APPENDIX 6

MATHEMATICAL TABLES
This appendix presents tabulations of (1) Fourier-transform theorems, (2) Fourier-transform pairs, (3) Hilbert-transform pairs, (4) trigonometric identities, (5) series expansions, (6) indefinite and definite integrals, (7) summations, (8) useful constants, and (9) recommended unit prefixes.

TABLE A6.1
Property 1. Linearity

Fourier-Transform Theorems
Mathematical Description ag11t2 bg21t2 L aG11f 2 bG21f 2 where a and b are constants f Ga b a a where a is a constant g1at2 L 1 If then G1t2 L g1f 2 g1t2 L G1f 2,

2. Dilation (time scaling)

3. Duality 4. Time shifting 5. Frequency shifting 6. Area under g1t2 7. Area under G1f 2 8. Differentiation in the time domain 9. Integration in the time domain 10. Conjugate functions

g1t t02 L G1f 2 exp1j2pf t02 exp1j2pfct2g1t2 L G1f fc2 L q

q

g1t2 dt G102 L q
q

g102

G1f 2 df

d g1t2 L j2pfG1f 2 dt L q If then

t

g1t2 dt L

11. Multiplication in the time domain 12. Convolution in the time domain 13. Correlation theorem 14. Rayleighs energy theorem

g11t2g21t2 L L q L q
q q

g*1t2 L G 1f 2, L q
q

g1t2 L G1f 2,

G102 1 G1f 2 d1f 2 j2pf 2

G11l2G21f l2 dl

g11t2g21t t2 dt L G11f 2G21f 2

g11t2g 21t t2 dt L G11f 2G 21f 2 q

L q

g1t2 2 dt

L q

G1f 2 2 df

475

476

APPENDIX 6

MATHEMATICAL TABLES

TABLE A6.2
Time Function t rect a b T sinc 12Wt2 exp1at2u1t2, exp1a t 2, exp1pt 22 c 1 0,

Fourier-Transform Pairs
Fourier Transform T sinc 1f T2 f 1 rect a b 2W 2W 1 a j2pf 2a exp1pf 22 a 2 12pf 22

a0 a0

t
T

t T t T

d1t2 1

T sinc 21f T2 1 d1f 2

cos12pfct2 sin12pfct2 sgn1t2 1 pt u1t2

i q

exp1j2pfct2

d1t t02

1 2 3d1f

d1f fc2

exp1j2pf t02 fc2 d1f fc24 1 3d1f fc2 d1f fc24 2j 1 jpf

j sgn1f 2

1 1 d1f 2 2 j2pf

a d1t iT02
q

Notes: u1t2 unit step function d1t2 Dirac delta function rect1t2 rectangular function sgn1t2 signum function sinc1t2 sinc function

1 q n a df T T0 n q 0

TABLE A6.3
Time Function m1t2 cos12pfct2 m1t2 sin12pfct2 cos12pfct2 sin12pfct2 1 t

Hilbert-Transform Pairs a
Hilbert Transform m1t2 sin12pfct2 m1t2 cos12pfct2 sin12pfct2 cos12pfct2 1 pt pd1t2

d1t2

a In the first two pairs, it is assumed that m(t) is band limited to the interval W f W, where W fc.

Mathematical Tables

477

TABLE A6.4

Trigonometric Identities

1 cos u 2 3exp1ju2 exp1ju24 1 sin u 3exp1ju2 exp1ju24 2j

exp1ju2 cos u j sin u

sin2 u cos2 u 1 cos2 u sin2 u cos12u2 cos2 u 1 2 31 cos12u24

1 31 cos12u24 sin2 u 2

2 sin u cos u sin12u2 sin1a b 2 sin a cos b cos a sin b cos1a b 2 cos a cos b < sin a sin b tan a tan b tan1a b 2 1 < tan a tan b

1 sin a cos b 2 3sin1a b 2 sin1a b 24

cos a cos b 1 2 3cos1a b 2 cos1a b 24

1 3cos1a b 2 cos1a b 24 sin a sin b 2

TABLE A6.5
Taylor series where MacLaurin series where Binomial series

Series Expansions
f1x2 f1a2 f 1a2 1! 1x a2 f 1a2 1x a22

Exponential series Logarithmic series Trigonometric series

2! n! n d f 1 x 2 f 1n21a2 dxn x a f 102 2 f 1n2102 n f 102 x x x f1x2 f102 1! 2! n! dnf1x2 f 1n2102 dxn x 0 n1n 12 2 11 x2n 1 nx x , nx 1 2! 1 exp x 1 x x2 2! ln11 x2 x 1 x2 1 x3
2 3

f 1n21a2

1x a2n

sin x x cos x 1 tan x x sin1 x x tan1x x sinc x 1

1 3 1 x x5 3! 5! 1 2 1 x x4 2! 4! 1 3 2 5 x x 3 15 1 3 3 5 x x 6 40 1 3 1 x x5 , x 1 3 5 1 1 1px22 1px24 3! 5!