Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2

CHNG 1. PHN TCH TH TRNG CNH TRANH

Bi 1. Trong nhng nm 2005, sn xut ng M: 11,4 t pao; tiu dng 17,8 t pao; gi c M 22 xu /pao; gi c th gii 8,5 xu /pao nhng gi c v s lng y c h s co gin ca cu v cung l Ed = - 0,2; Es = 1,54. Yu cu: a) Xc nh phng trnh ng cung v ng cu v ng trn th trng M. Xc nh gi cn bng ng trn th trng M. b) m bo li ch ca ngnh ng, chnh ph a ra mc hn ngch nhp khu l 6,4 t pao. Hy xc nh s thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dng, ca ngi sn xut, ca Chnh ph, v s thay i trong phc li x hi. c) Nu gi s chnh ph nh thu nhp khu 13,5 xu/pao. iu ny tc ng n li ch ca mi thnh vin ra sao? So snh vi trng hp hn ngch, theo bn chnh ph nn p dng bin php g? Bi 2. Th trng v la go Vit Nam c cho nh sau: - Trong nm 2002, sn lng sn xut c l 34 triu tn la, c bn vi gi 2 ngn ng/kg cho c th trng trong nc v xut khu ; mc tiu th trong nc l 31 triu tn. - Trong nm 2003, sn lng sn xut c l 35 triu tn la, c bn vi gi 2,2 ngn ng/kg cho c th trng trong nc v xut khu, mc tiu th trong nc l 29 triu tn. Gi s ng cung v cu v la go ca VN l ng thng, n v tnh trong cc phng trnh ng cung v cu c cho l: Q tnh theo triu tn la; P c tnh l 1000 ng/kg. a) Hy xc nh h s co gin ca ng cung v cu tng ng vi 2 nm ni trn. b) Xy dng phng trnh ng cung v ng cu la go ca VN. c) Trong nm 2003, nu chnh ph thc hin chnh sch tr cp xut khu l 300 ng /kg la, hy xc nh s thay i trong thng d ca ngi tiu dng, ca ngi sn xut, ca chnh ph v phc li x hi trong trng hp ny. d) Trong nm 2003, nu by gi chnh ph p dng hn ngch xut khu l 2 triu tn la mi nm, mc gi v sn lng tiu th v sn xut trong nc thay i nh th no? Li ch ca mi thnh vin thay i ra sao? e) Trong nm 2003, gi nh chnh ph p dng mc thu xut khu l 5% gi xut khu, iu ny lm cho gi c trong nc thay i ra sao? S thay i trong thng d ca mi thnh vin s nh th no? f) Theo cc bn, gia vic nh thu xut khu v p dng quotas xut khu, gii php no nn c la chn.
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2

Bi 3

Sn phm A c ng cu l P= 25 9Q v ng cung l P = 4 + 3,5Q

P: tnh bng ng/n v sn phm Q: tnh bng triu tn n v sn phm. a) Xc nh mc gi v sn lng khi th trng cn bng. b) Xc nh thng d ca ngi tiu dng khi th trng cn bng. c) m bo li ch cho ngi tiu dng, chnh ph d nh a ra hai gii php nh sau: Gii php 1: n nh gi bn ti a trn th trng l 8 ng/ n v sn phm v nhp khu lng sn phm thiu ht trn th trng vi gi 11 ng/dvsp. Gii php 2: Tr cp cho ngi tiu dng 2 ng /vsp v khng can thip vo gi th trng. Theo bn th gii php no c li nht: c.1. c.2. Theo quan im ca chnh ph Theo quan im ca ngi tiu dng.

d) 4. Gi s chnh ph p dng chnh sch gi ti a 8 ng/vsp i vi sn phm A th lng cu sn phm B tng t 5 triu tn vsp ln 7,5 triu tn vsp. Hy cho bit mi quan h gia sn phm A v sn phm B? e) 5. Nu by gi chnh ph khng p dng hai gii php trn, m chnh ph nh thu cc nh sn xut 2 ng/ vsp. e.1. Xc nh gi bn v sn lng cn bng trn th trng? e.2. Xc nh gi bn thc t m nh sn xut nhn c? e.3. Cc nh sn xut hay ngi tiu dng gnh chu thu? Bao nhiu? e.4. Thng d ca ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng thay i nh th no so vi khi cha b nh thu Bi 4. Sn xut khoai ty nm nay c ma. Nu th ni cho th trng n nh theo qui lut cung cu, th gi khoai ty l 1000ng/kg. Mc gi ny theo nh gi ca nng dn l qu thp, h i hi chnh ph phi can thip nng cao thu nhp ca h. C hai gii php d kin a ra: Gai php 1: Chnh ph n nh mc gi ti thiu l 1200ng/kg v cam kt mua ht s khoai ty d tha vi mc gi . Gai php 2: Chnh ph khng can thip vo th trng, nhng cam kt vi ngi nng dn s b gi cho h l 200ng/kg khoai ty bn c. Bit rng ng cu khoai ty dc xung, khoai ty khng d tr v khng xut khu. a) Hy nhn nh co gin ca cu khoai ty theo gi mc gi 1000ng/kg.
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 b) Hy so snh hai chnh sch v mt thu nhp ca ngi nng dn, v mt chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng v ca chnh ph. c) Theo cc anh ch, chnh sch no nn c vn dng thch hp.

CHNG II. LA CHN TRONG IU KIN C RI RO

Bi 1. Kt qu thng thua ca tr chi tung ng xu 2 ln c cho nh sau: 0 0: thng 20; 0 P: thng 9; P 0: thua 7; P P: thua 16 (0 sp, P nga). a) Xc nh gi tr k vng ca tr chi ny. b) Hm hu dng ca A l U = M , trong M s tin ban u A c. Nu M = 16 th A c

nn tham gia tr chi ny khng? Bi 2. B hin c s tin M = 49$, B quyt nh tham gia tr tung ng xu. Nu kt qu l sp B thng 15$, nu nga B thua 13$. Hm hu dng ca B l U = a) Xc nh gi tr k vng ca tr chi ny b) Tnh hu dng k vng ca B. B c nn tham gia tr chi ny khng? c) Cu tr li s thay i ra sao nu s tin thua trong trng hp nga l 15$? Bi 3. Mai thi u vo cng lc hai trng i hc A v B. Trng A c nhng i hi kht khe hn v kt qu hc tp nhng li danh ting hn so vi trng B. Ngoi nh hng n vic lm trong tng lai th Mai bng quan trong vic la chn gia hai trng. Chn hc trng B t ra hp l hn i vi Mai v c ta c th chu ng c cng hc tp y, v sau khi ra trng Mai nht nh c c vic lm kh vi mc lng 69 triu ng/nm. Nu Mai c th p ng nhng iu kin hc kht khe trng A th khi tt nghip c ta c kh nng nhn c cng vic rt tt vi mc lng 100 triu ng/nm (xc sut 0,6). Tuy nhin, khng loi tr rng Mai s khng th theo ni cng hc tp cng thng, kt qu hc ca c ta rt ti v v vy sau khi tt nghip c ta ch c th nhn mt cng vic km hp dn vi mc lng 25 triu ng/nm (xc sut 0,4). Hm hu dng ca Mai i vi tin lng l U = M . M .

a) Mai s chn hc trng no ti a ha hu dng ca mnh? b) Cng vic kh phi c mc lng l bao nhiu c hai trng c sc hp dn nh nhau i vi Mai? Bi 4. C hai loi c phiu A v B vi mc gi 1$ mt c phiu. Gi s s phn chia cc c phiu ny ph thuc vo s thiu ht hoc khng thiu ht du m:
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 - Nu c thiu ht du m th c phiu loi A s c tr li 5xu/phiu, c phiu loi B s c tr li 7xu/phiu. - Nu khng c thiu ht du m th c phiu loi A s c tr li 10xu/phiu, c phiu loi B s c tr li 4xu/phiu. Ch : y c tng quan nghch nu A tt hn th B s xu i. - Kh nng thiu ht du m l 1/3. Nh u t c 400 c phiu A v 60 c phiu B. a) Xc nh li sut k vng, phng sai v sai lch chun ca c cu u t ny. b) Bn c nhn xt g v kt qu tnh ton? Hy gii thch ngn gn v sao li c kt qu ny?

CHNG III & IV. NH GI VI QUYN LC TH TRNG CNH TRANH C QUYN V C QUYN NHM
Bi 1. Nu cu xem chiu phim cho khch hng ngi ti xe l co gin hn i vi cc cp so vi cc c nhn ring l, th s l ti u i vi rp chiu phim nu nh mt gi vo ca cho li xe v mt mc ph b sung cho nhng ngi i cng. ng hay sai? Gii thch? Bi 2. Khi nh gi bn bun t, cc cng ty t ca M thng nh t l phn trm ph cng thm i vi cc danh mc cao cp (chng hn mui xe lm bng nha do vi-nil , thm xe, cc phn trang tr bn trong) cao hn nhiu so vi bn thn chic xe hoc nhng thit b c bn nh tay li bng in v b sang s t ng. Gii thch ti sao? Bi 3. Gi s BMW c th sn xut bt k sn lng t no vi chi ph bin c nh l 15.000 USD v chi ph c nh l 20 triu USD. Bn c ngh c vn cho tng gim c nh gi v mc tiu th BMW Chu u v M. Cu v BMW trn mi th trng nh sau: QE=18.000 - 400PE v QU = 5500 - 100PU Trong E l Chu u v U l M, v tt c gi v chi ph u tnh theo nghn USD. Gi s BMW ch c th hn ch sn lng bn ti M cho i l c u quyn. a) Xc nh sn lng m BMW cn bn trn mi th trng v mc gi tng ng? Tng li nhun l bao nhiu? b) Nu BMW b buc phi nh gi ging nhau trn tng th trng. Tnh sn lng c th bn trn mi th trng? gi cn bng v li nhun ca mi cng ty? Bi 4. Mt nh c quyn quyt nh phn b sn lng gia hai th trng. Hai th trng ny bit lp v mt a l (b bin pha ng v Trung ty). Cu v doanh thu bin cho hai th trng l: P1=15-Q1 P2=25 2 Q2
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MR1=15 2Q1 MR2=25 4Q2 4

Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 Tng chi ph ca nh c quyn l C = 5 + 3(Q1+Q2). Tnh gi, sn lng, li nhun doanh thu bin v khong mt khng ca hng (i) nu nh c quyn c th phn bit gi? (ii) nu lut php cm nh gi khc nhau cho hai vng khc nhau? Bi 5. Hng hng khng Elizabets (EA) ch bay mt tuyn ng: Chicago Honolulu. Cu cho mi chuyn bay trn mi tuyn ng ny l: Q = 500 P. Chi ph thc hin mi chuyn bay ca hng EA l 30.000 USD cng vi 100USD cho mi hnh khch. a) Mc gi ti a ho li nhun ca Ea l bao nhiu? Bao nhiu khch hng trn mi chuyn bay? V li nhun ca EA trn mi chuyn bay l bao nhiu? b) EA bit rng chi ph c nh cho mi chuyn bay trn thc t l 41.000 USD thay cho 30.000 USD. Liu hng c c tip tc kinh doanh trong thi gian di? M t cu tr li ca bn bng cch s dng th ng cu m EA phi i mt, ng cho ph trung bnh ca EA khi chi ph c nh l 30.000 USD v ng chi ph trung bnh ca EA khi chi ph c nh l 41.000 USD. c) Hy i! EA pht hin ra rng c hai loi hnh khch bay ti Honolulu. Loi A l nhng nh kinh doanh vi cu l QA=260-0.4P. Loi B l sinh vin vi tng cu l QB=240 0.6P. Sinh vin thng phi la chn, cho nn EA quyt nh t gi khc nhau. V th cho mi ng cu v tng hp chng theo phng ngang. Xc nh mc gi m hng bn cho sinh vin v cc khch hng khc? C bao nhiu hnh khch mi loi trn mi chuyn bay? d) D tnh li nhun ca hng cho mi chuyn bay? Liu hng c tip tc kinh doanh? Hy tnh thng d tiu dng ca mi nhm khch hng. Tng thng d tiu dng l bao nhiu? e) Trc khi EA phn bit gi, tnh thng d tiu dng nhn c t nhm khch hng loi A v B? Ti sao tng thng d tiu dng li gim khi c s phn bit gi, mc d lng bn khng i? Bi 6. Nhiu ca hng cho thu video cung cp cho khch hng hai s la chn khi thu phim: a) nh gi hai phn: Tr l ph hi vin hng nm (v d 40 USD) v sau tr mt l ph nh theo ngy cho mi ln thu phim (v d 2 USD/mi phim/ ngy). b) Tr trc tip tin thu, khng tr tin hi vin nhng tin thu hng ngy cao hn (v d 4 USD/ ngy) c) Logic ng sau nh gi hai phn trong trng hp ny l g? Ti sao hng li cho khch hng hai s la chn thay v ch n gin l nh gi hai phn? Bi 7. Bn l qun tr vin ca Suppper computer, Inc (SC) chuyn cho my tnh siu hng. SC nhn c mt khong tin cho thu c nh cho mi giai on cho php s dng khng hn ch GV ph trch: TS Hay Sinh 5

Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 my tnh vi gi P xu/ giy. SC c hai loi khch hng tim tng vi cng s lng: 10 c s doanh nghip v 10 vin khoa hc. Mi doanh nghip c hm cu Q= 10-P, trong Q l triu giy mt thng, mi vin c hm cu l: Q=8-P. Chi ph bin ca SC i vi mi n v s dng my tnh thm l 2 xu/ giy bt k s lng l bao nhiu. a) Gi s bn c th tch cc doanh nghip v cc vin khoa hc. L ph thu bao v l ph s dng cho mi nhm khch hng l bao nhiu: li nhun ca bn khi l bao nhiu? b) Gi s bn khng th tch hai loi khch hng c v bn s khng tnh l ph thu. L ph s dng my s l bao nhiu ti a ho li nhun ca bn? Li nhun ca bn khi l bao nhiu? c) Gi x bn thit lp mt nh gi hai lp, c ngha l bn nh mt mc l ph thu v l ph x dng chung hn hp c hai loi khch hng. L ph thu v s dng s l bao nhiu, li nhun ca bn l bao nhiu? Gii thch ti sao gi li khng bng chi ph bin? Bi 8. Vi t cch l ch mt cu lc b tennis duy nht mt cng ng bit lp giu c, bn phi quyt nh l ph hi vin v l ph cho mi bui ti chi. C hai loi khch hng. Nhm nghim tc c cu: Q1=6-P trong Q l thi gian chi/ tun v P l l ph mi gi cho mi c nhn. Cng c nhng khch chi khng thng xuyn vi cu Q2=3-(1/2)P Gi x rng c 1000 khch hng chi mi loi. Bn c rt nhiu sn, do chi ph bin ca thi gian thu sn bng khng. Bn c chi ph c nh l 5000 USD /tun. Nhng khch hng nghim tc v khch hng chi khng thng xuyn trng nh nhau v nh vy bn phi nh gi ging nhau: a) Gi s duy tr khng kh chuyn nghip, bn mun hn ch s lng hi vin cho nhng ngi chi nghim tc. Bn cn n nh ph hi vin hng nm v l ph cho mi bui thu sn nh th no?(gi s 52 tun/nm) ti a ho li nhun, hy lu s hn ch ny ch p dng cho nhng ngi chi nghim tc. Mc li nhun mi tun s l bao nhiu? b) Mt ngi ni vi bn rng bn c th thu c nhiu li nhun hn bng cch khuyn khch c hai i tng tham gia. kin ca ngi ng khng? Mc hi ph v l ph thu sn l bao nhiu c th ti a ho li nhun mi tun? Mc li nhun l bao nhiu? c) Gi s sau vi nm s nh chuyn mn tr ti nng chuyn n cng ng ca bn. H u l nhng khch chi nghim tc. Bn tin rng by gi c 3000 khch chi nghim tc v 1000 khch chi khng thng xuyn. Liu cn c li nu bn cn tip tc phc v nhng khch chi khng thng xuyn? Mc hi ph hng nm v ph thu sn l bao nhiu c th ti a ho li nhun? Mc li nhun mi tun l bao nhiu?
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2

Bi 9. Bn ang bn hai loi sn phm, 1 v 2 cho mt th trng bao gm 3 khch hng vi cc gi sn sng tr nh sau: Gi sn sng tr(USD) Sn phm 1 Sn phm 2 A 10 B 40 C 70 Chi ph cho mi n v sn phm l 20 USD. hn hp. b) Chin lc no mang li li nhun cao nht? Ti sao? Bi 10. Hng ca bn sn xut 2 sn phm, cu cho mi loi sn phm c lp vi nhau. C hai sn phm c sn xut vi chi ph bin bng khng. Bn c bn khch hng (hay nhm khch hng) vi cc gi sn sng tr nh sau: 70 40 10

a) Tnh gi ti u v li nhun trong trng hp (i) bn ring r (ii) bn trn gi (iii) bn

Gi sn sng tr(USD) Sn phm 1 Sn phm 2 A 30 90 B 40 60 C 60 40 D 90 30 a) Hy xem xt ba chin lc nh gi khc nhau (i) bn ring r (ii) bn trn gi (iii) bn gi hn hp. Vi mi chin lc, xc nh mc gi ti u v li nhun thu c. chin lc no l tt nht? b) By gi gi s chi ph sn xut bin ca mi sn phm l 35 USD. iu ny lm thay i nh th no cu tr ki ca bn phn (a)? Ti sao chin lc ti u by gi li khc? Bi 11. Hy xem xt mt hng c quyn vi ng cu: P=100-3Q+4A1/2 V c hm tng chi ph: C=4Q2+10Q+A Trong A l mc chi ph cho qung co v P, Q l gi v sn lng a) Tm gi tr ca A v Q,P ti a ho li nhun ca hng. b) Tnh ch s c quyn Lerner, L=(P-MC)/P cho hng ny ti mc A, Q, P m bo ti a
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 ho li nhun.

CHNG V. L THUYT TR CHI V CHIN LC CNH TRANH

Bi 1. C hai hng my tnh A v B, ang lp k hoch bn h thng mng dnh cho ngi qun l thng tin vn phng.Mi hng c th a ra mt h thng nhanh, cht lng cao (H), hoc h thng chm, cht lng thp(L).Nghin cu th trng cho thy rng li nhun ca mi hng ng vi mi chin lc khc nhau c cho bi ma trn li ch sau Hng 2 Thp Thp Cao Hng 1 30, 30 40, 60 Cao 50, 35 20, 20

a) Nu c hai hng cng a ra quyt nh ca mnh cng mt lc v theo cc chin lc cc i ti thiu (t ri ro nht), th kt cc s l g. b) Gi s c hai hng u c gng ti a ho li nhun, nhng hng A bt u trc trong vic lp k hoch v c th t rng buc trc. By gi, kt qu s l g ?nu hng B c th bt u trc v t rng buc trc. c) Bt u trc l tn km (bn phi xy dng mt i k s ln). By gi, hy xt tr chi hai giai on trong , trong giai on th nht, mi hng quyt nh chi bao nhiu tin xc tin k hoch ca mnh, v th hai thng bo s sn xut sn phm no (H hay L).Hng no s chi nhiu hn xc tin k hoch ca mnh? Hng kia c nn chi g bt u k hoch ca mnh khng?Gii thch. Bi 2. Hai hng trong th trng scla, mi hng c th chn sn xut cp cao ca th trng (cht lng cao) v cp thp( cht lng thp). Li nhun thu c c cho bi ma trn li ch sau Hng 2 Thp Hng1 Thp Cao -20,-30 100 ; 800 Cao 900; 600 50 ; 50

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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 a) Kt cc, nu c, c phi l cn bng Nash khng. b) Nu ngi qun l ca mi hng l ngi thn trng v theo chin lc cc i ti thiuth kt cc s l g? c) Kt cc mang tnh hp tc l g? d) Hng no c li nhiu nht t kt cc mang tnh hp tc ? Hng nn tr bao nhiu thuyt phc hng kia cu kt ? Bi 3. Hai knh truyn hnh ang cnh tranh v im s do khn gi nh gi cc chng trnh truyn hnh vo 8:00-9:00 bui ti v 9:00-10:00 bui ti vo mt ti trong tun .Mi knh c hai chng trnh chiu trong khong thi gian v ang sp xp ni dung ca mnh. Mi knh c th chn xp chng trnh ln ln trc hoc xp n xung sau trong thi gian t 9:00 n 10:00 bui ti kt hp cc quyt nh dn n khn gi cho im nh sau:

Knh 2 Trc Trc Knh 1 Sau 18, 18 4, 23 Sau 23, 20 16, 16

a) Hy tm nhng cn bng Nash cho tr chi ny, gi nh c hai knh ra quyt nh cng mt lc b) Nu mi knh l ngi ght ri ro v s dng chin lc Maximin th cn bng no s xy ra? c) Cn bng no s xy ra nu knh 1 chn la chn trc? Nu knh 2 chn trc? d) Gi s rng nhng ngi qun l hai knh gp nhau phi hp lch trnh, knh 1 ha s sp xp chng trnh ln trc. Li ha c ng tin cy khng, v kt cc c nhiu kh nng xy ra s l g? Bi 4. Chng ta c th ngh rng cc chnh sch thng mi ca M v Nht l mt Tnh th lng nan ca nhng ngi t. Hai nc ang cn nhc cc chnh sch ng hay m ca th trng nhp khu ca mnh. Gi s ma trn li ch l: Nht M M
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ng 5 ;5 1; 1 9

10; 10 -100; 5

ng

Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2

a) Gi s rng mi nc u bit r ma trn li ch v tin rng nc kia s hnh ng v li ch ca chnh nc y. C nc no c chin lc u th khng? Cc chnh sch cn bng l g nu mi nc hnh ng mt cch hp l ti a ho phc li ca mnh? b) By gi gi s rng Nht khng chc chn l M s hnh ng mt cch hp l. C th, Nht lo ngi rng cc chnh khch M c th mun trng pht Nht ngay khi khng ti a ho c phc li ca M. iu ny c th nh hng n s la chn chin lc ca Nht nh th no? iu ny c th lm thay i cn bng nh th no? Bi 5. Bn l mt nh lng c quyn sn xut sn phm ng nht. C bn v i th cnh tranh ca bn u c chi ph bin = 0. Cu th trng l ca bn cng c quyn sch ny. a) Gi s cc bn chi tr chi ny ch mt ln. Nu bn v i th ca bn phi thng bo sn lng ca mnh cng mt lc th bn chn s sn xut bao nhiu? Bn d kin li nhun ca bn l bao nhiu? Gii thch b) Gi s rng bn c bit bn phi thng bo sn lng ca bn trc khi i th ca bn thng bo. Bn s sn xut bao nhiu trong trng hp ny v bn ngh i th ca bn s sn xut bao nhiu? Bn d kin li nhun thu c ca mnh l bao nhiu? Thng bo trc l c li hay c hi? Bn s tr bao nhiu c thng bo trc hoc sau? c) Gi s rng thay v th, bn s chi vng u trong mt lot 10 vng (vi cng mt i th). Trong mi vng bn v i th phi thng bo cho nhau cng mt lc v sn lng ca mi bn. Bn mun ti a ho tng li nhun ca bn trong 10 vng. Bn s sn xut bao nhiu vng u? Bn d kin s sn xut bao nhiu vng th 10? Vng th 9? Hy gii thch ngn gn? d) Mt ln na bn chi mt lot 10 vng nhng ln ny mi vng i th ca bn thng bo sn lng ca mnh trc. Cu tr li ca bn cho (c) s thay i nh th no trong trng hp ny? Bi 6. Defendo quyt nh to ra mt cuc cch mng trong tr chi in t mi. Vi t cch l ngi u tin trn th trng, n s c v tr c quyn t nht l trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Khi la chn loi nh my xy dng, n c hai s la chn cng ngh. Cng ngh A ang c sn v s c chi ph hng nm l:
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P = 30- Q

Trong Q=Q1+Q2, Q1 l sn lng ca bn, Q2 l sn lng ca i th ca bn. i th

10

Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 CA(q) =10+8q Cng ngh B l cng ngh c bn quyn c pht trin trong phng th nghim nghin cu ca Defendo. N c chi ph c nh cao hn, nhng ch ph bin thp hn: CB(q) = 60 +2q Defendo phi quyt nh p dng cng ngh no. Cu th trng v sn phm mi l P =20 Q, trong Q l tng sn lng ca ngnh a) Gi s rng, Defendo bit chc l n s duy tr c v th c quyn ca mnh trong sut vng i sn phm (khong nm nm) v khng c e do gia nhp. Bn khuyn Defendo p dng cng ngh no? Li nhun ca Defendo l bao nhiu vi s la chn ny? b) Gi s rng efendo d kin rng mt i th quan trng ca mnh, Offendo s tnh n vic gia nhp th trng ngay sau khi Defendo a ra sn phm mi. Offendo s ch c th c cng ngh A. Nu Offendo gia nhp th trng, hai hng s chi tr chi Cournot (v s lng) v n mt cn bng Cournot Nash c) Nu Defendo p dng cng ngh A v Offendo gia nhp th trng th li nhun ca c hai hng s l bao nhiu? Vi li nhun , Offendo c quyt nh gia nhp th trng hay khng? d) Nu Defendo p dng cng ngh B v Offendo gia nhp th trng th li nhun ca mi hng s l bao nhiu? Offendo c gia nhp th trng vi nhng mc li nhun ny khng? e) Bn khuyn Defendo nn p dng cng ngh no, cho trc mi e do gia nhp l c th c? Li nhun ca Defendo s l bao nhiu vi s la chn ? Thng d tiu dng trong trng hp ny l bao nhiu? f) iu g xy ra vi phc li x hi (tng thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut) khi c mi e do gia nhp th trng ny? iu g xy ra vi gi cn bng? iu ny hm g v vai tr ca s cnh tranh tim nng trong vic hn ch sc mnh th trng? Bi 7. Ba u th A, B v C, mi ngi c mt qu bng bay v mt khu sng lc. T nhng v tr c nh h bn vo nhng qu bng ca nhau. Khi qu bng b bn trng th ngi c qu bng b loi. Khi ch cn mt qu bng th ngi c qu bng thng, v nhn c gii thng 1000 la. Cui cng nhng ngi cng chi quyt nh th t bn, v mi ngi c th chn bt k qu bng cn li no lm mc tiu ca mnh. Mi ngi u bit rng A l ngi bn gii nht v lun lun bn trng mc tiu, nhng B bn trng mc tiu vi xc sut 0.9 v C bn trng mc tiu vi xc sut 0.8. Ai s c xc sut c 1000 la cao nht? Gii thch ti sao?
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2

CHNG VI. CN BNG TNG QUT V HIU QU KINH T

Bi 1. Jane c 8 lt ung nh v 2 bnh xng uch; Bob c 2 lt ung nh v 4 bnh xng uch. T l thay th bin ca 2 th hng ny i vi Jane l 1/3, i vi Bob l 1. Hy dng mt th hp Edgeworth biu th s phn phi cc ti sn nh vy c hiu qu hay khng. Nu c, hy gii thch ti sao? Nu khng, nhng cch trao i no s lm c hai bn tr nn khm kh hn? Bi 2. Gi s vng v bc thay th c cho nhau v c hai u c dng lm hng ro chng lm pht. Cng gi nh rng cung cp c vng v bc u c nh trong ngn hn: Qg = 50 v Qs = 200. Cu v vng v bc c biu th bng cc phng trnh sau: Pg = 850 Qg + 0,5Ps v Ps = 540 Qs + 0,2Pg. a) Xc nh gi c cn bng ca vng v bc. b) Gi s vic mi pht hin ra vng lm cho cung tng: Qg = 85 n v. Vic pht hin y s tc ng nh th no n gi c ca vng v bc? Bi 3. Gi s t l thay th bin trong tiu dng ca c th A l MRSa=Ya/Xa; i vi B l: MRSb = Yb/Xb. Ti im phn b ngun lc ban u A c 10 n v X v 100 n v Y, B c 50 n v X v 20 n v Y. Bit Py = 1. a) Xy dng phng trnh ng cu v hng X ca c th A, c th B v tng cu ca x hi. Xc nh gi cn bng cnh tranh ca X l Px. b) Hy xc nh s phn b cn bng cnh tranh ca 2 hng ha gia A v B trong hp Edgeworth . Bi 4. ng kh nng sn xut ca Robinson Crusoe c cho trc bng phng trnh f2/2 + g = 150, trong f l khi lng c v g l khi lng la go ng ta c th c ty theo cch ng ta phn chia thi gian v n lc ca mnh. Cho rng g c biu th trn trc tung v f c biu th trn trc honh. T l thay th bin trong tiu dng ca Robinson l MRS =g/f. a) Tm im ti u v sn xut v tiu dng R* ca Robinson. b) Gi s Robinson c th trng th gii pht hin ra, trong P f =5 v Pg =1, xc nh im ti u v sn xut Q* v tiu dng C*. c) Dng th chng minh rng ng ta thch C* hn so vi R* l ng. Bi 5. Gi s mt nn kinh t gm c 2 c th A v B, tiu dng 2 sn phm X v Y. Ti im phn b ngun lc ban u A c X1 = 30 v., Y1 = 120 v.; B c X2 = 180 v., Y2 = 90v. Hm li ch ca h tng ng l U1 = X1Y1 v U2 = X2Y2.
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 a) V hp Edgeworth cho nn kinh t ny. b) Vit cc phng trnh cc ng bng quan ca A v B m i qua im phn b ngun lc ban u v biu din chng trn th. c) Hy t m vng th hin s ci thin Pareto so vi s phn b ngun lc ban u ca hai c th ny. d) Xy dng phng trnh ng hp ng cho nn kinh t ny v biu din ln th hp Edgeworth. e) Tm ta nhng giao im ca ng hp ng vi cc ng bng quan i qua im phn b ngun lc ban u ca A v B v biu din chng ln th. f) Gi s A v B c th trao i cc sn phm X v Y vi nhau tng li ch ca mnh. Gi ca X v Y l Px = 1 v Py = 2. f.1. A v B mi ngi s mua bao nhiu n v X hoc Y? Th trng c tha mn c yu cu ca h khng? T hp hng ha ny c phi l hiu qu khng? f.2. Nu gi ca X tng ln: Px = 3/2 v gi ca Y gim xung: Py = 3/2 trong khi thu nhp ca cc c th vn khng thay i th lng cu v cung trn th trng c c tha mn hay khng? Kt cc th s phn b cc ngun lc l c hiu qu hay khng? V sao? f.3. S thay i t im phn b ngun lc ban u n cui cng c phi l s

ci thin Pareto hay khng?

CHNG VII: TH TRNG VI THNG TIN BT CN XNG

Bi 1. Nhiu ngi tiu dng coi nhn hiu ni ting l mt du hiu ca cht lng v s tr cao hn cho sn phm c danh ting (chng hn nh ngi ta thch mua thuc aspirin ca Bayer hn l thuc aspirin thng thng; hoc rau qu ng lnh ca Birds Eyes thay v rau qu mang nhn hiu ring ca siu th ). Liu nhn hiu c th a ra mt tn hiu hu ch v cht lng hay khng? Ti sao? Bi 2. Gary va tt nghip i hc. Sau 6 thng lm vic u tin, anh ta cng tit kim tin mua mt chic xe hi. a. Gary bit rt t v d khc nhau gia cu to v kt cu ca cc loi xe. Anh ta c th s dng tn hiu nhng th trng, danh ting hoc tnh tiu chun ho nh th no so snh? b. Bn l mt ngi ph trch cho vay trong ngn hng. Sau khi la chn c mt chic xe, Gary gp bn vay tin. Bi v anh ta mi ra trng nn cha c l lch
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 vay tin lu di. Mc d vy, ngn hng li c nhng thng tin v nhiu nm lm vic cho nhng ngi mi ra trng vay tin mua nh v mua xe. Liu nhng thng tin ny c hu ch trong trng hp ca Gary hay khng? Nu c th s hu ch nh th no? Bi 3. Mt trng i hc bi b vic cho im D hoc F, trng gii thch cho vic lm ny bng cch lp lun rng, sinh vin c xu hng hc tp trn mc trung bnh khi h khng phi chu p lc ca vic thi trt. Trng i hc ni rng, trng mun tt c cc sinh vin ca trng u t im A hoc B. Nu mc tiu l tng im s ni chung ln ti mc B hoc trn B th y c phi l mt chnh sch tt hay khng? Xem xt trn kha cnh ca vn tm l hnh x tc trch. Bi 4. Gio s Jones va mi c khoa Kinh t ca mt trng i hc t nhn thu ging dy. Hiu trng cam kt rng trng s o to sinh vin vi cht lng hng u. Hai thng u ca hc k, gio s Jones vn cha ln lp. Dng nh ng dnh ton b thi gian vo vic nghin cu kinh t hn l ging dy. Gio s Jones cho rng, nghin cu ca ng s to nn danh ting cho khoa v trng i hc. Liu ng c c php tip tc nghin cu nh vy hay khng? Hy xem xt tnh hung ny trn quan im vn than ch v ngi i din. Bi 5. ng trc mt ting xu l sn xut t hay phi sa cha, nhiu cng ty t ca M bo hnh di hn cho khch hng mua xe (v d nh 7 nm bo hnh cho tt c cc ph tng v tt c cc dch v km theo khi xy s c k thut) a) Vi kin thc ca bn v th trng hng ho khng hon ho, hy gii thch ti sao y l mt chnh sch hp l? b) Liu chnh sch ny c to ra vn tm l hnh x tc trch hay khng? Hy gii thch. Bi 6. thc y cnh tranh v li ch tiu dng, U ban thng mi lin bang yu cu cc hng qung co trung thc. S trung thc trong qung co c th lm tng kh nng canh tranh th nao? Ti sao mt th trng s km cnh tranh nu cc hng khng trung thc? Bi 7. Mt cng ty bo him ang xem xt vic pht hnh 3 loi bo him ho hon: (i) bo him tn tht ton b, (ii) bo him tn tht ton b trn mc min tr 10.000 USD, (iii) bo him 90% trn tng tn tht. Hnh thc bo him no s d to ra vn tm l hnh x tc trch hn?

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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 Bi 8 Bn tng xem xt tnh tranh thng tin khng tng xng lm gim cht lng trung bnh ca nhng sn phm c bn trn th trng nh th no, do nhng sn phm c cht lng thp s loi nhng sn phm c cht lng cao ra khi th trng. i vi nhng th trng m tnh trng thng tin bt cn xng l ph bin, bn ng hay khng ng vi nhng kin sau: a) Chnh ph nn tr cp cho tp ch Bo co tiu dng. b) Chnh ph nn quy nh tiu chun cht lng; v d nh cc hng khng c bn nhng mt hng km cht lng. c) Nhng ngi sn xut hnh ho cht lng cao c th mun c bn hnh di hn. d) Chnh ph nn yu cu tt c cc hng phi bo hnh di hn. Bi 9 Hai ngi bun bn xe dng ri cnh tranh khc lit trn cng mt tuyn ng chnh. Hng th nht, bn xe cht lng cao qua kim nh cn thn v sn sng lm dc v sa cha nu cn. Chi ph trung bnh mua v bo qun chic xe xa hng Harry l 8,000 USD. Hng th hai, hng Lew, bn xe c cht lng thp. Chi ph trung bnh mua v lm dch v mi chic xe ca Lew l 5,000 USD. Nu khch hng bit c cht lng ca nhng chic xe dng ri m h mua th h s sn lng tr 10,000 USD cho nhng chic xe m Harry bn v 7,000 USD cho nhng chic xe m Lew bn. ng tic l nhng ngi bun xe ny cn qu tr nn cha to c uy tn. V vy, khch hng khng bit c cht lng ca mi chic xe m h bn. Khch hng mua ca nhng hng ny nhn ra rng, xc sut mua c xe c cht lng cao ca h l 50/50 bt k l mua xe ca ai, v v vy, h s tr trung bnh l 8,500 USD cho mt chic xe. Hng Harry c mt tng hng s cung cp dch v bo hnh hng nm cho tt c nhng chic xe m h bn. Hng bit rng mt dch v bo hnh ko di l Y nm s tn trung bnh l 500Y USD v hng bit rng, hng Lew cng c gng a ra dch v bo hnh tng t, v iu ny s tn ca Lew trung bnh l 2000Y USD a) Gi s hng Harry bo hnh mt nm cho tt c nhng chic xe m hng bn ra. Liu vic ny c to ra mt du hiu ng tin cy v cht lng hay khng? Liu hng Lew c lm theo c khng, v v vy, da vo dch v bo hnh, khch hng c th gi nh chnh xc rng xe ca hng Harry c cht lng cao v do ng gi trung bnh l 10,000 USD mt chic hay khng? b) iu g s xy ra nu hng Harry bo hnh 2 nm cho nhng chic xe ca hng? Liu iu ny c to ra c tn hiu ng tin cy v cht lng hay khng? Nu bo hnh 3 nm th s nh th no?
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 c) Nu bn c c hi khuyn hng Harry th thi hn bo hnh bn ngh l bao nhiu? Gii thch ti sao? Bi 10 Mt hng c doanh thu c th hin bi cng thc R = 10e e 2, trong e l mc c gng ca mt cng nhn in hnh (tt c cc cng nhn c coi nh ging nhau). Mt cng nhn la chn mc c gng ca anh ta ti a ho mc lng rng, sau khi tr i chi ph cho nhng c gng ca anh ta w e (chi ph n v cho s c gng coi nh bng 1). Xc nh mc c gng v mc li nhun (doanh thu tr i tin lng) cho mi cch tr lng sau. Gii thch ti sao nhng mi quan h thn ch v ngi i din khc nhau ny li to ra nhng kt cc khc nhau. a) w = 2 nu e 1, nu khng th w = 0. b) w = R/2. a) w = R 12.5.

CHNG VIII. NGOI TC V HNG HA CNG

Bi 1. nh bt tm Louisiana. Trong nhng nm gn y, tm tr thnh mt mn n c a thch cc khch sn. Nu vo nm 1950 mc thu hoch tm khu vc sng Atchafalaya Louisiana mc trn 1 triu pao, th nm 1981 con s ny l 28,1 triu pao. V i b phn tm sinh trng cc ni m nhng ngi nh bt c quyn lui ti khng hn ch, mt vn ti nguyn s hu chung ny sinh qu nhiu tm b nh bt, lm cho qun th tm gim xung di mc c hiu qu. Vn y nghim trng nh th no? c bit chi ph ca x hi ra sao do c s lui ti khng b hn ch ca nhng ngi nh bt? C th tm ra cu tr li bng cch c tnh chi ph ca t nhn nh bt tm (MC), chi ph bin ca x hi (MSC) v cu (li ch bin) ca x hi. Gi Q l lng tm nh bt c tnh bng triu pao mi nm (biu th trn trc honh), v cc chi ph tnh bng la mt pao biu th trn trc tung. Cu v tm: Chi bin ca x hi: Hy xc nh: a) Lng nh bt tm hin ti. b) Lng nh bt c hiu qu v mt x hi. c) Thit hi x hi do nh bt qu mc. P = 0,401 0,0064Q MSC = - 5,645 + 0,6509Q Chi ph bin ca t nhn: MC = - 0,357 + 0,0573Q

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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 d) Gi s cu v tm tip tc gia tng v ng cu l: P = 0,50 0,0064Q. S thay i ny tc ng th no n lng nh bt tm hin nay, lng nh bt c hiu qu v thit hi x hi do nh bt qu mc? (Gi s cc chi ph khng thay i). Bi 2. Gi s khu nui ong c t ngay cnh vn to, ch s hu ca chng l nhng ngi khc nhau. C khu nui ong ln vn to u hot ng trong iu kin th trng cnh tranh hon ho.
2 Tng chi ph sn xut mt: TC1 = Q 1 / 100

Tng chi ph trng to:

TC2 = Q 2 2 / 100 Q1

Gi mt: P1 = 2 n v tin t/ n v sn phm, gi to P2 = 3vtt/vsp. c) Xc nh sn lng cn bng ca mt v to nu cc hng sn xut ny hnh ng c lp vi nhau. d) Gi s ngi nui ong v ngi trng to lin kt vi nhau. Sn lng mt v to ti a ha li nhun lin doanh ny s l bao nhiu? e) Sn lng mt c hiu qu v mt x hi l bao nhiu? Nu cc hng ny hot ng c lp vi nhau th cn tr cp bao nhiu cho ngi sn xut mt h c th sn xut sn lng mt c hiu qu v mt x hi? Bi 3. Gi s mt trang tri nui th c t cnh mt trang tri trng bp ci. Th thng chy sang tri bn cnh n bp ci. Tng chi ph nui th: Tng chi ph trng bp ci:
2 TC1 = 0,1Q 1 + 5Q1 0,1 Q 2 2 2 TC2 = 0,2Q 2 2 + 7Q2 + 0,025 Q 1

Gi mt n v sn phm ca hai trang tri: P1 = P2 = 15 vtt. C hai trang tri u hot ng trn th trng cnh tranh hon ho. Mi trang tri u n lc ti a ha li nhun ca mnh. a) Xc nh sn lng ti a ha li nhun ca mi trang tri nu chng hot ng c lp vi nhau. Tnh li nhun mi hng thu c. b) Gi s nh nc iu chnh cc ngoi tc bng thu v tr cp. Xc nh s thu v/hoc tr cp ti u trn mi n v sn phm. c) Gi s hai trang tri ny c hp nht li. Sn lng ti u v li nhun thu c s l bao nhiu? So snh vi trng hp cc trang tri hot ng c lp vi nhau. Bi 4. Gi s hm tng chi ph ca hai hng sn xut cng mt loi sn phm ln lt l: TC1 = 2Q
2 1

+ 20Q1 2Q1 Q2 TC2 = 3Q 2 2 + 60Q2

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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 Gi s cc hng hot ng trong th trng cnh tranh hon ho v gi th trng ca sn phm l P = 240. a) Xc nh sn lng ti a ha li nhun ca mi hng (MC = P). b) Xc nh sn lng ti u v mt x hi ca mi hng (MSC =P). c) Xc nh khon tr cp c kh nng iu chnh cc ngoi tc. Bi 5. Gi s ngnh giy l ngnh cnh tranh hon ho. Trn th trng c 1000 nh sn xut giy, hm chi ph bin ca mi nh my l MC = 20 + 40Q, trong Q l s lng giy sn xut hng tun (ngn tn). a) Xc nh gi v sn lng cn bng ca giy trn th trng nu bit ng cu th trng ca giy l QD = 3500 15P. b) Gi s c mt quy nh mi yu cu ngnh giy phi p dng nhng phng php mi gim nhim nc. Quy nh ny lm chi ph trong sn xut giy tng 25%. Xc nh gi c v sn lng cn bng ca giy sau khi thc hin quy nh ny. Bi 6. Nhu cu v hng ha cng cng ca Robinson l MU1 = 80 2Q = P1 v ca Th Su l MU2 = 30 Q = P2. Chi ph bin sn xut hng ha ny: MC1 = 2 + 4Q1 v MC2 = 2 + 6Q2 . Tm tp hp gi c v khi lng tiu dng c hiu qu. Bi 7. Gi s c ba nhm ngi trong mt cng ng. Nhng ng cu ca h v s gi chng trnh v tuyn truyn hnh cng cng trong mt gi (T) c cho bi cc phng trnh : MU1 = 150 T , MU2 = 200 2T , MU3 = 250 T Gi s v tuyn truyn hnh cng cng l mt hng ha cng cng thun ty m ngi ta c th sn xut vi chi ph bin khng i l 200 la mt gi. a) Con s c hiu qu ca nhng gi pht v tuyn truyn hnh l bao nhiu ? b) Mt th trng t nhn c sc cnh tranh s pht bao nhiu gi v tuyn truyn hnh cng cng ? Bi 8. Trong iu kin cnh tranh hon ho cc doanh nghip sn sng cung cp bt k s lng no ca mt dch v vi chi ph bin khng i MC = 4. Gi s c 2 ngi tiu dng dch v ny vi cc hm s cu : Qa = 40 2P v Qb = 20 P Tm s lng c hiu qu ca dch v ny nu n l : a) Hng ha c nhn.
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Bi tp Kinh t vi m giai on 2 b) Hng ha cng cng. Biu din cc cu tr li trn th. CHC CC BN THNH CNG

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