INTRODUCTION:In todays life, everyone gives importance to time. Time does not wait for anybody.

Everything should be performed in time & accurately. Now a days school/college bells are manually operated. Hence there is a big question of accuracy. Also there is necessity of manpower and money. Hence here we should use automatic control system, which saves our manpower and money & also highest accuracy. Hence we have selected the project.

What is ISS?
In market there many digital clocks available with bells but rings only at specific time. For e.g. Alarm Clock and some bells that ring after some time intervals and that cannot stop after specific time. For e.g. Musical Clock But all these limitation have been removed by our project. It rings only according to our college time table.

Our Project takes over the task of Ringing of the Bell in Colleges. It replaces the Manual Switching of the Bell in the College. It has an Inbuilt Real Time Clock (DS1307) which tracks over the Real Time. When this time equals to the Bell Ringing time, then the Relay for the Bell is switched on. The Bell Ringing time can be edited at any Time, so that it can be used at Normal Class Timings as well as Exam Times. The Real Time Clock is displayed on LCD display. The Microcontroller AT89C2051 is used to control all the Functions, it get the time through the coding and store it in its Memory. And when the Real time and Bell time get equal then the Bell is switched on for a predetermined time.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

1)Real Time Clock:

The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a lowpower, full binary-coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Address and data are transferred serially through an I2C, bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a built-in power-sense circuit that detects power failures and automatically switches to the backup supply. Timekeeping operation continues while the part operates from the backup supply.

2) Micro Controller:
Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and decides the mode of operation in voting mode it increments the data for corresponding key i.e. respective candidate as well as it sends signal to display block to indicate one key is pressed. In counting mode micro controllers fetches data from memory location and send it to display devices.

3) LCD:
Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric Display it means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols thus LCD is a user friendly Display device which can be used for displaying various messages unlike seven segment display which can display only numbers and some of the alphabets. The only disadvantage of LCD over seven segment is that seven segment is robust display and be visualized from a longer distance as compared to LCD. Here I have used 16 x 2 Alphanumeric Display which means on this display I can display two lines with maximum of 16 characters in one line.

4) MAX 232:
A standard serial interface for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic 1 is -3V to -12V and logic 0 is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD pins of the microcontroller thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long been using in many microcontrollers boards. It is a dual RS232 receiver / transmitter that meets all RS232 specifications while using only +5V power supply. It has two onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V to -10V power supplies from a single 5V supply. It has four level translators, two of which are RS232 transmitters that convert TTL/CMOS input levels into +9V RS232 outputs. The other two level translators are RS232 receivers that convert RS232 input to 5V. Typical MAX232 circuit is shown below.

5)Relay:
In this circuit a 12V magnetic relay is used. In magnetic relay, insulated copper wire coil is used to magnetize and attract the plunger .The plunger is normally connected to N/C terminal. A spring is connected to attract the plunger upper side. When output is received by relay, the plunger is attracted and the bulb glows.

6) Power Supply
In this section the design of power supply specially a +5V DC with 1 amp. Current is described. This power supply unit consists of a step down transformer, a full wave or a bridge wave rectifier, filter capacitor and regulator. The step down transformer converts 230V AC to 9V-0V-9V AC at the secondary with 1Amp. of current . The transformers secondary is connected to the diode (1N 4001) rectifier circuit to convert AC into pulsating DC. The ripples in pulsating DC are removed with the help of capacitor filter.. The ripples present in the pulsating DC signal are removed with the help of a suitable capacitor to produce unregulated voltage. Thus unregulated DC voltage is applied at the input of 5V regulator (IC7805). The regulator provides a pure DC signal which is required for proper functioning of all the ICs used in any electronic system. The block schematic of the power supply is given below.

Figure 2.3: Power Supply

Thus the design of 5V power supply mainly involves in choosing proper value of filter capacitor. The filter capacitor can be calculated by using the following formula =2890/CRL where stands for ripple factor and C the filter capacitor in f. If we consider ripple factor as equal to 0.1V and R L as equal to 50 then C the filter capacitor equal to 570 f. In the power supply section we have used filter capacitor equal to 1000 f.

The circuit diagram of power supply is shown in figure 2.4

Figure 2.4: Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply

Figure 2.2: Circuit Schematic

3.1. FUNCTION OF CIRCUIT:In the circuit shown above, we provide 220V A.C. power supply to the Step-Down Transformer which converts 220V A.C. into 12V A.C. (i.e. stepped down the power supply). Now this 12V A.C. is converted into 12V D.C. with the help of Full Wave Rectifier which consists of 3 Diodes & 2 Condensers [a filter capacitor (1000F)]. Two different voltage levels are required for our circuit One is 12V D.C. to operate relay switch. Second is 5V D.C. supply to operate microcontroller AT89S8252. For this purpose we will use voltage regulator LM7805 which can take 8V -25V as I/P & provide 5V constant voltage. Here we have used Atmel AT89C20512 microcontroller to control various timing of the ringing. Here we also use a 12MHz Crystal which will provide the microcontroller a reference time. We have used Assembly Language to program this microcontroller and we have also used a microcontroller programmer. We have used different types of capacitors and resistors in this circuit. We have used two 33pF capacitor which are acting as a High Pass Fi lter [H.P.F.]. The 10K resistor is used for RESET circuit to provide negative potential to RESET pin of microcontroller. We have used IC DS 1307 which is a low-power clock/calendar with 56 bytes of Battery-backed SRAM. It uses an external 32.768 kHz crystal. The oscillator circuit does not require any external resistors or capacitors to operate. The accuracy of the clock is dependent upon the accuracy of the crystal and the accuracy of the match between the capacitive load of the oscillator circuit and the capacitive load for which the crystal was trimmed. We have used Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) display for the displaying the real time. The microcontroller can operate on 5V and 10mA current maximum but we have to operate 12V relay switch which consume more than 100A current. So, we have to amplify this current and voltage. For this purpose we are using transistor.

3.1.1. OPERATION: Switch ON the power In Display the real time will display.

It has an Inbuilt Real Time Clock (DS1307 ) which tracks over the Real Time. When this time equals to the Bell Ringing time, then the Relay for the Bell is switched on. If one want to change the belling time. Input the desire time from the coding provided. At the set time the bell will ring.

For changing the input time press RESET button and set the belling time. One can set many ringing time at a time. The input time must be set with respect of RTC.

3.

COMPONENT REQUIREMENT

3.1. COMPONENT LIST:S. NO. NAME OF COMPONENTS TYPE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. IC 89c2051 MAX232 RS232 IC DS 1307 IC 7805 Voltage Regulator Transformer Crystal Diode Relay Switch Resistor Transistor (BC 547) Storage Capacitor Microcontroller General male Real Time Clock 5V Step-Down 12 MHz, 32.768KHz 1N4700 12V Magnetic Relay (2.2,10,56) K,330E NPN 1 0F ,1000 F

QUANTITY
1 1 1 1 1 1 1,1 3 1 4,2,1 & 5 5 6,1

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Ceramic Capacitor Display Batterys Bell I.C. Base IC 4N25

33 pF LCD 3V,3.6V 220 V operated 8 Pin, 16 Pin & 20 Pin Power Fail Circut

2 4 1,1 1 2,1,1 1

3.2. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:3.2.1 AT89C2051 Features

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in the table below. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

Figure 3.2.1: Internal Architecture

A T 8 9 C 2 0 5 1

Figure 3.2: Pin Configuration

Pin Description VCC

Supply voltage.

GND
Ground.

Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-irectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to0 P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.

Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-irectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hardwired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST
Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Programming The Flash

The AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2K bytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically.

Internal Address Counter: The AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter
which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced by applying a positive going pulse to pin XTAL1.

Programming Algorithm: To program the AT89C2051, the following sequence is

recommended. 1. Power-up sequence: Apply power between VCC and GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GND 2. Set pin RST to H Set pin P3.2 to H 3. Apply the appropriate combination of H or L logic levels to pins P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM Programming Modes table. To Program and Verify the Array: 4. Apply data for Code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7. 5. Raise RST to 12V to enable programming. 6. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2 ms. 7. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic H level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropriate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins. 8. To program a byte at the next address location, pulse XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins. 9. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2K bytes array or until the end of the object file is reached. 10.Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to L set RST to L Turn VCC power off

Data Polling: The AT89C2051 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle.
During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of

the written data on P1.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data is valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.

Ready/Busy: The Progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY
output signal. Pin P3.1 is pulled low after P3.2 goes High during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.1 is pulled High again when programming is done to indicate READY.

Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed code data can be read
back via the data lines for verification: 1. Reset the internal address counter to 000H by bringing RST from L to H. 2. Apply the appropriate control signals for Read Code data and read the output data at the port P1 pins. 3. Pulse pin XTAL1 once to advance the internal address counter. 4. Read the next code data byte at the port P1 pins. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the entire array is read. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.

Chip Erase: The entire PEROM array (2K bytes) and the two Lock Bits are erased electrically
by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding P3.2 low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all 1s in the Chip Erase operation and must be executed before any nonblank memory byte can be re-programmed.

Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a
normal verification of locations 000H, 001H, and 002H, except that P3.5 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows. (000H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel (001H) = 21H indicates 89C2051

Programming Interface
Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. All major programming vendors offer worldwide support for the Atmel microcontroller series. Please contact your local programming vendor for the appropriate software revision.

Flash Programming and Verification Characteristics

DC Characteristics

Absolute Maximum Ratings*

Operating Temperature ................................. -55C to +125C *NOTICE: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of this specification are not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. Storage Temperature ..................................... -65C to +150C Voltage on Any Pin with Respect to Ground .....................................-1.0V to +7.0V Maximum Operating Voltage............................................ 6.6V DC Output Current...................................................... 25.0 Ma

3.2.2 MAX 232 Introduction:

A standard serial interface for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic 1 is -3V to -12V and logic 0 is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD pins of the microcontroller thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long been using in many microcontrollers boards. It is a dual RS232 receiver / transmitter that meets all RS232 specifications while using only +5V power supply. It has two onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V to -10V power supplies from a single 5V supply. It has four level translators, two of which are RS232 transmitters that convert TTL/CMOS input levels into +9V RS232 outputs. The other two level translators are RS232 receivers that convert RS232 input to 5V. Typical MAX232 circuit is shown below.

M A X 2 3 2

Features:
1. Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply 2.LinBiCMOSE Process Technology 3.Two Drivers and Two Receivers 4.30-V Input Levels 5.Low Supply Current . 8 mA Typical 6.Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28 7.Designed to be Interchangeable With Maxim MAX232 8.Applications Battery-Powered Systems Terminals

Modems Computers 9.ESD Protection Exceeds 2000 V Per MIL-STD-883, Method 3015 10.Package Options Include Plastic Small-Outline (D, DW) Packages and Standard Plastic (N) DIPs

Cicuit connections:
A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic '1' is -3V to 12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert a TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD pins of the uC chips, thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long been using in many uC boards. It provides 2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uF capacitors. Carefully check the polarity of capacitor when soldering the board. A DS275 however, no need external capacitor and smaller. Either circuit can be used without any problems.

3.2.3. DS 1307 (REAL TIME CLOCK):PIN CONFIGURATIONS:-

DS 1307

DS 1307

Figure 4.2.2.1 Pin Diagram

Figure 4.2.2.2 IC DS 1307

The DS1307 serial real-time clock (RTC) is a lowpower, full binary-coded decimal (BCD) clock/calendar plus 56 bytes of NV SRAM. Address and data are transferred serially through an I2C, bidirectional bus. The clock/calendar provides seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. The end of the month date is automatically adjusted for months with fewer than 31 days, including corrections for leap year. The clock operates in either the 24-hour or 12-hour format with AM/PM indicator. The DS1307 has a built-in power-sense circuit that detects power failures and automatically switches to the backup supply. Timekeeping operation continues while the part operates from the backup supply.

Feature of IC DS1307 are as follows: Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month, Day of the week, and Year with Leap-Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100 56-Byte, Battery-Backed, General-Purpose RAM with Unlimited Writes Programmable Square-Wave Output Signal Automatic Power-Fail Detect and Switch Circuitry Consumes Less than 500nA in Battery-Backup Mode with Oscillator Running

Optional Industrial Temperature Range: - 40C to +85C

PIN DISCRIPTION:PIN Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Description X1 Crystal X2 - Crystal VBAT GND SDA SCL SQW/OUT VCC

3.2.4. LM7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a family of selfcontained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require a regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-digit number, which indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to provide (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide both positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary.

Figure 4.2.3.1 IC7805

78xx ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220 form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are also available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

3.2.5. TRANSFORMER:Definition: The transformer is a static electro-magnetic device that transforms one alternating voltage (current) into another voltage (current). However, power remains the some during the transformation. Transformers play a major role in the transmission and distribu tion of ac power.

Principle: Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. A transformer consists of laminated magnetic core forming the magnetic frame. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the two cores of the magnetic frame, linked by the common magnetic flux. When an alternating voltage is applied across the primary coil, a current flows in the primary coil producing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This flux induces voltage in secondary coil.

Figure 4.2.4.1 Step-Up Transformer

Figure 4.2.4.2 Step-Down Transformer

Transformers are classified as: (a) Based on position of the windings with respect to core i.e. 1) Core type transformer 2) Shell type transformer (b) Transformation ratio: 1) Step up transformer 2) Step down transformer a) Core & shell types: Transformer is simplest electrical machine, which consists of windings on the laminated magnetic core. There are two possibilities of putting up the windings on the core. 1) Winding encircle the core in the case of core type transformer 2) Cores encircle the windings on shell type transformer. b) Step up and Step down: In these voltage transformation takes place according to whether the primary is high voltage coil or a low voltage coil. 1) 2) Lower to higher-> Step up Higher to lower-> Step down

3.2.6. CRYSTAL:A piezoelectric crystal is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

Figure 4.2.5.1 Crystal

The crystal oscillator circuit sustains oscillation by taking a voltage signal from the quartz resonator, amplifying it, and feeding it back to the resonator. The rate of expansion and contraction of the quartz is the resonant frequency, and is determined by the cut and size of the crystal. When the energy of the generated output frequencies matches the losses in the circuit, an oscillation can be sustained. A regular timing crystal contains two electrically conductive plates, with a slice or tuning fork of quartz crystal sandwiched between them. During startup, the circuit around the crystal applies a random noise AC signal to it, and purely by chance, a tiny fraction of the noise will be at the resonant frequency of the crystal. The crystal will therefore start oscillating in synchrony with that signal. As the oscillator amplifies the signals coming out of the crystal, the signals in the crystal's frequency band will become stronger, eventually dominating the output of the oscillator. Natural resistance in the circuit and in the quartz crystal filter out all the unwanted frequencies.

3.2.7. DIODE:-

Figure 4.2.6.1 Diode

A diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current property. The unidirectionality most diodes exhibit is sometimes generically called the rectifying property. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction (called the forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction (the reverse biased condition). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. Real diodes do not display such a perfect on-off directionality but have a more complex non-linear electrical characteristic, which depends on the particular type of diode technology. Diodes also have many other functions in which they are not designed to operate in this on-off manner.

3.2.8. RELAY: -

Figure 3.2.7 Relay

In this circuit a 12V magnetic relay is used. In magnetic relay, insulated copper wire coil is used to magnetize and attract the plunger .The plunger is normally connected to N/C terminal. A spring is connected to attract the plunger upper side. When output is received by relay, the plunger is attracted and the bulb glows.

3.2.9. RESISTORS:A Resistor is a heat-dissipating element and in the electronic circuits it is mostly used for either controlling the current in the circuit or developing a voltage drop across it, which could be utilized for many applications. There are various types of resistors, which can be classified according to a number of factors depending upon: (I) (II) (III) (IV) Material used for fabrication Wattage and physical size Intended application Ambient temperature rating

(V)

Cost

Figure 4.2.8.1 Resistors

Resistors may be classified as (1) (2) (3) Fixed Semi variable Variable resistor. In our project carbon resistors are being used. The electronic color code is used to indicate the values or ratings of electronic components, very commonly for resistors. Resistor values are always coded in ohms, capacitors in pico farads (pF), inductors in micro henries (H), and transformers in volts.

Figure 4.2.8.2

band A is first significant figure of component value band B is the second significant figure band C is the decimal multiplier band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%)

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold will have first digit 4 (yellow in table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is 5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms. A useful mnemonic for remembering the first ten color codes matches the first letter of the color code, by order of increasing magnitude is as follows:B. B. Roy of Great Britain has Very Good Wife. Example:From top to bottom:
o o o o o o

Green-Blue-Brown-Black-Brown 561 1% Red-Red-Orange-Gold 22,000 5% Yellow-Violet-Brown-Gold 470 5% Blue-Gray-Black-Silver 68 10% (this wide of a tolerance is now seldom seen) Brown-Black-Brown 10 20% (this wide of a tolerance is now seldom seen) Black zero

Color Coding of resistor is given in the following table:-

Figure 4.2.8.3

Figure 4.2.8.4

3.2.10. TRANSISTORS: A transistor consists of two junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. Accordingly, there are two types of transistors namely: (1) n-p-n transistor (2) p-n-p transistor

Figure 4.2.9.1 Transistors

Figure 4.2.9.2 Transistor (BC 547)

An n-p-n transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductors separated by a thin section of p type. However two p sections separated by a thin section of n-type form a p-n-p transistor. A transistor raises the strength of a weak signal and thus acts as an amplifier. The weak signal is applied between emitter base junction and output is taken across the load Rc connected in the collector circuit (in common emitter configuration). In order to achieve faithful amplification, the input circuit should always remain forward biased. To do so, a dc voltage is applied in the input in addition to the signal. This dc Voltage is known as biasing voltage and its magnitude and polarity should be such that it always keeps the input circuit forward biased regardless of the polarity to the signal to be amplified. As the input circuit has low resistance a small change in signal voltage causes an appreciable change in emitter current. This causes change in collector current (by a factor called current gain of transistor) due to transistor action. The collector current flowing through a high load resistance Rc produces a large voltage across it. Thus a weak signal applied to the input circuit appears in the amplified form in the collector circuit. This is how a transistor acts as an amplifier.

3.2.11. CAPACITORS: The fundamental relation for the capacitance between two flat plates separated by a dielectric material is given by: C=0.08854KA/D Where: C= capacitance in pf. K= dielectric constant A=Area per plate in square cm. D=Distance between two plates in cm

Figure 4.2.10.1 Capacitor

Design of capacitor depends on the proper dielectric material with particular type of application. The dielectric material used for capacitors may be grouped in various classes like Mica, Glass, air, ceramic, paper, Aluminum, electrolyte etc. The value of capacitance never remains constant. It changes with temperature, frequency and aging. The capacitance value marked on the capacitor strictly applies only at specified temperature and at low frequencies.

6.

APPLICATION & ADVANTAGES

1. It can be used in the college, school for belling purpose. 2. It can be used in the any type of industry for belling because we can set the ringing time. 3. Automatic scheduling of office bell is possible.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Automated system have less manual operations, flexibility and accurate 2. Compact in size so takes less space. 3. Time editable facility is available. 4. It have good performance. 5. Automated system are cheap and reliable. 6. It is user friendly.

LIMITATIONS
1. The all ringing time should be given at a time. 2. The previous ringing time will removed from the memory itself. 3. We have used the 24-hour mode for the input of the ringing time. \

CONCLUSION
Present day manual operation for ringing the bell in colleges or schools is carried out. The main disadvantage of this is one person is to be keep alert for this. At the same time during that time he could not be engage in another task. To overcome from this, we have decided to prepare the circuit which will be operated automatically and the ringing of bell will start by its own time. The time input can be edited as per requirements. This circuit is simple to prepare and easy to install. We can say that it will be much useful for colleges or schools or other educational institutions

8.

FUTURWE SCOPE

REFERENCE

www.google.com www.8051projects.info www.en.wikipedia.org www.yahoo.com/search www.alldatasheet.com www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/7/8/0/5/7805.shtml www.seminorprojects.com