f6,TX Zq
-Zt?
6,eo(,7WB$c*
gzZ~g7~i B
G
I
E
$
g
VY] }B I LZh
ez~
(pM
h hg7\ Y
DM
hZax Z24kZ YY3gJ
-VgzZ
kZ~,ZAi Z
zBZ G!Z\W IV]
x ZZ W,
a Z9.
W!*
}g Z Z ~
/
%A
$kv
? ]gz

c*
H Hf BZ G!Z\WIVkIgZaZ e
f XAi Z
zeY~GD c*
f t
Z9.
W!*
Vzg Z Z ~
/
%A
$kv Y HL{W
(A
$kvg dBZvZ Y 
g ( Z%\W
/Z
akZ {z q]Vzg Z Z ~
/
%v%Z M
h37W}g Z Z
c*
qz
8z~V
/
u /)gzZBVZ'
,
ugzZV26,
uyZ

214

V Zzh
eb & Z g Z LZ x Z]|p6,kZ:Z D
H
g6,q^kZZ
# HgzkZ 
b &Z g ZyZgzZ HG
!2Z Zx@*
c*
[tkZ w$
+ q^ GE
Z/
HH
D V-q^tGx Z]|
I
{I g !*\ $] ,Z
qp{C
g ~ Q
H
g BgzZ 9U[Z

G @*
~ VrZ H7tt ZmY !Z Z]|
D V-q^]|dZ c*

tgzZ
I
{I g !*\ $] ,Z
D [ 
~BZ)x  c*

k
,

ZL Lq
-Z~kZ
Y
/ Vz
/zV
Y
/, $  z'
,
Z
!2Z qzt
kZ {]gzZ
# ;g @*
3ni GE
!qZVzg {p"gzZ :Z~
i6,kZ: ]Z|tq p[p[pkZ
YL L L7Y
/
~q^}uzt%Z|pkZ:
~w}
g pgzZ}g72 /[Z
Dq gJ
- zp Z9~Vt\W[Z
$E
08G
/c*
6,
Tc*
W(Z\W~ZuD : ]
?I\W
~ g q
-Z wz Z
# k'
,FIVkIgZ aZ e
z sf `gz~ k IZR**
+ w VZ q
-Z ~'
,
ZzsVz

213

9gzZzsV!
) SZu\WD : ]
?qgJ
- zp Z
,kZ
/Z qm{ p ~tIVkIgZaZ e
6,gx Zu n UDV Y C!*
. e V Y ~
_
{}]o6,WZ
# C
@*
YJ 7,]o
z wZ /_ Zu ~ W7i Z c*
W
~kZgzZ GE
!2Z((=a kZ D H ~W~ zg Z
7!Zz ] sx Z ]|T We
$ZuJ
-],z],

z {z V Y: w
C
q
-Z x Z ]|v D$

 YWt |t N 
_ nzZ [ !*
L L 12tg
} (,} (,zg ZgzZ g ! n
pgx z~x Z]|
W/
/Z  x
w !*
, ZC
D qr
#
HgzZ Z/2ZZ ,C
8 CZ wqy!*
i KZp ZpgzZ
o~w',Z m,c Z Zu ( Z )6,gwVY
D `gqV-~kZ 
~x ZZ;?B
g Z{ 
!*
z }Z
g Z !W} Z U
kZ / /gzZ ~ "7,C
6, Z!WV
7B HD Y7B { 
B{z@Z!Wa
t\zZ q^x Z]| M
h
?g Z[Z} Z U
G
I
N
{0
+
i Zg x Z {%
\g !*
{ I$] ,Z
{I: CY ~U
t z V
I
Za :Z ~ ]g+Z 7B {0
+
i D\t Zuz

216

zg Z,Z F,
{g !*
z g Z yQ \Wt yT ~(,kZ
Hc*
0*
~g /
: ZukZp.Zzy!*
i! ZVZ
&
/G
D CVc*
| G
Q
F,
! {z qg Zz e ~x]|dZ H7t ~
gzZ ]!*
.z]Z
_
 7etY 7~
Z x|g7 { Z 0*
7V Ht ~ nv~ y!*
igzZ
!]!*
y!*
izgzZ/zg Zg t d
$**
6,
]
{z yW
~zg ZyZZ +v g ) Za **
c*
gq
-Z y!*
i
Dgg @*
Z~IZd[W
? %Z y~
)
ZxzZuD :]
Vc*
g Z~
)
ZkZ~w}IVkIgZaZ e
6,g ZPkZ ~ b i {]|{q
-Z~ kZ
Z 7,**

)**
/r
# y{ Z[8~ _} ~(,~
70 {g Zt 6,gVz vg )
,}uz q
-Z
& ~ qgix Zg
$uf XaVgu{g
HyZ 
:t{z c*
=
i s yz 3g = {z c*
wq : N  Ve gzZ
C
g Z 0 {zgzZk]yZ
D z
J
- # u D CY
]g w }%0 @*
7, t
,
'
zBVz'
,
)YD Y
dZZ ~  7a Vgug Zt q
- 4,
}

215

* YZa : o n l^m
*
**
Y Zuz L`IXu}g ` @*
` Zg d

9
]'
5
E
,+ g q] pm oj ^ ^m
**
Y : Z ug ug Z Z Zg
kZ ]|dZ VrZ~}g !*
q^}uz
x ZoZ~ q^kZ {z H 7~ kZ {z 3gx ZoZ ~~g7
zyZ
/Z#g r~kZt ,kZ ?7g 6,
Vzi%q^Yc*
}uzgzZ Zuz}
}g
!*
g l V z
oF t] vf]
n 2 g / Va
on oF] l ^m
**
YZuzX u}g ` @*
` Zgd
L Lp#g r}g Vqz X L LZZuz @*
6,
uL LZq
-Z 7x ZoZt ~
kZ ~ VrZ ~
}g !*
}uz D @*

G-EE
$
G
45B Z ug ug L LV
D ;g 7Vziq^ kZ EG
DV;ggJ
-[ZgzZHg~6,
TgZni Zt s
\WH HF,
x!Zud
$ Z ~^q
-ZD : ]
? Zg
/
F,
t
S7,
t~Z
+Z`
Fu0*
zy~IVkIgZaZ e
&N V ` Z'
[xZ 0
+!*
F
Zg  6
Os x|g Z Z
H{g N~A t ZgzZP)g f

218

Vg)
,LZC
s Zg
/7~!gq
-Z ]|dZ
pazDyZZmIqg*Z f *Z m<!*

_V1]|dZZ
# gzZ ZZa/_
.x Z ;Zz]o~w}
G
6,z]|dZ~ w} pI$ Wz ]ot =
$Y)8{z Dtp
+
/Z Z
Z
) ) Zz a^ggzZ
Vz
/
/

wq yZpgx a^g{ `d{gZ

'tt
7
* Z {zZ [Wg z 7
 7t ZwZ ZyZ=z!*
]og ZD
p
D]|dZ@*
:{ i Zzg ]t
/Z L L

c*
e**
Z\iuuzy!*
i]|dZL L

yW
~zg ZyZZ + L L

yW
~zg Z?} ZPL L

H^i
+Zui Zr
# Z.? ]|dZ]L LD : ]
?H5Z\W
4$IVkIgZ aZ e
{ [kZ ~tZ 0E
0G
6,
q
-Z HH c*
W7x"7, yEZp}h
+y

: ~E 
b & Z r
# ? I
E
G
G
$
$
-o
-o
Wg Z/ ~1 { W , $/ !*
{
q,VE-~
)
Zt
E
G
G
$
$
-o
-o
W g Z ~1 { W , $ i !*
{
~ Y !Z o V;z: V : Z]|dZ
q^}uza'
,
Z'
,7Z r
# ? 7'
,
Z'
,^Vz

217

dZ 9t
/Z DV &]g D S]oq
-Z ~ { g !*
]|
!*
,
k
~zc h~zc \WgzZ ._<
L z wC
]|
<~^)}]g D Za i Z %ZkZ
/Z~zg
Wgg0
+ZVz {
/zz 6,y$
+zBV-gg~ m,
Z
E
/&
:<x ZwVZg| 7,
| 7,
t ~]P`
WyQgzZ G
Z c*
Z<
V @*
Q V- CW c*
Z c*
Zg {z 0 gzZ kZ cg
? H{ k
HHt ~g7 i * **
Q? Yuzg yZ
N 3
/N Sm
Vc*
gZ**
Z z 9!*
z  VHVZg L L
V ~m~V; ~V !*
~V'
,
Z^~V ~V\W
D ~6,
g Z !*
" ]!*
.LZN V\WV ZIt
_
Zs
6,
VVb ~5V;zgzZ( 7oF] ]wq ) ;gYH
]|dZ I# ] j] $ # ] j] D ;g Zzg Z
4GZ Y%Z : qgix Z g
]|dZt | Z { G
$ut
VrZg Z,Z { k
HOt ~ }g !*
Zz yZZgzZ
P 4Z DV: VY u'g{z { Zp V a Vg
g]!*
L
L Z[Zp g7
)
Z kZzzg ZB2
.?!zmg ZB2yZgzZce b 
x **

Dce
8
~kZZ Hk
,
r
# Z
DyZ c*
J 7,
B]o]|dZ\W: ]
? Hy]oyZ~w\WW,
O
z kZ k

,
i~BZxZg Z Z
# ~IVkIgZaZ e

220

gz 7 y!*
i B{z zg Z t Z
s
/Z @*
~ + '
,
Z
) ) ~gg r
# { 
Y ;)z
yWZsg F,
gzZq
-Z]|dZ
8{ ^
,Yg ZdZ Z
Z M
h7(Z {zp **
=6,_kZ Z 

DC
+
M
YbZj ]a gz kZ nZ Z6, Zhz
/L L
T g
/~ uzX `g p Z,Zx ~  g
y!*
iIZ]|dZa ]!*
KZ cer
#
kZ~ i]|dZ @*
"
$U*
t @*
D PZx
D @*
W=[Z r
# TV7n26,
Zhz
/L L~D
wEZ/
$ g L LdZ**
~F,
fe
$Wq
-Z4nkZr
# T( $
t"
$tq) D W#
c*

zPE
+
 ce 9 t ` zp ZgzZ nZZ
dZ**
bZ ?7~yZZ +BVnkZ M @*
Y YZ
# ]ZggzZ
z _m
\nL L HF,fe
$Wq
-Z
{%izg y!*
iIZ **
Y Y]Zg L
L  D 
{C
bD +LZV
**
YY]Zg~wEZ **
YYw !*
**
YYO g @*
**
YYZ0
+Z 7
g !*
-Z yZZ + lg Z
q
/ r
# T D c*
W7~ k
,
}
~ **
Y YgzZ **
Y) **
Y ]Zg ~ yZZ +\W 
_[K
E !*
+
D Y( 7t
g ZB EB X
3.Z ~**
[p[p6,
W}g Z
~ G
**
ebZ
3.Z ~
ce **
x7Z wBz$
+
t Z%s ~ G
/Z
z$
+t Z $
+ ~ p q
-Z **
egzZ **
C **
gzZ **
3

219

'Z'
,
,^sv
. ( /c*
) iq^Z
# c*
Z / L L~
Vpn
pg~6,[ Zz
pr
# ?M
hYK
D V-
Z ]|dZ uayZ
E
E
G
G
$
$
-o
-o
W g Z ~1 { W , $ !*{
V|#LZ c*
.
D Zg Wf s !*
V ]|dZ
D
{C
bZ Dg Z g
$1V;zD ZgWN
/Z  M

h nzIZ& s qi zZ ~{g V
o d~ ~1gzZ !*
Y J 7,BZ/V^VzkZ
~kZs qi 7^
,Y~g  YZa ~
D c*
Z
/6,
#LZ!4,
kZ
E
- 7
5 F
y G
/Z Zg p E
b d b B
E
E
-
-B\
#z ~ag Zz g : 0
+ Y g ZD
V*w g
| 7,B Zw g ZD
V*wg L Ltzf IZ 6,V
DZj]oKZx|gzZDVziq^
y*~u0*
zymyZZ + IV]
H \W
HHI { c*
i y*s r
# T'
,
Ze ~ yZ 
? w
~w'
, r
# TV &~IVkIgZaZ e
g zCZ VrZ ~*dp A 7Z[Z N kZ  ~]o
}uzgzZ ]o
q
-Z 5k
,
i Z0
+Z s\W c*

I
&7{ ^
,Y yZZ +Z~akZ V 0@\gC
]
DV&m@S]oq
-Z
c*
WV g Z{ 
7Z  F,
t ,}gkZ

222

+'
,
Z6,
u~ 6+Zz~ WZ zZ WZ_**

g * g gp Zi%g Z'
, ~ r Z <Z ~ kZ
Dk\Z N
h: q
-~ kZ kZ @s ZzZp S0
+!*
H D T e **
dY CZ 6[ ~ r Z ]|p L
L
Vz

/
<Z e
$Z~X+'
,
Zz Zl!*
q}g
k
,
~[Zgzt! V;?n
pg~w'
,
]|

WZ zZ WZ _**
~ 6 xr
# T=gf
D Yw$
+
]o
6,
:
ZygzZ ~
L L[r
# Z^g yZ**
D : ]
6,g CZf mkZ,z g~dl
~y z u0*
zyk
,
\W
?Z7,
**
ogn\W
yZ ~6,Z
# m~y
Wy*}IVkIgZaZ e
# Q ~ g I=g fSMSgzZy[xZ ~ya~V
Z
~ ~q gg I W7B %
O{[xZV c*
W
 gzZA  n
pg tzf Z_Kz { E
+Z
HBZeY
~yZV}Y~p ~g7 ]gz Zq
-Z
z \W
kZ D n
pg ` Z'
kZ6,kZ 6,}L 
L ,Z
{ Zg D ;g HW,
@*
x 6,y*} 7{ i Z0
+Z 9=a
~kZyhZxT~DZzq
-Z~KZ ;gk
,
+wZzi
5
y
r
# ?gzZ q
-~
H ~0
+er
# /Z p?
VxsZ x H6,ZZ I}Z ]| K 7g ZP ~
I}Z ]|w
 {0{C
g Q Zi Z x Z=6,nZ r
#
~ wZ e6,
+}g@*
Z VrZ ~wZ e6,+r
# ?

221

x]|
dZ {)z**
2D **
Zz**
**
Z{'wVwB
9
E
F

45
4H
5G
dZ G
~g 7]gz'
,
/Za kZ @*
Y c*
0*
~
6,{ ^
,Y yZZ +  BVP t D g W6,Z]|
Dg OZy*}
~g F,
+]
h
.yW
r
# T'
,
Z eI{ PD : ]
* yZZ + [Z L
L ~ [Z wZq
-Z } m
?5J
-VkZ\W
**
Zm
*
*F,
~g Y g Z y!*
i 7t Z =IVkIgZ aZ e
D [ Z L p Z Vz $
+] c*
Wt
~ lg[|Z
KZ D ;g Y @*
Z y!*
i p Z 6 6  ` uzz
*yZZ +[Z L
L *
*t a kZ VZz VZzg sw2
I4
) yZZ +
/Z D 7 |B gG]o **
Zm
*
*F,
~g x X p Z,Z ~ kZ Y 1 { ^
,Y: Zg Z +
$Y
c*
x **
y!*
i dzg r
# T 7Wy
L(
L z gZ L L}} s ZZ ]!*
kZpOgZ
Zt
~EB&]o~[ Zzy!*
i ]!*
kZ k\Z
HHwEZ 1
f
e{^
,Y x~w'
, T'
,
Z e qz"
~ 6:gz
HH7s ZB~w'
, ~ y*q
-Z LZ
t ( n)Y ~ r Z <Z ~w'
,]|({)z
~W,
Z 0G7!zWz]|dZ @*
W~zncakZs]g
p [ Zzy!*
i Z
Z
) )gzZn Y Hcg
V ~] Zg ZI]!*
tp
/ZYc*
kZZe LZ 7
ce **
xr
# T?g zu H kZ [ Zz y!*
ipx?

224

 6D ;g k(,
, yxg gBZgzZ yZ [Z ~
C
~w'
,
L L{z4- D7Ix **
]|dZ L L{zHn~
M
h Zg ZYZ ~w'
,
4C
DD7ItZ
W~} ],
Z]2z ubZR Z;**
Y 1971akZ
Z 2~ ~ ZsZ ~
HY7 yZ Z
# tD
"
H4E
5E
]|dZ~}g !*
{
qZg ~gzZ ~ **
~ ~ -G
Z
? H\Wm e] o tgzZ :
gzZ ~ !*
Wha)[~
Z ~ VrZ 6Z
]|dZQ e] o 
H~kZ
?c*

g (ZVY]j
y{vZD **
gzZ~Y 2003B6a+ Y CnkZ
q6,
zgr
# R Z;r
# y{g(Z**
V r
#
mgZ ;g gz WJ
-&h
 Ct  D hcg ]!*
~g )Hi W W
[~
Z ~~ !*
Wha**
gzZ -Z$
+wga)Z
#
dZz!*
kZ e] o  tgzZ
gzZ r
# y{g (Z**
6,kZ ?HVYy ]|
7,gk
,
~ !*
Wha**
 ) ~Cc
]|dZ
/Z Wz Z D @*
q Z]Zg Z Vz : yZ
kZ r
# g (Z**
?k
,
]jzz H]j
k IZ**
BZ G!ZWq Q 7D=
Hy[~
Z ~]|dZ Y7 r
#
]jzz r
# kI ? 
k
,
H ]|dZzz kZ

223

~q~{ g!*
H
E'xz$]|~Z
# y}uz ! # ] v^
= VrZ ]5 d{ =z + szcq
-Z6,i

HlpYg Z0
+
Z\W !vZy4 gzZ 1
~! Z VrZ ]!*
t D \WZY~ ~0
+e
;g HW,
@*
x 6,y*}akZ DM
h7
/
t Vzuz
C
%Z c*
W7t }0n2 gz Z 7D9kZ=
C p { i Z0
+Z}g=kZW,
@*
-zZkZ
B G Z 6,u
B q!*
Z { KZ
]o p ]!*
hZt Ze]o6,|t {oZ
D7wJ.

/
{z}k**
C
7|

dZ{z C~}g !*
R Z;**
D : ]
?Ds %Z]|
DV;gnU,[Z kZIVkIgZaZe
g xsZ~{ E
+ Z.
BZ R Z;**

E
r
# W{. ZY M**
L_ZmsZqY !ZsZ: i

5. **
sZ G
gzZ r
# g@x **
r
# sZg Z **

VrZzz s %Z Cc*
~Y 1971 *Zwz a[!*
g Z
& sw/ sw}QZ x 1 mCZ BZ
& sw/ sw[ ZvZ [ c*
gZt VrZ
BZzz o$
+7Z Iq @*
Y t $
Y 7
:BZ ?6,Ss %Z Cc*
tD HC
!*
w
h
+I **
yZ ]|dZ L L k
,
sVWs

226

( 3:mkZk
,
) D Y9Y~]gkZ **

nnf]
**
?{ \WZ
# gzZ }~: i \Wn!*
LL
( 14:mkZk
,
) D
Lg !*
g2$
+
:c*
Z5ZV-.ZzCZR Z;**
| 7,
k
,
EkZ
f =
fgZg f V-Z$
+f~ wZZ!*
zgq~L L
yZ  VB <
L IZ fg/ p ~g Z]fgzZ !*
W
z yZ ~}g !*
IZ[ Zz
D Z
{z :q
-Z kZ ]!*
s %Z Cc*
]| dZ J
-V
gzZ s %Z :]|dZR Z;)~}g !*
VZ"
$
` Zzi Z ~ pGKZ"
# g Dg Z ~g Z **
J wkZ
D 7Ds %Z gzZ={zkZD 
!*
B]Z0

?x \Wagx Y~ZD :]
}p ,
F/zg A - gx YvZ Y 
IVkIgZ aZ e
Lgg OZ }g Z6gZ D ._V~)gzZ ~g
$ Z kZ ){ ]oZ q={h
e
+`
t
D'x PZzx ZzZvZb 0
+eg e~e
$sgzZ
( Y 2006~Z{g )

225

D~g
/7~k
,
]|dZ~}g!*
;)k
,
Eq
-Z pZ OZegzZ~Y 2005mB13{g !*
zQ
zgq 7k
,
E{z Q gWk
,
@*
) V R Z
: sf
:~}g !*
(D"
# g~ ZsZ~L L
c*
g 9h
+iw
/Z **
Y H(D6,8l]Z f \WtQL L
 Z%xE
/Z(c*
( Z%(kZ%Zt
0 V7z C
/zh
+i (D(Z HH"
# g~ kZ
( 15:myZZ) D qa
z]**
Z
"
H
4E
- G
5E
Dz "
# g {
qZg ~gzZ ZZ2~
:~}g!*
}iDN wq ]>Zozy-ce *
*gZ L L
y 7u *
*"
$U*
{ k? yms
z"
$U*
zt]>Zozy-z yZZ
D @*
"
$U*
uq
-Zgmx T yD
( 55:mZDZ_Z )
:m]t{o)ZV ~ **
~
G
GG3.'{QZa "
t
~~
# ~tU in!*
LL
gzZ ~}iZ n
c*
~}igzZ \WYp W:
( 25:mkZk
,
) DYHm,
?
Ym
CZ: i \W p,!*
**
?{ vZ wg ~ wx ZL L
c*
x zg6,IZ1 ~y
W~
\WgzZ: i.
i^ # ] ~bx Q7]Z!*
~ iy
G
&

228

50%~;gE- |
/Za#
{D : ]

}gzZ~\Wt #
c*
gHczg m,
g
?qHa
t]!*
ceD
bg~f '!*
z~ekZ D :~+
hZZ e
aV c*
Wck
,
iXt~;gE- g !*
FkZ
6,czg m,
g ` Wzgsq
-Z7ce **
czg m,
g
6,kZ ~g gzZ VZi ZzWZ
H1C!*
.t 7(Z D c*
_
0*

(Vice Chancellers)eZ cZ V {,
H

H1t kZ ;g *
@Y Hg6,kZgzZ g Z ]!*
t ~gz
D gagzZ a;gE-p]Z&
+czg m,
g
 Vc*
g Z)f kZzz {gZ Z Z {g Z ZZq
-Z ;gEkZ {g Z Z {zDtD[Z }g Z Z Z
#
]!*
a6 c*

LZ Z
# ` W}x aZ
KZ O Zgt 
6,
Z W~(, H
{g Z ZZ
/Z bkZ 746,
t**
x ZZ c*
I]!*
a>
akZgzZdaF,
gzZ >Z {z ~g Z)f kZ
_h}uz ~ kZ x kZY}] ZZ i
Z {z
HHczg m,
g
/Z ` WakZ t LZ 7
,
iV;zt ]!*
~uz D
50%ayZ k
q InternalZ c*

Hc*
a 50% Z
# [Z
 ;g 7,7t
{ c*
i ~ (Z
Hc*
External Yg {
yYyZ  Wg z ZZ Z wkZ D g _h}uz

227

~h
+
ZZ e

|
/Z;gE-|
/ZzgZgi
+g
~h+
ZZ e g szc ' V1 Xg
V ZzV ZzggzZ gg Z{ z 7sg ` Z~V! Zzd,

\ WD[pgzZ6,] Vz ! Zz
~ Z]
.Z\ W { { Z { \ W $Ig m
Zz  }g
/vg ),#
Zz g[ Z} (,} (,th+

` {g Z Z L LgzZ d{ = { { $ Izg Z
/
G
E
"**
-3E
Za ~ Y 1962~h+
Z e D` {ghZz w ] )G
LL
Y 1976 q$g7 xsZY M8g ZZ

} Z *ZgzZ g Zz|
/ZDc
/
Q HwjZ ;~

LZQ 1 x q
-Z CZ~;gE- \ N*
~;gE- ~g7 ~

~Y 1992 q ~
/e f
$Z e6, gz Zt:Z+ Z L !
L

F,
T ~g\ W wzg Zg Z~|
/Z
~ ?,\ WD 1q i Z Z gi
+g~ Y 2001 ~gz

gzZ W
z :y *Zzg Z L L [ Zz y!*
izg ZgzZuL L cq
-Z L L

V1 ! Zz dq
-Z FZ
#  q Z { !*
g lXL L
D Tk,
i !\ WD c*
x Z9
+ z D
+
zK
M F,
\W

Z
# i
+ZzZ t Zd
$L L{h+`
szc\ W
z kZ

zZ|
/Z
z L gLzZk,
|
/Z p Z L L 8 I kZ
D`{gi
+Z

230

cgs]Y~)LZ<
L IZf6,
gxD: ]
sZew$
+szgzZ|
# IKZYV;z{zzg
?9J
-Vt?CYsp,yZ~]q
u D YY H7t Z6,g}g7 V!*
+Z D :~+
hZZ e
Cgz$,a
~g Z
# t @*
Zg t=t O '!*
+Z J
}d  C oZ
# ,a
gzZ  D c*
Y|
# g 
gzZ}g kg Z @*
Yt  D Lg [ Z 
z!u{z Y`
~ zzz Z kZ a w$+sz KZ {zgzZ w$+
C ~g Z yZ1 DK qgz~ kg Z, Z y
zzq
-Z DDg D~kZ {z '7LZ,yZ
Vgz$LZv7kZ 3g g CZ kg Z Ct
g (Ztzg Zi W V~wj A;gE- a, Z[ Z DV;z
?s$+7VY {zy
W &
+ Z
/ ICZ X{z ? H6,yZ '
s kZ  g W~ ;gE-  kg Z It z!*
kZp
 t ` Zzg ~Z 79t ;g7{Z
+ ;gyv
Z8 yZz akZ @*
Y {g O Zs{z k7, wjZ
;gE- gzZ wjZ Zz "7, kg Z , Z D 7, kg Z C
kg Z[ ZgZaVxkZ qtTggzgzV Zz
{zVc*
gz ;gt{Z
+kZ g W~gE-| 7,
D ] !*
hZ ~(,wq gZgzx ~ZgzZg
6,
]c*
Zzg R|
/ZBg
/

z D : ]
?H];z~
CkZ c*
WwZzi
'
,
i
$+
d
|
/Z~ 
g !*
t D :~+
hZZ e

229

&c*
z~c*
{ c*
i&c*
z~kg
z6,
]\W
E
+
4E
C Z ~pz
.2E
InternalZ{z { c*
i~8
- JG
kZt U gzZq
-Z kZ W ExteranalYg {6,(yZ
{ c*
i
L [Z xYg {Z
# a kZ (,gzZ/_
.)
# k
Z
,
i{zgzZ,{ c*
i { c*
i {z
czgm,
gakZ,!lKZ {zg{z x7Z
D qWg gzZq
-ZaX}gzZ;gEmyZg#kZVg 0*
(gzZ c*
z` WD : ]
?}H\W
,Z D #Z'
,#yZ w ZD :~+
hZZ e
YvgzZD#6,
C/Zz**
v]5
,q Vzt ~ZkZ  D (Z ~ 3Z q
-ZZ
Dg
?tHV
/
uI<
L IZ\W~;gE-D :]
~ yZykZ ~V k ]vZ D :~+
hZZ e
vgzZ 7,0
+ gzZ !Vx
/
ut Zgf kZ W~!gzZ
/
u
}Z ]|V
/ ;g 7x t 6,R/) D zJ
-VJZ
V@ CZ f yZ D Hx Z(,
^k XZ Z]_Z L L Vx
IZskZ 6,R~ ZZgzZ 6,R/) {zkZgzZ Z{Z
+Z(,
\WV gm{ ~|
/Z
/
ut wzKz<
L
gzZ  g| 7,v6 gzZ vZ6, Z w=!g
tn
pg7t Z6,g}g7 ]c*
\W g| 7,]Z|,Z
D gZ Zg Z ZZ(,
V;z~~i f

232

/8F\Wp
R @*
Vc*
g Zg @*
4z}uz Wq
-Z G
y!*
i QW6f kZ'{Z
+H kZ 7t H
hgy!*
izg Z ~ a
}g y!*
iVY g
w V V- g Zg bT ` WD M
h 7g Z',
LZ
4h8F
akZ t1g YC y!*
i bZg YCV G
5F

Qp ;g Y @*
gz$g V zg Z 6,V~uzgzZ ~|
/Z
{g Z ZuZz {z ;gE- |
/Z 4 Vzg Z Z}uz wq ;gE- |
/Z
7!*
zg Z{z [ 4Z w y*i zg Z V
T e Gzg Z Z
Z) 
z Z ayZ Y
vFbkZ Z{Z
+{kZ x Zm{VayZ
V/Vzg Z Z}uzgzZ gwqaJ7,g Zzg Z
y!*
i 6,q
-Z zg ZVz C t \W~gzZ 4 wq ]gzg Z
z q
-Z ~ } Z *Z gz q
-Z LD} 7 LZ kZ
D g ~g YtvZY 
yZgzZ` WDZD

^i
+ DkZgzZ [ Zzy!*
izg Z~gz {D : ]
?Vzg Z Z~)Qc*
kgZ?,
H YZ \W wZt ( D Z) D :~+
hZZ e
gmZY Y7Z [Z}1 wZZ 4,
-Zt1
q
Vz ~ rz
zg Z wq ( ) ;g Vz ;gE- gzZ
6,RKZ KZ ;gE- gzZ Z g Z kg Z D ;gg Z
D Hx Z(,
Vz
?Z[Z (q
-Z t1D :]
 kg Z mrz
zg Z |D :~+
hZZ e

231

Id
$V;z D Y 7a "7,s|
/Zvg
` Wp {
M F,
{ BB{ +4q
-Z|
/ZZzgzZ D Y
Zg7 Zg ` W t zz ~(,q
-Z kZ k
,
+wZzi d
5
$|
/Z
{gzZ y}g ~
/kZ { WwZzi6,RR{
RkZ |
/Z }g Z Z }uz gzZ gE- 4 kg Z }g
tg c*
gz T|
/Z\Wtzz~(,~uz ZW,
O wZzi
Z^ ;g WBf kZ {z ;g cg V gz {z
Z'

,
t tyDg }}g ` WgzZ h
M F,
~|
/
67c*
>
ft  Z Zuz Y7
D e)b & ZQ
~. VtzzgzZq
-Z wZzi R|
/Z
kZgzZ @*
x Z;Z kZ. @*

)gq
-Z6,.  wj
Qpg Y Cg|
/Z,qt [Z @*
b } (,
D 4/VzgZ Z}uz ` Wwq]gR|
/Z
Zj[ Zzy!*
izgZd
$z;gE-|
/ZD :]
?VY (Zy
W W**
y!*
ikZ Z~(,
-Z[Z1 gszc
q
~(,
~ yZp ];z q
-Z F kZ D :~+
hZZ e
g Ycg/i azg Z V; Ftzz
7,zg Z
/Z ? g Y Z e]!*
t~ftq
-Z~yZ
{Z
+Zg vT| 7,gzZ7,y!*
i ?J
-Z
# g7x
y!*
i KZ W W\W @*
;g Y Z e W,@*
q
-Z~f1yYt
g Y B]~(, iVzm,Z li tN Y Z
7{Z
+ m{ kZ 7V*
c gzZ #
i 5 kZ

234

:Z *~1Vg
~ ~g kZ ~
H
7{!*
ag [kZq D c*
: =
kg Z
/ZY c*
VZxtVDwVgzkZp
~fkg Z 1 7Y Z {z w Z,kZ
/Zv
}gt Z
Z F akZgg [kZ n
pg
akgZ,{gt~ekZ \WvZY 
yZK
kZ t Zg q
-Z ~~ ekZ DY 7q b
q ~
/e ]Y ~) VMY H4 Z
Z,ZJ 7,
gzZ tzf YZ [ Z 2KzgzZ V[ Z {z6,g~
C: ~
/e c*

DVn
pg
A&
gYCgy!*
izgZVzg Z ZZ ~)6,
gx ` WD : ]
kZ V;zZjy!*
ikZ |
# X}gZ Z {z
?M
hH];z~
C
H{ i
[Z YYc*
HgzZ {zkZ[Z wZkZ D :~+
hZZ e
zg Z ;g Y Hl gzZ e
$ ~qC
,Z ]q
wZ-gzg ZVzg Z Z ~)yZJ
-V ~iZy!*
i
D c*
f~[ZwZz~X];zFyZ
i
+ZzZ t Zd
$L!L gzg Z~g q
-Z\WD : ]
Vzq~
Ca% !gzg Z ~g q
-ZN C\W~,Z
? ]gz
g x YL L\W [Z i wZkZ w ZD :~+
hZZ e
-Z  g C t Mg gzZ yZg Z)f bg gzZ  g } w
q
{zkZ ?H'gz~
CkZgzZ @*
Y bg ~g

233

z L L
_!gq
-Z V }p~6,kZ ;gg Z
 Hs ZZ q kZ {!*
~ ~ kZ i
+Z zZ kZ ~

~ ~ Z
ypzg Z Z wwY kg Z~ y*zy}g7
g q
-ZZP%q
-Z~g` WgzZ H Z Zwzg Z Z(, kZ
B \W ~ ,k
,
~zgZ \W V
H~
VagzZ J 7,zg ZyZ VrZ ?
,zg J 7,zg Z{zgzZ c*
f *Z zg Zq
-Z {!*
y
 Ct ]!*
hZq
-Z VrZQ Dce GZ y!*
i Zgt
V  ~ VyZ ~ ^\z
/ZLZ {z ~ V$
kZ Zzg ZgzZ  V{g~ VyZ {z CY gzZ 1 zg Z
t ]!*
-Zpg Z Zg Z Z kg Z7Zgz ~ kZa
q
1g}x Zx t6,g:{z 7**
2zg Zx Z kg Z
[ ZBy!*
iV;zakZ @*
Y H6,g~
Cx t ~]Y ~)
i Z0
+ZZjrz
zgZ
/Z]Y~)akZ @*
Yc*
J 7,
yZ ;g rz
 w z ! Z zg ZY79t @*
YH
6,RKZ KZ Vz~w}akZ DgZ Vzg Z Z ~)yZ~
D 7
gt Zq
-Z ~Vz
/Z Z
c*
Yc*

[ Zzg Z~[kg Z
/Z D : ]
?7
kg Z ~ hkZ Zg ~D :~+
h ZZ e
[
z6,VZ~ kZce q[ Z zg Z ~ [
akg Z{ E
+Z {!*
~|
/ZpyYt\W V
g}x Z~!x kZgzZ uLZ ~g Z)f g [

236

kZ D g x YL L~g Zg Z)]|
z kZ N*
g
;g @*
QgzZ H_
~T 6,y}g {g q
-Z
# CW: ]Y Z
Z
9zg Zh
+
=Z
# V~g
zkZ gx Y~
E
6Z !gt l ht w } 6U*> hI$ kZ \W
\WDIwJN ~ ;g kC(Z
z kZ6 Y Y
!
h { Zp 8 gkZ ` W yT5q
-Z I
NgzZ ~g e
$.t Lg 7% t {z : w \W6,g
;g Vk0*
}}g !gte
$\WD!g
#Y
/E
[ ZmX[xZ } k7,7~ skZ G
I!gttB"gzZ_7, pkZ {z
x D ;gh ~gzZ ;g ~i f L 6,
L g y)F,
(Zq
-Z
gzZ]t]Z W,G
& ~yZD 
}p ~ bg6,g
-Z\W1C7~i f ZyZ~w}C]F,
q
f
e Zg VZ6,yZgzZD VZ wZ\Wgt x Z(,
x 6,X D]Z\W7V ~) ~gzZ
6,VUyZvVZ]ZyZ\W17J
- !v6,g
6,gx {zkZ D @*
x ~i f
'
,
i X Dg
Wg c*
! & C wEZ y!*
i nm{q
-Z~ bg I
tg Z Z \Wp ~(y!*
i! Z~gILZ\W1M
h
y!*
i~]Y~)!gtDIvg " ` W& @*
(Z
r z
w zg Z Gt ~ Vzg Z Z I1 ;g}: rz
[ Zz
D ;g}
( Y 2005~Z {g )

235

? Z
/e kZ ` Z'
 bgI}g xk!*
gNp\W
gw!g7(ZVC!*
.) H7:%q
_
-Z6,
gi
+!
+!
Z  D Y C!*
.
_
z 1 : Zg
!g ~gq
-ZakZSg7R{z}g  D Y C!*
.
_
BBkZ ~gzu" **
yi ZgzZ C!*
.)a%
_
}t q ~
C
gzZce **
ce z~~g
7dZ !g
/Z ?T e *
*7Hce D
bg6,
f I\Wt dZ kZ 7{Z
+ Q  g w

zgzZ i W Z (,x ~i f ,g Z) ZggzZ ,~i

D,q~
Cta% !g ~g q
-Z wZ @*

-ZZw~U*
q
VgI}g6,
gxD: ]
?
gXaqt@*
YH
[
N*
^g0*
LL
*
* :t ]gq
-Z ~ kZ D :~+
hZZ e
, x Z Zx q
-Z  Sg 7RZ k0*
}g L 4
 D6,g:x }uzBkZ  Dgx q
-Za kZ
(KZ t p Zq
-Z KZ x :kZ H7~kZ
6,x }uz kZ Vgx ZuzB x q
-Z Z
# 

/ZpV7~g gzZ0Z W,
Z }kZakZz~g
]!*
kZ VgB~g Z)fgzZz~g7 q q
-Z
z Zg7 kZ Zg ~ mbg Ia kZ gzZ

DYc*
6,
x BzgzZ~g Z)f ~g7}
?x \Wagx Y)x D :]
~
z TV C \W~
D :~+
hZZ e

238

i W ~g wz**

\ WN Ct\ W
D : ]
? H
Z H /w{, ~ i W ~g wz**
D :zf s
H~/wB17 s~T @W[L Lwz**
a V* rV*=_4Z]!*
-Z~r zw}
q
Wz{z)**
 wz**
1C7]uZzLgLg0
+
i
rwz**
akZ M
h 3 0
+
i Cg ~g7 q
-Z~ wz**

tB} bkZ D x
ag iZ
wz**
= **
{
0
+
i **
30
+
i ~g7 q
-Z=
/Zg]!*
gzZ Zzs~g wz**
~Bg Z yZ **
cgs~g
DVx~kZ=
\WH ?W,
OVzg iZwqz \WD : ]
? ~yZ~[|ZLZ
z6zg Z V *Z ]!*
J
-VD :zfs
S7,bZ: kZ gWt  ` W 4= c*
W~
c*
W7~z[ Z ~ m,
Z %V *Z yZq{ Zy*Z:gzZ
 4= V]!*
g[Z ;g W,
Z V1yZ6,Z! f
yZIV* ~ i kZgzZ Z qz[ Z k0*
k WY 1900Z
#
1^ Mq
-Z w VE~g Z
#  !*
` W]ZW,
Z
 Ve **
f ]!*
m{ q
-Z ~ ZjkZ ! r
# pp
~c*
,gP` WV*~g  4= ~gz
VGge6, Zga \W
/Ztzz kZ | (,7W

237

zfs

1 ezgZ` @*
@*
~ Vzg 6{ ` Wg zf sg wz**
szc

~gwz**
KZ @W[L L~/wB17 VM

V* 300wz**
Xgq
-Z uyQJ
-[ ZgzZ H qz^

~uz V*yZ  W~z ncgzZ }pVg

D s~zKF6,
VEyZgzZF,
~V !*
i
-Y 1988 Y 1987 gzZ Zg J uz- L L)x J
J
-Y 1987 Y 1985
F,
{ c*
iyZn
pg /D{gi
+ZkZ wZ L L

gzZ~ YZg yZ D VZ6,

zZ b)~ y*zy Zi W

CL * y 7L }
0
+
i L {Wt xL yL yL wz**

cg Vzk
,
yZ y*Z ZWz6,
L gLzZ}
h Z

ZjkZ~V,yZV FDD
I yZp1 7w[ ZI{z g q i p

4EL L x Z Y Z L L{z
xzg **
~ L gLzZ .
# L L (Z G
0E
G

D_ t V1 Zz )F,9xsZgzZRzx
_ c iz L LgzZ g -i L LgzZ D h 7 <
[ Z {zp

VrZg Y8 6,yZ VyZw 

Vf~z K\ WBzk
,
D c*
g Z t7Z
DhZz

240

~t ~g
/
6,V  ~ V'
,
B58~ Zi WgzZ]Z Y: Zg Zz

kZ 6,ZK~'
,
!*
q
-Z ~ D Z ] VE
3t ~~T }
0
+
i L L x **
T wz**
gzZq
-Z Z
-Z @*
q
Y c*
!*
ZV b~ o kZ
gzZY f}gV- Zp ce Ie
$Z ~(,~uzT~ !*
W~(,
-Zzz TZg !*
q
g!*
V ~ !*
7 VzgZ
~uz ` W
/ZV nW7xZ%Y x ~(,
 4= , qz Ie
$Z ~(,~uz BZ6,ge
$Z ~(,
l3 Zg CZ gzZ W ! x ~(,t ~ h V
DW~
Z~VyV \W t
t1D : ]
~(,~uz 7Z p Z V Vy gzZ  M
h
?])yZt
HM
he
$Z
~ @*
Wt
~pV/gzZ t
D :zf s
Mz
z ~g !*
g{ 
!*
-ZVLe be
q
$q
-ZwVkZ
Zuz A V YZN @*
YZ ! { 
!*
} Z @*
ZMq
-Z  D W
g b kM{ 
!*
A: V[Zy

N @*
#
Z'
, HM
 7 { 
!*
,
k
iz D YMZ
# g b 0*
}uzgzZ
gzZ g b k M \Wpq
-Z Vz ]!*
!#
s {
!*
}Z
-Z? @*
q
c*
Z{ 
!*
$?VY Z **
A
tbg b 0*
}uz
gzZ Zg YZ Mpq
-Z Vz ]!*
7kC]!*
a V ~ a kZ 7 Zg Z'
, }uz
D Ygz$s1Z VYVZi ZzWs Z

239

[ ZZz W7~t 4= 7W kZgzZ 

g OZ @*
Wt [ Z g7Z >
?
HHyZ Z **
B
kZ 4 (Z CYg
/{ Z~ [ Z1 @*
Wt [ Z @
zg ZgzZ ;g Wt [ Z 7stq D c*
W7t [ Z
D {0
+
iy!*
i
\W Y7\W~J
-[ZwZZ1D : ]
? c*
[|Zq
-ZCZp c*
~Vzk
,
KZ

& D :zf s
Zq
-Z CZ ~ qz ~ ! /GG
gzZ [|Z Z
z kZ Hi W V* ~ Z
# Vj [|Z
} sW}g 2 zg gzZ W,
Z Vzg 2 [f6,
]Z W,
Z y Zg 2 q
-Z W Wp ;g W,
Z Vzg 2 zg ~ Vz**
]z
Zq
-Z VEKZgzZ @*
l3 Zg CZp kZ @*
WC
!*

kZ c*
[|Z Zq
-Z CZ ~ 4= kZ @*
g J e ~
C
*zy {z g
CVz**
XgzZ H qz O ~ Z
#  gt zz
H qz^!CZ~ Zi WZ
# ~g6,V *zygzZ}i
;gg Z
/0
+
i~ wj Ty~o kZ Z kZ ]!*
kZ=
yZ~,Z ;g Yg ege yc*
;g 0*
lgz6,~ wj Ty
g !*
g !*
~ o LZ C \WD ~gz *
* i ZzW~ e
$
Vz**
LZi ZzWV *zy~akZg Z? ;g YZ
D H
~
?g H]Vz**
gzZVE\WD :]
~qz]Vz**
gzZVEF,
x ~D :zfs
~ Zi W~ Zi W CWzg0
+ZyZ~ pz

242

[Z u @*
wzg Zt ' Zz!*

yZpg CW
~ m,
Z J
-Z
# V ]Zg Z iZ k0*
}g  ce Ot
^ WgzZ} e I c*
+ZJ
&
-Z
# V7]Zg Z k0*
}g b]ZgZ
+
GY
gzZ hZ J
-Z
# gzZ V 7k0*
}g +
G
DVZaVc*
g Z~rz
zg Z 7k0*
}g
V Zz{ rz
zg Z *
@Yt6,
gx D : ]
zg Z V LZ: {z CFZ ~(, Zj zg Z p
q Vzy
zg Ztzgt w Z wj zg Z 7Z:gzZ  D J 7,
? Zg H\W: NoB

zT , c*
/Z\W 7*XtD :zf s

s yZ x Zg ]!*
~pZgzg Z ,
p;g 7Zz + Yzg Z ~yyZX } 9
hg]!*
x Zg gzZ , \Wp Y 7zgZ a,
7,7zg Z a }g
/Zp T e 7,7zg Z a }g ` W
zgZV LZ t ~g Z)f ~g ? H ~gZ)f ~g  T e
yZZjzg Z
/ZV "akZNs
~(, ~g t 4=  D 0*
7g aw
9xyazgZceO
HW
z{z[Z Dt
[Z ]gzh Kzg ~izgzg Z  w ZakZ
&
/G

]gz\W  V*gzZ  Y ~y \W
/Z G
# M7 \W  Dx t gzZ  Y zg Z \W
Z
/Zp 7
Db a}g szg Z 47= !*
wq]gtJ
a
)
Zq
-c*
tc*
z7
-ZZ ` WB\W[Z

241

eZ ~(,~uzw$
$
+Z Z
# p &gz$ZzG
ggzZ 
DV~^x gz
q
-Zy @*
kZ
\W~,Zg Wt Y Zg W ` Wmzg ZD : ]
?D 0*
wzg Z

& D :zf s
L= V &u @*
wzg Z ~ ! /GG
C
gYCzg Z c*
~}0
+Zwzg Z Z7kZ
zg Ztg {0
+
iy!*
itYb^ Kzg ~izg~ Zi W
{0
+
i ` Wt akZ gy!*
i x Z zg Za gzZ W,
Z gzZ
y!*
i]gzpzg Z ]gz% C
!*
zg ZV!*
t[Z D
h }iZ?
Z V yZ y!*
i, zg Z
~g \ @ ]gzpzg ZtZ
# ]gz
6,}iZ ~ wj ` W[Z  ~ }vq
-Z Z
@*
}}tu zg Z z ]!*
~uz ]gz
zm{6,kZ
Hug **
W5~[ Z V }g ;g Y `
/yZ} a
[ Z ` Wvt 5 ]gz
~
bZgW7skZ!*
h5gzZ_g
/
:e ,
q
-Z \W D v m ~

q
{zY
H!*
nt[Zp}
/V
{z
D~`
:gzZ ;gwj {z~Vzy:;g7wj
?N 
yg"Z
/Z?m,
z\WazgZ D:]
s: zg Z bce **
6,]!*
kZgzi Zg Zg D :zfs
*
*^W% TY 0 y!*
i i+Z q
-Z } a
}i
zg~ 5 Zgzg ZN 7y!*
i izg Z J
-Z
# gzZ: y W

244

zg Z VMkg Z pK x n
pg ]Z gzZ ]LZ
Lh
+'
yZ:gzZ Hs Z Z yZ : ggzZ Hx i~ rz

Zj rz
zgZ ~ Zi Wg Za zgZ c*
VZ x ia
1 g DZk
,
+}uz q
5
-Z gzZ  g D VZ ]ZZ
mkZ DY Z KZ yZ
HY7 7LZjkZkg Z
DV@*
t Z\W~ Z **
JBkg Z
7w[ZI\W@*
Ym\WD: ]
:5 S[Z I M
hgZ kZ \W H ?VY (Zy
W
?Y~e
$ZzZkZHkgxgzZ~gZZzg[Z
gzZ  D Z
#  T e rZ
# D :zf s
D Y Z<
C~gZ)f d
$ Zq
-Z6,
Z
#
akZ @*
7,O Z Vz],
Zx
zkZ@*
7yc*
zy
sZ~7(Z @*
7t]!*
kZ~ [ Z sZ c*
[ Z zy
E
4xZY Z k7,7
/Z=Vk7,

~.
#(Z G
0E
G
Vz7t[ ZyZ~p V~W7]gz6,yZ
xsZyZ\W7,7Z\W6,
] sZt
DA~K
?VY (ZpD :]
@*
~y:gzZ @*
k& Z : [ ZYD :zf s
@*
:X V ~V'
,
B58yZ~ Zi W
/Z @*
[ Zs[ Z
g W c*
]!*
hZ=d
$ Z! fq
-ZV A
$ @*
Vy
-Z bZ CY CO *
q
@Y gZq
-Z L
L
H7t V Wq

-Z D CYW~ ~g Z'
,
KZ @*
% W

243

gbskZB~!~(,
a`W
H=gfWzgzZZ(,
`W
~(,
Vz<
gzZy!*
i N YM
m zgZ k0*
}g
/Z
H6,R@zzT ~z KY `Wk0*
}gA rz
~!
-Z  gWgzZ M
q
m z }g 7]gz C = ;g V{Z
+
[ Zzy!*
i N Yk0*
}gM
m gzZbkZPeaceu
Z zgzZ [
2ZLL
Z !*
gzZ Ag izgVVzg ZD
)g fyZVY A rz

D x IgzZ
gzZV*Dk0*
V~0
+
isz^kZ @*
YD :]
tzf LZ| 7,YZ LgLgv[Z;g7
z "7,wz**
w g wz**
{q
-Zq\W~,Z  g Z

?D 0*
~wqq=wz**

& D :zf s
/G
Y J 7,wz**
p V v P ! G
c*
z7
-ZZ~M%ZZ
# [Z g c*
z7
-ZZ~y*zy
wz**
[Z ;g Y t
z kZ qzM
m ]B24g
I }} '!*
tQp?7,yV*D ?7,y
g c*
z7
-ZZ~ y*zy W^sVz**
gzZ VEvgzZ
H yDg "7,wz**

@kZ 7(Zp ~ V'

,k
DZz"7,
zZz
H{g[ Z 9tV;
x Z] }
.lZ
.
**
sZkgZ~rz
zg ZD : ]
kZ  g WDi Z0
+Z7Zg Zamzg Zk\Z1 ~
? Zg H\Wm
Hi Z0
+Z7Z1 Zwzg kg ZD :zfs
VrZ 6,Vz} (,} (,v ag r z
zg Z

246

245

T e C6,VY\WV1sZ +Z ~akZ Wz

D6,V1 +Z}F,
{ c*
i~--g,
-zg ZgzZ Le 7,7~ 
| 7,
~pXl"7,
V1F~Le77,
~
Dg YxsZ+Z c*
~gzZ e:
&
/G
'
,
H DX'
,
1$
$Z'gL
L @*
W :G
\W[Z
- ? g Y VxsZ ? $
$Z ]gX
kZgzZ :q
-Z- c*
gzZ uxsZ ~i !*
:
c*
Zh ZtZ]c*
sZt c*
zgzZ *~,Zg f}uz
~ZLgLg0
+
iV WzkO xsZq @*
Y
D g
Y
(~ OZyZ
# 
Ht6,
gx D : ]
Z
# @*
hg<
LZ {z
@*
Y F,
6,g(gzZ ! Z
<
LZ_(,
W A~VZ0
+
i Z
ZV~uz
?VYt
ty
WDb { c*
i{zs
&
H7t Z6,g ]!*
kZ 4= ! /GG
D :zf s
VzIF,
J
-V VZV YY
0
+
i V }g 1 D Y ~i Pz E
@{z Z
# @*
W
z m{ q
-Z
 Dg YgzZ sW~ wj Tiq
-Z g Z
/
'gygeV }g D M
h 7\4'
,
i6,xsZ \WV;z
wj y*zy 7(Z xk!*
~ sZ1 CY C
!*
X
ckZ V}g c~ Zi W ! K\WkZ Z
<
 yx gzZ c*
!*
q
-Z CZ6,
V jkC)
Bq
5F
6 ZgzZ Hg66,CZxsZ (Flexable) G
-Z 7Z  7d
$

Z <

[ ZZ
# bZ Wyq
-Z
-Z  7t kZ  7I  7t kZ 
q
]gzKZgzZ ~g Z)f KZkZ9
CZ 7y
DDkCkZ
b: ZyZgzZ ]!*
Z*
*t[ ZgV1ID : ]
?} 7,
*
*t
\W~VzakZX Z
 ,q Zz **
d
$ ZgzZ **
y 4=D :zf s
ss]!*
tgzZ 7[ Z sZ [ Z ZV ;g W H qz~
<
B LZ [ Z (Z  Hd
$ ZC
;g7zf
[ Z,Z@*
WBLZVUk& Zc*
]x ~g Z ZzgkZ
D @*
YH7t[ Z
[pgzZ H)uV gq
-Z FV!*
yZ\WD : ]
? HC~kZ
bF6,gzZ 7 bg yZ= ! V; Y D :zf s
-wq
J
-Z6,~ BgZ Z kC7g e yZ L=1 ] ZZ
\W L
L g !*
-Z ~~kZ--g,
q
-zg Z +
Gq
-Zg Cc
6,kZ Le 77,~ X T e VY C sZ {z 6,
ciz~pVLe 7,sZ~! V; ~6,kZ Z)u
V yZ 4=YLe 7,7g-i gzZ _
k0*
}g Z
# g YgzZ7Zt g7F,
gzZ b & Z
V k7,V1xZY ZgzZxzg **
~~R
?V7,
VYV1R)yZ~Qt@W~
{],
Z kZq c*
{],
Z xsZfV}g

248

4Wz6,

5sZeYzg Zf *Z .
 wi u 0*
zy gzZ
szc zg Z 4@Wz6,
w \ W @*
Y **
Y zz e
$ ZZ LZ
F,
4gzZ Zzg 4~yDg ~)gzZ ~ Y 1953Y ZZ

gzZ b syDgh
+]
. Y 1960DXqzB: ZI

B
i q
-Z\ WDK qzg Z~}Wzi6

wCZ[ ZC
gzZg : YZ[A
$%'V1FB

8 * Z {zY 1936 s6,

ZJ 4Wz6,D D Y T 6,g
w0*
\ W~ Y 1960q z J
-wjZ ; gzZ Za ~
w0*
gzZ} Z ! |
/Z yZgz #
i 5gzZ xi 5~

+ ZZ
# ~Y 1974DXqVc*
/e ~ e Z8gzZ! sZsZ} Z * Z

sZeY ~ Y 1976QgzZ W B#
i 5 ~ Kg W

\ W;gE- ~Y 1989D^
,6,
}gi
+g~zgZ

\ Wa[ Zz y!*
izg Z D
HH!{ wD Zs WWz6,

gzZ] ZZ\ Wzg Z *~s Z Z] }

.7;

eg Z- Zy Zzg Z wX ! f~X Zi Z ] Zi Z Z

!*
HV{ ` Zu ZzgZ 6,X eg Z-Z
^k XZ

] ZV1B25\ W{zkZ D

eg Z- Z ~gzZi Z Z

zg Z~s Z Z] }
.~\ W~Y 2003D [YZi Z
D Zi Z ~
zg ZZ'
,
eg Z-Z L L Z

247

}g gzZyIF,
akZc*
rz
h
+'
Zo %Z#zRB
y q
-Z {z Zg7 = 1 f
e 7 <
LZ a I F,
kZ D=g f yjqzggzZ C{zYN Ws<
LZ^
]Z|gzZK~'
,
!*
 4= Ve IgzZ]!*
-Z V~~
q
E
gzZ ;g ^s<
LZC
V ~! A+
DgK<
LZa
?x \Wagx Y)x D :]
~^ g x Y!L g (Zq
-ZV=D :zfs
;}g kZ }Y{ ~: ~)]xI c*
W
bg I ~ }g !*
X VZ t
# I,Z ,Z a hf
-Z ~ y*zy 6,RCgzZ I !gtD M
q
h 7aZ
+Z`
z
f 4- t
/Z c*
g66,WVgzZ c*
W0 [zZ
D [ !*
Zz%:q
-Z g @*
I;g @*
~i
( Y 2005{g)

250

[ Zz6,R+g D
+ zgF{wj ~kZ c+F,
-g @*
q
zg Z BB -" #
 V  gzZ g Y
D} ZgzZY !*
Z} (,} (,
zg Z ~g Vc*
g x {V Zz
} T e *
* J 7,7zg Zp{z wqVLZpD'!*

yZ kzgZiWz6,zg Z ~X v dZ

~ wjZ *zZ {z aVx {0
+ !*
hgV Z~
:gzCYJ 7,7y*gzgZV~wjZ *zZ,Z_7,
CY J 7,zgZ wy*q
-Z V  wjZ *zZ,Z
#
gZ)f'
,
Z'
, D Z74ZVLZ V;z
D
\W~,Zg W[zZ/~* zy!*
i ` W IV]
? Hwzg Z~
!*
b d sg**
{z ~ Z y!*
iIV4Wz,
6
y!*
i DTg D WVwYVg !*
zv'
,

~kZ D L Z7S
g D ]Z !gzZ]!*
!~ kZt gzWg !*
]!*
 { c*
i ]gz 4 { wq ]g g Z kZD
+Zo, a
XgzZxce zskZg
VVzg ZD
@*
g Z Z(,**
L|
# KZ 
~[ Zs 0Z
}sypgzZ nc*
gwMgzZ @*
kZ
 ]!*
n~gZi !*
gzZ LgLgp Cq ~gzx **
-Z x **
q
c } x **
r; } x **
w Zi W}
c M W J 7,wjZ ; *zzgZ ~ y
,/~ kZ YZ
/Z~ kZ x **
+ wpD Y
$

249

\Wg Z)f kZ .Zz**

zg Z{6,
gx ` W IV]
V5{z g
)
ZzzF,
zg Z~,ZgzZ
? +
tzgx -"gzZ zg Z ! r
# ZgIV4Wz,
6
7
o~ w} *
*yj{g Z Z q
-Z *
c 
q
-Z a kZ
 ]q(gzZ {xV@*
}VZzg Z}g t
:e ` Wp D }zg Zzg Z kZ
CW=~gz {{zcZzC!*
.zg Zw
_
)
,[ZV &~p 6,VZ ( wq n #

&zgZ( F,
{ c*
i vZz x ~g Zh
+ zg Zp
~y*zy 6,F,
Z Z%~ m{ zg Z c*

]!*
kZ ~ Y D Z wq]g[Zy
{ c*
i

# YpV[ Z+Z
/E
+q
kgZ
/Z kZ ]!*
kZ= G
@*

HJZ { i zg Z !*
V;z@*
c*
: Zg zg Z~6,
F,
Z
F,
Z m<!*
{g !*
zg Z  wqp wq ]gN[Z
wq]gV &~~ V}uz zz kg Z {z~ 6,
kZVhZz g D
+
a~ CY C 7[Zy
{ c*
iZ
V @*
Y ~ yZCV d
$g dkZZgzZg }a
kZ DV @*
Y H6,VZ~ Vzxa kZ V g
~g u~uzzg ZV ~ q HZyZgzZg wX!fS
-*
*Zg '
z
zg Z ~ Zi W 7+z 4wq]g ~gZ
y!*
i
 V'
,yZ wq p @*
Y 3g
zu~ V !*
i *zy

252

kZ g YC6,
g~g)}gzZ6,
g~g}zg Z6,
R1
D ce4z]
.V Zzzg Z~e
gzZ6,
gx 0
+
i ~g7
zd
$ Z @*
YD :]
? s HkZ\W Sg]g xWzT
$r
]g
z kZ 7s t ~gz {IV4Wz,
6
, Z SZz~ zg Zp [Zy

q zg Z D wq
gz Z c*
gz~i !*
{z{ Zp Y{g 6,nZ v
b ~ VzxV, Zzz Ai ZzW{z e
, Z vP D X 76, [ ~g7 g b Z  X
DY[b yZ 6,gx :gzZgiDX
-Z { c*
q
ik
HF kZ C7c*
 [ ~g7 Z bkZ
yZ ,g  D Y ZI{z ~ V {g * 0*
D CY {x
gzZV ^
,6,
2! Z   7Z{z
t gzZ  Sg ~ #
}
.
B)Z h  Z{zxg X zggzZxzgt V;
M%
w qJ
-x ZwEZa
- gzZ Y*
*7xLZ6,nZ
Z Zwzg Z (,~w=6,e*zyzg ZVrZ Z KZ yZ
t @*
Yxt ~}
/Z t wq }g p H
KZ t ?}
kZt kZ 

D w$
+w q]g[Z1 g^~~
z
HwkZ @*
Y**
Y6,
gwCZ[ ZC
\WD : ]
?Y Za bpy!*
izg Z~VM
hC\W
:gz .Zz U kZ}\W p= IV4Wz,
6
~V Lg q a V~ Y v6,gx

251

 r
# ~ C
o Ze ~ 6,q
-Z CY
s 0Z 0*
g e~&C
a
)
Zg h;X Lp
L 6,LZ\Wr
#
gzZ` XZKs 0ZJkD wFDf
e XZK
zg Zp
o**
~w}]!*
J
-ukZ ?g D XZ
kZ3!*
i ~uz t]okZ ]o{0
+
iy!*
i

& mw\W ` WD g W,

/G
O
~V !*
i _Z%gzZ CZ| X G
zg Z  g Y B~ V !*
i gzZ g Y B
[ Z}g gzZ y!*
i ~g  t kZgzZ ? q=
Dcexg E
5Oawqp zgw
Iz<
& }xzg ZV1ZM~
zg Z IV]
zg ZgE- gzZ kg Z y!*
it 6,Ry
WQ w=~ mZpzx Z
? VYzJ
sy!*
i @*
7t Z wZkZ\W~ 7IV4Wz,
6
I
-^gE-gzZ kg Z
 M
ht \W {gzJ
-zg Z <XE
mwEZy!*
iJ
-VpvZz"7,gzZzg Z
zg Z D CY gzZ 1(C
gzZ J
-Z Spoken Language
@*
Y~ VyZ p~ @*
Y3h Z c*
wX kZg
/Z Zz%1
;g V}uzyZ c*
3h Z1 C7~g Z V;zVLg
D @*
7,*
* o ~g ZZ @*
W
/Z {z 7wEZ zg ZVZz
Zz%1zgZ Dg Z
'
,[Z {z y!*
i Zz%1tkZ
~ V2c*
gXSgzZ
H rkZgzZ 7,kZ%Z v
I
-^gE- gzZ 7+Z ~ yZ Hf

/Z~zg Z <XE
@*
Ywqnz kZ Le 7,zg Z ~z)} Z ! gzZ} Z *Z

254

kZgzZ @*
ci
+Z V1 zg Z  Tg De
$Dt v
t]g]Z~kZ {)z{)z 7m{zgzZ Cz
)
Z
0*
0*
[q
-Zq
-Z gzZ m{ c*
i
~zg Z I
wq[ ZI YYH{ i Z0
+ZkZ 
3~wci
+Zbb
n~Z 6 H Z Zwzg ~
CZ(,
~**
ZgzZoy!*
izg Z
zI @*

Hc*
w{ i y!*
izg Z 8- D:
/Zkg Z H
} (, kZ H Z Z wzg d.
gzZ L ~
)
Z z zg Z [ Z
DVLg @*
s ZZ kZ~Vzg~Zce**
YHs ZZ6,
e
Ks 0Z ~uz ~7w{z<Zzg ZD : ]
?VYy
W {z{)zgzZw}
gw$
+]q[Z1 @*
!*
ZgzZ ZzgZtIV4Wz,
6
L Lg %y 0*
a
/YZZ kZgzZVp
w[ Z < g w{h
+`

e
$.q
-Z x **
8
-g
k c*
J W ~yZ ~ gE- a
/YZ
x 6,
y ZZ
# VMZ}g
/{ ~
w wqp @*
Yc*
[!*
-Z0xyZ @*
q

Z/ZY M~V g 0*
D B7!,!*
{zceSZ
} : VY Zz p
pg f ng H eV;z B F,
F{
],ZZ~yZpgVzIF,
tg Z L gLzZ y. L L lL L
x: : i /ZY M Z~g Y~!~(,

)
Z gzZ6,
D
Hx kZ[Z~y*zygzZ ~g Y{zwq @*
p[g
/
[ ZzgZ Lb ZgzZwZzzg ZD : ]
$E
\WnKZ 08G
zgzZ /x yZZ
# ~ 7Z~

253

z kZ ~ , c*
~ < \W [ ZV ZZ
raVz(,
kZV;g{)zV*gzZ>aV~
~ e V D i W T~ s 0Z Z}uzQgzZWQ H qz
~ yVttZakZ V
rg p ~a
{)z Z'
,
tgzZ YZtTg D 2gzZ DG gzZsgzZ S
aA~V1! ~g {zkZ wq]gz~wjZ {)z

zGwCZ[ Z
/Z 6,Z
;g Y c*
ZAgzZ
Y ?
kZ p V , qz *
*wEZ
Zg { Z'
,a
^ce *
*{g {6,: Zpce *
*gz'!*
ZgzZ
kC) "7,gzZ7,B p6,gLZ kZgzZkZ
gzZ^Z YZ 1s7
Zg { Z'
,
p}g (Z {z6,
j
7 7,BpkZ^ {z z{zztgzZ $ZgzZzxs
N a VwCZ [ Z ? bi Z0
+Z W,
Z6,kZ {zQ
SG
0ce Y
[ Z~ w}
8a zG Z G
D s ZkZ w~
C wCZ
H [ ZzI\W~rz
kZgzZ
)
Zzg Z D : ]
? z
V C\W~7c*
h+
~D\ W { c*
iIV4Wz,
6
wC
a y!*
i zg Z rz
Z',D Y 1976 ~ Z ~
0*
g eq
-Z TV @*
g )**
sg yZ
~y*zy
y*zy;z Dg ~,B22bkZ C6,] ,
kZ D ] Zz Zz= ~ e
)
Z V1x Zz
~
 ~zg Z6,
gx  ZkZh
+]!*
kZ=Dg ]

256

$E
08G
zgzZ/X ]!*
ZyZ~akZD : ]
? x q
-Z CZ
p /% X ~ f \ W, Z x **
IV4Wz,
6
?
**
gzZ ~ !*
W Z% **
~g7 ~i W]| ! V; Y D :Zgp
D{)z~w'
,
V{ gZ
~
r
# V{ gZ **
 x=V; IV4Wz,
6
tq
-Z ~+4wq@*
yZgzZ _ ~ e Z8 ]b 6,
+4yZ
/Z D
zu ~ ~
{z @*
YH
[ Z}g{ kZ :gzZ7 !*
{z @*
g Z
D6,
g Z
@|kZ {z} a
v[ ZpD : ]
g zg yZ :gzZ D7Zk
,
+ Z{z st1,g Z
5
?D ~
}g tzzZ kZ D c*

9t \WV; IV4Wz,
6
k& Z q
-Z i q~ yZ g W ]k ~ zg Z V
$E
~ T qz$Ze { 08G
m{q
-Z Zgz kZ q
-
I F,
Q $
Wg a { b & Z 7 CW
w Z CZ { z q
-e
$h
+]
.Q c*
rz
]c*
Z Z kZ q
-
pVpkZ S(,
W D^ui **
yxgx ZgzZ
 7(Zp7R~]kyZVx{kZ
D:zVz ~ec*
;g:x ~e
Ibx \ WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x IV]

255

?VYt
7+Zwq]g[Z1 9{\WJ
-u IV4Wz,
6
]g[Z~kZ ;g Y Hg (Ztzg Z" Y
kZ 4[Z ;g Y ~}g !*
yZ ~ bg Z [Z 4wq
nY H x ZgzZ 9yZ ZZ
# g J(,xs
V }g Z Z G
S~{Og p]!*
kZp
g Z **
\W eV ;g Y~]!*
 [ZgzZ DhZ VM
/Z%


Z L
L @*
YtV}g Z
# : iq
-Z}g
/
g 7zs kZ +**
gzZ ;g 7q%~ `


@x ZY qz I%{z gZz{ ZzkZ

s ,{ Zz{ ZzA
$VVx{/~kZakZ ]o
pg gxZg{z Z
# wq V9 ~ Z
kC(Z  D'!*
~ e Vu yZ {z Z
#  D qz
x {z DVg]!*
e/8~z* KZ {z @*

7
s  5 : Zx ,u
g
{z Y 7 a kZ s% ZyZ bZ D Y
~i W]|t0*
T: t0*
kZ VrZ4z@*
Dg
LZ yZhZ tVM~zgD~g7
~y*zyVH~` WakZ D 57{z%~Z)
~zg {YZ
~ y Z  }g
/ZZz {
Z f Zc*
~ !*
W{
ac*
 { VrZq D
{zakZsZzC
pD
HHt%VyZ
D Y7(Z Y1g
t0*
Z ;g

258

~ C
oZ e

g ga ;gE-ga zg Z: *Z
Y wgMq
-Z~*zg Z ~ C
oZ e

,:~ C
oL{A
$%zgV{kz
Wz6,
 D Y
[ j V r
# ~ C
~ T 
~ Y 2005

H{ <C
gzZgq
-Z U**
, U! ,

- Zk Zi- ! Z q
#
-Z k [ Z q
-ZyZ z
IZ Y 1948  JsD
H] [ Zzg ZgzZ Z

gzZ} Z * Z} Z ! ;gE- g7 Za ~g r !*
~g ZD

] Zg Z Z] &~gzZ ~% \ W Y 1963 H ~ e Z 8

o _ 
J
-[ Z
~ bgz

pg zig W J
n
-z Z V1,~ 0
+
i KZ r
#
>B64yZ Zz Y W,
O ] Z Y: Zg Zz
ga D

g 
g Z Z :L YZ yZ cB6gzZ}pB24gzZ

hZz - i
+g c*
+Z wW Y 1967 D3 F,
&
~ V !*
i F X

K L Lg Zz ggz` gzZ~u{zkZ

g7 g ^
L D! Z { yZZ
#  ` {g {

KZ D ~g Yi~gzZ Zxg P !*
WZ gLzZV `
d yi Z L

~X ` qi eg Z-Z Vg J
-[ Z~ i Z Z ] }
.N

y
@g ~$
+,
Lyq@s Z L} ZZ- *Z ~s W}L
I
Df.
m{gg e6,
]tZggLzZ1
$0*

257

? ,
V W/" Z~~Z ! r
# ZgpIV4Wz,
6
LgLZgzZ\Ws~  v} (,x ?VznH
ce g c C!*
.{z7Zzg ZV Ylg Z
_
/
VgzZ
,z w y!*
i ~g zg Z D k'
,kD ` W
M
hN 7lZy

-Z 6,V C V g Z h
q
Vce \G,
z~w}g g WWZ
# 6,
zZy!*
i ~g
zg Z
H !t
/Z ;g WZ @*
=/_
.{z D W W6,
zZ
? y M
h| 7,7zg Z~ wjZ
/Z D Y 7q
-g @*
Lwy!*
i
~uz * ?M
h | 7,7VY zg Z  M
h| 7,W!*
3!*
i ~uz
?M
h7h
+y

~!gq
-Z c*
[zgZq
-Z H M
h
( Y 2003c {g )

260

DCY)i
x Z}
.'V7M c*
zi~D :~ C oZ e
Lg @*
){x g]~gzZ
A & T
0
+
i ? $
W~zY %agzZ $OV
Vgg " ~ 0*
Zu[ Z b=g ggzZ J1 0
+
igzZ Ug ZD

Z Vz^0
+
i ~)gzZK
M F,
" ~g lWgzZ^z5
$OgzZukZ qw~
C[ Z~g ZgzZ g
Z Z a Z V Lg [ Zgz!{gG  4=
DVLg[x~Z ZhB
z6,
VE
\W @*
{ i Z0
+Z% Z e6,
z]>\WD : ]

4h
\W{zkZp7L
<
){6,] G
5E
+

? ;gmH
} ],
Z <
gzZ V WI ~D :~ C oZ e
@*
W70
+!*
g Zi ZZ
# ~ ;gI: Zy ZV@*
0*
p~
I A
$
Hc*
Z {g 0*
&~ g
$ugzZ yW
=
iwjZbgI iL gLzZ ~L LCYS"7,
bg
za"7,{ C

bgIXg ` W k7, !*
~
4X3 V; V m
~ * + L LgzZ ~ L LD ~ 6,] G
5E

L Lbg FDV [ 
~g x YL LgzZ | }p
6f K}6,[Vg }p U Z Za
uT CWz~ uZg Zz Ch ykz y iV V '
=g f: YZ c*
~
VZ {6, Vz0
+
i~ { { C<

D ~] gzZ C

259

G
xl\W:
L g? }3ZMq
-Zzg ZD : ]
HB\W [ Z+**
N Ct\W
 D
? Hs Z
6,Vzk,
~Vg Z
/]~ [ Z +**
D :~ C oZ e
 Dq Z ] Z Z   VrZ }pg e
= [ Z +**
5gzZ Z6,szc)z szc} (,Lg
~W6,**
Rjx q
-;g gzZ Hg 
u
$Zzgq
e
-Z[ ~Wx6, ~iyZWz6, [
Cq ZUb }[ ~W Zi W 
Z e Z e
C
}p H~ VL LK<{x6,V1~ ~;w2
D H 
gzZbg FgzZ_TJ W6,{z
~ Zi W;z` WWzgZ,t ZkZ\WHD : ]
? g^}g
O~iz0
+ZgigzZ 46,
O
gzZ
Y YY Ht ZJ
-uD :~ C oZ e
M~ Vg 6ZgzZ  g D Z}p}ggig : YZ
Wzg Zp M
h } x **
46,Z  g D Z y
,gzZtyDggzZq
-%Z hZz;ztu}
gzC
(Zt wVkZ g CY*$Yq bTgt
]!*
~uzt[Z
HHVc*
Vzg \z
/LZ ;g @*
~
?n
pgx H c*
7c*
{0
+
i**
{zgzZg {z~[ Z

)uKZ Hpg MgzZziq

-Z\WD : ]
g.
 ?g Z Z h gzZ $O\Wz!*

262

261

~ Z O4XI
) i%Zg7: [ L{z bzg <
hg
D ~' Dn7Zc
kZe
$h
+]
. Ag Zz ZZ[ Zzg Z\WD : ]
zg Z ` Wp e
$gzZz |
# KZ ? D 0*
6,w2zg Z~gz
?6,
x
z|
# Zp ZLZ y!*
i!q
-ZzgZD :~CoZe
y

kZgzZ y!*
C
iugzZxoq
-ZgZe
$gzZ
V0
+WgzZ QgzgZ~}iuKZ p
g6t 6, ~ V5 * #CZzz g Ct
gzZ 1J
-gz y!*
izg Z~gze
$h
+]
. gzZ ~,Z ` WgzZ
4]gzZR,
5G
[WJ
-M
m zg Za~zKgzZ _ a
V
$ H
CY
Y C]DpgzZ C:~C
* Y
gzZLCZ]*
KKZzg ZC{7]*
K~g ~kZ
6,gDDe
$ ZZ KZgzZy CZe
$Zzg KZpKZd
$KZ
Zgzg ZZgH~ *~ ~, Z ` W Dt

~ * ._g z ZZC- }g Z Z {x ZZ { c*

i
y!*
i ~(,~~ m,
ZgzZ V !*
i Zz Y gzZ 1{ c*
i

7y!*
ioq
-Z c*
x q
-Z t ]!*
ZBzgZ zg Z
Z o %Z ZV !*
i Fzg ZZg y!*
i ~g Z'
,@t
~ y!*
izg Z
z kZ W~ kZ QZszwV !*
iyZakZ
zg Zz!*

yZp x szwgzZ Vzi ZzW{ c*

i

Zgzg ZayZ g YCgz y!*

izg Z56'
,~
[ZZ yW{ c*
iayZ 7,zg Z~zg 7{h
+I

\WH \W~g Z<

[ ZIF,
D :]
w yZ \W c*
?' V' Zg Z <
6,kZ L
?n
pgt Z
8 bzZi Z ZgzZ ,~D :~ C oZ e
yZpM
h {h
+I**
wdZyZ$
~'
,
V
yZ6,
~g Z<
V' ZIF,
$
gzg g 
$
t0*
dZ
q@s Z 3sZg f ;g W,
Z b
W,
Z Johan Ruskin g h x Zz t ZgzZ [ Z
E
G"
_6 ~ kZgzZ

HJ 7,] 0Ei (Epicurus)kg G3E

Z Y

W]P [ qgskZfY } &
+
e
[ Z 7Z 0
+
i t bzg ~ f z ] ~f C
gzZ
+
E
I
B
r g w: Z]
.q
-Z Z 0
+
i Oscarwilde
The kZ q q=bkZ Z ~ l o>Zw
V7gzZ ~g7 i * .Zz C
rose and the night ingale
} 7,6,VzIF,
]Z W,
Zt gz C1)[ Z ~gO
cg
V7(~[ ZIF,
q x ZZ ~g Vc*
6,yZzz
~gZ Cc*
gzZ ~ CT
$r~ OZ V-g Z
tg wg P5[ Zzz Vc*
W,
Z b)
tgwC
Z Z
# ~Y 1929 i Z0
+Z W,
Z Y 1926
qkZq
- 4,
V' ZVLe**
CV
)u]

KZ o~(,
[ Zp $
iuZz V6 *
: *6,Z
+~[zZtg mz6,
:nCVzg @*
]C
4]6,
HE
k 0*
qKZ
+x ZZgzZ
HH'V' ZIF,
zz

264

tC
{zL c*
CVrZ Hc*
g ~wg ?
3g Z J 7,
gzZgH **
` W~ ~ m,
Z}pq
-Zz s "
# ggzZ
@*
lZz+'
,
7Z~Qgx **
+7Z\Y**
$
x ,
{xgzZg~ Y 2000 t Z 7<
Zuz 4 xsZ ;g

~ kZ Vzg {a Z **
Y y=a
~
yJ
-y z Dn 7q
-~g zz
KZ 3g Z
HCgzZy~pg D s eg yLZ={zg C'!*
6,
y
wD Z)xsZ <
 gzZ C
Zp]5 yZ
H7W
yZ~yq
-Zz ZNp=yzakZ W6,+
M c*
gzZ
}}I~T
{g *0*
ezg egx WgzZ Wy{zT
N'!*
W6,wD ZBqv
@}g V;z c*
Z,
-{#a
~~bgzZyZ D 
~^[6'
,~Wt
+ ]Z NZ WgzZ [){z V ;g @*
h
s %Z%Z V 7
H e
C
z
/Z~f (Z**
Z'~W~yZp#
Y yZ (F,
ug e y Z ]5 ~ y ? `w
UzDy6{z Hs ZZ 3g Z~yZ W
,6,g~k
,
{z s ZZ xsZ/ s 6,y yZ ~
y6,b { LZ H (Z VrZgzZgz . [xZ } @*
sxsZ <
Z}uzs Z Z kZgzZ HgZ
Z
DV&=gf Z~B;Z(,
~ C
oZe~
p7x zg Z~[ Z@\W @*
YD : ]
b}C
z kZ LZ\W H { @*
wzg Z6,R@ t
?,s
# z

263

zg ZV;z[Z2- e
$o d gz7zgmzg Z ! V; 
Y 2005 ;g Y @*
zg Z~ @ B
bgwy!*
i)q
-Z
 ~ y!*
i@ ]!*
Z 8 i3,
Wzg Z ;gE- 
` Zg ~
J 7,
S7,
zg Z~ B45~gze
$h
+]
. gzZ ~,Z ` W,z
DDx Z
/
z6,
~zg Z B32gzZ CY
gzZ 4
~VrZ[ Zzg Z\WD : ]
?VY
4
~ w}q
-I F,
D :~ C oZ e
VU 6 ] gzZ  K 7bzZi 6 0
+
i kZY
z C gzZ 3g 7 q
-kZ C4 ?
~ [ Z y  }W i ZzW
z~ V
H
D gq
-t8
-g_
ZzlUt6,
,D
wD Z)3g ZD : ]
UtwD Z)L L

3g ZL L \Wz!*
kZp**

.6X 3g Z \W}
Z 3E
_g_3g Z L gLzZ
? 7
Wk0*
}Z
# K_L !
L g 3g Z D :~ C oZ e
& yZg : YZgzZ
Q Hz= ^ k
,
yZ
Q c*
C
Wy yZ A
$ 7Z Zg KZ CZ ~ W~_}
Zj[ Z'!*
~g ''!*
| W6,
yizg}}uz
{z 0
+
i igzZ ,wD Zp 
Z(,{zwD Z C
yZ @*
Y VYxsZ
wD Z s %Z kZ 7Z 
G
y* S(,
$
"
~bkZ XZKs 0Zq
-Zz VrZV

266

%Z CYWgz[5~~ { z { C
D :~ C oZ e
= s^i
+ kZV ;g} rz
s 0Z 5gzZ uz=g fg
gzZ }gzZ  T e 6* @*
Y Vz
yZ @*
Y7
kZ o Mg gzZ Vzg Vz**
Vzg ZD
k0*
} x
z 6* kZgzZ CZ
Z :~ ;g V{Z
+[ Z
D Y7Z'
,
T @*
K~66 kZ @*
W~
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
[ ZpZpVgzf *Z [ Z~D :~ C oZ e
~,Z g x Y L LD Y} 7{)z x a kZ V &D

x|{gzZ HbT V4Z6, c*

g ~
t ( DpgzZ R
Fi Wx PZ { c*
igzZ~kZ bT]g q
Za ggzZ]Iz d~ 5gzZ Vk
,
+%V.~z t z
5
DV@
*
kZ
( Y 2005c {g )

265

qEwgzZ ~ [ Zzg Z D :~ C oZ e
~[ Z@p~kZ }gJ6q[ ZgzZ
gzz zgZ~ V !*
iv gzZ zg ~ m,
Z 76,}[ Zzg Z
x Z[ Z kZ C 7c ~ y!*
i *6,kZ1 ZF,
! Z Zzgs?Zz{ .Z[ ZkZgzZ
H7.

ewzg Z 7
*
*{xgzZ *
* 0*
,
'
~z
DV}Y~t {yv70| _W\WZ~
\WZzVp1:m\WD : ]
x ZZ kZ @*
w ~p CZfT6,,F,
{ c*
i
?}H\W~]P'
,
Za {I" 
g ZD :~ C oZ e
qc*
x @*
q{ c*
i ,c*

~[ Zt Z]$
7
6,s 0Z ~,z ~ kZ qzZ ~a Z 7 Zuz
,p 6,b)_ W6,x F
CWw zc*
gzh
+ @
Wc*
CY0x
Z
#
G gzZ
E
+
G
GG3G3C!gzZ
Z*
c [~A
$ @Wg7 ykZ
?gvx jx PZ bkZaVoVg Z
V/_
. ~p~ kZ V ;g ^BVzg * ~g7 ~
x ZZ Lg 
g %Z/_
. lpjgZ Vzuz ? @*

]*
Kz ]1) gzZ i @*
e
$szf ~ 7 kZV Zz
DV@*
qb
kZHD XZK<5q
-Z\W{ C
 @*
YD : ]
( {Z
? ;gyvc*
;g AXF
+[ Z

268

iq
-Zzg Z g&gizg ZyZK}iug D : ]
?gVYFZ
qkZ~g Q gy!*
i ~gu~uz g
qz g&gi!Zjzg Z G }iugD : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
qwy!*
i ~ U*
Z6,R( ~gY [ Z !V
~g zzTZa wq]g~Z
Z {z R(p
zz x yv{ c*
i
zg Z {zkZ g D qV1izg Z
@*
7 yDg [Z szg Z Z Z bkZ x Z
t ` WCWZZpg 0*
gea Z~} Z *Z Z
# : iq
-Z
Vzg ZD
~ k} Z ! CY ZyZJ
-B 10B5
c
/ D 50B45 o[Z gzZ Dq
a} Z *Z D Y ~gz6,
Zzz~gizg"2zz;g: 9x s(Z D Y$
71
M y!*
it zz kZ [Z k
,
+o zZg kZ zg Z ~ `
zg Z
5
&
/G
VZgzg Z g` Wg[ Z g0*
G
p d
$ Zz 
z A Vzgg e
$Z
D 7[ Z!s Y\W
kZc*
J
-uy!*
i't
Hc*
zg ~ U*
zg Z~g D : ]
?K] ZZar z

tVyZK76,g: Zq] ZZ D :~g i *

*Wz,
6
]!*
+ZVq Yr z
zg Z w$
+(Name Plate) 
~Vz
Hc*
0*
7 ~gz**
yDgskZ~ 7
$E

h
H
2
.
G
~ VzZzzgZQN W7ZZpg~zgZk0*
yZ ZR,

267

~g i **
Wz6,

( g )g7;gE-g zg Zg.
e
$ ZZ Xq
-Z~ZPyZ ~g i **
Wz6,
Z ~g Zzg y*zy w p ZgzZgZ[|Z

r
# ~g i **
Wz6,D i q
Z ~ x)
,7Z t
D

D} Z * Z g7 ;gE- g ~ ` Zgz'
,yZ ZZ
~~g wz**
zg Z L L~ e Z8
~ egzZ ~ e Z8
z Dp Zi%V- L L
~ egzZ ~ Y 1979 z
&Zp

B3} Z * Zr
# Wz6,D _ T~ Y 2004 ] }
.! Z

gi
+g ~ Y 1982
g~ ;gE- g7 ~ Y 1969 '
,
Z

gzZ Wz6,~ Y 1985 Wg7 ;gE- g ~ Y 1984

e],
gY 2004B31Q si Z Z%g~Y 2001
u bzgz s
# gzZ ~g c*
[ Wz D zi~ @*

}p~W~Vzg0*
Nr
# Wz6,Dsz^~~g 

wz**
zg Z ( Y 1997) ZVwL
L ~( Y 1985)
c*
g L
L

b
zZi L L Zuz }p ~W ( Y 2001) ^
wz**
zg Z L L6,g @*

N
8
-g L LgzZ 0
+
1q
- Z~
Z L LzV ( Y 2009)
[ Z z DIZ ] !*
-Z {z L
q
L V YZgzZ ( Y 2009) Zw r Zl
L L

zg Z 8- ` O Zzg Zg r
# ~g Wz6,D`qd

Z ~O Zc*
+Z wWgzZO Z zg Z wX ! fO Z
&
D`qi eg Z- Z

270

7u @*
~kZ wq]g{ Z D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
kZ ;g Wt [ Z ! ` W 7 [ Z ! YY
zg : YZgi
+g zg v ]!*
E~}g !*

kZYt~wq]g+Z z~g gzZz


D u @*
wkZc*
;gWz{],
Z
zg Z~ `
6,R~
C,g6,kZ ]!*
kZ]gz
~g g VZsg uJ
-Z
# v ? g Ha
zg Z c*
zg Z y!*
i rz
Z'
, zg Z F,
Z $
0*
7r z
y!*
i

&
zgzZ ~gz6,

_VyZ x/GG Y\W~VO Z ~uz

~ kZ Y^7x % Z e 0*
s~ a
7 {z~i Z
zg Z **
Zgz!*
t 7Z } 7,**
Zzx ZskZ Z e 3
+ 7 [ Zzy!*
istgzZ hZz d
$~g y!*
i
# kZ t hZz kZ d
Z
$ ~g p <
z
~g : gzZ Y rz
y!*
i ~g : 7~
C(Mass)J
D YD<
}g gzZy}g pzd
$
yZ\WH{gZMZgz!B15z c*
6,
D : ]
?}g7Zjzg Z#
5[ZD
B10Vzz LZt
/Z K }z #
5D : ~g i *
*Wz6,
|,yZ~erz
$
g C3~g7'!*
B20c*

$Z}zyZ ZjkZ ] !*
y!*
izg ZJ
-VgzZ
D 7yZ Z YY7 ZwZ pWt
?yZ6,
\W,zD :]
&
D @*
WHt /GG
YY7 ZD :~g i *
*Wz,
6

269

E
2h$ZR,
.G
~zgZ {zce (F,
kZ~x Z w H
V~uz V;zz~gakZ7(F,
1KZZpg
4Z gzZ S(,sz^~g Za Zgf}uzWV;z s
TBuw\WLZ Ztb s
E
4J&N*
2h$ZR,
.G
7HiF
 7H
6,V `W
H` R{],
Z kZzz
DZzzgZt 7bkZ{z
?Vc*
gZ~{ZgkZH
37VY]ZgZiZgD:]
 Z ` 7pg Z q
-Z  M
h gzD : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
g66,h
e Z 6,x **
zg Zp C 7 yY ~ kZ
_g Z
p f
e g Z zg Z  f
eg ZZgzZ ~y V 
kZ1 g Z YZ q
-Z x **
gU*
W L L ;g 7g Z YZ ` W zg Z
t  D: a kZ
/ZZz zg Z D e {g 7
D YqzQ
@*
wZ~}g !*
wzg ZZ
# zg ZvZD : ]
W **
!*
5 zgZVq D7wu @*
kZ {z
?}H\W~}g !*
7kZ~,Z g YC
akZV ~ k- 7t Z= kZ D :~g i *
*Wz,
6
]\WtgzZ _7,7zg Z ayZp D kZ v
c*
 _7,g Z~ m,
Z _7,7J
-g ZzgZ { E
+Zzg Z
z!*
kZ  **
zg Z  g| 7, *zZ a ~y
' zgwzg Zg Zh
+kZ
/Z
YZ wt
, w
? 7u @*
wzg ZtkZ D :]

272

z ]Zg Z ~i Z Z s{z 1 D 0*
Z 9 w f *Z
?YZh e
$ZzgkZ~ "7,
bg
}g } Z *Z6,gwV ]!*
kZ tD : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
H~LZkZ sL LyZ/!gq
-ZV9
z
# p~}7kZ 7}g kZyZgzZ c*
Z

8Z7kZ wq]g Z )
Hc*
;8tt { E
+Z
(q
-Z (C
n c*
:Zzp6, VyZ ( YY
~ kZ
Hc*
oY Z`
Z g kZ Z
# ,]\W7]!*
t
e ~ ZzZpj{ E
+Zzg Z Z 7
q
-Z zg Z
kZ 7Z { c*
i yZZg ZpV Y fbkZ
Zzwq { E
+Zzg ZpD Y7 ~~}g !*
yZa
zg Z~ { e M
h 7h
+y

t g Zzg Z ? .

_7,7J
-g { E
+ZzgZB50Vz C\WgzZB| 7,gZ
 [Z ;g Y@*
{z[Z ` Zzg g ~i ZZakZ
[ZakZ g 0*
7V,q jJ
-yZ~ "7,jv
7Za kZg0
+Z}g mzg ZJ
-Z
# 7_7,{z
a zg ZgzZ ~gz**
zg ZV,7kCt
Yr z
y!*
ikZ :J
-A
$ ~gz7,h
+y

bgz]Zg Zzg Z
Y7Za WkZt p Y ` Zzg Zpjt:gzZ
~kZ H J 7,zg ZVLZ {zD7#gv
kZ_7,
zgZa}g B33o7Zg izg
Z! wq  f
e| 7,
~h dZ zg Z Z%~
;g 0*
7{zce **
~g^ kZg0
+Z}g  m zg Z

271

y!*
izg Zc*
ZjV ~g ZMZgz LZgzZD : ]
?Hx HZj
w z yY KZsv c*
d
$
D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
z { n
/Zx c*
o  @*
Y gB yZa
~(,~g kZ z{ n]c*
OZ kZ *
* !*
,
'
Zg7kZ]!*
Xy
/ ZB6s q! x
'
,
i
HwZ x ~g  kZgBLZVP1
V 6,gc*
3 r !*
!s D |]g @*
-Z {z
q
/8F~}g !*

q yZ~ V {gG G
]c*
OZ c*
g izg
~ V B5 ~y
W1bgzgizg VrZ ~ qz 7hZ
g ,Zp kZ c*
7 b {g Adjustment{z
c*

{ c*
iV ~g Z'
,KZ kZpB V x b
~g Z'
,KZ s HD VrZ
ys ;g 7 Myp My3g x **
kZpg]!*
6,kO}g7 76,Uq
-Z sW~g ;g
kZ  Z pgB yZ J
-[Z  ~g6 ~g z!*

[g Zg0
+Zg0
+Z kZ `
tzz kZ
'
,
i
kZ #
b 1t V  t ~g Z
g W
6,

c*
g W6,
g ZMZv g W#
y(

H#
$~V-Z`
g !*
kZaZ ;g7J
-kZ7Z kZ
Dx t
/Z c*
^g7 kZ ;eT T 5 w V T
` W ` W CW7t wq]g{zh
+
f
e x 70
+Zgz
I4G
"
5E
DgoB;8Z!
A G
zg Z { E
+Z} (,
} (,
x ` Zzg Zpj~zgZ D : ]

274

t ;guzg6,gzZ g
/
6,] glZy

lZF,
D ]!*
hZ
LZ17~y*zyLZVZz?[
Z D: ]
,ZH y 0*
IZ e
$DkZ;g7x kZV
?M
hg7]z
zD\W~

&  M
/G
# gx Y \W G
Z
hg !*
D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
[Z Wg7kZ v c*
Wt
t g}uzgzZg W}pZjZvg )
,gzZ
kZZj~T Z qz
_p6,q
-ZZg W
Dg W,qn
ia^gbT~y 0*
Zj1D :]
D ;g7~o LZ bkZ ;gx bT6,
kZgzZ
LZ V;zt zz ~(,kZ~~g D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
~IZ { c*
i V}g 7g_
OZ c*
h { c*
i ~ V
-Z  x ~ :W + Z~ y q
q
-Z V
| (,
WgzZ kZ wqtZ yq
-Zgw YZ A6,}uz
G

{
&
4E
5 ~g s LZp /G
45G
]g+Z  gx G
G
**
s u 0*
r z w LZM
h7x ~
DM
hx ~ygzZOJZY"
[|Z ;gsg VE55~y 0*
~
D :]
q
-Z \W q
-Z ~ y*zy p g Y CW]]
.gzZ g~
?YZh kZN Cw [|Z
o Vz Og pq kZ \W
D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6

273

DM
h7g ZkZtg0
+ZyZ!gj{ E
+ZyZpj\W
?ce*
* H~]g+ZQD :]
*
* ZZ *i3z g 6,] Za kZ D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
zg ZY Hw 0 n6,d
$sZgzZd
$zg Zy!*
izg Z~Tce
V!*
y Z  M
hg izgu'
,| 7,zg Z a }g Z H
D ZakZt~VCgCg ebkZ YH7
~w'
,
8
-gL L6,
],B800g %D : ]
]c*
g L
L N C\WH {g KZt c*

{g S6,
? Yg ZH kZ~[!*

yZ  Wt J
-[Z}g  8
-gL LD : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
t
zi ZI,z g YZ
ig $
Y t~zg
D 7t 8

-g L
L Z @*
HkZ M
h7
kZ A
$ ~IZ~e]c*
g ~ kZ
/ZgzZ 4e
$Zzg
DM
h77yDgqm
6?ce**
gZ
/
V-zg~WbkZ\WHD :]
D;g}rz
e
$ZzgkZ 8
gL
L
7pJ
-] q
-Z ce **
gZ
/gzD : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
wJ @*
YW8
-g (Z w~kZakZ4g e l~kZ
p pV|i zmvZ -w=wg\W @*
7
a kZ gp yZ  zu g zgzZ [ Z1 pk]
]!*
bkZ
/Z CY pzgzZzbT~ V-
~ 8
-g L L ZjkZ  BqZ W~ p
~ L L iZ {z W}p ~Wz

276

z~W}pYZ qC
~kZVq ;gx
]Yoz{gG kgzZ k kBq
-Z  ]
b6,zyZg}p~kZ 6,
+yg)
,
d6,
gzZbkZY7V(C
p6,
-ZC
q
pg
~ VZy}uz ,Zn6,g4x zb&ZgzZPH,
%Nmw6,
DM
hyZF
g;gx [Z
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
g x Y L
L t Bm,
?c*
{gtZaMg D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
LZ ,x ZZ i{za
)
Z z zF,
kZ ;g^ uT
J(,
M kZ , V kZ
@ Vzg ZggzZ [xZ
kZ6,Rdz o6,g~ OZp6,t s: kZ ,
=t ;x !gt ]!*
g x Y L LgDN Wt }iZ
Z ?
kZ 4{z ;g^Zt6,q
-R,
TI
TgZ E,6 6 y W\W 7~f}N
W7t kZ~~J
-[Z ;gZ~kZ
!g kZ D Vz i\W5'
,~ WZ
# ~ w
;g )F,9}g gzZ I wZZtt ! p ~(,

sZ }uzt c*
CZ kZg q kZ CZ Zt
LZ6,wZ LZce Z
Z,jyZ,z M7~Va6,

/Z VY V yz !7Z  D Wt d6,

}g  N Y d6,Z
# gzZN Y d6,{z ,: yz
D n V7J
-x Z{z 7ZZg  ]c*

( Y 2006ag {g )

275

n B[ Z!v7]!*
Z Z cgzZwj
pgzZ Z!*
}Wz8
-g yZg YB~y 0*

~kZgzZgBZ*zy}gW,
OV 0*
~gZl{ c*
i] Z 0*
B 0*
V&~ ;gw$
+8
-g
]**
Dgh
+]
.[ Z ZggzZ W,
Z { c*
i Z yZ N W~o}g

& Zj p wq gzZ W
/G
C 0*
 G
8
-gL
L HyZ 6\W @*
0*
VJ
-V 8
-gL L
f}g }g t ]!*
hZt  D[
7 V \W}g
w Z= 0*
~ bg bZqJ
-Mg x gzZ !*
Z
/C ZZp YY Zh yDg { Za ZjCgCg
8
-gL Lp @*
g e H7~ spw8
-g
OZtg0
+Z}g gzZM
h b L
L Zx=_
kZ}p~WZj]SM
h Z Za
~zg /LZ~akZ5,jgzZBzg= yZ|~
C ZpkZ g0
+Z yZ1 7 Z{zV 6, kZ
{z b~1 T e IhZ gzZ  hZ >gzZ B{z
qz rtqJ
-yZ}piz
Z]~Wt
/ZDg e
D Z 2Z6 ~[ ZQgzZ,
?tH\WV
/
uzd
) ) z<
L IZ D : ]
?g U*
Wzg~wDkC\WH
i Zq
-Z FS(,Vx
/
u V'
,PO Z D : ~g i *
*Wz,
6
YZq
-Z!*
Wg yg{ BZgg

) ) z<
L IZ LZ {zgN ;g g Z Lp
L 6,

278

x
/
u~] }
.+g D
+

) Z
kgZgx IV]
?zzm{ H cg ;gE-\WpD Y
ZZ g z !~ n~ ekZ IVzg Zg Wz,
6
]| **
**
}gzZ ~h
+
Z ?**
R }D 6,y}
gzZ c*
J 7, ( d{ =~ Z1Z { 
]| ) r
# { 
Zy{ 

) Z

pJ 7,J
-w&z D 1Z ~g ! V;z Q
zz T
H{ Vz@W~ i kZt Z kZ D 7
]5 ~ OZ wgzZ w
}g VY Wt b)
VgzZ
HW hg~g ZKZ~akZ} a
` Z%
kZ 1k0*
} Z!gzZg ~g YJ 7,
BB#
i 5 ~
7B)Z bkZ ~ e Z8QgzZ H} Z *Z
D} 7,
^O Zc*
O]
.]q Z
y!*
ig~kg Z9o |g Z.
**
-ZtD : ]
q
?nYH6,
kZTm,
?+Z~\W [ Z!
kg ZakZ M
h} 7kg Z x ZZ kZ IVzg ZgWz,
6
**
2g
$uzyW
gzZ<
z+yZ 7**
2y!*
i!
y!*
i! DV.Zz%Z
/kZ\WD 2J
-ukZ {zy!*
i
xt
_H HkZgzZ pkZ H ~
[Z D:x| g
$uD,: sz@*
e
$W\W @*
N Y
pgzZw1"kZ\W @*
Yt !~ ikZ
! iZV;z @*
YHx ZtgzZ ZakZ~kg Zh
+]
.
9z y!*
i ~gzs
# z]!*
kZVDZz + Y

277

zg Zg Wz6,

;gE-!g.
gzZ**
[gZxq
-ZCc*
] Z Zzg Zg Z eWz6,
4& xE\ W eZ
~ m,
Z z ! 2 ~6,sm<!*
G
0E
G
z%ZY 1934yB29\ WD
A & )~[ Zzy!*
i
Z]
.ZzY !*
Z LZgzZ W~Z y: 5gzZIdq
-Z8-

KZ \ WV H cg zz ; Hqy.zxEsZ

M.AgzZ B.A~ [ Z z y!*

i ! ;gE- gzZ 3g ~g Y

~
/e f
$Z e! a ~ e Z 8 ~ Y 1977

D F,
gzZ gHg Z ~ ;gE- QgzZ q

A &d\ WD^
,6,
}Wz6,
~Y 1985

[ Z ! %&J
-Y 1996Y 1984\ W;gE-
6,] s2 [ Z z y!*
i ! gzZ zg Z \ WD HgHg

,
k
kD gzZ ]g e h ~ ~ m,
ZgzZ zg Z !

] ZZ ]4c*
g zh
+ m
\WL L~ X  

_ ~Wz ~d g @*
ZZ ] ( ~ Vz z )

Z ] !*
~vZ z { 
gzZ e
$syZ ~q)gzZ ] x

VgzZV-gE- VZ W,
M ] }
.d\ WD

V; Isf
Htg/g. ~ X Zi Z eg Z- Z \ W

f .
eg Z-Z l~ Y 1987 y 0*
gzZ eg Z-Z d~ Y 1985
D Z~Y 2004B28wz\ WD

280

D 7` W{z g ~}g !*
Dt U u **
k\Z q
-Z [Z
a #
i 5D[ZgzZ Dq
-Zt Dqa kZDv

3Vz +Za LZ ~ t C
[Z D @*
Y Hq
DV CY &&V ~kZ D Y #
i5
9{z
/Z g
A &
W Z (, \vZ~ a  n

Y0Z(,{z @*
g Z kZ i Z0
+Z ~LZgzZ 6,5 Zg
7i q
Z{z~kZC
@*
q+
M #
i 5{z
/Zp
g Job Oriented~V iD Y"7,
,
z{
]| Wf} (,} (, kg Z yZakZ 7g
: ; 9zgP VM{)z ~w'
,V{ gZ **
gzZ m,
+Z{ 
vZ
3| 7, yZzz VxsZgzZ

)
Z D6," n
Zg dZ ~ yZgzZ C \Y Vo;
MZ xyZ 6,Zz
3{!
4EE
DDZagzZgh EG
~[*kg Z+
$YyZgZo IV]
? Ht\W~ekZ Sg CWt ZgZzF,
: ZzF,
~[kg Z~~IVzg Zg Wz,
6
[Z D ]gz g6,T kg Z ]gzs
&
/G
xEgzZ Y ~ b [ 0Zg7 q
-ZpT  G

kZ\W
/Z D~gzgc*
g6,gwVD WyZgzZD
C:t c*
g
M Z ~
CqC
 kC(Z\W ,g6,
kZ c*
sp~ y} F,
kZ [Z +C
gzZ @*
:
~ kg Z }ce 6g C ~pgzZ W~DC
B2 gzZ
za
E
i4$z yZa J 7,%Z
e kZ {)z Y bgzZB EI
/

279
E
E
YE4 E
I

{%izg\WT( nn] ]) 5G5k q

-Z~yZ DC
1!bZs1zg Z\WbTgzZDwEZ~0
+
i
/Z (Z tD M

h7[x\W%kZakZ ~gzt
tZ'
? ]!*
\Wv g s1 !J
-x 
\W

&yZ'Zh Z
CW7~  D]!*
~ y!*
i +Z /GG
V V~ wj ,Z\WZ
# 9~]g+Zt Dg Ht
D: x \W%1y!*
ikZ
gy!*
ikZB=g f 7y!*
i! ~[ LZ kg Z
v @*
,m{%q
-Z c*
vq
-Z~g \WaJ 7,
Dg~kZ {zeGrgzZ 1!
[ Zzy!*
i! ~]Y[tW,G
& x IV]
bhZ { c*
iy.zxE~ kg Z *zyZ
# yDg { c*
is
?
gJ
-Vtt? C
@*
}Y7~~}g !*
[}g IVzg Zg Wz,
6
x V;z t ._ kZ {@x Z ~ }gz [P
o8
/ZakZ ! a( y!*

i ) *zyZ D CY0*
-FFw~]
~ Z ]v gzZ D J 7, ~ ! **
J 7,yZ
D 7hZy.zE{z Z7kC(Z YV;zDD J 7,
] ~ m yZa kg Z *zy wZ ;g [Z
tY Z'
,
{zgzZ YZtr
#  &7
oIt~akZ
BZeY }kg Z  t {z W,G
& ZJ
-V p Z **
X e dZ {)z {)z ~Y !Z >z0
+
gzZ !*
WgeY gg I
! V; Dh
~(,~(, V;zgzZ m"Z~y.zxEZ~

282

?
7t
/
=t ]!*
C

IVzg Zg Wz,
6
c} ) *Z LZ~ Z'D /Zz~s=
1Z { 
]|vg)
,} (,
e~'
,
gzZ**
**
}%z
yZgzZ H_ 0
+
i yZgzZ ( d{ =,v0*
~ AZ
(Z= V k7,~}g !*
vg )
,T[ZgzZ 1| 7,
~g0
+Z
aV x ]!*
tg[Z DV;g| 7,wq 4Z~ @*
x
s n Z~ ekZ 7c*
~gz/Zz s
gzt ! V;D/iq
-Z t 7q a^g t 7q ~gz
yZ wZ ;g [Z D: w" kZ D: @*
,: hYBkZce **
'

[Z ZyZ'D CyAZs ~}g !*

s5#
\WakZ 37yAZt\W !*
,
'
3yAZt
Z Zhg ~z**
t ZgVz C]!*
t \W~?N 3
~akZ }Y 7 Z V }YA~}g !*
@yZ ~ D
zZp]|~~ J e ]
d~ y L
L ggzZV~ y
vyZgzZ g+ZzZp]|zZ]|Y 1zZ+Zx
DBs& 0
+
iVg )
,
? ~gzqsD~[kg ZHD :]
&
/G
:7 bT 7q +Z s ! G
IVzg Zg Wz,
6
m!*
g0
+Z W t Y ~ R,
kZ bkZ CR,
V1 c*
3yZ2 qzgkZ Le {zakZ @*

xEY
M
h Z\W ! V;D}Zg7=g fgzZc*
_
kZ @*
st gzZ g @*
t BZ't, q
-ZZ {!*

281

Z6,tt Ze6,kZD Y {gzJ

-V17ZsD J 7,
,ZtD'7Zg7V~) ~K
M F,
jkZ
u^u^{z Sg~B; kZJ
-Z
# _0
+Z
<XD @*
~[Z E
Yg Z xPakZ _gzZ
kZ c*
kg  7t Dce 6g CgzZce F,G
]gzZ ~ kg Z J
- ` W }[Z D V1
? {Z
+ H kZy
W  g J 7,J
-[Z x kcp g Y J 7,
?g !*
,
'
VYV6&?g
z gzZ CZ VY
+]
h
.gzZ ]5 0 ]  g J 7,
/ZgzZ bJ 7,:kZ c*
DbZkzgyZ` Wt ]c*

~ ~Tg Zg q
-Z y 0*
: ;gW c*
[q
-Z=V
i7~^} :[ZV ZI r
# ~yq
-Z
gzZ Y ~ !*
W
/Z6,
+e r
0
#  HwZ ~ kZ D Y
VY ? , {)z +gzZ Vzi {z N Y V;z y
# ~{z ? , Y V;z D wh e
r
$zg tV
V  c*
t ~ [Z 7 7ZgzZ 7,[ **
Z6,
T gzZ [ \W B \W ? H ]gz Y? 0
+e
c*
;g Zg7 V ~)kg ?7c*
 ]gz i
c*
@*
Zwi **
y
Wkg{z
/Z ! V;D kZ ;g7
/Z ?7
kZ~ **
J 7,gzt @*

Hc*
`g~ g
$u c*
~ *yW
kZ
D wgkZ c*
vZ t @*
7#
x q
-Z~ekZ ~6,sD\ W @*
Y D : ]
}H\ Was5#gzZ ]gzX W sy

284

>
4,
Z e

y{Cc*
dZq
-Z=
{ Z {gR'
,

z Dy T { Z { w NZ N (Z =
) Zz Zg Z
b g [ G6, R'
, V- 0*
+
M qzg
Za f g0
+Z y*zy {~V- 0*
D ; g k'
,
g Cc*
; yZ0
+{ Z Z !*
c*
Zg { Z'

,e
$Z y Z

p ; g szc Zj
)
Z ] D=
D

} Z {gzZzD{ kg kZ ~+
M qzggzZ] t C

Z ey{Cc*
dZq
-Z } Z {gZ D gq
&
mvZ G
*9g C=
~g ]Z+ Zx )
z x Z >
4,

D C7 Z Z+ Z **
dYgzZ Z
g~ V !*
i zg Z gzZ g Vg )
, y ZZ

T H cg Voga ~)dZQgzZ Hq

eg Z- Z ~
/e ~ e Z 8 ~ [ Z g Z ;gE- ~

t x **
P~X _; @*
z"{ zJ
-[ Z D
&C

)**
^ ) Z ] }
.z ] : =
~g ]Z **
:
VP ( {Z ) V 0*
"g wz**
:@+
$ ( e

y Z D] }
.! Z gzZ ] :>WZgzZpgzZ ( V YZ )

DZg ZuZ~ yZ H \ WF,V1 g { z

D Z hg Z ZgzZDZ Z
o

283

yZ Hwzg yZ~ `
H g @*
yZ yBx
kZp {)z {)z H]z ]t yZgzZ, yZ  H]Z W,
Z
c*
zg \W J 7,ggzZ4Z ~ [s b
D 7e(ZBZa
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x IV]
w6,
Z
+Z`
zbggx ` WIVzg Zg Wz,
6
Z bg yZgx Y)x p= ;gN 7s
O gzZ ,zh
+'
skZ Vznt \W~ a kZ
wkZ \WDce *
* HgzZ  H]q {Og6,w
: 
!  6Og~
^` i ^ o n _% ] ^i n
^f v] m ^e kf
h ~ VYLZ}0
M
+
6,
 b w wY? .
$Vzg e Z
#)
<X( D
[Zp K wY VVce **
xt \WZ E
Dcexg7~
( Y 2003m{g)

286

5d
W }uz Z 5 d
W } (,D } Zg e r
# 5
} ZVz} (,D +Zx 5d
Wa gzZ g 5d
W}G
D wZ$
+Z Vzt @*
Y D hZz d
$i 8
-gzZG 5gzZ Z 5
OL+ZD &
'
,
) !*
g
BLZyZd
$i8
-gzZ
6, d
$i 8
-gzZ
z kZ V } (,Vz yZ Z
#
+'
,
Z6,T q
-Z VrZgzZ :Zz V;zG5 wqD
kZ ( V }g t) HyZz ] gzZ \
~ r Zl
L LD~zg T H~g Y y 
q
-Z d
$i8
-gzZ
]g Vzhv {z{g6,V ~ Vz`
@*
Z
 ~jq
-Z
=
~jt zz kZ =
}gC
~ i kZa D D
D
H=
kZ~ gx **
~j
tKzg r Zl
zZ L5~ r Zl
L LkZ
D Y*
t Dh
+%gzZ m{ v+Zg5pL5
} (,L 5 D ~ !*
W!ZvZ B{ 
]|gzZh
+%v
DgzZh
+%5x HZzLZpG5gzZZ5d
WVz
v V;z yZ0
+{ yZ kZ H7{ 
*
!  G5
y}g {z 5~e=
 y 
d
$i8
-gzZ D
H !*
WV
DJ
- ` W~
x 5 /ZZ 5 d
W yZ bkZ G5 mZg
Z 5 d
WG5 D Zi R q xZd 5gzZq +Z
]|DgzZh
+%~!*
t ZiZ{ 
]Z Z]|/Z
i Z
u ]i YZz D lz$
+I ]Z Z7Z +Z x 5

285

? H:(gzZ Z0
+{\WD :]
:M
h ZsakZ !VxD :> ,
4Z e
Z'
,
wq
/Z hZ
zZ vZ g ~g ZvZ]|vg )
,gg Z yZ0
+{ Zg
FgzZ c*
Wy*zy yZ0
+{t kZ  g x **
yZ$cL L{z
Z]
.ZL+Z5FswqD
H#
$~V
}
#
.wZ$
+Zq{ 
]| **
**
yZ~LDg (Z $j~
 ZDZ~a kZ ! { Z L Lc*

]| q ~
D g!*
Dt~ zZkZ#
@*
5 "
$U*
9y ZgzZ
'
, wZ$
+Zq]|
~ Z { 
!*
Z]
.Z 5 D: u z | 7,
Kzg ~izg V9
gzZg ~g Yx J 7,V ; z T ~ }i
Z0
+{ L5 D pV }g 8 y 
kZ D :
L
D Tg w'~ g D
+z kggzZ D `8g ~ 6,ge
$Zzg
t D
~ kg W gzgz { c*
i Z /dy Z
5 V y Z0
+{ gzZ "
$U*
L V Z0
:
+{}uz ]!*
# 5pD w'~ kg { z Z
r
# 1 ZzJ
z kZ6,yL
LB y Z D
gzZ Zi!{ y Z B L
+Zx 5 c*
: { ~ v W~yr
# 5V>D
~(,wq D
zkZ +Zx 5D
ly Z~ g Z
lL5gzZ c*
hg+ Zx 5
D
HH~ &B

288

Z {z D ~ yZ0
+{ ~ 
! ! D ! !
x L L[yZg c*
yZ q~ y VrZ.

g e Vx w) **
D H 
Vx w) **
q yZ &
DCc*
dZ {z]
 yc*
Z&gzZ} Z
}gzZ ( e~(,~g ]Z**
 )! ! ~ Z ~
Z gzZq ~g ]Z **
 Z Z+Z **
]| Z Z
g**
gzZ t ZiZG**
Za z V Vz yZ D
~D
H~ Z wZ yZ Zz}Zg **
DZ
q
-Z  a zyZ  ~ ypq
-Z ~ 7Zz LZ
V;z {zgzZ 5nzC
i ZeYZQ ~g7 J 7,~ y Txg Z
E
H
4& ZR,
V;z kZ H3E
g e ~ y  ZgzZ kg !
D H C.A
 ~ y >
4,:N V
z tZiZG **

D ~|
/Zfg ~uzgzZ
q gzZ Z LZ wZ e KZ ~g ]Z **
]|
&
/~yZ e C=
vZ#
s **
~ 
Vx**

} Z+Z w**
q
-Z spN , zZ
DRLg
yZ yZ c*
VxdY CZ LZ ~g ]Z **

stZiZG**
D { =yZt ZiZG**
d
W} (,
+Z w **
R Lg} wz yZ BVx~ x
V } (,LZ {za D rg kg {z  { =r
# Z
qVvgzZVLZVrZakZLg

287

r + Z x 5 Z
#
# D Tg p!*
p]Z ZD 

 g Wv{zL LD 
r
# D{ Zg Z Y V;z
YY H{ i Z0
+Zp~}g !*
+Zx 5 DK x ( VrZgzZ
Z}
. z D 
r
# LLDV 
xgkZ6,h
+%LZcX
5gzZ +Zx 5 DD WV;zx 5 @*
Y D k0*
g Z-
VMhZz 3,Zq
-Zz!*
z/ZZ
# 5 D yZ v zz kZ J 7,7 q
r
-Z 6,g ~C

D H~yZ~V CH~D 

xg Z Z ~ r !*
x **
X /ZgZ Z ~d
W /Z5
:;]akZ y*G Z0
+{ZgtD
r !*
g u ~ g #
@*
r !*
g Z Z]|
&{z
D 5 +ZY 5d
WyZmZg d
W F/Zg Z Z ~yZ
yZ ( ~kZggZ'
Vz yZ ) +Zw) 5d
W+ZY
&
&
D C =
[; Z **
d
W yZ D C =
tZiZ **
d
W
**
d
W LggzZ s Z **
d
W } (, d
W z [; Z **

D~g ]Z
gzZ e q
-Z N zZ z yZ Z ~ Z wZ s Z **

DZ Z}tDVx**
} Z
{0
+
i , zZ &s ~ yZ N , zZ {, ~g]Z **

w) **
} Zq
-ZgzZ e Kg e ~(,q
-Z g
**
Z Z }Dk
,
+5
$j~ c Z
z kZ [; Z+Z
~ Z~(,mvZ G
*9g ~g ]Z**
]| RyZ ~ 
Vx

290

~ p ~ gzZ ~ w q kD VrZ y } h
D kD c*

VrZ D7, Ve
$Zzg V7,
D Z-Z j6,
kZ
/ZgzZ7,
kD c*
~Q
V
Hc*
Z~zg ~ Z
/D~x **
Zg ~ Y 1954
V Z{ ~ ~D 7n z zg Z J
-
) ) , ^W
y Z0
+{}g V; z p CY J 7,zg Zzg V Z
~ Z ~g DCJ 7,Vc*
Z yZpm{ VHVzh
+%
x Zg WO"7,vgzZ , ]z% BV{ z w
D$
y*~g (Z zg Z A
$W~zg , Z
# ~D~
B}g
z kZ D *z ~y ~g ~g w
D[D Zv{zVY ]Ozg Z VYV Zyy
~ zg Z zz kZ DSe **
iZ ~ yJZgzZ S7,7
{ Zi pkzZ > P%~ yJ
-
z k tn Zg D i
+Z
zz kZ ` | 7, Z ~gzZ w WyY Z%Z q kD

"w
"D Z
"

" t ]!*
}'
gzZ kg W77
g Z~T Lg6,y!*
i : x {)z[
"z]
"
DWx W c*
iZ
V ~ Z ~g {z kZ Z {Z
+ zz ~i !*
M

y@ , i Z
# g C Z
yZ ypg ]P'
,
Z
#g
, ` Zc
Z g
,i ypg,i {g,i
D`J~ Z KZ
tS7,
} (,
~t
D{z ce **
xq
-Z  b) I x ~ Z ~g

289

*
*
z kZ D3 ZgW h
+]
.gzZ  kg rg yY R }
gzZp Vx**
yY R }~ zZ s Z**
gzZ ~g ]Z
!*
WLZ Vz yY R gzZ~D ~ y*zy sfg ~
D}~=
y
?N 
~}g !*
] }
.NgzZdKZ\WD :]
gzZ H~ D Y7 ~}g !*
\W !VxD :> ,
4Z e
c*
= } 7,
*
* c*
**
CtV6,
g-Z ?H]zZ ~
9zg [p Z pyW
Z
# V;
Hc*
J 7,pyW
=
7
r
# Vx ~ Z ~uz ~D *
c t } ^ A
c*

yW
D~ pyW
gzZ zg Z V {Zz
eDCc*
~ Z ~uz ~ D @*
7LyW
LL
hZ g ! zz kZ DV gzZ ~
CZ yZtzfdDgZ
/] gzZI ` Z E,Z7DB
bg]
e
$Vai Z bL LC;
<{zgzZDg
ePz k0*
yZ
@hZ yZ1 D 0*
7q
-Z @*
W7~~g +

! {Zz Vx **
kgzZ Y pyZ~ Z ~
F,g gzZ ! {ZzVx**
DJ 7,zg ZgzZ g
De**
]!*
t~gzkZ D H
@*
k\Zp7e
$Dc*
{~&g]!*
y}g
Zz{7 1| 7,1| 7,pT 7zsVY
V/ ~ Z A
$ Lg D J 7,7c*
J 7, ? 7
_7,
{zD c*
!*
i ^n f] L Ls
zkZ c*
Z7,
p ~
DC~}g !*
kZc
W!*
~ Z ~g gzZ

292

kp q 7{!*
g ~ J tZ V:~TCV1Z~

w)i Z
ZzgVL L
D$
+{)z
~h
z$
+yY R p q7g {!*
~
Dg ZuZq
-ZK3F,
V1g z
'
,kZ CYW~
# yYR
r
zDF,V1VzyZ
ZyAZ L gLzZDZ Z
o
 }pvgzZ{YZ gzZN ])
D`
~Vzg ZgzZV gZ
HH ~ kZ Zg ;]~ c Zw J e

D ~g Z Z ~r !*
g Z'
yZ Dh
+%~yZ0
+{}r
# ]D
q**
t gzZ r
# 

Z Wz6,8
-g **
P 8 Wz6, y*zy
~p ) 1zZ yc*
a q L LyZy*}D
D~x Z gzZ
Hc*
eg Z-ZV;z( O
7]gzm{ D H~ e Z 8 ;gE- ~ ~ wP
DD
H Zg7 {z ZeWx **
LZ D t**
q
-Z s
D {wC6,
x **
!Zj]Zi q
Z=
} fgzZCg=
D : ]
?N 
IW
' wqZ'
,
ZgD wZ{1 Z(,
tD :> ,
4Z e
G
'
?H ?1}g +{zY !*
W
{ z ~ ~ m,Z [ q
-Z 0ZgWz6,~ }g !*
=

D| 7,

291

'!*
tR!*
o**

[ZC 
{zD0
+e
y: ugIy 
guP" c*
tCg
$ qZ Ddf
D x ZZo7b
E
_Z Ej$Y~ ikZ D HD~ZgzZwjZ ;wq
t CY2i

+Z

gzZbx~TD
B'
,
^gzZ 5wz~ kZ D H\N*
~
Zg !*
-Z g !*
q
F
V;z Z~#
ZZ Zg kZ J
-ZD~D 5wu
Wci7,v0*
gzZyn,
ze

~g ~T H} Z! ~Y 1968
 g et1 pD5! - gzZ 5e~VgzZ
?D Y;gE-D{6,

R}g D 7yZ
HwZ~Zz}g
# VrZ D#JY ;gE- Z D g yY
r
yZ V\W~W Z
# 1 **
+JD g H\W
$
gzZ Y ;gE- "7,gz ?gzZKg \ D 1
8 VrZ s
} Z *Z~ 1970 bkZ Dce **
Z7{ hzg~ { Zg D Z ~g
c*
W7J
- ` W **
rD Wyn,
ze

gzZ ci7

~g ~ kZ D H
y*pVY~ kZ @*
p ~~ @#
Z Z s
F a y*kZ Z b
izg L {z 5<
- N*
 D @*
7,
'Zgz 1 pD c*
| 7,~ 1g y*| 7,
DCYg Z~}g !*
#
n7
D y[Z[W&~Y 1972~ 
~kZ
~ e V1 VrZ D ! sZ sZgzZ k3,
W} Z *Zp{z
D H{z8
-i
+gsz6,
x
gzZN ZV

294

g {g
HmvZ G
*9gt ZiZ**
]|~ {Z g
7,~Z
# vD CDD Y7,y {g
H 
DD6,
Y~g75 cZcD Y
@*
B c Zc ]|6,kZ
CV }g {Z g {g
H
4]Ig Z 3 c*
Z J
-Z
t D N @*
"7,v
5JG
L LB
] Z}
.p V ~Z
+[Z D @*
6 @*
b
+
M qzgVg)
,
gzZ~g vD 6,
+LZ yZg
Z
Z gz0
+Z ~ X D kz ~ y}g pD n
pg 6,
x Z}
. pRZ D D Wv {)z !*
Wg pRZ
Dh
+%V}g
{
]Z Z]|gzZ Dq~ kp!*
vp
D i Z
u Vzq +
M qzg mvZ G
*9g ~!*
t ZiZ
V;z  DqpRZgzZ Dqp zg {zkZ D
yj6,g~C
pkz0
+
zZ}
.DkZ @*
q H6,gm!*
yLZ  V D DkCi @*
5q
-Zg0
+Z LZgzZ
z
D0*
V!*
yZ7~gz=
Zg7 ~}g !*
&
C=
~g ]Z**
]| 3yZgzZC
 Z**
D : ]
? H|kZs %Z Cc*
yxg
~@vZ G
*9g ~g]Z]|**
gzZC
 Z**
D :> ,
4Z e
~:Z
# Z Za
z kZ s %Z D 7s %Z L~ e Z
+
G
0 ~: gzZ Hg Z kZ #
~ i s sZ,'
#

mvZ G
*9g ~g ]Z**
D c*
B yZ Z~
z,Z,
kZgzZ g ;V{z Z!*
+#
Z
~:B

293

GG3E
4]gzZxsZD : ]
g H] }
.m{=
} f~
)
Z

?
&C

=
t ZiZ **
]| Z Z ~g ]Z **
D : > ,
4Z e
7p ~~ ~ kZ Ze
Cp ~{!*
V
Dh
+%Z
# {z D0*
x z xstZiZ **
D D'
,
Z'
,
yZ ?7c*
4gzZ ~
) ) z<
L IZ {zf
eb7 kZ
Doi**
0*
<
L V
.~]Z D
HHy.6,g !*
F s#
~ ~
qzZ \vZg & 1Z]| ] Z}
.yZ0
+{ Zg1 Za
&
D Ng Z C=
tZiZ**
D b gzZ
gT B, ~}g !*
zmvZ -]W!gq
-Z
p] z @*
YJ 7,
bkZgzZ@*
YJ 7,
V}g y {g !*
~wzZ
D @*
~g @*
,g
Hy
!g D g ~ }g !*
x Z 0E
! V,Z {z kZ
WZ tzg ]|!g Zuz ~}g !*
\vZg Z & ]|
}g !*
\vZg"y]|ZD ~}g !*
\vZg
c*
]zVg )
,yZJ
-[Z ~}g !*
zvZxZ]| a ~
D CgzZD p=vD @*
YJ 7,
!gty]
g x Z ]| gz ~}g !*
;]Z|{zkZ
D @*
ygkZ~}g !*
yZy]zvZ
,D @*
y k y] vZg@x Z]|~x
@*
BvZgZZ]|6,
|z kq
-ZgzZ @*
B6,
$ g @*
"
D CYS7,
{g gzZ{g DD Yg} izg{gD

296

D ]!*
gz rM
h

@*
Zg}%~w ` W L L
x ] }
.dgVZ
/s sZLZ{=
D : ]
akZgzZqX~
)
Z sg zxEyZgzZ 6,
?g YK] ZZ H
}uz J
-A
$ W7t x k^J
-Z
# D :> ,
4Z e
D,
Z'
,
-Vv
J
gzZ ;g+
M qzg
/
%{zwzw
/
%=
D : ]
kZ zz H1 ;g ~g Y 
g Zz MJ
-wF{!*
V
w{ kZgzZ {g !*
Zj g D
+
z kg s]
?{6,
:
m{vZ;kZ mJ
-V+
M qzg D :> ,
4Z e
D @*
6,
Vz
?{gt]g Z Z>c*
x \Wgx YMg D :]
v\WVCnB~ b
~D :> ,
4Z e
LZ Z 7,7zg Z D7,
gzzg Z VHy ,
!
D x~}g !*
u h gzZI Z0
+{
( Y 2010~Z{g )

295

plZ
# Z**
D "
$U*
9!*
~g ]Z**

z
Z kZ}#
@ c*
g wkZ#
~:
Z**
i sD 9!*
. mvZ G
*9g ~g ]Z **
 Z { i Z0
+Z

HwzVx~g !*
-eZ W~yZ W:ZzZ
7
#
" D zg D zgV;z pgZ'
]|V g Z Z ~r !*
Z
Vx~g!*
WyQDqx \Wg HntgzZ l
D Hs ZZ tKZgzZ7g 2
+
Vx**
e{ =
yi>Zg !*
z {z! Vc*
g ~]Zg=
D : ]
?
D g7V-q*
*t[Z kZD :> ,
4Z e
}g 7 D
+
Z}
.= ~ q
-Z V;
yZgzZ ~V;V] zd=
D : ]
?tz5J
-V\WV
/
u{
=
f\WwZt DV]gIYq
-Z~ ! VxD :> ,
4Z e
9
9
D 7t] = /GF7: /GF7
?C i WV\W_ LZD :]
DV_k
,
,~}g !*
kZD :> ,
4Z e
CW,k
,
=
} f6,
kO<
L IZ ` WD : ]
?H];zkZy
W
WC
7t gx **
yZ0
+{~ * D :> ,
4Z e
DYc*
g ` @*
6,
u Zz
| 7,7zg Z f
$
/
=
yZ0
+{V9 & ~

298

? H:~gzZdZ0
+{\WD :]

/
u ~ [ KZ ,gZ yZ ~ D :Z [;zWz,
6
ss sZ}g Zg D ~ `g ~ 0
+
i "rL
L
~h
+%~cV}Dg Dg Z
/0
+
iKZgz{Z
g (Z } (,}p;g J
-sZ +Z x Z Yq { 
Zz}
D c*
VZzVZzg6,
5ZgkZ =gzZ g (Z { Zg~ m,
ZZ
~ m,
Z V }Zg D s z Z6,,Z ]q
! gzZ g zg Z D Z qz xj%yY }
-]zyW
J
';g 7 !Zg ZD~
/
%]g_
k0*
}D k7, 3 F,~ m,
ZgzZ g zg Z Z ! D ;gz
6QD @*
g Zp Z(,
a}_Xtu{ YZ V1I
e/ sV } ]!*
gzZt c*
gz { Zg s ]q
LZ~pg k
H6gzZ r
# DX~VZz
]q6 ~p w5= TV
rg{ { Zg s sZ

{z Wt 7 5 r
# }gzZ D Y7w$
+
Vzg Z kZ~,zD]qtD gz g gzZ!

]!*
gzZt [
V}{z ` W{ Zzg
{ c*
iv6 {0
+?~ yZ M ZVzh
+%x HZz}
D Z;J
- gH **
N*
g` WX
gzZ? Zg
/
]kgzZiZ%~V [ Zzg Z D : ]
?(~[ ZaVzk
,
I` WH
,kZg H]q! Zw D :Z[;zWz,
6

297

Z[ ;zWz6,

eZi zg Z'] Zg @*
\ WD Z [ ; Zx **
Z ( Y 1936) Z [ ;zWz6,

-Zg !*
q
Wy g7 ! ! N !*
WLZ i W ZZ KZ

* ZgzZ H} Z * Z~ V !*
i&ZgzZ g zg Z \ WD H8g

~zg Z ~ e Z 8 Hqwz~ g gzZzgZ} Z

{{z s{ Z { \WI \WD ! sZ sZ \ Wt h

+'

\WD
H {Zz\ W T ;go1%z
;gE- z1wC
Z ggzZWz6, zg Z ;gE- Zg

f
$zZg gzZ zkzu;gE- g Wz6, ] *%
{!
4E3E
IF,
@gzZ}o`
&\ WD` {ggT
$**
EG
g @*
m<!*
~ X D _ W6,x ? Z Z
+Zi Xg

W~] 3z ] Z,:e
$h
+]
. zg Z [ Z g @*
] Z


zg : YZB**
z cg\ WDf .
{)z
) , Z

] }
.! ZzdsD ] ] Z f \ W c*


eg Z- ZE6,
.g eg Z-Z
eg Z-Z ZZ ~ s Z Z

zg Z Zv {z eg Z- Ztg/gtg/g wc*

$
+
zg Z6,R Z Z z \ WD [ Y Zi Z i eg Z-Z Z
$E Zz ~
.n
ggzZ SygH~g *i3E
G

! Zy
gzZ / ~i Zg sD g D q
- w

Dsz^[Z~~gWWz[ ZzDz!*

300

$
GG3E
4G
w0*
VZi Zg }g kT v e ; D ;g @*
Y c*
gzi Z (,6,
4Z ~ zgZ g Z !*
Z gzZ V\}uz FgzZ _Z} F,

CWkZ ~V}uzp,8zg- t6,g~

Cq
kZ Dg~ { V9 Being and Nothingness } F,
g D
f L L[
gzZZ e]Z W,
Z OutsiderL L D ;g @*
4Z ~ zgZ Dg Z ~z {z VyZ t ]!*
E
DY
z x Z D Cgziq
-e
$h
+]
.bkZ D
Dq e
$
/
%kZgzZr"
KZ6,x **
Z c*
| Vzg
E
$ ~ [ ZJ
GG34G
D Wt 0 Z
-V J
-wZx Z
" bDK qz% Z e ]ZW,
HG
5E
Naiting for L L
Z Z ]
g
wZ egzi
+Z bkZ D~I e
$h
+]
. W ig Yodot
* z j Z j
.F
D' ` Z'
!*
ZgzZ Zzg Z ]
g {)z HE
;g7 Z[ Zzg Z~ ~} e
$
/
%
]g
g
/w 35D 30J
-ukZ D~IkZ amZp
tq DW~i e
$h
+]
. V**
IF,bTv
bT7 Z e
$h
+]
.c*
7I F,` W YY 7
vgzZ g Za V  ]gi q
-Z wZzi `z
Dg[g )e
$h
+]
.
c*
Icon !*
ZgzZ Z ~I F,
V Le It V ~
p7 { gzZ !*
ZZgzWe
$h
+]
.bZ D c*
Legend
D [gz VzyZi[Z
7(Z: i D7(~[ ZaVzk
,
It;g[Z
: VY Z 5 Zgg ZkZ e D: 4 <
~[ Z ;g

299

GG3G
5_ D [q
-Z ~g7
;gJ
-q
-Z +
M zggzZ
g
/]kgzZiZ%~[ Z *zg Z Dgkggz]Z W,
ZX
=VD~ z g Z[ Z g @*
L L~`g~V1 g @*
{z Z
**
a
]ZW,
Z g D qz ~I F,
]q 6 t I
gzZ g D Z i Z0
+ZW,
Z6,[ Z * ~g7 [zZ x kzggzZ H qz
E"
_V! ZzwZ DXZa 'g5z: 1GZ
5Zg<
gzZZz Za x C4D
H:q
-Z V' Za
VzgZ zu" 6 DW~i ZzwZ
[ Z}s wZgzZ Y c*
gzi6,0
+
i Z D0
/
%
}ggZ[ ZaY J
-x ZZ DY ~(~
Dg (Z ^} "z6,~  Za ]gpi Z
 +zKZ
gzZ d
$ Z  VzggzZ V
H1h g Z DZa { c*

i~zg Z DIx Z
 p {P V6,cg ]1) D
gzZg w5{zgIF,c*
g Q7W,
O} "z6,
I F,c*
Dg D?[7~ 8
-g m{q
-ZVz ! Z
Zrx **
V ;gZz ]&Vz
gzZV' ZbFq
-
(
E
-q
~H,G
-IF,
tZpzg6,VgZ}g D7]gz
qzq
-Z ]i gzZ 0 F VzI F,
p
[6,VZgx ~IF,
T
H Za {z
/{z A
$D
H
gzZg 5k
,
1D 0we IwZziZ
D rz
e
$h
+]
.gzZ
t VD Z qz^ *~zg Z6,i Z0
+ZVz
Z
}uz F
0
+
i~g Zz Dg Z e
$z e
$h
+]
. ]gzh
+

302

Z~e 5gzZ
V (ZQDD:B
L LD s ]c*

!*
W e
$h
+]
. D ~ qz Zzgg
I
e
$g ZZ}
.g kZ It ZD7g ap
pg6,/Gd q yZ
kZgze
$h
+]
. Y HwZ6,x **
<

/Z V; D7
g
D7 { c*
ikZgzZ Z'ge
$
/
%D}#
? ug~]qZ]c*
z! fD :]
[t ~6,],500 6,qkZ D :Z [;zWz,
6
` ~k
,
$ @gzZ jZ}
.**
D _ 
]c*
z ! fL L
{)z
) & x {z~ ]c*
 V Z s~ D
{z z ]c*
 Z ~uz gzZ }g 7Z UD g x **
VjZ Z zg Z~
) , ZL L[ ~D~ tz[f
+]
h
.gzZ * {z kZ D [ lw$
+~ m,
Z
Vzg *}g DX U*
Z y!*
iC
 ,Zg ZgzZZ ]c*

_z [f
{z  ]c*
bT~ g gzZ !
/Z 
z [ Zz y!*
i6, G
G31 ]Vzt V ~
V;z]p Y77BVsp
Z~D: ]!*
h
+

VjZg gzZ! ]Z5ZZ KV C

&
/G
[~a,DC7C
D G
V
! ZZb~{z
/
~[ Z \WHD :]
?]H\W~}g !*
@*
gzZ V ;g @*
#
~ {z
/~ [ Z ~ D :Z [;zWz,
6
E
m ~ {z
/ kZ p M
h v w G
5BZ Z~ [ Z D Vg
mkZ ~gzZ {h+I**
a}{z wq]g ` WD7

301

~e
$h
+]
.gzZ g CY 
Wi !*
g Z: ~gzIF,
DV
~
IL Lg LZ~ D { c*
i ` W4 Vzk
,
I D
}pDV;g @*
7~]g]Yoc*
g ZI{
D~ i Z0
+Zt'
g Z  Dg Z IVE c*
V YZ
I Z'~D 7(~[ ZaVzk
,
I YY7takZ
WkZQgzZJ
- L L e L
L 
~ m,
Z Ve
kZ~Vzk
,
KZ ;g W,
Og ZIs: ZZ KpD
"F
/! ig } (, * D ;g @*
I ~ 5GZ gzZ G
7 FatchesL L
` WgzZq~
igs~zg Z DXZj
{ D $
0*
7(~ [ Z ,k
,
I YY t
LZ kZ~,Z D7ye ! Z~X
3g I
D YYH7
e
$g Zze
$g ZZ}
.tHgzZ H: ee
$h
+]
. D : ]
? nq
-Z
ZkZD ~IF,
5Zge
$h
+]
. D :Z[;zWz,
6
5D l yjgzZ Z 4z y
KZ: kZ p g I F,
G4hg
gziVDY3g~N Z&7K(Z ~gZZ}
.~ G
,Z [ Z Dgl
x Zg WgzZ uyjDY c*
St ZZ 6,]!*
kZ
c*
m,
/Absense  @*

kC~Z ~ !*
D}
)
Z z Vg Z
kZ Zg D7t kZ (Z
/Z D I)g e
$
/
%
: ]g+Z gzZ'
,
Z'
,Ry
KZgzZ y
KZ l CkZ .
e
$h
+]
. v D VZ u wZ ~ h W T }Z
kZ
/
g @*
C
(Z
/Z DD7m,
/

]g5 Capitalism

304

$ HgzZ Hci7 zg Z ~ ] Z x ]!*

t g [Z DI
kZ zg Z 3!*
i Z ZF YY c*
{ i Z0
+Z 'kZ ?
gzZ y*zy It Z D ]pD 6,{ Zg
Dg CV5Z**
BkZ ? Hci7kZ~y 0*
]c*
~y!*
izg Z{6,
^g7*Zz L L
Hyg !*
~
Z Q D Y gzZ 1(C
zgZ[Z,z D
H r !*
r !*
w Z
D
z{~qx ! Z@
p b~g7e
$h
+]
. @e
$h
+]
. zg ZZzHD : ]
?H Z st
/Z ?$
7}W
V!*
~ [Z e
$h
+]
. ~ D :Z [;zWz,
6
ogzZ y!*
i KZ q
-C
 st p ~s
# z ~ V
hU)e
M
$h
+]
. D C}WJ
-u: p
y!*
i KZ
z { .Zz ~
.Za kZ D 7x }g {z  c*

: VY gZ e
$h
+]
. @ {z e DOg7]]_
* 2 ]]_Dpz Zz ]g@ ~ w}DV
D $
Y@]gt~zg ZBe
$h
+]
. D g` Z'

we
$h
+]
.\WVMgZz[Z H{zD : ]
?1
~[Ze
$h
+]
.
~ Hg Z kZ ~ V1 ZKZ ~ D :Z [;zWz,
6
~
/ZgzZ V Lg~ lt W6 gzZ zg 5 Zj [ Z
_ CZ f}{z V @*
cgs} ],
Z}uz} ],
Z q
-Z
V; D W+
M 7 ~(,~]_xsZgzZe
$h
+]
. =D @*

}uz uZ ~ p H 2~ e
$
/
%g

303

{z
/
~Wzg Z ~)L
L Hy*q
-Z~ pzL L[ DqKZ
+Z ~ YY H qgsy*kZ Y g Z V- zg ! Z)gzZ ~
D [ 
~

L Ly*tD c*
Cg FgzZ u"c
{ Zir
# \Wb\WDkCt\WHD : ]
?Bqgszg Z~ m,
Z Ziz
Z
VrZ,z D M
h } iz
Z [Z 9 kZ D :Z [;zWz,
6
D
)
Zk
,
i HF,
~ ~ m,
Z V YZVzg : YZzg Z F
wz**
~ ~ m,
Z {z wZ gzZ  _ 
F ~ m,
Z yZ
Dph
+'
K~y!*
ikZgzZ,qgszg Z {z
/Z Dg
! ZgzZ8
-g! Z~Vzk
,
IDe
$kZ\WHD :]
?VY V;
/Z ?bzgI~Vzk
,

}~ Vzk
,
! Z ~g hZC
V &t ~ D :Z [;zWz,
6
g+Z D x **
Vzg<
a kZ D C bzg I}:
}I**
yZ V
] i Z! Z~k
,
I{
/Z ? Yg Zy
G
E
+
GG3G
G3C&c*
(C
{ z

g kZ C1)~2 [ ZV;?
X VU m VVz wZkZa kZ D k
,
/**

DVzg<
:gzZ7.Zzbzg [ ZZzg Z
?N W7Vc*
g ZgzZ H\W~_] ZD : ]
?D 0*
6,
x [ Zzg Z_] Zx
~ ekZ c*
Ky*q
-Z \W ! m,
}D :Z [;zWz,
6
] Z D o V! gzZ V-g Z \W ,_
D} 7,[q
-Z ~g7 V Y~,yZ
/Z N W7
z
Vc*
g Z x gzZ ~vZt ' ;gsq
-Z ]_

306

&
D 7q
-! Z e
$h
+]
. /GG
D :Z [;zWz,
6
D k
,
/**

**
ck
,
i] a% Ze zg6,]Zi q
Z kZ
f Vzk
,
gzZVzg ~ z g Z[ Z g @*
L L~D7kZV
z ]3:e
$h
+]
. L L[ ~Q D YY H qg syZ D H
zg wZkZ \W Vz~ ZD $
Y @ ]Z,
DVz gy*{ i @*
~
?{gt]g Z Z>c*
x \W g x YL LMg D :]
q
-ZZ ~gzZ I = g x YL L!g D :Z [;zWz,
6
=-zZ/Z@Wz6,~}g
/DV
8| 7,~
~ X "7,,qF+Z~g DNx'!*
5
7IZ kZp~Vz {gt]g Z Z>c*
x ~DV@*
{ .Z
DM
h}x Zux kZvg z!*
{ c*
iD&
( Y 2010 {g )

305

Sg 5kZ g  HkC D U ZgsVUZ

g Zb]yZe
$h
+]
.~ D VgzZ $
u~
0
+
i }Dgg ZZ6,tbzg[ ZgIF,
; g
]~ i`ze
$h
+]
.~,z D{)zgZ Z
D [~]gc D Zg 4u'
,
[ZkZZj
zg Z[ Zg @*
Py
H1!*
x ZgwYD : ]
?kCVY]gzh
+'
kZ\W~
g@*
! Z}uz c*
Py
Hc*
1!*
x ZgwYD :Z[;zWz6,
kC=QV;g @*
{ .ZV1yZgzZV@*
g~VZz
g @*
! Z Q D e7f ZgzZ !*
ZxFzg Z~ V1yZ Z
$Nt Df(,7W CY ug6,]q
D Y wE
-Z
&[ Z cg
D D m,
/ ` Zg0

+Z !*
ZgzZ ZZ6,z 6 p LE
Update [KZ~ZD @*
Vc*
(
@*
nZ Z6,]YZg0
+Z,Z D c*
CZ. (V Zz6 gzZ
D7kZ=p
|t
# I`
@g `
@+
M gzZ](:](D : ]
? H
Z
t+
M c*
](: c*
]( D :Z [;zWz,
6
}I~ g c*
wJZ CWt b Z 5Z
# 
t ? H]g : (Z

/Z %Z it gzZ C ]gz
D Z'|yZgzZZ
P*zg Z { ~g %c*
i ~
gzh
+]
. D : ]
?,I*
*f IZh
+]
. Z

308

307

310

309

312

311

314

313

316

315

318

317

320

319

322

321

324

323

326

325

328

327

330

329

332

331

334

333

336

335

338

337

340

339

342

341

344

343

346

345

348

347

350

349

352

351