English Grammar For IELTS by Quynh Nga IELTS

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS
Qunh Nga IELTS quynhnga29@gmail.com
I.
1.
Tenses
PRESENT SIMPLE
Cch dng: Ta dng th hin ti n : Ni mt c|ch chung chung v s vt, s vic n{o . Nurses look after patients in hospitals Ni v nhng thi quen, nhng vic xy ra thng xuyn. I usually hang out with my friend at weekends Nhng vic hin nhin, lun lun ng. The earth goes round the sun. Din t cm xc ca ngi ni ti lc ang ni, hay v nhng phn ng tc thi ca ngi I am awfully busy. I want a breath of fresh air. God, he looks awful! Ch : khi din t cm xc th khng dng th tip din. S khng ni l I am wanting a breath of fresh air. Nhng ng t lit k di y th ch dng cho hin ti n ch khng c dng cho hin ti tip din Know understand have believe hate need hear love appear see like seem smell want taste wish sound own
ni v 1 s vt hin tng n{o y
Din t 1 vic ~ c nh sn thi gian. The train leaves at 7am. (Mc d c th b}y gi cha l{ 7am, v{ chic t{u s r i ga vo mt thi im trong tng lai)
Khi b{n lun v 1 vn trong 1 b phim hay mt quyn s|ch (mc d trong quyn s|ch, In the film, he plays the central character of James.
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t|c gi hay dng th qu| kh n k chuyn)
Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing
In those early chapters, the main character loves his neighbour. Trn {i, b|o, TV, t|c gi hay dng th hin ti n l{m tiu , hay din t 1 s kin n{o Khi bnh lun bng |, bnh lun vin c th ni: Hunh c takes the ball from his fellow and than passes to Hng Sn.(mc d trn bng ang din ra, nhng khng dng hin ti tip din) Dng hin ti n vi ng t say khi mun trch dn 1 c}u trch t b|o, hay 1 quyn s|ch The Bible says love of money is the root of all evils. 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS: Subject+ am/is/are + verb+ ing Cch dng: Dng din t : Mt vic ang din ra, ang tin trin, nhng thay i ang din ra trong thi gian ni . My mom is watching TV. Is your English getting better? He is reading a newspaper while his wife is cooking. Mt s vic, h{nh ng theo d nh s din ra trong tng lai gn. He is going to Paris this afternoon. (Trong trng hp n{y, dng ging nh be going to do something) nhn mnh thi im ni We are trying to create a more democratic society. (c th ni : We try to create a more democratic society. Tuy nhin, nh vy s khng nhn mnh bng!) Ni v thi quen din ra thng xuyn, tuy nhin l{ nhm nhn mnh nhng vic Do you know if she still playing tennis these days? (Thi quen l{ vn chi, nhng gn }y c y chi nhiu) Hey, stop! You are drinking too much. (Nu ni: you drink too much th ngha l{ bn thng hay ung nhiu, t nhn mnh n vic ang tip din)
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y ang din ra.
Hoc 2 h{nh ng cng din ra 1 lc (ni bng t WHILE)
xy ra gn }y hoc ang din ra. (ch ph}n bit vi hin ti n).
3.
PAST SIMPLE Subject+ verb (past tense)+
Cch dng: Din t 1 h{nh ng trong qu| kh, x|c nh r thi gian c th On Sep 2nd, HO CHI MINH declared the independence of VN. Yesterday, I went to the cinema with my friend. Kinh nghim: thy nhng du hiu nhn bit sau: ago, yesterday, last. sau since dt. He lived in Paris during last years. Din t mt thi quen trong qu| kh nhng khng cn din ra na. He walked a great deal in his boyhood. (Qu kh l{ anh y hay i b nhiu, b}y gi khng cn thi quen na) Din t 1 h{nh ng t ngt xen vo khi mt h{nh ng kh|c ang din ra trong qu The teacher entered the class when all students were chatting together. Din t 1 h{nh ng xy ra trong 1 khong thi gian trong qu| kh v{ b}y gi ~ chm
kh( thu ht s ch v h{nh ng t ngt din ra )
4.
PAST CONTINUOUS Subject+ was/were + verb+ ing
Cch dng Din t 1 h{ng ng ang din ra trong qu| kh, hoc din ra thng xuyn, lp i lp li. I was meeting thousands of people and getting to know no one.
Her tooth was aching. Din t 2 h{nh ng ng thi xy ra trong 1 thi im nht nh trong qu| kh He was reading a newspaper while his wife was cooking at this time yesterday. Din t h{nh ng xy ra v{o1 thi im x|c nh trong qu| kh Mary was watching TV at 6pm yesterday.
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Din t 1 h{nh ng ang din ra trong qu| kh th b 1 h{nh ng kh|c t ngt xen v{o. Martha was cleaning the floor when Mary came home.
5.
PAST PERFECT Subject+ had + verb (past participle)
Cch dng: Din t 1 h{nh ng, s kin din ra trc 1 h{nh ng, s kin trong qu| kh the trained had left when she came to the station. Trong mnh iu kin trong c}u iu kin loi 3. If he had studied hard, he could have passed the entrance exam to his favourite. c bit: din t 1 k vng, mong c qu| kh. The new job was not as nice as she had expected
6.
PRESENT PERFECT Subject+ have/has+ verb (past participle)
Cch dng: Din t mt h{nh ng trong qu| kh nhng khng x|c nh r thi gian. (khng dng
yesterday, last time, agom{ thay v{o dng nhng t ch s ko d{i nh: during, forever, for) I have finished all my homework. Mt h{nh ng va mi xy ra I have just met her at my office. Mt h{nh ng bt u trong qu| kh, v{ vn ko d{i n hin ti. John has worked for the bank for 20 years.(bt u l{m vic cho ng}n h{ng t 20 nm trc, gi vn ang l{m vic ti )
7.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Subject+ have /has+ been+ verb ing
Din t mt h{nh ng bt u trong qu| kh, v{ vn ko d{i n hin ti . Tuy nhin cn ph}n bit vi th hin ti ho{n th{nh. V th hin ti ho{n th{nh tip din trong trng hp n{y nhm nhn mnh n s ko d{i ca nhng h{nh ng xy ra gn }y. I have been waiting for you for several hours.
8.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Subject+ had+ been+ verb ing
Din t mt h{nh ng bt u trc 1 thi im trong qu| kh, v{ vn ko d{i n thi im trong qu| kh . Tuy nhin cn ph}n bit vi th qu| kh hon thnh. V th qu| kh hon th{nh tip din trong trng hp n{y nhm nhn mnh n s ko d{i ca nhng h{nh ng.
9.
SIMPLE FUTURE Subject+ will+ verb ( bare infinitive)
Nu ch ng l{ we hoc I th c th thay Will bng shall Cch dng ca will: Din t mt h{nh ng xy ra trong tng lai. Khi quyt nh l{m 1 vic g ti thi im ni. What would you like to drink? Ill have an orange juice, please Ng gip ai vic g, ng l{m vic g y A: You know that book I lent you. Can I have it back if youve finished with it? B: of course. I will give it to you this afternoon. (khng dng 'I give') Thanks for lending me the money. I will pay you back on Friday. (khng dng 'I pay') I will not tell anyone what happened. I promise. ngh ai l{m g. Will you please be quiet? Im trying to concentrate.(tuy nhin, lch s hn th hay dung would thay cho Will) Ch : khng dng hin ti n cho nhng c}u trn. Khng ni: I dont tell anyone what happen. Khi mun ha hay ng l{m g. Cch dng Shall:
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hi kin ngi nghe, thng l{ ng hay 1 li ngh (dng c}u hi). Ive got no money. What shall I do? (= what do you suggest?) Shall we go? Just a minute. Im not ready yet. Where shall we go this evening?
So snh Shall I v Will you Xt Shall I shut the door? (= do you want me to shut it?) Will you shut the door? (= I want you to shut it)
II.
Passive voice:
C 1 cu trc chung cho tt c c|c th l{ [Be] +verb ( past participle) Sau , ty v{o ng t chia th n{o m{ chia ng t to be da v{o cu trc ca th y.
C|c bc chuyn 1 c}u t ch ng sang b ng: X|c nh r ch ng, th v{ ng t chnh ca cu. Xem }u l{ ch th ca h{nh ng
(subject 1), }u l{ ngi chu t|c ng ca h{nh ng (subject 2) Ly subject 2 ng u c}u b ng, cn subject 1 th ng sau by (c th lc b nu
subject 1 l{ i t nh}n xng, khng phi tn ring nh he, she, they, it) Chia ng t chnh theo ng th thch hp theo cu trc di .
Simple present: subject 2+ is/am /are +verb (past participle) + (by subject 1) His teacher is punishing him for not doing homework He is punished by his teacher for not doing homework. Past simple: subject +was/were +verb (in past participle) A great deal of property was destroyed by the hurricanes yesterday. Present continuous: subject 2+ is/am /are +being+ verb (in past participle) + (by subject 1) Her mom is blaming her for breaking the vase She is being blamed by her mom for breaking the vase. They are considering several new proposals. Several new proposals are being considered.
Past continuous: subject 2+ was/were +being+ verb (in past participle) + (by subject 1)
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They were considering several new proposals. Several new proposals were being considered
Present perfect: subject 2+ have/has +been +verb (in past participle) + (by subject 1) The company has ordered some new equipment. Some new equipment has been ordered. Past perfect: subject 2+had +been +verb (in past participle) + (by subject 1) Some new equipment had been ordered Vi modals: Subject 2+modal+ be+ verb (in past participle) + (by subject 1) Subject 2+modal+ have+ been+ verb (in past participle) + (by subject 1) The manager should sign these contracts today These contracts should be signed today by the manager. Some people should have called the firefighters this morning The firefighters should have been called this morning. Ch 1 : Mt s ng t c 2 t}n ng (tc t) nh give, ask, pay, show, teach, tell. C th c 2 c}u b ng ty theo c|ch la chn t}n ng. We gave the police (object 1) the information. (object 2) (= we gave the information to the police) The police were given the information The information was given to the police. Ch 2: Th b ng ca Verb_ing: I dont like people telling me what to do. I dont like being told what to do. I remember somebody giving me a toy drum on my fifth birthday I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday.) Mr Miller hates people keeping him waiting Mr Miller hates being kept waiting. Ch 3: Th b ng vi GET: GET i khi c dng thay BE th b ng There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)
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I dont often get invited to parties. (= I'm not often invited) Im surprised Ann didnt get offered the job. (... Ann wasn't offered the job) Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing
III. Conditional sentences

1. Real conditions Dng din t Mt gi thuyt c th xy trong tng lai. Future time If + subject +simple present tense+will/can/may/must +verb (bare inf) If I have time, I will visit you tomorrow. Mt Thi quen Habitual If + subject +simple present tense+ +verb (simple tense) John usually walks to school if he has enough time. Mt mnh lnh. Command If + subject +simple present tense+ + command form If you go to the Post office, please send this letter for me. 2. Unreal conditions Present or future time (khng tht hin ti hoc tng lai) If + subject +simple past tense+ + would/could/might+ verb (bare inf) If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend . (in fact, I dont have free time)
Past time If + subject + past perfect tense+ + would/could/might+ have+ verb (past participle)
If you had studied hard, you could have passed the exam. (in fact, you didnt study hard.) Ch : i khi cu trc trn c th thay bng cu trc sau, nhm nhn mnh Past time Had+ subject + verb in past participle+ + would/could/might+ have+ verb (past participle) Had you studied hard, you could have passed the exam.
IV.
Toverb v Ving
Kinh nghim: phn ny tht ra khng c kinh nghim g ht, khng c quy tc g ht. ch learn by heart thi! Gp t n{o th c gng nh t . nh th phi luyn tp nhiu, dng nhiu, gp nhiu ln s nh.
1. Nhng ng t sau lun theo sau l{ ng t nguyn mu (toverb)
Agree intend
attempt learn
claim decide demand desire expect fail hesitate hope need offer plan prepare pretend refuse seem strive
tend want wish struggle
2. Nhng ng t v{ nhm t sau lun theo sau chng l{ ng t thm ing Admit discuss recall appreciate avoid enjoy report finish resent object to anticipate cant help consider delay mind resist miss resume confess to risk deny
postpone practice quit suggest collect
Look forward to
Ch : Look forward to, object to, confess to rt d nhm v{ cho l{ toverb (v c to trong cu trc).
3. Nhng ng t sau c lc theo sau n l{ toverb, c lc l Ving (ngha kh|c nhau) Hate /dislike + to do something : ght l{m g v{o thi im ni +doing something : lc n{o cng ght Love + to do something : thch l{m g v{o thi im ni +doing something : lc n{o cng thch (thuc v s thch ri) Regret + to do something: tic l{ sp phi l{m g +doing something: tic l{ ~ l{m g I regret to tell you that you fail in the exam. (Tic l{ phi ni ra iu khng vui ) I regret telling her about the result. (Tic v ~ ni, l{m c y bun chng hn) Try + to do something: c gng l{m g +doing something: th l{m g I try to study hard to pass the exam. I try unlocking the door with another key. Continue + to do something: tip tc l{m g khi b gi|n on +doing something: tip tc l{m g khi b khng gi|n on Stop + to do something: dng l{m g l{m mt vic kh|c +doing something: dng hn Remember + to do something: nh phi l{m g +doing something: nh ~ l{m g I remember locking the door before going out. (ti nh l{ ~ kha ca trc khi i) Remember to lock the door before going out. (Nh kha ca trc khi i nh!) Ngo{i ra cn c nhiu ng t kh|c nh: dread, start, begin cng tng tty v{o ngha ca c}u v{ tnh hung m{ chia ng t cho ph hp.
3. Nhng cu trc theo sau l{ toverb
Subject + Verb 1+ pronounce+ toverb
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Verb 1 c th l{ nhng ng t sau: Allow ask beg convine expect instruct invite order permit
persuade prepare promise remind urge want John asked Mary to call him when she woke up. We ordered him to go to the court. I urge you to reconsider the decision. You should prepare your son to take this exam.
Adj+ preposition+ toVerb
Tnh t c th l{: Anxious eager boring pleased unsual difficult hard easy prepared common able
dangerous good ready
strange
Its very hard for me to finish the homework on time. The student is not able to handle such difficult problem. Mary is eager to see her deer family. We are ready to leave now.
4. Nhng cu trc theo sau l{ Ving
Subject + Verb + possessive form of noun+ Ving Possesive adjective He regrets her leaving. We dont approve of Johns buying this house. Adj+ preposition+ Ving
C th k ra v{i cu trc l{
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Accustomed to Intent on
afraid of interested in
capable of successful in
fond of tired of
keen on fed up with
noun+ preposition+ Ving
C th k ra v{i cu trc l{ Choice of excuse for reason for method of intention of possibility of
5. Ngo{i ra cn c nhng epression sau cng theo sau l{ Ving: It's no use.../It's no good... Theres nothing you can do about the situation, so its no use worrying about it. Its no good trying to persuade me. You wont succeed. There's no point in... Theres no point in having a car if you never use it. It's (not) worth... I live only a short walk from here, so its not worth taking a taxi. It was so late when we got home, it wasnt worth going to bed. Have difficult (in) doing something Have difficulty finding a place to live Did you have any difficulty getting a visa? People often have great difficulty reading my writing. a waste of money.../a waste of time... (to... is also possible): It was a waste of time reading that book. It was rubbish. Its a waste of money buying things you dont need. spend/waste (time)... He spent hours trying to repair the clock. I waste a lot of time daydreaming. (be) busy... She said she couldnt see me. She was too busy doing other things.
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V.
Relative clauses
subject Cho ngi who That Cho vt Which That object Whom/who That which that Whose/of which posessive Whose
Mnh quan h cho ta bit r hn v ngi v{ vt mun nhc n. i t quan h c t ngay sau danh t ch ngi hay vt c nhc n.
1. C|ch s dng mnh khng gii hn (Mt s t{i liu gi l{ mnh khng x|c nh, tn ting Anh l{ non-defining relative clause. ) Ting anh chun th thng khng chp nhn whose dng cho vt. Tuy nhin mt s t{i liu vn chp nhn c. Mnh gii hn (defining relative clause): l{ mnh khng th loi b ra khi c}u v n cung cp thng tin cn thit x|c nh r ngi v{ vt ang c ni n l{ ai. Mnh khng gii hn: l{ mnh ch mang tnh cht cung cp thm thng tin, khng nht thit phi c. V vy, mnh n{y c th b lc b v{ c ngn c|ch vi c|c mnh kh|c bng du phy. Weeds that float to the surface should be removed. (ang ni v c chung chung, khng c th) My car, which is very large, uses too much petrol. (Xe ca ti l{ mt vt x|c nh c th. V vy nu ai bit chic xe th khi ni n chic xe s bit l{ n nh th n{o, bit n to hay nh. which is very large ch l{ thng tin thm v{o, v{ c th b i)
2. Cch nhn bit mnh khng gii hn (non-defining clause) thng c nhn bit nh sau C mo t ch nh: this, that, these Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing
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Tn ring (r l{ nu ch ch danh l{ ai, vt n{o th khng cn phi ni thm th ai cng bit ngi hay vt th n{o) That khng c dng trong mnh gii hn (ch dng which v{ who, whom)
3. Mt s im cn lu thm i vi mnh quan h who, which, that i khi c th c lc b nu n l{ t}n ng(tc t) ca ng t The woman (who) I wanted to see was away on holiday. Have you found the keys (that) you lost? Tuy nhin, trong mnh khng gii hn, ta khng th lc b chng. Nu who, which, that l{m ch ng, th mnh quan h c th thay bng Verb_ing The woman who lives next door is a doctor. The woman living next door is a doctor. The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution. The beaker on the counter contains a solution. Nu who, which, that l{m t}n ng (tc t) th mnh quan h c th thay bng Verb (past participle) The equipment which is ordered is of high technology. The equipment ordered is of high technology. 4. Mt s im ng ph|p cn lu thm none of/neither of/any of/either of some of/many of/much of/ (a) few of + whom (ch ngi)
both of /half of/each of/one of/two of (.v.v.) + which (ch vt) Tom tried in three jackets, none of which fitted him. Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. Theyve got three cars, two of which they never use. Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.
Trng hp c bit ca which Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.
}y, which thay th cho c mnh ng trc n. Tc l{, which=vic anh y k t hi li xe.
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VI.
few, a few, little, a little
few, a few, little, a little u c ngha l{ mt t, mt v{i Tuy nhin few, a few : dng cho danh t m c little , a little dng cho danh t khng m c
S khc nhau gia few v a few: few =not very many, vi h{m l hi t, c m{ nh khng (h{m ngha ph nh) A few=some, several (dng vi danh t m c) Many people have graduate degrees, but few people have more than two degrees. I have to go to the post office because I have a few letters to send. She arrived in New York a few years ago. (several years ago) S khc nhau gia little v a little: a little=some (dng cho danh t khng m c) little =not much, h{m ch t, c m{ nh khng. I think you could use some help. Let me give you a little advice. Mary like sweet tea, she always adds a little honey to her tea. Every day, Tom goes to his mailbox, but it usually empty. He has little mail.
VII. Other, the other, another, others

Vi danh t m c An+other (another)+danh t s t (thm 1 c|i na) The other+ danh t s t (c|i cui cng cn li) Other+danh t s nhiu (thm nhiu c|i na kh|c) Other+danh t khng m c (ngh l{ nhiu thm) The other+danh t s nhiu (tt c nhng c|i cn li) The Other+danh t khng m c (tt c phn cn li) Others=other +danh t s nhiu ( }y danh t c
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Vi danh t khng m c
lc b v ~ c cp n trc .) The others= The other+danh t s nhiu ( }y danh t c lc b v ~ c cp n trc .) I dont like this pen. Please give me another.(a c|i n{o kh|c cng c) I dont like this pen. Please give me the other (a c|i cn li, ~ bit) . This chemiscal is poisonous. Others are too.(khng c th ha cht n{o) I dont want these books. Please give me the others = I dont want these books. Please give me the other books (a nhng c|i cn li, ~ bit trc)
VIII. Agreement between subject and verb

Nguyn tc chung : Singular nouns+ singular verb Plural nouns+ plural verb
1.
Nhng cm t sau khng nh hng n ng t theo sau n.
V vy ng t c chia theo ch ng ng trc n
Together with
along with
accompanied by
as well as
The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to the party tonight. Tom, accompanied by his wife and children is arriving tonight . 2. any no each every either neither ch : either neither ch i vi ng t s it nu chng khng i vi or v{ nor
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Nhng t lun i vi danh t v{ i t s t:
+ singular noun
3.
none/no None+ of the+ noncount noun +singular verb None+ of the+ plural count noun +plural verb/singular verb No + singular noun + singular verb noncount noun No+ plural noun+ plural verb None of the counterfeit money has been found. None of the students have/has finished the exam yet. No example is revelent to this case. No examples are revelent to this case.
4.
either/ neither
Neither + noun + nor + plural noun+ plural verb Either or
Neither + noun + nor + singular noun+ singular verb Either or
Neither Tom nor John is going to class to day. Neither Tom nor his friends are going to class to day. Neither the boys nor Mary has seen the film before. Neither Mary nor the boys have seen the film before
5.
collective nouns (danh t tp hp) C nhng danh t va chia vi ng t s nhiu, hoc ng t s t ty theo ngha v{ ng cnh. Chng c gi l{ danh t tp hp. Chng thng c chia s t, trong trng hp c|c th{nh vin ca chng h{nh ng 1 cch ring r th chng c dng s nhiu.
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My family is a very one. My family have gone to the cinema several times. (tt c i xem phim nhng tng th{nh vin i n rp ch khng th l mt c|i ht sc tru tng l{ gia nh i n .) Danh s|ch mt s danh t tp hp c lit k di }y Congress public family group party team committee class crowd
organization jury
government army majority
minority club
6.
a number of/ the number of a number of= many the number of= a specific quantity
a number of +plural noun+ plural verb the number of +singular noun+ singular verb A number of students are going to the class picnic. The number of the candidates is 67. 7. Nhng danh t lun lun l{ s nhiu scissors shorts trousers pants jeans tongs The scissors are in the drawer. My pants are too long. The pliers were on the table. 8. Mt s t c tn cng bng s, tuy nhin chng dng s t. V d: news, measles, mumps pliers tweezers glasses
IX.
because/ because of
Theo sau because l{ 1 mnh ch nguyn nh}n Theo sau because l{ mt danh t, mt cm danh t. John failed the exam because he was lazy. John failed the exam because of his laziness.
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X.
So that, such that, too to
Nhng cu trc sau dng din t mi lin h gia nguyn nh}n v{ hu qu.
Subject + verb+ so + adj /adv +that +clause Subject + verb+ so + many/few + plural count noun +that +clause Subject + verb+ so + much/little + noncount noun +that +clause Subject + verb+ such + a/an + adj +singular count noun+that+ clause Subject + verb+ such + adj +noncount noun+ that + clause Plural conu noun The soup taste so nice that everyone will ask for more. The singer sang so well that she recieced a standing ovation. The girl is so beautiful that she draws attention of all surrounding people. Mr White has so many children that he can not afford all demands of them. The grass received so little water that it got brown. She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. Tom had such bad luck that he decided to stop gambling. It was such a hot day that everyone didnt want to go out.
XI.
So that, in order to ,to
So that v{ in order to/ to cng ch mc ch v{ kt qu ca h{nh ng.
Subject+ verb (mnh nguyn nh}n) Subject+ verb (mnh nguyn nh}n)
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+ so that +
result clause (mnh ch kt qu)
+ in order to/to + verb (bare inf) (ch kt qu)
He studied very hard so that he could pass the next exam. He studied very hard in order to/ to pass the next exam Mary is practing the guitar so that she can perform in the coming dance. Mary is practing the guitar in order to /to perform in the coming dance. Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing
XII. Used to / be used to/ get used to

Positive: Subject+Used to+verb (inf) Negative: Subject+didnt+Used to+verb (inf) Question: did +subject+ used to+ verb(inf)?
Cch dng: Cu trc n{y dng ch 1 thi quen, h{nh ng din ra thng xuyn trong qu| kh nhng gi khng cn na. Ch : trong c}u nghi vn hay c}u ph nh, phi dng DID ch khng dng DO, hay DOES v nh ~ ni trn, used to dng vi ngha qu| kh. We used to live in a small village but now we live in London. Diane you go to cinema a very often? Not now, but I used to. (= I used to go...) I used to think he was unfriendly but now I realise hes a very nice person. Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? Positive: Subject+am/is/are+Used to+verbing Negative: Subject+ am/is/are +not+Used to+verbing Question: am/is/are +subject+ used to+ verbing?
Cu trc be used to+ving ch mt thi quen hin ti
Subject+get+Used to+verbing
Cu trc n{y c v gn ging vi c|u trc be used to. Tuy nhin get+Used to+ving c ngh l{ tr nn quen vi. So s|nh 3 cu trc thy s kh|c nhau gia chng I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past but I no longer live alone) I am used to living alone. (= I live alone and I dont find it strange or new because Ive been living alone for some time).
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I get used to living alone (= I didnt live alone in the past, but now I am accustomed to living alone)(ti tr nn quen vi vic sng 1 mnh ri)
XIII. Style and idiomatic expression

Trong ting Anh, i khi ngi vit c gng chuyn nhng c}u c cm ng t th{nh dng cm danh t c}u ni tr nn formal hn. Di }y l{ mt v{i idiomatic expression ph bin Kinh nghim hc phn ny: phn n{y rt nhiu, v vy chng ta h~y c gng hc thuc lng nhng expression n{o m{ bn ~ gp. V theo kinh nghim th rt kh c th hc thuc ht tt c chng. Hoc nu ~ hc thuc ht ri m{ khng s dng n th rt d qun. C 1 c|ch hc chng hiu qu l{ vi mi cu trc bn h~y t ra mt v d. Nu v d do bn t t ra th s d d{ng nh cu trc hn.
Idiomatic expression Make a complaint about sth Make a complaint against sb Make a contribution to Make allowance for sb Make room for sth/sb Make use of sth/sb Make an experiment in Make fun of sb Make a fuss about/ over sth Make a mess Make joke of Take advantage of Take account of Take care of Take notice of Take note of
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equivalent To Complain about To Complain gainst To Contribute to
meaning Ph{n n{n v iu g T c|o, ph{n n{n v ai ng gp v{o Chiu c, xem xt ai Nhng ch, dn ch cho
To Use To experiment
S dng, li dng ai/c|i g Th nghim mn g Ch nho ai Cn nhn v iu g L{m ri tung beng ln
To have a joke of
Ni a v Tn dng, li dng
Take into account To care To notice To note
Tnh n, k n Chm sc ai Ch , nhn bit thy Ghi chp
Take delight in Take an interest in Take pride in Have an increase in/of
Be delighted in Be interested in Be proud of To increase
Th v v iu g Thch th v iu g T h{o v Tng thm v c|i g/ bao nhiu
Have a pain in Have an ability for Have an ambition for Have an anxiety for Have a capacity for a subject Keep corresponce with sb about sth Keep pace with Keep an eye on Keep in touch with sb Lose touch with sb Lose track of Lose sight of Lose control of Give place to Give way to sb Put a stop to Put an end to Pay a fine for Pay attention to Catch sight of sb Set fire to Make decision Have a tendency Have an intention on
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B au Be able to Be ambious for Be anxious about C th l{m g Tham vng v Lo lng, st sng v C kh nng v mn hc n{o Gi lin lc th t vi
Theo kp vi Theo di ai Gi lin lc vi ai Mt lin lc vi ai Mt du vt ca Mt ht, ch thy }u na Mt kim so|t Nhng ch Nhng b ai To stop To end Ngng, chm dt Ngng, chm dt Tr tin pht cho ti g Quan t}m ,ch n Tho|ng thy ai To fire/flame To decide To tend to To intend to Phng ha, t
XIV. Articles
Kinh nghim: Phn n{y l{ phn ngi hc ting Anh rt hay sai. }y cng l{ phn hc sinh IELTS sai nhiu nht trong b{i writing ca mnh. V vy, phn n{y cn c c bit quan t}m nu bn mun t im writing trn 7.0. A v AN ng trc danh t m c s t, ngha l{ mt. Dng trong c|ch ni chung chung hoc gii thiu 1 ch th m{ cha c cp n trc . A ball is round. I saw a boy in the street. (the speacker and the listerner dont know the boy) Ann is looking for a job. Ch : c nhng danh t bt u bng nguyn }m, nhng mo t l{ a ch khng phi an do c|ch ph|t }m ca n l{ mt ph }m v{ ngc li. Nhng danh t ng sau a l{:
European university eulogy euphemisim eucalyptus union
Nhng danh t ng sau an l{:
Hour heir herbal honor THE : Dng ch mt vt ~ bit, ~ c cp n trong ng cnh ni, hay l{ mt kin
thc ph thng. Chng hn trong mt cn phng, ta ~ bit n, ca, rm .. }u. V vy trong ng cnh c th ni: Can you turn off the light, please? Close the door, please! I took a taxi to the station. Id like to speak to the manager, please. The boy in the corner is my friend. i vi danh t khng m c, ngi ta dng the ch mt loi, mt s vt c th.
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Sugar is sweet. The sugar on the table is from Cuba. C|c i dng, song, h, vnh, c|c d~y ni: the Red Sea, the Atlantic o cean, the Pesian
Gulf, the Great lakes, the Rocky Mountains, the Andes.. ng trc s th t+danh t, hay so s|nh nht : the first world war, the third chapter, the
longest river H~y so s|nh nhn bit s kh|c nhau: Tom sat down on a chair. (Perhaps one of many chairs in the room) Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. Is there a bank near here? I want to go to the bank. Ngoi ra, ta dng the khi ch mt vt n{o l{ duy nht. What is the longest river in the world? Paris is the capital of France. the sky, the sea, the ground, the country, the environment, the earth, the moon We looked up at all the stars in the sky. Would you rather live in a town or in the country? We must do to protect the environment. (= the natural world around us) Ta ni (go to) the cinema, the theatre. Mc d khng ch nh ni v mt rp h|t hay I often go to the cinema witth my boyfriend. The+adjective: ch 1 nhm ngi c th. V d: the rich, the poor Do you think the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor? CC TRNG HP KHNG DNG THE
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rp chiu phim n{o c th.
Khng dng the khi trc nhng ba n: lunch, breakfast, dinner What did you have for breakfast? Khng dng the khi trc danh t+s m Our train leaves from Platform 5. The meeting is held in Room 101. This issue is discussed in chapter 3. Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing
Go to bed , Go to work, be at work, start work, finish work (not the bed, the work ) Go home, come home, arrive home, be at home, v.v... Cc quc gia ch c 1 t: France, Sweden, Venezuela, England( tr 1 s trng hp c
bit phi nh: the Philippines) Cc lc a: Europe, Africa, Asia C|c mn th thao: baseball, football, Danh t tru tng : happiness, freedom C|c mn hc: mathematics, sociology, physics C|c ng{y l: Christmast, Thanksgiving Danh t m c s nhiu thng khng c the khi ch tt c c| th thuc 1 loi. ( Orages are green until they ripen.) C|c h{nh tinh, c|c chm sao: Venus, Mars, Orion
Ch 1 : vi t television. Xem v d sau: I want to buy a new television. I am now watching television. Turn off the television, please!
Ch 2: C nhng danh t sau: hospital, prison, church, school, university c lc dng the, c lc
khng c mo t. Chng ta dng the khi ngh n nhng a im n{y nh mt ni x|c nh, c ngi nghe v{ ni u bit n. Chng ta khng dng the khi ngh n ni n{y nh nhng kh|i nim chung, khng phi l{ mt ni c th. Alex is ten years old. Every day she goes to school. Shes at school now. School begins at 9 am and finishes at 3 pm. Today Alisons mother wants to speak to her daughters teacher. So she has gone to the school to see her. Shes at the school now. Kens brother is in prison for robbery. Ken went to the prison to visit his brother.
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Jack had an accident last week. He has taken to hospital. Hes still in hospital now. Jill has gone to the hospital to visit Jack. Shes at the hospital now. When I leave school, I want to go to university. Excuse me, where is the university, please? Mrs Kelly goes to church every Sunday. The workmen went to the church to repair the roof. Cng c khi the khng ch c th mt vt n{o. Ch l{ ni v mt loi, mt lo{i The giraffe is the tallest of all animals. The bicycle is an excellent means of transport. When was the telephone invented? The dollar is the currency of the United States
XV. Comparisons
1. Equal comparisons: Din t 2 thc th c nhng c im n{o y ngang bng nhau Subject+ verb + as + adverb He is as tall as his dad. Ch : c th thay cu trc trn bng soas trong trng hp ph nh. Mary can not sing as beautifully as a singer. Mary can not sing so beautifully as a singer. He is not so tall as his dad. Subject+ verb + the same+ ( noun )+ as + My house is as heigh as his. My house is the same height as his. 2. Unequal comparisons
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adjective + as + pronoun
noun +(auxiliary or be)
noun
pronoun
Quy tc chung: Thm er v{o tnh t gc i vi c|c tnh t c 1 hoc 2 vn tn cng bng y (tnh t ngn
vn). i vi tnh t tn cng bng y th y> i ri thm er More/less + tnh t d{i vn (c 2 vn tr ln, tn cng khng phi l{ y) Gp i ph }m cui cng ca tnh t ngn vn, tn cng bng 1 ph }m (tr tn cng bng
w,x, z) v{ trc ph }m n{y l{ 1 nguyn }m duy nht. Cu trc:
Subject+ verb + adjective er be) More adjective/ adverb Less adjective/ adverb
than +
noun +(auxiliary or
pronoun
Ch : ch c 1 s trng t c th thm er nh: faster, quicker, sooner, later So s|nh khng ngang nhau c th tng thm cng bng c|ch thm far, much v{o trc
Subject+ verb + as + much
many +noun + as+ pronoun little few
noun +(auxiliary or be)
Subject+ verb + far + adjective er + than + much
noun +(auxiliary or be) pronoun
Subject+ verb + far + more + adjective + than + much less Subject+ verb+ more+ noun+than+noun Fewer pronoun less
noun +(auxiliary or be) pronoun
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I have more books than she (does). Feberuary has fewer days than March. He can earn as much money as his friend. Their job encourages less creativeness than mine (does). 3. superlatives
Quy tc chung: ging nh phn so s|nh hn. Tuy nhin thay er bng est. v{ trc tnh t phi c mo t the. Cu trc:
Subject+ verb + the + adjectiveest
the most +adjective She is the tallest girl in her class. His thesis is the most exelent one in his class. 4. Irregular comparatives
Mt v{i tnh t v{ trng t c hnh thc bt quy tc hnh thc so s|nh hn v{ so s|nh nht
far
Farther further
Farthest furthest least most
Little Much many Good well bad
less more
better
best
worse
worst
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XVI. Nouns
l: Count nouns (countable nounsdanh t m c), uncount nouns( noncount nouns, Danh t c ph}n loi theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Nhn chung, cch phn chia thng
uncountable nounsdanh t khng m c) Singular nouns (danh t s t), plural nouns (danh t s nhiu) Collective nouns (danh t tp hp) (~ ni phn s ha hp gia ch ng v{ ng t) Proper nouns (danh t ring)
Cn ch nhng im sau: Phi ch n s ha hp gi ch ng v{ ng t khi vit c}u . Danh t m c thng c mo t ng trc nu n chia dng s t (tr nhng
trng hp c bit k trong phn mo t). khi vit dng s nhiu v{ ch chung chung thng khng dng mo t (xem phn mo t bit r hn) C nhng danh t mang nhiu ngha, v{ i khi l{ m c trong ngha n{y nhng li
khng m c vi ngha kh|c. ( time, solution, fear)
Dng s nhiu ca danh t m c: Thng thm s v{o sau danh t. Nhng danh t tn cng bng: sh, ss, x, s,ch >thm es
box>boxes, bush>bushes, glass> glasses, bus>buses, wish> wishes, touch>touches, dress >dresses, video>videos Tn cng phin m l f>b f, thm ves
leaf> leaves, shelf>shelves, wolf>wolves, knife>knives, loaf>loaves, scarf>scarves, wife >wives, half>halves, elf>elves, calf>caves. c bit: Danh t tn cng bng o
Phn ln nhng danh t tn cng l{ o dng s nhiu thm s: photos, radios C danh t thm es: domino>dominoes, embargo>embargoes, negro>negroes, tomato >tomatoes, potato>potatoes, echo>echoes, hero>heroes, veto>vetoes
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C nhng danh t thm es hay s u c l{: bufflo, ghetto, cargo, flamingo, fresco, mango, manifesto, memento, mosquito, motto, salvo, stiletto, tornado, torpedo, volcano. Danh t c dng s nhiu c bit man>men;
Child>children; foot>feet; goose>geese(ngng); louse>lice (rn, chy, rp); mouse> mice; ox>oxen; tooth>teeth; woman>women. Mt s danh t tn cng bng us, dng s nhiu s tn cng bng i
focus>foci, radius>radii, stimulus->stimuli Mt s danh t tn cng bng um, on, dng s nhiu s tn cng bng a
datum>data; bacterium>bacteria; criterium>criteria; referendum>referenda; aquarium >aquaria; spectrum>spectra; stratum>strata; phenomenon>phenomena; criterion>criteria Hu ht dnah t tn cng bng is c dng s nhiu l{ es
Analysis>analyses; diagnosis>diagnoses; axis>axes, basis>bases; crisis>crises; hypothesis >hypotheses; parenthesis>parentheses Nhng danh t c dng s nhiu v{ s t nh nhau.
sheep; salmon; deer; fish; fruit; series; moose; species; cod Compound Nouns: Noun+noun:
Danh t ng trc thng b ngha cho danh t ng sau a tennis ball; a bank manager; a road accident; income tax; the city centre; a tennis ball; a television camera; a television programme; a television studio; a television producer; language problems; marriage problems; health problems; work problems gerund+noun:
washing machine; frying pan; swimming pool; dinning room adj+noun:
deadline; blackboard, greenhouse; solfware verb +noun:
breakwater ( chn sng); payday; stopcock (kha vi nc); telltale(ngi hay m|ch lo); pickpocket(k mc ti)
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verb+adverb: gobetween(ngi mi gii); breakdown; turnover verb+pronoun: knowall(ngi bit th), knownothing(k ngu dt) nhiu t gp li: forgetmenot; freeforall (cuc lon u)
XVII. Adjectives
Compound adjectives adjadj: blueblack (tnh t pha sau mang ngh chnh, tnh t pha trc b ngha cho tnh t sau), lightpurple nounadj : snowwhite; skyblue; silver white noun+ adj adj + gerund: peaceloving;goodlooking; hardworking
+ Ved :manmade; newborn; handmade;;
adj+ noun+ed: redhaired; redfaced nounnoun+ed: lionhearted; nhiu t hp li: Goodfornothing: v tch s
XVIII.

Verb
Compound verbs noun+verb :typewrite; henpeck adj+verb: blackmail(tng tin); safeguard, dryclean adv+verb: uphold, outweight. Outcome verb+prep: (c gi l{ prasal verb) nhiu t hp li: get away with; come down on, to give up; to put on, to find out, to sit up, to bring about, Ch : phn n{y rt l{ nhiu, v vy c gng hc thuc nhng t n{o ~ gp, trong ng cnh n{o ng c gng hc thuc tt c v nu hc ri m{ khng dng th s qun ngay. Di }y xin nu ra mt s t thng dng tham kho( ch thm l{ i khi nhng cm t sau c ngha kh|c, ty theo ng cnh s dng)
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Bring about Bring back
Mang li, g}y ra Quay li L{m cho ai nh n
Bring up Break down Break into Break off Break out Break up Break up with Call at Call for Call off Call on Carry on Carry out Come about Come across Come by Come up to Cut down Cut into Cut off
Nui dng Sp V{o bng sc lc Chai ct, dng li t ngt xut hin L{m v ra th{nh nhiu mnh G}y g vi ai Ving thm i hi Hy b Thm ai d Tip tc Tin h{nh Xy ra Tnh c gp t c Ln n, t c Ct gim Ct ngang (interrupt) Chm dt Cch li
Get away Get on Get along with Get through Give away
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Tho|t khi Tin trin Th}n thin vi ai Vt qua Cho i, b{y t
Give up Go after Go into Go off Go up Go down Go through Hold on Look after Look down on Look up Look into Look up to Look for Make up Make up for Pull down Pull together Put off Put on
T b ui theo Bc v{o L{m n tan t{nh Tng Gim R{ so|t, kim tra li t u n cui Gi m|y, ch 1 l|t Chm sc ai Khinh thng Tra cu iu tra Ton trng ai Tm kim Trang im Bi thng Ko sp, ph| i Hp t|c Tr hon Mc v{o Gi s l{
Put out Put up with Run out of Run away Run across Set off Set up Stand by Stand for
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Dp tt (la) Khoan dung vi Ht, khng cn C gng chy tho|t Tnh c gp Ln ng X}y sng nn Gip Vit tt cho, i din cho
Take after Take off Throw away Throw over Turn away Turn against Turn down Work out Work on
Ging ht ai Xa b Nm , qung L{m l, b b, th T chi gip ai Th ch ai T b, t chi Gii quyt nh hng n
XIX. Prepositions
Kinh nghim: Theo kinh nghim ngi son, }y l{ phn l{ kh nht, v qu| a dng v{ nhiu. V vy, cng ch khuyn c|c bn hc n }u c gng nh n (gii t xut hin trong ng cnh n{o, nh th n{o) Sau }y ch l{ mt v{i nguyn tc chung: During: theo sau n l{ mt danh t ch thi gian, n ch s ko d{i c thi gian During the summer, During our occation
From+ thi im/ a im + to+ thi im/ a im Out of By: ch 1 t|c nh}n ca h{nh ng by+thi gian c th: trc lc n{o by+phng tin (bus, bycicle)
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Out of :c rt nhiu ngha nh: Ch v; trong s; nm ngo{i Out of work :tht nghip Out of order :khng hot ng Out of date :li thi Out of question: khng th c (impossible)
Nhng cm t hay c by: by way of =via, through: bng con ng: we are driving to Atlanta by way of Baton Rouge. by far = considerably: rt nhiu, |ng k : This book is by far the best on the subject. (}y l{ quyn s|ch hay nht t trc n nay v ch n{y) by accident, by mistake: khng ch . Khng c In: On On + day/date On a/ the bus, train, ship, bike On the floor of (trn tng th my ca ta nh{) On time (ng gi. Ch , kh|c vi in time) On the corner of On the way to/of (trn ng n }u ) On the left/ right On TV/the radio/ the telephone/ the phone On the whole =in general, all things considered On the other hand =however, neveretheless On sale =offered for sale
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In a room/ a building/drawer/ closet In +month/year: in June/in 1987 In time: va ng khng b tr gi In the morning/ afternoon/ evening In the past/future In the beginning/end (tuy nhin: at the beginning/end of) In the meantime=at the same time, meanwhile In the middle of.. In the army/air force/navy In case, in the event that In a row In my opinion
On foot=i b On fire=ang ch|y On +telephone number (s phone l{. VD; I am on 04653653) To be On the diet=n king To be/to go On strike=nh cng On holiday/a trip/a tour/ an excursion/a cruise/an expedition/a voyage (tuy nhin c th ni: go for a trip/ holiday)
At At+ place/an address At +specific time At home/ school/work At night At least At once=immediately At present/ at the moment=now At times=sometimes, occationally At first=initially
Ngo{i ra bn cn phi bit mt s cu trc sau: To accuse sb of: buc ti ai v vic g To apologise to sb for sth; sin li ai v iu g To ask sb for sth = To ask sb to do sth :i hi, xin ai iu g, l{m g To apply to a company for To belive in sb To belong to To collide with: chm tr|n, ng vi To complain to sb about sth To concentrate on To consist of
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To depend on To die of+ cn bnh: cht v bnh To die from: cht v 1 nguyn nh}n kh|c To die for: cht v mt l tng n{o To blame/rebuke/ chide/charge/ criticize sb for sth: la m ng, li , khin tr|ch ai v vic g To borrow sth from sb: mn g ca ai To charge sb with: buc ti ai v ti g To congratulate sb on sth: chc mng ai v vic g To cut/devide into..chia thnh.. To Explain sth to sb ;gii thch g cho ai To point/aim at sb/sth : nhm v{o, hng n To shout at sb: la ht ai To shout to sb: gi ai To speak /to talk to sb To think about/ of sth/ sb To write to sb: vit th cho ai To wait for sth/sb To pay by cheque/ in cash To be/fall in love with sb To dream about/of To go for a walk/for a swim/ for a drink To have sth for breakfast/lunch/dinner To hear about sth; nghe k v To hear of sb/ sth: bit v ai, c|i g To hear from sb : nghe tin tc g v ai, nhn c th ca ai To listen to To live on: sng nh v{o To pay sb for sth: tr cho ai v c|i g To rely /count on/upon sb: tin tng ai
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To prefer sth/sb to sth/sb To protect sth/sb from To provide/ supply sb with sth To regard/view sb/sth as sth To remind sb of sb/sth: nhc ai nh n ai/ iu g To remind sb about sth/doing sth: nhc nh ai v vic g, l{m g To sentence/condamn sb to (death, a period of imprisonment): tuyn |n, kt |n Throw sth at sb: nm g vo ai Throw sth to sb: nm cho ai bt ly Translate fromto : dch t tingsang ting To warn sb about sth:cnh b|o ai v vic g To warn sb against doing sth=to warn sb not to do sth A cheque for+a sum of money=ng}n phiu vi s tin l{ A demand/need /reason for A rise/ an increase/ a fall/ a decrease in: tng/gim v A rise/ an increase/ a fall/ a decrease of: tng/gim bao nhiu An advantage /a disadvantage of A cause of A photograph/ a picture/ an image of Damage to An invitation to a party/ wedding A reaction to A solution/ answer to a problem An attitude to/towards A relationship/connection /contact with
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XX. Prefix and suffix

Prefix
Dng Re+noun/verb Fore+noun/verb Pre +noun/verb Mis+noun/verb
ngha Lp li Trc
V d Rewrite, reorganize, rearrange Foresee, foreword,foresail, preface, precaution
Nhm ln Sai
Misunderstand. Misfortune, misbehaviour
Un+noun/verb In+noun/verb dis+noun/verb im+adj over+noun/verb under+noun/verb after
Khng Tr|i ngc
Untrue,
untruth,
unease,
disappear,
disregard,disappoint, displeasure Impolite, imposible,
Ngoiqu Di sau
Overtime,overload, overdresss, Underwear, underline, undermine Afterthought, afternoon
Suffix
Dng Verb+er Verb+or Verb+ar Noun+ist Noun+ian Verb+ion Verb+ing Verb+ment Noun+dom
ngha
V d
Ngi t|c Teacher, viewer ng sailor,actor Liar, beggar, Ngi t|c Scientist, pianist, ghitarist ng S vic Musician, physician Action, conclusion, writting, making,punishment , amusement
Trng th|i
Boredom, wisdom, kingdom
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Adj+dom Noun+hood Adj+hood Noun+ism Adj+ism Noun+ship Adj+ness Adj+ ty Ch ngha Tnh trng Friendship, leadership Poverty, happiness, laziness, loyalty, cruelty Thi k Tnh trng Ch ngha Communism, patriolism, socialism Childhood, boyhood, neighbourhood
XXI. Modal auxiliaries

1. WOULD RATHER
would rather v ngha th ging vi prefer. Tuy nhin would rather phi c ng t theo sau, cn prefer th khng nht thit (c hay khng cng c)
Present Subject +would rather+[verb in simple form] I would rather go to class tomorrow than today. (chia hin ti, nhng dng vi ngha tng lai) Past Subject +would rather+ have+[verb in past participle] I would rather have gone to class yesterday than today Present subjunctive (hin ti gi nh) Subject1 +would rather that+subject2+ [verb in simple form] }y, iu m{ ch ng 1 mong mun ho{n to{n c th xy ra. I would rather that she call me tomorrow. (thch c y gi v{o ng{y mai hn, c th nu c y bit iu n{y th c y s l{m th)
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Present contrary to fact (hin ti tr|i vi s tht) Subject1 +would rather that+subject2+ [verb in past tense] He would rather that his glfriend worked in the same office (as he does) (tc l{ hin ti ngi yu anh ta khng l{m chung cng ty nn anh ta mi thch th hn!) Past contrary to fact (qu| kh tr|i vi s tht) Subject1 +would rather that+subject2+ [verb in past perfect] He would rather that he had gone to class yesterday (tc l{ anh y thch nh ra mnh nn i hc hm qua. Thc t l{ hm qua anh y ~ ngh hc) Nhn xt: tr|i vi s tht th ng t li v mt th (v d qu| kh>qu| kh ho{n th{nh)
2.
AS IF/ AS THOUGH:
Dng ch 1 iu g tra s tht, tr|i thc t. v hnh thc th gn ging c}u iu kin. th i sau chng thng l{ th past present hoc past perfect. Ch : nu l{ qu| kh th l{ qu| kh b{ng thi (was>were cho mi ngi) Subjec+verb (present) + as if/as though+ Subjec+verb( past) Subjec+verb (past) + as if/as though+ Subjec+verb( past perfect)
Nhn xt : ng t pha sau th li v 1 th so vi ng t pha trc
3.
WOULD LIKE:
Thng dng ch mt li mi (ch l{ khi mi ai l{m g, i d}u th khng ai ni l{ Do you like?), hoc mt thch Subject+ would like+to+verb (bare inf) Would you like to go to the cinema with me? I would like to visit England. 4. COULD: thng dng
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Din t mt kh nng. He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match (c th dng ging was/were able to trong trng hp n{y)
ch : nu h{m s th{nh cng trong cng vic th ch dng was able to ch khng dng could. V d: I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.
Din t 1 s ng vc hay phn kh|ng nh nh{ng His story could be true, but I hardly think it is. (thay v ni: his story is untrue!) Dng trong c}u iu kin tr|i vi hin ti. If were a princess, you could have everything I need. Dng trong c|ch ni lch s (thay cho can) Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?
5.
SHOULD (mt li khuyn, c th dng thay ought to) You should do what the teacher tells you.
6.
OUGHT TO: nh ~ ni trn, ought to c th dng ging should trong hu ht nhng
trng hp. tuy nhin ought to cn dng trong nhng trng hp sau: Din t 1 s tht gn ng, o|n chng, c chng If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now. (l ra gi n{y ~ }y ri) Khng t|n th{nh v 1 h{nh ng trong qu| kh You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing. (nh ra khng nn ph tin cho mt th nh th) 7. 8. SHALL (dng trong th tng lai v cho 2 ngi l I v we) MIGHT/MAY Dng ni mt diu g c th xy ra It may be true. Or It might be true. (=perhaps it is true). She might know or she may know. 9. MUST/HAVE TO
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Din t chng ta cn thit l{m 1 vic g . Oh, its later than I thought. I must go or I have to go. Tuy nhin, cn ch rng: Must mang ch quan (tc l{ ngi ni thy quan trng v{ cn thit.) Have to mang ngha kh|ch quan( thc s th vic c cp n l{ quan trng ch khng phi do ngi ni t nhn xt th)
V d, bn h~y so s|nh v d thy r s kh|c nhau I must get up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do. (ngi ni t thy cn phi dy sm ch khng phi do iu kin kh|ch quan) I have to get up early tomorrow. Im going away and my train leaves at 7.30. (cn phi dy sm v iu kin kh|ch quan l{ t{u ri ga sm)
10.
DARE subject+dare+to verb
Dng ph nh l{: subject+dare not+to Hoc dare c th xem nh ng t thng subject+dont dare+to verb 11. NEED : ging nh dare. C th dng nh ng t thng hoc ng t khim khuyt
XXII. Basic Pronunciation

1. C|ch ph|t }m vi danh t, ng t thm s, es Nu es ng sau sh, ss, x, s, ch, zz th c ph|t }m l{ /iz/.
bushes, glasses, boxes, buses, churches, matches, diminishes, reaches, passes, mixes, buzzes... Nu s ng sau c|c phin }m /f/, /k/,/p/,/t/ th c ph|t }m l{ /s/.
beliefs, weeks, caps, pets,keeps, breaks Nu s ng sau c|c phin }m /s/,/z/, /dz/ th c ph|t }m l{ /iz/.
services, prizes, ages, dances, manages Trong nhng trng hp cn li th s c ph|t }m l{ /z/.
43
2.
C|ch ph|t }m ca ng t th qu| kh khi thm ed nu phin tn cng l{ /t/, /d/ th ed c l{ /id/ patted, faded, needed, hated nu phin tn cng l{ /f/,/k/,/p/, /s/,/ / hoc /t/ th phin m l /t/. nhng }m cn li th phin }m l{ /d/
TI LIU THAM KHO :

Cliff's TOEFL Preparation Guide, Jerry Bobrow (Author), William A. Covino (Author) English Grammar : Helping learners with real English, Collins Cobuild (author)
44

English Grammar For IELTS by Quynh Nga IELTS

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Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

Qunh Nga IELTS quynhnga29@gmail.com

ni v 1 s vt hin tng n{o y

t|c gi hay dng th qu| kh n k chuyn)

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

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y ang din ra.

Hoc 2 h{nh ng cng din ra 1 lc (ni bng t WHILE)

xy ra gn }y hoc ang din ra. (ch ph}n bit vi hin ti n).

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

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PAST SIMPLE Subject+ verb (past tense)+

kh( thu ht s ch v h{nh ng t ngt din ra )

PAST CONTINUOUS Subject+ was/were + verb+ ing

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

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PAST PERFECT Subject+ had + verb (past participle)

PRESENT PERFECT Subject+ have/has+ verb (past participle)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Subject+ have /has+ been+ verb ing

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Subject+ had+ been+ verb ing

SIMPLE FUTURE Subject+ will+ verb ( bare infinitive)

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

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Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

Qunh Nga IELTS quynhnga29@gmail.com

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

Qunh Nga IELTS quynhnga29@gmail.com

III. Conditional sentences

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

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1. Nhng ng t sau lun theo sau l{ ng t nguyn mu (toverb)

tend want wish struggle

postpone practice quit suggest collect

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

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3. Nhng cu trc theo sau l{ toverb

Subject + Verb 1+ pronounce+ toverb

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

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Adj+ preposition+ toVerb

dangerous good ready

4. Nhng cu trc theo sau l{ Ving

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

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keen on fed up with

noun+ preposition+ Ving

Trn con ng i n thnh cng khng c du chn ca ngi li bing

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS

Qunh Nga IELTS quynhnga29@gmail.com

Tng h p ng ph|p c bn dnh cho k thi IELTS