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Introduction
Manual assy line consists of a sequence of work stations Assy tasks are performed by human workers At each station, a portion of the total works is performed on each unit A mechanized material transport system is used to move the base part along the line until it is gradually transformed into final product
Mechanized methods use powered conveyor to move units along a manual assy line
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20
Operator/workstation
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Line balancing
Common problems in manual assy lines
Uneven time between operators/stations Bottleneck or idling
Definition
Line is not balance when times to complete assy tasks not equal at each station The slowest station will control the overall capacity of the line Measures of line balance efficiency - balancing loss or balance delay
Typical solutions
Redistribute work elements among stations Duplication of machine or operator Provide buffer stocks at the slowest task
Perfect balance only exists when all workstations having equal assembly time
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Line balancing
Terminology
Total work content, Twc = Te Minimum work element, Te (smallest element that can be divided during time study) Cycle time, Ct Ct E/Rp
E line efficiency (%) Rp = D/P where D = demand, P= production working hrs
Line balancing
Workstation process time, Tsi
Tsi = Te Ct mak Tsi
Assembled parts on the moving conveyor
Vc
1. 2 3..
1. 2 3.. 4.
1. 2
1. 2 3..
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Line balancing
Precedence constraint & diagram
Zoning constraint Positioning constraint Network diagram
Line balancing
Prepare network diagram for the following work elements:
Work element A B C D E F Predecessor A A C,D B,E Operation time (min) 0.10 0.40 0.50 0.20 0.60 0.40
0.1
A
0.4
B
0.4
F
0.6
C E
0.5
Conveyor speed, Vc
0.2
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Izman.fkm.utm/2007
Line balancing
Step 1: Identify tasks & immediate predecessors Step 2: Determine the desired output rate Step 3: Calculate the cycle time Step 4: Compute the theoretical minimum number of workstations Step 5: Assign tasks to workstations (balance the line) Step 6: Compute line efficiency, idle time & balance delay
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Prepare precedence diagram: circles = tasks, arrows show the required sequence Determine cycle time, C t (time/unit): C t =
2. 3.
nt =
Set rules for assigning tasks to workstation (Largest candidate rule, Webster & Kilbridge method or Rank Positional Weight method)
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Line balancing
Example -1:
Assign tasks to first workstation, using rules and staying within cycle time. Repeat for following workstations until all tasks are assigned Evaluate line efficiency: E =
6. 7.
n a Ct
Calculate line balancing loss or balance delay %LBL = {(nTmax - Tsi)/nTmax } x 100% Rebalance if efficiency and loss are not satisfactory
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8.
3 1 4 2 5
Twc = 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.7 + 0.1 + 0.3 + 0.11 + 0.32 + 0.6 + 0.27 + 0.38 + 0.5 + 0.12 = 4.0 min Rp = 100,000/ (50*5*7.5) = 53.33 unit/hr
11
12
Precedence diagram
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2.
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Rank elements into descending order Largest element time is given highest priority to be chosen in the workstation Candidate must fulfill 2 conditions not violate precedence and total workstation time must less or equal to cycle time
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Assignment of elements into w/station: Check 2 things: 1. 2. Total time Ct Do not violate precedence requirement
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Select work elements for assignment to station according to their position in the precedence diagram This is to overcome one of the difficulties with LCR Work elements in the precedence diagram are arranged into columns. Selection starts with the first column and assignment stops when total sum of work element Ct
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Izman.fkm.utm/2007
Use LCR, K&W and RPW to calculate: 1) cycle time, 2) minimum no of workstations, 3) line balancing loss. Assume working hrs: 8hrs/day, 5days/wk. Demand 2400 units/wk
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Ct = 420/100 = 4.2min/unit
Predecessors None A None A, C D E B F, G
12
E
Station 3 = 55 sec
18
H
5
B
25
C
15
D
10
F
15
I
15
G
Station 2 = 55 sec
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Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (Te), min 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.2 0.5 1.5
Determine: 1) existing LBL, 2) cycle time to achieve the demand target, 3) minimum no of operators that can be reduced, 4) actual no of work stations that can balance the line, 5) Improved LBL
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