1. CONJUNCTIONS Definition of a conjuctions A conjunction is a word that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses.

Think of them as gluing words. They glue words, phrases, or clauses together.

1.1 Coordinating Conjunctions There are only seven of these. Example : Ahmad has a car and a motorcycle. F for A N B O Y S

and nor but or yet so

To help remember the coordinating conjunctions, think of the word FANBOYS. Remember, when using a conjunction to join two sentences, use a comma before the conjunction. Notice that then and now are not coordinating conjunctions, so their functions in a sentence---and any punctuation rules that may apply to them---is different. 2 Conjunction for Sentence Sample Linda was finally going to buy a new car, for she had Joining sentence + sentence

won the lottery. and nor but or yet Christopher sings and dances superbly. I didn't run, nor did I walk to the fire. I drove. Jon intended to go to the ball game, but his wife made him go to the opera instead. Do you prefer blondes or brunettes? Matthew wanted to stay home, yet he couldn't resist going out. Laura stubbed her toe, so she was limping for two days. verb + verb sentence + sentence sentence + sentence direct object + direct object sentence + sentence

so

sentence + sentence

1.2 Subordinating Conjunctions There are many subordinating conjunctions. This list does not include all of them. Example: I will eat apple after I eat this fried rice. A: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though B: because, before, by the time E: even if, even though I: if, in order that, in case 3 L: lest O: once, only if P: provided that

S: since, so that T: than, that, though, till U: unless, until W: when, whenever, where, wherever, while

1.3 Correlative Conjunctions These are always used in pairs. Example: This cookie contains neither chocolate nor nuts. both... and / either... or / neither... nor / not only... but also / whether... or

2. PREPOSITIONS Definition of a prepositions

Prepositions can be used to show : i) ii) iii) Time when an action takes place Movement where something moves Accompaniment who you are with, or things you use

A preposition is a word that shows the relation between one thing and another. PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION (in/behind/on/above/at/beside/ below/near/under/between/in front of) Example:The flowers are in the vase PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (at/in/on/to/from/during/after/before/ by/for/till-untill/since) Example:I will meet my friend at six oclock PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND POSITION (under/beside/behind/between/ at/on/in front of) Example:Mary is sitting beside me. 5

PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION (along/towards/across/through/over/ out of/up/into/down) Example:Johan is running towards the slide

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on In general, we use:

at for a POINT in for an ENCLOSED SPACE on for a SURFACE in ENCLOSED SPACE in the garden in London in France in a box in my pocket in my wallet in a building in a car on SURFACE on the wall on the ceiling on the door on the cover on the floor on the carpet on the menu on a page

at POINT at the corner at the bus stop at the door at the top of the page at the end of the road at the entrance at the crossroads at the front desk

Example:

Asiah is waiting for Suzana at the bus stop. 6

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on We use:

at for a PRECISE TIME in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS on for DAYS and DATES in MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS in May in summer in the summer in 1990 in the 1990s on

at PRECISE TIME at 4 o'clock at 10.30am at night at breakfast at bedtime

DAYS and DATES

on Friday on Tuesdays on 6 May on 25 Dec. 2012 on Hari Raya Aidilfitri on Independence Day on my birthday on Deepavali Day

at sunrise

in the next century

at sunset at the moment

in the Ice Age in the past/future

Example:

I have a meeting at 8.00am. 7

3. INTERJECTION An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations. Example : Ouch, that hurt! Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today. Hey! Put that down! I heard one guy say to another guy, "Ali has a new motorcycle, eh?" The table below shows some interjections with examples. INTERJECTION MEANING expressing pleasure ah expressing realization expressing resignation expressing surprise alas dear expressing grief or pity expressing pity expressing surprise asking for repetition eh expressing enquiry expressing surprise 8 inviting agreement er expressing hesitation EXAMPLE "Ah, that feels good." "Ah, now we are understand." "Ah well, it can't be heped." "Ah! We've won!" "Alas, she's dead now." "Oh dear! Does it hurt?" "Dear me! That's a surprise!" "It's cold today." "Eh?" "I said it's cold today." "What do you think of that, eh?" "Eh! Really?" "Let's go, eh?" "Ipoh is the capital of...er...Perak."

hello, hullo

expressing greeting expressing surprise

"Hello Johari. How are you today?" "Hello! My bicycle's gone!" "Hey! Look here!" "Hey! What a good idea!" "Hi! What's new?" "Hmm. I'm not so sure." "Oh! You're here!" "Oh! I've got a toothache." "Oh, please say 'yes'!" "Ouch! That hurts!" "Uh...I don't know the answer to that." "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh." "85 divided by 5 is...um...17." "Well I never!" "Well, what did he say!

hey hi hmm

calling attention expressing surprise, joy etc expressing greeting expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement expressing surprise

oh, o

expressing pain expressing pleading

ouch uh uh-huh um, umm well

expressing pain expressing hesitation expressing agreement expressing hesitation expressing surprise introducing a remark

REFLECTION

After completing all the tasks that given by my lecturer, I have gained a lot of improvement in English. Now, I know about some parts of speech especially conjunction. I also learnt how to construct sentences. At first, I think I cannot complete the tasks because my mind set that the tasks were too difficult for me. I was lack of ideas. I am hot an English teachs so I had problem in grammar and how to construct sentences in English.Luckily, one of my English teachers in my school who is really helpful and friendly guided me in doing my tasks. She borrowed me some of her reference books and suggested some good English websites that could help me in completing my tasks. I tried to do all the exercise in the books given by my friend but there were still some mistake that I had made. After I told her about my problem, she explained one again to me in details. She made notes for me to make me understand. I became understand about some of grammar parts such as preposition, interjunction and conjunction. I also felt confident to construct sentences.I also refered to dictionary. From the tasks, I have learnt that before we start doing the tasks given by lecturer, we must know the tasks and be prepared. Knowing the tasks and be prepared are very important strength.At first it was a challenge for me but after learning it. I felt more confident to use correct English.It was really an interesting and meaningful challenges for me.

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