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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Contents
Introduction
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Fluid Mechanics
3
dv Ft D R m mg sin dt
Tractive Force Climbing Resistance Acceleration Resistance Rolling Resistance
Aerodynamic Drag
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
D vCDA 2
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
1.7894 10 5 Ns m
1.2250
kg Ns m 4 m
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Inviscid Incompressible Flow: Bernoullis Equation Effects of Viscosity: Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Development
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Pt P
v Const. 2
Dynamic Pressure Static pressure
Total Pressure
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828 8
Re l V.l 10 4
Re
Vm.d
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Lift, Drag, Side Force, Pitching Moment, Rolling Moment, Yawing Moment
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Periodic Flow Separation Downstream Regular Pattern of Vortices =von Krmn Vortex Street
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Particle Motion in a Flow Field attacking a Windshield: a) velocity vectors b) acting forces
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828 17
Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Flow Field around a car
Tangential force T() under side wind Main airflow separations around a car (front & back)
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Flow Field around a car
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Reduction of Drag with hood inclination angle and windshield inclination angle
Flow separation point S and reattachment point R as a function of the windshield inclination angle
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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Plan View & Side Panels
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Underbody & Ground Clearance
Air flow under a car in a nozzle-type space results in low pressure and negative lift = drag
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Wheels & Wheel Housings, reducing Splash & Spray
Increase in the drag and lift of a low-drag vehicle body by adding the wheels
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Wheels & Wheel Housings, reducing Splash & Spray
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
Attachments (mirrors & antennas) create drag Small frontal area (wind noise & dirt deposition)
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828 30
Starting from a Basic Body, the development process progressively transforms into a car
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Drag Fractions and their Local Origins Importance of Surface Quality, Water & Dirt Accumulation
Effect of surface roughness on laminar; a)No effect b)Transition due to roughness Critical Roughness:
Permissible Roughness:
and turbulent boundary layers; c)Hydraulically smooth d)Increased drag due to roughness
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Conclusions
1. Formulate your concept 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Design Calculate Redesign Recalculate Re-redesign Re-recalculate
8. Consider your thoughts 9. Start all over again 10. And again
Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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Powering the Future With Zero Emission and Human Powered Vehicles Bradford, UK, 2012 Project code: 2011-1-GR1-ERA10-06828
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