Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occ urs naturally as periclase and is a source

of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2 ions h eld together by ionic bonds. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2), but it can be reversed by heating it to separate moisture. Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mi neral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia negra, a black mineral c ontaining what is now known as manganese. Contents [hide] 1 Production 2 Applications 2.1 Cement 2.2 Desiccant 2.3 Medical 2.4 Other 3 Precautions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links [edit]Production Magnesium oxide is produced by the calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesi um hydroxide or by the treatment of magnesium chloride with lime followed by hea t. [edit]Applications A refractory material is one that is physically and chemically stable at high te mperatures. "By far the largest consumer of magnesia worldwide is the refractory industry, which consumed about 56% of the magnesia in the United States in 2004 , the remaining 44% being used in agricultural, chemical, construction, environm ental, and other industrial applications."[4] [edit]Cement MgO is one of the raw materials for making Portland cement in dry process plants . If too much MgO is added, the cement may become expansive. Production of MgOb ased cement using serpentinite and waste CO (as opposed to conventional CaObased cement using fossil fuels) may reduce anthropogenic emissions of CO.[5] [edit]Desiccant MgO is a relatively poor desiccant, but because it neutralizes sulfur oxide acid s created by oxidation of Kraftprocessed papers, it is used by many libraries f or preserving books.[6] [edit]Medical In medicine, magnesium oxide is used for relief of heartburn and sore stomach, a s an antacid, magnesium supplement, and as a shortterm laxative. It is also use d to improve symptoms of indigestion. Side effects of magnesium oxide may includ e nausea and cramping.[7] In quantities sufficient to obtain a laxative effect, side effects of longterm use include enteroliths resulting in bowel obstruction .[8] [edit]Other MgO is used as an insulator in industrial cables, as a basic refractory material for crucibles and as a principal fireproofing ingredient in construction materi als. As a construction material, magnesium oxide wallboards have several attract ive characteristics: fire resistance, moisture resistance, mold and mildew resis tance, and strength. It is used as a reference white color in colorimetry, owing to its good diffusin g and reflectivity properties.[9] It may be smoked onto the surface of an opaque material to form an integrating sphere. It is used extensively in heating as a component of "CalRod"styled heating elem ents. There are several mesh sizes available and most commonly used ones are 40 and 80 mesh per the American Foundry Society. The extensive use is due to its hi gh dielectric strength and average thermal conductivity. MgO is usually crushed

and compacted with minimal airgaps or voids. The electrical heating industry als o experimented with aluminium oxide, but it is not used anymore. Unpolished MgO crystal Pressed MgO is used as an optical material. It is transparent from 0.3 to 7 m. Th e refractive index is 1.72 at 1 m and the Abbe number is 53.58. It is sometimes k nown by the Eastman Kodak trademarked name Irtran5, although this designation i s long since obsolete. Crystalline pure MgO is available commercially and has sm all use in infrared optics.[10] It is packed around transuranic waste at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, to con trol the solubility of radionuclides.[11] An aerosolized solution of MgO is used in library science and collections manage ment for the deacidification of atrisk paper items. In this process, the alkali nity of MgO (and similar compounds) neutralizes the relatively high acidity char acteristic of lowquality paper, thus slowing the rate of deterioration.[12] It is also used as a protective coating in plasma displays. Since about 1015 years it is also used as a tunnel junction material oxide tunn el barrier. Due to crystallic structure of its thin films, which is achieved by "magnetron sputtering", it shows characheristics superior to commonly used Al2O3 (which is an amorphous oxide): spin polarization about 85% [S.S.P. Parkin, C. K aiser, A. Panchula, P. Rice, B. Hughes, M. Samant, S.H. Yang, Nat. Mater. 3, 86 2, (2004)] versus 4060% in alluminium oxide [D.J. Monsma, S.S.P. Parkin, Appl. Phys.Lett. 77, 720, (2000)]. In magnetic tunnel junctions, the value of TMR is a lso very high in comparison to Al2O3: 600% in room temperature and 1100% in 4,2K [S. Ikeda, J. Hayakawa, Y. Ashizawa, Y. M. Lee, K. Miura, H. Hasegawa, M. Tsuno da, F. Matsukura, H. Ohno, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 082508, (2008)] versus around 7 0% in room temperature [D. Wang, C. Nordman, J. M. Daughton, Z. Qian, J. Fink, I EEE Trans. Mag, 40, 4, (2004)]. MgO is also thermally stable up to about 700 K, vs 600K for Al2O3. [edit]Precautions Magnesium oxide is easily made by burning magnesium ribbon which oxidizes in a b right white light, resulting in a powder. However, the bright flame is very hard to extinguish and it emits a harmful intensity of UV light. Inhalation of magne sium oxide fumes can cause metal fume fever.[13] MAGNESIUM OXIDE ORAL USES This medication is a mineral supplement used to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is very important for the normal functioning of cells, nerves, muscles, bones, and the heart. Usually, a wellbalanced diet p rovides normal blood levels of magnesium. However, certain situations cause your body to lose magnesium faster than you can replace it from your diet. These sit uations include treatment with "water pills" (diuretics such as furosemide, hydr ochlorothiazide), a poor diet, alcoholism, or other medical conditions (e.g., se vere diarrhea/vomiting, stomach/intestinal absorption problems, poorly controlle d diabetes). How to use magnesium oxide Oral Take this product by mouth as directed. Follow all directions on the product pac kage. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist. It is best to take magnesium supplements with a meal to reduce stomach upset and diarrhea unless otherwise directed by the product instructions or your doctor. Take each dose with a full glass (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) of water unless y our doctor directs you otherwise. Swallow extendedrelease capsules whole. Do no t crush or chew extendedrelease capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all o f the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split exte ndedrelease tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewi

ng. If you are using a liquid product, use a medication measuring device to carefull y measure the dose. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the cor rect dose. If you are using a suspension, shake the bottle well before each dose . Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. Remembe r to take it at the same time(s) each day. Dosage is based on your medical condi tion and response to treatment. Do not increase your dose or take it more often than directed on the product package or by your doctor. Too much magnesium in th e blood can cause serious side effects. Tell your doctor if symptoms of low magnesium blood levels (e.g., muscle cramps, tiredness, irritability, depression) persist or worsen. If you think you may ha ve a serious medical problem, seek immediate medical attention. Hurricane Ivan was a large, longlived, Cape Verdetype hurricane that caused wi despread damage in the Caribbean and United States. The cyclone was the ninth na med storm, the sixth hurricane and the fourth major hurricane of the active 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Ivan formed in early September, had reached Category 5 strength on the SaffirSimpson Hurricane Scale, and became the 10th most inte nse Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. At its peak in the Gulf of Mexico, Ivan wa s the size of the state of Texas. It also spawned 119 tornadoes across the easte rn United States. Ivan caused catastrophic damage to Grenada as a strong Category 3 storm, heavy d amage to Jamaica as a strong Category 4 storm and then Grand Cayman, Cayman Isla nds and the western tip of Cuba as a Category 5 storm. After peaking in strength , the hurricane moved northnorthwest across the Gulf of Mexico to strike Gulf S hores, Alabama as a strong Category 3 storm, causing significant damage. Ivan dr opped heavy rains on the Southeastern United States as it progressed northeast a nd east through the eastern United States, becoming an extratropical cyclone. Th e remnant low from the storm moved into the western subtropical Atlantic and reg enerated into a tropical cyclone, which then moved across Florida and the Gulf o f Mexico into Louisiana and Texas, causing minimal damage. Ivan caused an estima ted US$18 billion (2004 USD, $21.9 billion 2013 USD) in damages to the United St ates, making it the fifth costliest hurricane ever to strike the country. Contents [hide] 1 Meteorological history 1.1 Records 2 Preparations 2.1 Caribbean 2.2 United States 3 Impact 3.1 Southeastern Caribbean and Venezuela 3.2 Jamaica 3.3 Cayman Islands 3.4 Elsewhere in the Caribbean 3.5 United States 3.5.1 Florida 3.5.2 Alabama 3.5.3 Elsewhere in the United States 3.6 Canada 4 Aftermath 4.1 Grenada 4.2 Jamaica 4.3 United States 4.4 Retirement 4.5 Hydrological records 5 See also 6 References 7 External links [edit]Meteorological history

Storm path Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan The eye of Hurricane Ivan as seen from the International Space Station on Septem ber 11, 2004. On September 2, 2004, Tropical Depression Nine formed from a large tropical wave southwest of Cape Verde. As the system moved to the west, it strengthened gradu ally, becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on September 3 and reaching hurricane strengt h on September 5, 1,150 miles (1,850 km) to the east of Tobago. Later that day, the storm intensified rapidly, and by 5 pm EDT (2100 UTC), Ivan became a Categor y 3 hurricane with winds of 125 miles per hour (200 km/h). The National Hurrican e Center said that the rapid strengthening of Ivan on September 5 was unpreceden ted at such a low latitude in the Atlantic basin.[1][2] As it moved west, Ivan weakened slightly because of wind shear in the area.[3] T he storm passed over Grenada on September 7, battering several of the Windward I slands. As it entered the Caribbean Sea, Ivan reintensified rapidly and became a Category 5 hurricane just north of the Windward Netherlands Antilles (Curaao and Bonaire) and Aruba on September 9 with winds reaching 160 mph (260 km/h). Ivan weakened slightly as it moved westnorthwest towards Jamaica. As Ivan approached the island late on September 10, it began a westward jog that kept the eye and the strongest winds to the south and west. However, because of its proximity to the Jamaican coast, the island was battered with hurricaneforce winds for hours .[1] After passing Jamaica, Ivan resumed a more northerly track and regained Category 5 strength. Ivan's strength continued to fluctuate as it moved west on Septembe r 11, and the storm attained its highest winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) as it passe d within 30 miles (50 km) of Grand Cayman. Ivan reached its peak strength with a minimum central pressure of 910 millibars (27 inHg) on September 12, making Iva n the tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, as of August 2007. Ivan p assed through the Yucatn Channel late on September 13 while its eyewall affected the westernmost tip of Cuba. Once over the Gulf of Mexico, it weakened slightly to Category 4 strength, which it maintained while approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States.[1] Hurricane Ivan at landfall in Baldwin County, Alabama, Gulf Coast. Just before it made landfall in the United States, Ivan's eyewall weakened consi derably, and its southwestern portion almost disappeared.[citation needed] Aroun d 2 am CDT September 16 (0700 UTC), Ivan made landfall on the U.S. mainland in G ulf Shores, Alabama as a Category 3 hurricane with 120 mph (195 km/h) winds; som e hurricane information sources put the winds from Hurricane Ivan near 130 mph ( 210 km/h) upon landfall in Alabama and northwestern Florida.[4][5] Ivan then con tinued inland, maintaining hurricane strength until it was over central Alabama. Ivan weakened rapidly that evening and became a tropical depression the same da y, still over Alabama. Ivan lost tropical characteristics on September 18 while crossing Virginia. Later that day, the remnant low drifted off the U.S. midAtla ntic coast into the Atlantic Ocean, and the low pressure disturbance continued t o dump rain on the United States.[1] Most intense Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg 1 Wilma 2005 882 26.0 2 Gilbert 1988 888 26.2 3 "Labor Day" 1935 892 26.3 4 Rita 2005 895 26.4 5 Allen 1980 899 26.5

6 Katrina 2005 902 26.6 7 Camille 1969 905 26.7 Mitch 1998 905 26.7 Dean 2007 905 26.7 10 "Cuba" 1924 910 26.9 Ivan 2004 910 26.9 Source: HURDAT[6] On September 20, Ivan's remnant surface low completed an anticyclonic loop and m oved across the Florida peninsula. As it continued west across the northern Gulf of Mexico, the system reorganized and again took on tropical characteristics.[1 ] On September 22 the National Weather Service, "after considerable and sometime s animated inhouse discussion [regarding] the demise of Ivan,"[7] determined th at the low was in fact a result of the remnants of Ivan and thus named it accord ingly. On the evening of September 23, the revived Ivan made landfall near Camer on, Louisiana as a tropical depression. Ivan finally dissipated on September 24 as it moved overland into Texas.[1] [edit]Records Ivan as a Category 3 hurricane east of the Windwards on September 5, 2004. Ivan set several new records for intensity at low latitudes. When Ivan first bec ame a Category 3 hurricane on September 3 (1800 UTC), it was centered near 10.2 degrees north from the equator. This is the most southerly location on record fo r a major hurricane in the Atlantic basin.[1] Just six hours later, Ivan also be came the most southerly Category 4 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin whe n it reached that intensity while located at 10.6 degrees north.[6] Finally, at midnight (UTC) on September 9 while centered at 13.7 degrees north, Ivan became the most southerly Category 5 hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin.[6] Ivan had the world record of 33 (32 consecutive) sixhour periods with an intens ity at or above Category 4 strength. This record was broken two years later by P acific Hurricane/Typhoon Ioke, which had 36 (33 consecutive) sixhour periods at Category 4 strength. This contributed to Ivan's total Accumulated Cyclone Energ y (ACE) of 70.38.[8] Scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, Mississip pi have used a computer model to predict that, at the height of the storm, the m aximum wave height within Ivan's eyewall reached 131 feet (40 m).[9] [edit]Preparations [edit]Caribbean By September 5, a hurricane watch was posted for Barbados. Early on the followin g day, a tropical storm watch was issued for Grenada. Later that day, hurricane watch were also put into effect for St. Lucia, and Martinique. A tropical storm warning was issued for St. Vincent and Grenadines and Tobago and Grenada. By 150 0 UTC on September 6, the hurricane watches and tropical storm watches and warni ngs were upgraded to a hurricane warning and expanded to: Barbados, St. Vincent and Grenadines, St. Lucia, Tobago, Grenada. Simultaneously, a tropical storm war ning was issued for Trinidad. On September 7, the hurricane warning in effect fo r several countries was downgraded to a tropical storm warning. By September 8, all tropical storm and hurricane watches and warnings were discontinued in the e astern portions of the Windward Islands.[1] As Ivan continued westward, a hurricane watch was issued for the ABC islands on September 8.[1] Many schools and businesses were closed in the Netherlands Antil les,[10] and about 300 people evacuated their homes on Curaao.[11] In the Caribbean, 500,000 Jamaicans were told to evacuate from coastal areas,[12 ] but only 5,000 were reported to have moved to shelters.[13] 12,000 residents a nd tourists were evacuated from Isla Mujeres off the Yucatn Peninsula.[14] [edit]United States In Louisiana, mandatory evacuations of vulnerable areas in Jefferson, Lafourche, Plaquemines, St. Charles, St. James, St. John the Baptist, and Tangipahoa paris hes took place, with voluntary evacuations ordered in six other parishes. More t

han onethird of the population of Greater New Orleans evacuated voluntarily, in cluding more than half of the residents of New Orleans itself. At the height of the evacuation, intense traffic congestion on local highways caused delays of up to 12 hours. About a thousand specialneeds patients were housed at the Louisia na Superdome during the storm. Ivan was considered a particular threat to the Ne w Orleans area because dangers of catastrophic flooding. However, Plaquemines an d St. Bernard Parishes suffered a moderate amount of wind damage. Hurricane prep aredness for New Orleans was judged poor.[15] At one point, the media sparked fe ars of an "Atlantean" catastrophe if the hurricane were to make a direct strike on the city.[16] These fears were not realized, as the storm's path turned furth er east. In Mississippi, evacuation of mobile homes and vulnerable areas took place in Ha ncock, Jackson, and Harrison counties.[17] In Alabama, evacuation in the areas o f Mobile and Baldwin counties south of Interstate 10 was ordered, including a th ird of the incorporated territory of the City of Mobile, as well as several of i ts suburbs.[18] In Florida, a full evacuation of the Florida Keys began at 7:00 am EDT September 10 but was lifted at 5:00 am EDT September 13 as Ivan tracked f urther west than originally predicted.[19] Voluntary evacuations were declared i n ten counties along the Florida Panhandle, with strong emphasis in the immediat e western counties of Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa. Ivan prompted the evac uation of 270 animals at "The Little Zoo That Could" in Alabama. The evacuation had to be completed within a couple of hours, with only 28 volunteers available to move the animals.[20] [edit]Impact Deaths and damage by country Country Total deaths Direct deaths Damage (2004 USD) Barbados 1[21] 1[21] $5 million[21] Cayman Islands 2[22] 1[22] $3.5 billion[22] Cuba 0[21] 0[21] $1.2 billion[21] Dominican Republic 4[1] 4[1] Unknown[1] Grenada 39[21] 39[21] $1.1 billion[21] Jamaica 17[1] 17[1] $360 million[1] St. Lucia 0[1] 0[1] $2.6 million[1] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0[1] 0[1] $40 million[1] Trinidad and Tobago 1[23] 1[23] $4.9 million[23] United States 54[1] 25[1] $13 billion[1] Venezuela 3[21] 3[21] unknown[21] Totals: 121[1] 92[1] ~$18.092 billion[1] Ivan killed 64 people in the Caribbeanmainly in Grenada and Jamaicathree in Venezu ela, and 25 in the United States, including fourteen in Florida. Thirtytwo more deaths in the United States were indirectly attributed to Ivan. Tornadoes spawn ed by Ivan struck communities along concentric arcs on the leading edge of the s torm.[24] In Florida, Blountstown, Marianna, and Panama City Beach suffered thre e of the most devastating tornadoes. A Panama City Beach news station was nearly hit by an F2 tornado during the storm.[25] Ivan also caused over US$13 billion (2004 USD, $15.8 billion 2013 USD)in damages in the United States and US$3 billi on in the Caribbean (2004 USD, $3.65 billion 2013 USD). [edit]Southeastern Caribbean and Venezuela Aftermath of Hurricane Ivan in Grenada Main article: Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America Ivan passed directly over Grenada on September 7, 2004, killing 39 people. The c apital, St. George's, was severely damaged and several notable buildings were de stroyed, including the residence of the prime minister. Ivan also caused extensi ve damage to a local prison, allowing most of the inmates to escape. The island,

in the words of a Caribbean disaster official, suffered "total devastation." Ac cording to a member of the Grenadian parliament, at least 85% of the small islan d was devastated.[26] Extensive looting was reported. In all, damage on the isla nd totalled US$815 million (2004 USD, $991 million 2013 USD).[1] Elsewhere in the Caribbean, a pregnant woman was killed in Tobago when a tree fe ll on top of her home,[10] and a 75yearold Canadian woman drowned in Barbados. [1] Three deaths were reported in Venezuela.[27] Over five hundred homes on Barb ados[28] and around 60 homes in St. Vincent and the Grenadines were either damag ed or destroyed.[1][23] [edit]Jamaica Main article: Effects of Hurricane Ivan in Jamaica On September 11 and 12, the center of Ivan passed near Jamaica, causing signific ant wind and flood damage. Overall, 17 people were killed in Jamaica and 18,000 people were left homeless as a result of the flood waters and high winds.[29] Mo st of the major resorts and hotels fared well, though, and were reopened only a few days after Ivan had passed.[30] Damage on Jamaica totaled US$360 million (20 04 USD, $438 million 2013 USD).[1] [edit]Cayman Islands Ivan damage in the Cayman Islands. In the Cayman Islands, Governor Bruce Dinwiddy described damage as "very, very s evere and widespread." Despite strict building codes which made the islands' bui ldings well able to withstand even major hurricanes, Ivan's winds and storm surg e were so strong that a quarter or more of the buildings on the islands were rep orted to be uninhabitable, with 85% damaged to some extent. Much of Grand Cayman still remained without power, water, or sewer services for several months later . After five months, barely half the preIvan hotel rooms were usable. Only two people were killed on the islands,[21] though at first many deaths were suspecte d because of the many graves that were washed up during the storm.[citation need ed] The damage totaled US$1.85 billion (2004 USD, $2.25 billion 2013 USD) in the Cayman Islands.[1] [edit]Elsewhere in the Caribbean There were four deaths in the Dominican Republic. The region's Caribbean Develop ment Bank estimates Ivan caused over US$3 billion (2004 USD, $3.65 billion 2013 USD) damage on island nations, mostly in the Cayman Islands, Grenada, and Jamaic a.[1] Minor damage, including some beach erosion, was reported in the ABC island s.[31] Even though Ivan did not make landfall on Cuban soil, its storm surge caused loc alized flooding on Santiago de Cuba and Granma, on the southern part of the isla nd. At Cienfuegos, the storm produced waves of 15 feet (4.6 m), and Pinar del Ro recorded 13.3 inches (340 mm) of rainfall. While there were no casualties on the island, the Cuban government estimates that about US$1.2 billion (2004 USD, $1. 46 billion 2013 USD) of property damage were directly due to Ivan.[21] [edit]United States Hurricane Ivan sank and stacked numerous boats at Bayou Grande Marina at NAS Pen sacola. Along with the 14 deaths in Florida, Ivan is blamed for eight deaths in North Ca rolina, two in Georgia, and one in Mississippi. An additional 32 deaths were rep orted as indirectly caused by the storm.[1] Ivan caused an estimated US$13 billion (2004 USD, $15.8 billion 2013 USD) in dam age in the United States alone, making it the third costliest hurricane on recor d at the time, just behind Hurricane Charley's US$14 billion (2004 USD, $17 bill ion 2013 USD), and above Hurricane Hugo. It has since fallen to sixth place.[32] Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage Rank Hurricane Season Damages 1 Katrina 2005 $108 billion

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Source:

Sandy 2012 $75 billion Ike 2008 $29.5 billion Andrew 1992 $26.5 billion Wilma 2005 $20.6 billion Ivan 2004 $18.8 billion Irene 2011 $15.6 billion Charley 2004 $15.1 billion Rita 2005 $12 billion Frances 2004 $9.51 billion National Hurricane Center[33][34]

[edit]Florida As Ivan made landfall on the U.S. coastline in Florida, there was heavy damage a s observed in Pensacola, Gulf Breeze, and Pensacola Beach, dwellings situated fa r inland, as much as 20 miles (32 km) from the Gulf coast, along the shorelines of Escambia Bay, East Bay, Blackwater Bay, and Ward Basin in Escambia County and Santa Rosa County, and Fort Walton Beach, Florida on the eastern side of the st orm. The area just west of Pensacola, including the community of Warrington (whi ch includes Pensacola NAS), Perdido Key, and Innerarity Point, took the brunt of the storm. Some of the subdivisions in this part of the county were completely destroyed, with a few key roads in the Perdido area only opened in late 2005, ov er a year after the storm hit. Shattered windows from gusts and flying projectil es experienced throughout the night of the storm were common. As of December 200 7, roads remained closed on Pensacola Beach because of damage from Ivan's storm surge.[35] In Pensacola, the Interstate 10 bridge across Escambia Bay was heavily damaged, with as much as a quartermile (400 m) of the bridge collapsing into the bay. Th e causeway that carries U.S. Highway 90 across the northern part of the same bay was also heavily damaged. Virtually all of Perdido Key, an area on the outskirt s of Pensacola that bore the brunt of Ivan's winds and rain, was essentially lev eled. High surf and wind brought extensive damage to Innerarity Point.[35] On September 26, 2006, over two years after Ivan struck the region, funding for the last 501 FEMAprovided trailers ran out for those living in Santa Rosa and E scambia counties.[35] [edit]Alabama Ivan damage at the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge The city of Demopolis, over 100 miles (160 km) inland in westcentral Alabama, e ndured wind gusts estimated at 90 mph (140 km/h), while Montgomery saw wind gust s in the 60 mph (97 km/h) to 70 mph (110 km/h) range at the height of the storm. [36] The heaviest damage as Ivan made landfall on the U.S. coastline was observed in Baldwin County in Alabama, where the storm's eye (and eyewall) made landfall. Hi gh surf and wind brought extensive damage to Orange Beach near the border with F lorida. There, two fivestory condominium buildings were undermined to the point of collapse by Ivan's storm surge of 14 feet (4.3 m). Both were made of steelr einforced concrete. Debris gathered in piles along the storm tide, exacerbating the damage when the floodwaters crashed into homes sitting on pilings.[37] Brewt on, a community about 50 miles (80 km) inland, also suffered severe damage. In addition to the damage to the southern portions of the state, there was exten sive damage to the state's electrical grid. At the height of the outages, Alabam a Power reported 489,000 subscribers had lost electrical powerroughly half of its subscriber base. Ivan Rainfall in the United States [edit]Elsewhere in the United States Further inland, Ivan caused major flooding, bringing the Chattahoochee River nea r Atlanta and many other rivers and streams to levels at or near 100year record

s. The Delaware River and its tributaries crested just below their alltime reco rds set by Hurricane Diane in 1955. Locations in southern New Hampshire and Mass achusetts received over 7 inches of rainfall from the remnants of Ivan, causing flooding and mudslides. In western North Carolina, many streams and rivers reached well above flood stag e in an area that was heavily flood damaged just a week and a half prior from th e remnants of Hurricane Frances, causing many roads to be closed. High winds con tributed to widespread power outages throughout the mountainous region. The Blue Ridge Parkway as well as Interstate 40 through the Pigeon River gorge in Haywoo d County, North Carolina sustained major damage, and landslides were common acro ss the mountains. There was major flooding along the French Broad River and Swan nanoa River in Asheville, North Carolina and along the Pigeon River near Canton, North Carolina. As a result of the rain, a major debris flow of mud, rocks, tre es, and water surged down Peek's Creek, near Franklin, North Carolina, sweeping away 15 houses and killing five people.[38][39] The system also spawned deadly tornadoes as far north as Maryland[40] and destro yed seven oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico while at sea. While crossing over the MidAtlantic states, Ivan's remnants spawned 117 tornadoes across the easter n United States, with the 40 tornadoes spawned in Virginia on September 17 setti ng a daily record for the commonwealth.[41] Ivan then moved into the Wheeling, W est Virginia and Pittsburgh area, causing major flooding and gusty winds. Pittsb urgh International Airport recorded the highest 24hour rainfall for Pittsburgh, recording 5.95 inches (151 mm) of rain.[42] Ivan's rain caused widespread flood ing. The Juniata River basin was flooded, and the Frankstown Branch crested at i ts highest level ever.[43] After Ivan regenerated in the Gulf of Mexico, it caus ed further heavy rainfall up to 8 inches (200 mm) in areas of Louisiana and Texa s. [edit]Canada On the morning of September 21, the remnant midlevel circulation of Ivan combin ed with a frontal system. This produced a plume of moisture over the Canadian Ma ritimes for four days, producing heavy rainfall totaling 6.2 inches (160 mm) in Gander, Newfoundland. High winds of up to 89 mph (143 km/h) downed trees and cau sed power outages in Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and eastern Nova Scotia . The system produced intense waves of up to 50 feet (15 m) near Cape Bonavista. The system killed two when it grounded a fishing vessel and was indirectly resp onsible for four traffic fatalities in Newfoundland.[44] [edit]Aftermath [edit]Grenada Grenada suffered serious economic repercussions following the destruction caused by Ivan. Before Ivan, the economy of Grenada was projected to grow by 4.7%, but the island's economy instead contracted by nearly 3% in 2004. The economy was a lso projected to grow by at least 5% through 2007, but, as of 2005, that estimat e had been lowered to less than 1%. The government of Grenada also admitted that government debt, 130% of the island's GDP, was "unsustainable" in October 2004 and appointed a group of professional debt advisors in January 2005 to help seek a cooperative restructuring agreement with creditors.[45] More than US$150 million was sent to Grenada in 2004 to aid reconstruction follo wing Ivan, but the economic situation remains fragile. The International Monetar y Fund reports that as "difficult enough as the present fiscal situation is, it is unfortunately quite easy to envisage circumstances that would make it even mo re so." Furthermore, "shortfalls in donor financing and tax revenues, or events such as a further rise in global oil prices, pose a grave risk."[46] [edit]Jamaica By two days after Ivan's passage, USAIDs hurricane recovery program distributed e mergency relief supplies for families who were displaced by the storm. During ph ase one of the recovery program, communities restored three tourist sites, clear ed agricultural lands, and completed disaster mitigation. In addition, the U.S. Peace Corps completed thirty small projects in rural communities and low income neighborhoods. 66 health clinics, 25 schools, and 62 water and sanitation system

s were repair during the first phase of recovery. About 1,379 farmers, herders a nd micro businesses became eligible for grants. By 2005, 55 schools and colleges were repaired, while restoration of 1,560 houses had occurred.[47] [edit]United States On September 27, 2004, thenPresident of the United States George W. Bush submit ted a budget to the United States Congress which requested over $7 billion (2004 USD) in aid to victims of Hurricane Ivan and Jeanne in the following states: Al abama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylva nia, and West Virginia. Over half of the $7 billion (2004 USD) was to cover unin sured damage to property and public infrastructure. $889 million was spent to re pair Department of Defense facilities. About $600 million was earmarked for emer gency repairs to highways and road damaged by Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne. The Small Business Administration (SBA) used $472 million to provid e loans for small businesses and homeowners affected by the storm. Approximately $400 million was given by the United States Department of Agriculture to provid e financial assistance agricultural producers suffering crop and other losses. A round $132 million (2004 USD) was used to repair Federal facilities by several g overnment agencies, including: United States Coast Guard, Federal Bureau of Pris ons, the United States Forest Service, and the Federal Aviation Administration. The United States Army Corps of Engineers used $81 million (2004 USD) for restor ation of coastal areas affected by Ivan. In addition, $50 million (2004 USD) of which was for disaster and famine assistance funds Grenada, Jamaica, and Haiti.[ 48] Following the storm in Alabama, more than 167,700 people applied for assistance in 65 counties in the state. over 51 counties in the state became eligible for p ublic assistance. As a result, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federa l Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Alabama Emergency Management Agency (AEMA) received $735 million (2004 USD), which was spent in disaster assistance , and included: lowinterest loans for homeowners and businesses, disaster food stamps, Disaster Unemployment Assistance to those left unemployed as a result of Ivan, "Project Rebound", and to fill the 5,856 National Flood Insurance Program claims. In addition, there were repairs to public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, utilities, facilities, and parks. 20 Disaster Recovery Cent ers were opened in 13 counties, which also included the Poarch Creek Indian Rese rvation. Overall, FEMA paid 90% of the $735 million (2004 USD), while the AEMA p aid for the other 10%.[49] Ivan is suspected of bringing spores of soybean rust from Venezuela into the Uni ted States, the first ever occurrences of soybean rust found in North America. S ince the Florida soybean crop had already been mostly harvested, economic damage was limited. Some of the most severe outbreaks in South America have been known to reduce soybean crop yields by half or more.[50] Following the storm, more th an 138,500 residents in 15 counties of the Florida Panhandle applied for federal and state aid. In those counties, a total of $162.6 million was approved by FEM As Individuals and Households Program. In addition, residents of 24 other countri es in Florida were eligible for grants and loans. By September 2005, more than $ 1.4 billion (2004 USD) in federal and state assistant was approved for residents and communities in Florida Panhandle. In addition, the National Flood Insurance Program pay nearly $869 million (2004 USD) for more than 9,800 insurance claims after Ivan.[51] More than $4 million (2004 USD) in disaster assistance was approved for Mississi ppi by FEMA and Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). In addition, the SBA issued nearly 3,000 applications for lowinterest loans to homeowners, rent ers, landlords, businesses, and nonprofit organizations. The loans covered up t o $200,000 in real estate repairs/replacements and up to $40,000 in repairs/repl acements of personal property.[52] Residents and business owners in eight parishes of Louisiana became eligible for disaster assistance. By one week before the deadline to apply on November 15, 2 004, about 9,527 residents applied for disaster assistance. Overall, FEMA and th e Government of Louisiana provided more than $3.8 million (2004 USD) to those th at requested assistance. In addition, the SBA also allowed applications for loan

s to repair personal property until that day.[53] [edit]Retirement See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names This storm marked the third occasion the name "Ivan" had been used to name a tro pical cyclone in the Atlantic, as well as the fifth of six occurrences worldwide . Because of the severe damage and number of deaths in the Caribbean and United States, the name Ivan was retired in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorologi cal Organization and will never again be used in the Atlantic basin.[54] It was replaced by Igor, which was retired after its use in the 2010 season.[55] [edit]Hydrological records Ivan broke several hydrological records; it is credited with possibly causing th e largest ocean wave ever recorded, a 91 foot (27 meter) wave that may have been as high as 131 ft (40 m), and the fastest seafloor current, at 2.25 m/s (5 mph) .[56] [edit]See also Tropical cyclones portal Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes (2000present) List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980present) List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States Timeline of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season