Chapter 12 dc MACHINE DRIVES 124. INTRODUCTION Du primarily othe advent of power electronic device and the subsequent devel ‘pment of highly sophisticated brushless de and indvtion machine drive systems, ‘he traditional de machin isnot used as extensively as inthe past. Nevethles the drive still plays an important role in deve applications and a treatment of converter-machine drive systems would be incomplete witout including de die, ‘As in Chapter 2 our focus will be onthe permanent magnet and shunt machines Altea bie overview ofthe ade and defde converters which are used in de ve, ‘emphasis then placed on the acide conver de drives. Here, we ae able to draw ‘upon the work in Chapter 11 where the operation of aide converters ae discussed and average-valve mes are developed for several types of converte. The ope ion of de drives supplied from aide converters illustrated by computer ace and the steady-state response is calculated using aerage-valoe moves and compared a ‘the computer traces. Next, one tw, al our quad defde converte se ast ‘considered, and seadystate and dynamic performance are illustrated. Dynamic !verage-vale models are developed and comparisons made with computer aces ‘ofthe actual de drive. Finally, speed and curent cools are discussed, Sime nin block diagrams are given which can be used to analyze and desi these ‘ypes of deve systems, 122. SOLID-STATE CONVERTERS FOR de DRIVE SYSTEMS NNamerous types of ace and defde converters are wed in variable-speed dive systems 1o supply an adjusable de voltage wo the de drive machine. Inthe ease428 suncune onves acl converters, half-wave, semi, fil, and dul converters are used depending ton the amount of power being handed and the application reguiremets sch 15 fast response time, regeneration, and reversible oe aonevesible drives. Inthe ‘ase of dee converters, one, two, and four quadant converters are common, ‘Obviously, we cannot teat all types of convener and all important application: inoad. itis our objective inthis setion to present the widely used converters fn set the sage for the following sections where the analysis and performance ‘of several common de dive systems are st fort ‘Single-Phase acide Converters Several types of single-phase phise-contolld acide converters are shown in Fig, 12.21, Therein, the converters consis of silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR®) an diodes. The de machin is lloseaed in abbreviated form without showing the fcld winding ad the resistance and inductance ofthe armature winding. The ‘de machines, which are generally used with aclde converters, are permanent ‘magnet shunt of series machines, Hlf-wave, sem full and dual converters are ‘Shown in Fig, 122-1. The operation of single-phase, ull Converter with continous G& currents analyzed in Chapter 1, where various moves of operation are itastate, "The hai-wave converter yields diontinuous armature cument in all modes of ‘pectin, and only postive curen flows on the ac side ofthe converter. Analysis ‘lie operation of de drive with discontinuous annaturecuenti ite involved [It and not considered. The eer converters shown in Fig. 122-1 ean operate with ‘ther continoous or disontinuous armature erent. The half-wave converters and the semiconverters allow a postive de voltage spd unidirectional amature curent however, the scmiconveret may Be equipped witha diode connected across the terminals ofthe machine (ee-whecing diode) 10 dissipate energy stored inthe ‘mature inductance when the converter blocks current fw. The fll nd dual con- ‘enters ca epencrat; tat the polarity ofthe motor voltae may be reversed However the cutet of the full converter is unidectionl, Although a reversing ‘witch may’ be used to change the connection of the fll converte othe machine nd thereby revene the coment flow throvgh the armature, biiectionl current how is genealy achieved with dual converter. Consequently, dl converters lnc used extensively invariable speed drives wherein its pcessry fr the machine to rotate ia both ditetions asin olin mils and crane aplication. 3-Phase acide Converters For drive applications rquiing over 20-t0 30-bp,3-phase converters are generally ted. Typial phase converers ae illustrated in Fig. 122-2. The machine ‘ment continuous in mas modes of operation oF de drives with 3-phase con: ener. The semi and fll conveners are generally used except in reversible Utes where the dual converter is more appropriate. Continuous curent operationSOUO-STATE CONVERTERS FoR ae ORWE SYSTEMS 428 ACsupply @ AC ply SHE Figure 122-4 Typical single phe, phe contled see convert) Halwave ‘omer; seauconvert: (2) fl somere lconenet ‘of 3.phas, ull converters analyzed in Chapter 11, an several modes of operation sre iste, delde Converters The commonly used dfde converters in de dive systems ate shown i Fig, 1223. Therein, the SCR wr anssior is represented by ssitch which can cay positive ‘current only inthe diction ofthe aro. The oe- quadrant converter (Fig 1.