CHNG 9

PHN TCH TH TRNG CNH TRANH

TS. L Vn Chin

Ni dung

nh gi Li ch v Chi ph t cc chnh sch ca chnh - Thng d tiu dng v Thng d sn xut Tnh hiu qu ca th trng cnh tranh Gi trn v gi sn Tr gi v hn ngch sn xut Hn ngch nhp khu v thu quan nh hng ca thu hoc tr gi

Chapter 1

nh gi Li ch v Chi ph t cc chnh sch Thng d tiu dung v Thng d sn xut

n tp

Thng d tiu dng l tng li ch hoc gi tr m ngi tiu dng nhn c vt s tin m h tr cho lng hng ha . Thng d sn xut l tng li ch hay doanh thu m nh sn xut nhn c vt qu chi ph dng sn xut lng hng ha .

Chapter 1

Thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut

P

10

Thng d Tiu dng

S
Gia 0 v Q0 ngi tiu dng A v B nhn li ch rng t vic mua sn phm -Thng d tiu dng

5
Thng d Sn xut

D 0
NTD A NTD B

Gia 0 v Q0 nh sn xut nhn li ch rng t vic bn mi sn phm. -Thng d sn xut.

Q0
NTD C

nh gi Li ch v Chi ph t cc chnh sch Thng d tiu dung v Thng d sn xut

xc nh tc ng phc li ca mt chnh sch ca chnh ph, chng ta phi o lng c thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut.
Tc ng phc li

Li ch v tn tht m mt chnh sch to ra i vi ngi tiu dng v nh sn xut.

Chapter 1

Kim sot gi lm thay i Cs v PS

Gi trn
P
Gi s chnh ph p dng Gi trn Pmax di gi cn Bng th trng P0.

Tng tn tht l:
B+C Tng thay i phc li = (A B) + (-A - C) = -B - C P0

Tn tht v ch

S
Li ch rng ca ngi tiu dng l chnh lch ca ch nht A v tam gic B.

B
A

Pmax
D Q1 Q0
Chapter 1

Tn tht rng i vi nh sn xut l tng ca hnh ch nht A v hnh tam gic C.

Q2
Q
6

Kim sot gi lm thay i thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut

Tn tht v ch trong trng hp ny l s phi hiu qu ca chnh sch kim sot gi khi tn tht ca nh sn xut vt qu li ch rng ca ngi tiu dng.

Chapter 1

Tc ng phc li ca gi trn khi cu t co gin

Nu cu t co gin theo gi, B ln hn A v ngi tiu dng b thit hi do chnh sch kim sot gi.

P0

Pmax

Tng tn tht B +C Q1 Q2
Chapter 1

V d Kim sot gi du v thiu ht kh t nm 1979

Q
8

Hiu qu ca th trng cnh tranh

Lu :

Khng phi lc no can thip ca Nh nc cng lm gim hiu qu. Khi c tht bi th trng (Ngoi tc, thiu thng tin, c quyn) th can thip ca chnh ph c th dn n tng hiu qu XH.

Chapter 1

Tn tht phc li khi gi gi cao hn gi cn bng ca th trng

P
Khi gi c kim sot khng thp hn P2 lng cu ch l Q3. Tn tht x hi l cc hnh tam gic B v C.

S P2

A
P0

B C
Tn tht x hi nh th no nu QS = Q2?

D Q3 Q0
Chapter 1

Q2

Q
10

Gi sn
P
Nu sn xut Q2, lng Q2 - Q3 s khng bn c.

S
Thay i thng d sn xut l A - C - D. Nh sn xut thit hi. B C

Pmin
A

P0

Tng tn tht = B + C +D
D

D Q3 Q0
Chapter 1

Q2

Q
11

Lng ti thiu
w

Cc hng khng c php tr thp hn wmin. iu ny to ra tnh trng tht nghip.

S wmin
A

w0

B C

Tn tht x hi l cc Tam gic B v C.

Tht nghip

D L2
L
12

L1

L0
Chapter 1

Tr gi v Hn ngch sn xut

Phn ln chnh sch nng nghip ca M da trn tr gi.

Gi c p t cao hn gi cn bng th trng v chnh ph mua phn d tha.

Chnh sch ny thng c phi hp vi khuyn khch gim sn lng.

Chapter 1

13

Tr gi
P

Qg
Ps
A

D B

gi gi Ps chnh ph mua lng Qg . Thay i thng d tiu dng = -A - B, v thay i Thng d sn xut= A + B + D

P0

D + Qg D Q1 Q0 Q2
Q
14

Chapter 1

Tr gi
P
Chi ph ca chnh ph l hnh ch nht Ps(Q2-Q1) S

Qg
Tng tn tht: Ps
A D B

Ps (Q2-Q1) - D

P0

D + Qg D Q1 Q0 Q2
Q
15

Chapter 1

Tr gi
Cu hi:

Liu chnh sch no khc hiu qu hn cho nng dn thm thu nhp A + B + D?

Chapter 1

16

Tr li
S phc li mt trng y l rt ln. XH c th c phng thc tr cp cho ngi sn xut t tn km hn. Nu mc tiu l lm cho ngi sn xut c thm mc thu nhp = A + B + D th phng thc t tn km hn nhiu l cho h trc tip s tin . Tuy nhin tr cp gi l cch cho l liu hn nn hp dn hn v mt chnh tr.

Chapter 1

17

Tr gi v Hn ngch sn xut
Hn ngch sn xut

Chnh ph c th lm tng gi bng cch hn ch lng cung.

Chapter 1

18

Hn ngch sn xut (Cch 1)

P

Hn ngch cung Q1 ng cung S-> S @ Q1

PS
A B D

P0

DCS = -(A + B) DPS = A - C DWL = -(B+C)

D Q1 Q0
Chapter 1

Q
19

Hn ngch sn xut (Cch 2: tr tin hn ch sn

xut)
P
Ps c gi mc cao vi chnh Sch khuyn khch gim sn lng Chi ph ca chnh ph = B + C + D

PS
A B D

P0

D Q1 Q0
Chapter 1

Q
20

Hn ngch sn xut
DPS

= A - C + (B + C + D )= A +B +D.

S
DPS

DCS = -A-B

S
D

PS A

DWL -A - B + A + B +

B
P0 C
DWL

D - B - C - D = -B C.

D
Q0
Chapter 1

21

Hn ngch sn xut

Cu hi:

Price

S S

Lm th no chnh ph gim chi ph m vn tr cp cho nng dn? Chnh sch tr gi hay khuyn khch b hoang t tn km hn?

PS A D

B
P0 C

D
Q0
Quantity

Chapter 1

22

Tr li
Nu chnh ph mc cho th trng quyt nh gi c v sn lng, ng thi tr cp cho nh sn xut mt khon bng A + B + D th gi c vn gi mc P0, sn lng vn mc Q0. Khong tr cp m nh nc mt chnh l khon ngi sn xut c. Thay i phc li bng 0 thay v mt trng B + C

Chapter 1

23

Hn ngch nhp khu v thu nhp khu

Nhiu quc gia s dng hn ngch nhp khu v thu quan gi gi ni a cao hn mc gi th gii, qua bo h mt s nh sn xut trong nc.
Tuy nhin thng d m ngi tiu dng mt c th ln hn thng d ngi sn xut c v ci gi m x hi phi tr l ln

Chapter 1

24

Cm nhp khu
P
Trong th trng t do, gi ni a bng gi th gii PW.

S
Bng cm nhp khu
gi tng n PO. Nh sn xut c A. NTD mt A + B + C, DWL = B + C.

P0
A

PW D
Nhp khu

QS

Q0
Chapter 1

QD Q

Thu sut nhp khu l bao nhiu t c cng mt kt qu?

25

Thu nhp khu hoc Hn ngch (trng hp tng qut)

C th lm tng gi ni a bng thu nhp khu hoc hn ngch nhp khu. Nh sn xut trong nc c A.

P*

Ngi tiu dng mt A + B + C + D.

Pw

QS
Chapter 1

QS

QD

QD Q
26

Thu nhp khu hoc Hn ngch (trng hp tng qut)

Nu c thu nhp khu chnh ph nhn D, v th tn tht x hi l B + C.

S P S

Nu dng hn ngch, hnh ch nht D tr nn mt phn ca li nhun ca nh sn xut nc ngoi, v tn tht x hi l B + C + D.

P*

A
Pw

QS
Chapter 1

QS

QD

QD Q
27

Thu nhp khu hoc Hn ngch (trng hp tng qut)

Cu hi:

p dng hn ngch P thay th cho thu nhp khu lm nn kinh t tt ln hay P* xu i? (v d. Hn ch nhp khu xe Pw hi Nht thp nin 1980)

A B

QS
Chapter 1

QS

QD

QD Q
28

Tc ng ca thu hoc tr cp

Gnh nng thu (hoc li ch ca tr cp) chia mt phn cho ngi tiu dng v mt phn cho nh sn xut.
Chng ta xem xt trng hp thu n v l thu tnh trn n v hng ha.

Chapter 1

29

H qu ca thu n v
P
PD l gi (c thu) m NTD tr. PS l gi NSX nhn sau thu, Gnh nng thu c chia Tng i ng u.

S PD P0
D
NTD mt A + B, v NSX mt D + C, v chnh ph c ngun thu A + D . DWL= B+C

PS

Q1

Q0
Chapter 1

Q
30

H qu ca thu n v

Bn im lu khi phn tch th trng sau thu:

1) Lng bn v PD phi nm trn ng cu: QD = QD(PD) 2) Lng bn v PS phi nm trn ng cung: QS = QS(PS)

Chapter 1

31

H qu ca thu n v

Bn im lu khi phn tch th trng sau thu:

3) QD = QS

4) PD - PS = thu

Chapter 1

32

Gnh nng thu ph thuc vo co gin ca cung v cu

NTD gnh
P PD

NSX gnh
P

t
P0 PS

S
PD P0

t
D
PS

Q1 Q0

Q1 Q0

Tr cp
P

S PS P0 s
Ging nh thu, li ch ca tr cp chia cho hai pha ngi bn v ngi mua, ty thuc co gin ca cung v cu.

PD

D Q0
Chapter 1

Q1

Q
34

Tm tt

C th dng cc m hnh n gin v cung v cu phn tch nh hng ca cc chnh sch ca chnh ph.
Trong mi trng hp, thay i phc li ca ngi tiu dng v nh sn xut c o bng thay i thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut.

Chapter 1

35

Tm tt

Khi chnh ph nh thu hoc tr cp, gi thng khng tng hoc gim ng bng mc thu hoc tr cp.
Can thip ca chnh ph thng dn n tn tht v ch.

Chapter 1

36

Tng kt

Can thip ca chnh ph vo nn kinh t th trng cnh tranh khng phi lc no cng dn n tn tht x hi. .

Chapter 1

37