References can also be found on PubMed, linked to available original abstracts. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.

gov/pubmed/

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CHAPTER 1 Lameness Examination: Historical Perspective

1. Liautard A: Lameness of horses, New York, 1888, William R Jenkins Press. 2. Barnhart CL, ed: The American college dictionary, New York, 1970, Random House. 3. Ross MW, Dyson SJ. Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, Philadelphia, Saunders, 2003. 4. Adams OR: Veterinary notes on lameness and shoeing of horses, Denver, 1957, Colorado State University. 5. Dollar JAW: A handbook of horseshoeing, New York, 1898, William R Jenkins. 6. Lacroix JV: Lameness in the horse, Am J Vet Med, 1916. 7. Peters JE: Lameness incident to training and racing of the Thoroughbred, J Am Vet Med Assoc Feb:200, 1940. 8. Churchill EA: Surgical removal of fracture fragments of the proximal sesamoid bone, J Am Vet Med Assoc 128:581, 1956. 9. Wheat JD, Rhode EA: The surgical treatment of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 132:378, 1958. 10. Forsell G: The operative treatment of traumatic inflammation of the navicular bursae with preservation of the deep flexor tendon, North Am Vet 11, 1930. 11. Lundvall RL: Fracture of the fibula in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 129:16, 1956. 12. Delahanty DD: Defectsnot fractures of the fibulae in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 133:258, 1958. 13. Frank ER: Veterinary surgery, ed 7, Minneapolis, 1964, Burgess. 14. Percivall W: Lameness in the horse, London, 1852, Longmans, Brown, Green and Longmans. 15. Gamgee J: A treatise on horse-shoeing and lameness, London, 1871, Longmans, Green. 16. Bach FW: How to judge a horse, New York, 1893, William R Jenkins. 17. Dunlop RH, Williams DJ: Veterinary medicine: an illustrated history, St Louis, 1996, Mosby. 18. Stewart J: The stable booka treatise on the management of horses, New York, 1858, AO Moore.

CHAPTER 2 Lameness in Horses: Basic Facts Before Starting

1. Liautard A: Lameness of horses, New York, 1888, William R Jenkins Press. 2. Barnhart CL, ed: The American college dictionary, New York, 1970, Random House. 3. Dorlands medical dictionary, Philadelphia, 1974, Saunders. 4. Adams OR: Veterinary notes on lameness and shoeing of horses, dissertation, Fort Collins, Colo, 1957, Colorado State University. 5. Ross MW, Nolan PM, Palmer JA, et al: The importance of the metatarsophalangeal joint in Standardbred lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:155, 1992.

6. Ross MW, Nolan PM, Palmer JA, et al: The importance of the metatarsophalangeal joint in Standardbred lameness, Vet Surg 21:404, 1992. 7. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the Standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 8. Kaneene JB, Ross WA, Miller R: The Michigan equine monitoring system. II. Frequencies and impact of selected health problems, Prev Vet Med 29:277, 1997. 9. United States Department of Agriculture: Equine 98 needs assessment survey results. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System Pub No N236.597, Fort Collins, Colo, USDA, 1997. 10. Kane AJ, Traub-Dargatz J, Losinger WC, et al: The occurrence and causes of lameness and laminitis in the US horse population, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:277, 2000. 11. Ross WA, Kaneene JB, Gardiner JC: Survival analysis of risk factors associated with the occurrence of lameness in a Michigan horse population, Am J Vet Res 59:23, 1998. 12. Seeherman HJ, Morris E, OCallaghan MW: Comprehensive clinical evaluation of performance. In Auer JA, ed: Equine surgery, Philadelphia, 1992, Saunders. 13. Morris E, Seeherman HJ: Clinical evaluation of poor racing performance in the racehorse: the results of 275 evaluations, Equine Vet J 23:169, 1991. 14. Kobluk CN, Robinson RA, Clayton CJ, et al: A comparison of the exercise level and problem rate of 95 Thoroughbred horses in a cohort study, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 36:47, 1990. 15. Jeffcott LB, Rossdale PD, Freestone J, et al: An assessment of wastage in Thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age, Equine Vet J 14:185, 1982. 16. Dyson PK, Jackson BF, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Days lost from training by two- and three-year-old Thoroughbred horses: a survey of seven UK training yards, Equine Vet J 40:650, 2008. 17. Lucas JM, Ross MW, Richardson DW: Postoperative performance of racing Stan dardbreds treated arthroscopically for carpal chip fractures: 176 cases (19861993), Equine Vet J 31:48, 1999. 18. Martinelli MJ, Freeman DE, Reid SWJ: Analysis of performance parameters in the population of Standardbred racehorses in the US (1984-1993), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:174, 1996. 19. Martin GS, Strand E, Kearney MT: Use of statistical models to evaluate racing performance in Thoroughbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1900, 1996. 20. Martin GS, Strand E, Kearney MT: Validation of a regression model for standardizing lifetime racing performances of Thoroughbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1641, 1997.

21. Strand E, Martin GS, Haynes PF, et al: Career racing performance in Thoroughbreds treated with prosthetic laryn goplasty for laryngeal neuropathy: 52 cases (1981-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1689, 2000.

CHAPTER 3 Anamnesis (History)

1. Liautard A: Lameness of horses, New York, 1888, William R Jenkins Press. 2. Young JH: Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis. Hoofcare Lameness 6, 1993. 3. Mero JL, Pool RR: Twenty cases of degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis in Peruvian Paso horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:329, 2002. 4. Halper J, Kim B, Khan A, et al: Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis as a systemic disorder characterized by proteoglycan accumulation. BMC Vet Res 2:1, 2006. 5. Schenkman D, Armien A, Pool R, et al: Systemic proteoglycan deposition is not a characteristic of equine degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis, J Equine Vet Sci 29:748, 2009. 6. Olsen K, Nann L: Unpublished data, Kennett Square, Pa, 1995, University of Pennsylvania. 7 Wagner PC, Grant BD, Kaneps AJ, et al: Long-term results of desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (distal check ligament) in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:1351, 1985. 8. Steel CM, Hunt AR, Adams PL, et al: Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis: 93 cases (1987-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:973, 1999. 9. Bousum P: Personal communication, 1995. 10. MacLeay JM, Sorum SA, Valberg SJ, et al: Epidemiologic analysis of factors influencing exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 60:1562, 1999. 11. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2000.

CHAPTER 4 Conformation and Lameness

1. Liautard A: Lameness of horses, New York, 1888, William R Jenkins Press. 2. Adams OR: Veterinary notes on lameness and shoeing of horses, Fort Collins, Colo, 1957, Colorado State University. 3. Belloy E, Bathe AP: The importance of standardising the evaluation of conformation in the horse, Equine Vet J 28:429, 1996. 4. Santschi EM, Leibsle SR, Morehead JP, et al: Carpal and fetlock conformation of the juvenile Thoroughbred from birth to yearling auction age, Equine Vet J 38:604, 2006. 5. Mawdsley A, Kelly EP, Smith FH, et al: Linear assessment of the Thoroughbred horse: an approach to conformation evaluation, Equine Vet J 28:461, 1996.

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6. Delahunty D, Webb S, Kelly EP, et al: Intermandibular width and cannon bone length in winners versus others, J Equine Vet Sci 11:258, 1991. 7. Hunt WF, Thomas VG, Stiefel W: Analysis of video-recorded images to determine linear and angular dimensions in the growing horse, Equine Vet J 31:402, 1999. 8. Clayton HM: Advances in motion analysis, Vet Clin North Am 7:365, 1991. 9. Leach DH, Dyson S: Instant centres of rotation of equine limb joints and their relationship to standard skin marker locations, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:113, 1988. 10. Holmstrm M, Magnusson L-E, Philipsson J: Variation in conformation of Swedish Warmblood horses and conformational characteristics of elite sport horses, Equine Vet J 22:186, 1990. 11. Magnusson L-E: Studies on the conformation and related traits of Standardbred trotters in Sweden. I. An objective method for measuring the equine conformation, masters thesis, Skara, Sweden, 1985, Sveriges Lantbruks Universitet. 12. Magnusson L-E, Thafvelin B: Studies on the conformation and related traits of Standardbred trotters in Sweden. II. The variation in conformation of the Standardbred trotter, masters thesis, Skara, Sweden, 1985, Sveriges Lantbruks Universitet. 13. Magnusson L-E, Thafvelin B: Studies on the conformation and related traits of Standardbred trotters in Sweden. IV. Relationship between the conformation and soundness of four-year-old Standardbred trotter, masters thesis, Skara, Sweden, 1985, Sveriges Lantbruks Universitet. 14. Barr ARS: Carpal conformation in relation to carpal chip fracture, Vet Rec 134:646, 1994. 15. Anderson TM, McIlwraith CW: Longi tudinal development of equine conformation from weanling to age 3 years in the Thoroughbred, Equine Vet J 36:563, 2004. 16. Anderson TM, McIlwraith CW, Douay P: The role of conformation in musculoskeletal problems in the racing Thoroughbred, Equine Vet J 36:571, 2004. 17. McIlwraith CW, Anderson TM, Santschi BN: Conformation and musculoskeletal problems in the racehorse, Clin Tech Equine Pract 2:329, 2003. 18. Weller R, Pfau T, May SA, et al; Variation in conformation in a cohort of National Hunt racehorses, Equine Vet J 38:616, 2006. 19. Gill HE: Personal communication, 1987. 20. Gnagey L, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Effect of standing tarsal angle on joint kinematics and kinetics, Equine Vet J 38:628, 2006.

CHAPTER 7 Movement
1. Liautard A: Lameness of horses, New York, 1888, William R Jenkins Press. 2. Dorland WAN, ed: Dorlands illustrated medical dictionary, Philadelphia, 1974, Saunders. 3. Barnhart CL, ed: The American college dictionary, New York, 1970, Random House. 4. Adams OR: Natural and artificial gaits. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 5. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2000. 6. Biewener AA, Thomason J, Goodship A, et al: Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods, J Biomech 16:565, 1983. 7. Leach DH, Sprigings E: Gait fatigue in the racing Thoroughbred, J Equine Med Surg 3:436, 1979. 8. Uhlir C, Licka T, Kbber P, et al: Compensatory movements of horses with a stance phase lameness, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:102, 1997. 9. Ross MW: Observations in horses with lameness abolished by palmar digital analgesia, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:230, 1998. 10. Evans LH: Personal communication, 1982. 11. Clayton HM: Cinematographic analysis of the gait of lame horses, J Equine Vet Sci 6:70, 1986. 12. Clayton HM: Cinematographic analysis of the gait of lame horses. V. Fibrotic myopathy, J Equine Vet Sci 8:297, 1986. 13. Wyman WEA: Lameness in the horse, New York, 1989, William R Jenkins Press. 14. Peloso JG, Stick JA, Soutas-Little RW, et al: Computer-assisted three-dimensional gait analysis of amphotericin-induced carpal lameness in horses, Am J Vet Res 54:1535, 1993. 15. Peham C, Licka T, Girtler D, et al: Supporting forelimb lameness: clinical judgment vs computerized symmetry measurement, Equine Vet J 31:417, 1999. 16. Ishihara A, Bertone AL, Rajala-Schultz PJ: Association between subjective lameness grade and kinetic gait parameters in horses with experimentally induced forelimb lameness, Am J Vet Res 66:1805, 2005. 17. Buchner HHF, Savelberg HHCM, Schamhardt HC, et al: Head and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness, Equine Vet J 28:71, 1996. 18. Vorstenbosch MATM, Buchner HHF, Savelberg HHCM, et al: Modeling study of compensatory head movements in lame horses, Am J Vet Res 58:713, 1997. 19. Ratzlaff M, Hyde ML, Grant BD: Measurement of vertical forces and temporal components of the strides of horses using instrumented shoes, J Equine Vet Sci 10:23, 1990. 20. Judy CE, Galuppo LD, Snyder JR, et al: Evaluation of an in-shoe pressure measurement system in horses, Am J Vet Res 62:23, 2001. 21. Perino VV, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD: The accuracy and precision of an equine in-shoe pressure measurement system as a tool for gait analysis, J Equine Vet Sci 27:161, 2007.

CHAPTER 6 Palpation
1. Strand E, Martin G, Crawford M, et al: Intra-articular pressure, elastance and range of motion in healthy and injured racehorse metacarpophalangeal joints, Equine Vet J 30:520, 1998. 2. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2001. 3. Kane AJ, Stover SM, Gardner IA, et al: Horseshoe characteristics as possible risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 57:1147, 1996. 4. Kobluk CN, Robinson RA, Gordon BJ, et al: The effect of conformation and shoeing: a cohort study of 95 Thoroughbred racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 36:259, 1990. 5. Maddren L: Personal communication, 1984. 6. Turner TA: Predictive value of diagnostic tests for navicular pain, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:201, 1996. 7. Castelijns HH: How to use a digital extension device in lameness examinations, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:228, 2008. 8. Delahanty DD: Manipulative procedures in detecting horse lameness, Cornell Vet 64:443, 1974. 9. Jeffcott LB, Dalin G, Drevemo S, et al: Effect of induced back pain on gait and performance of trotting horses, Equine Vet J 14:129, 1982. 10. Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 11. Barnhart CL: The American college dictionary, New York, 1970, Random House.

CHAPTER 5 Observation: Symmetry and Posture

1. Valentine BA, Rousselle SD, Sams AE, et al: Denervation atrophy in three horses with fibrotic myopathy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:332, 1994. 2. Pilsworth RC, Sheperd MC, Herinckx BMB, et al: A review of 10 cases of fracture of the wing of the ilium, Equine Vet J 26:94, 1994. 3. Swor TM, Schneider RK, Ross MW, et al: Injury of the gastrocnemius muscle as a


22. Keegan KG, Yonezawa Y, Pai F, et al: Evaluation of a sensor-based system of motion analysis for detection and quantification of forelimb and hind limb lameness, Am J Vet Res 65:665, 2004. 23. May SA, Wyn-Jones G: Identification of hindleg lameness, Equine Vet J 19:185, 1987. 24. Buchner HHF, Kastner J, Girtler D, et al: Quantification of hindlimb lameness in the horse, Acta Anat 146:196, 1993. 25. Kramer J, Keegan KG, Kelmer G, et al: Objective determination of pelvic movement during hind limb lameness by use of a signal decomposition method and pelvic height differences, Am J Vet Res 65:741, 2004. 26. Pfau T, Robilliard JJ, Weller R, et al: Assessment of mild hindlimb lameness during over ground locomotion using linear discriminant analysis of inertial sensor data, Equine Vet J 39:407, 2007. 27. Gingerich DA, Newcomb DM: Biomechanics in lameness, J Equine Med Surg 3:251, 1979. 28. Gingerich DA, Auer JA, Fackelman GE: Force plate studies on the effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid on joint function in equine arthritis, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2:291, 1979. 29. Gingerich DA, Auer JA, Fackelman GE: Effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid on joint function in experimentally induced equine osteoarthritis: dosage titration studies, Res Vet Sci 30:192, 1981. 30. Schamhardt HC, Merkens HW: Quantification of equine ground reaction force patterns, J Biomech 20:443, 1987. 31. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC: Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness. II. Distribution of ground reaction force patterns of the concurrently loaded limbs, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:107, 1988. 32. Ishihara A, Reed SM, Rajala-Schultz PJ, et al: Use of kinetic gait analysis for detection , quantification, and differentiation of hind limb lameness and spinal ataxia in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:644, 2009. 33. Guide to veterinary services for horse shows, ed 7, Lexington, Ky, 1999, American Association of Equine Practitioners. 34. Fredricson I, Drevemo S, Dalin G, et al: Treadmill for equine locomotion analysis, Equine Vet J 15:111, 1983. 35. Buchner HHF, Savelberg HCM, Schamhardt HC, et al: Habituation of horses to treadmill locomotion, Equine Vet J Suppl 17:13, 1994. 36. Kai M, Hiraga A, Kubo K, et al: Comparison of stride characteristics in a cantering horse on a flat and inclined treadmill, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:76, 1997. 3. Verschooten F, Verbeeck J: Flexion test of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints and flexion angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint in sound horses, Equine Vet J 29:50, 1997. 4. Dyson SJ: Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Part 4. The use of flexion tests and small diameter lunging. In Mair T, ed: British Equine Veterinary Association manual: the pre-purchase examination, Newmarket, 1998, Equine Veterinary Journal. 5. Busschers E, Van Weeren PR: Use of the flexion test of the distal forelimb in the sound horse: repeatability and effect of age, gender, weight, height and fetlock joint range of motion, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48:413, 2001. 6. Keg P, van Weeren PR, Back W, et al: Variations in the force applied to flexion tests of the distal limb of horses, Vet Rec 141:435, 1997. 7. Nilsson G: Lameness and pathologic changes in the distal joints and the phalanges of the Standardbred horse, Acta Vet Scand (Suppl) 43:83, 1973. 8. Strand E, Martin GS, Crawford MP, et al: Intra-articular pressure, elastance and range of motion in flexion of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint, Am J Vet Res 56:1362, 1995. 9. Meijer M, Busschers E, Van Weeren P: Which joint is most important for the positive outcome of a flexion test of the distal forelimb of a sound horse? Equine Vet Educ 13:319, 2001. 10. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2001. 11. Ducharme ND: Personal communicatio n, 1981.

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CHAPTER 9 Applied Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System

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CHAPTER 8 Manipulation
1. Nilsson G, Fredricson I, Drevemo S: Some procedures and tools in the diagnostics of distal equine lameness, Acta Vet Scand Suppl 44:63, 1973. 2. Ramey DW: Prospective evaluation of forelimb flexion tests in practice: clinical response, radiographic correlation, and predictive value for future lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:116, 1997.

CHAPTER 10 Diagnostic Analgesia

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and substance P-containing nerve fibers, Am J Vet Res 59:1378, 1998. 25. Ford TS, Ross MW, Orsini PG: A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses, Vet Surg 18:146, 1989. 26. Wheat JD, Jones KJ: Selected techniques of regional anesthesia, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 3:223, 1981. 27. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG: The forelimb of the horse. In Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG, eds: Textbook of veterinary anatomy, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders. 28. Castro FA, Schumacher JS, Pauwels F, et al: A new approach for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve in the horse, Vet Surg 34:539, 2005. 29. Schumacher J, Schumacher J, de Graves F, et al: A comparison of the effects of local analgesic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by solar toe or solar heel pain, Equine Vet J 33:386, 2001. 30. Schumacher J, Schumacher J, Gillette R, et al: The effects of local anesthetic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by distal interphalangeal joint pain, Equine Vet J, 35:502, 2003. 31. Dyson SJ, Kidd L: A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa and intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint in 59 horses, Equine Vet J 25:93, 1993. 32. Pleasant RS, Moll HD, Ley WB, et al: Intra-articular anesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint alleviates lameness associated with the navicular bursa in horses, Vet Surg 26:137, 1997. 33. Keegan KG, Wilson DA, Kreeger JM, et al: Local distribution of mepivacaine after distal interphalangeal joint injection in horses, Am J Vet Res 57:422, 1996. 34. Gough MR, Mayhew IG, Munroe GA: Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 1: forelimb foot and carpus, Equine Vet J, 34:80, 2002. 35. Bowker RM, Rockerhouser SJ, Vex KB, et al: Immunocytochemical and dye distribution studies of nerves potentially desensitized by injections into the distal interphalangeal joint or the navicular bursa of horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1708, 1993. 36. Bowker RM, Linder K, Van Wulfen KK, et al: Anatomy of the distal interphalangeal joint of the mature horse: relationships with navicular suspensory ligaments, sensory nerves and neurovascular bundle, Equine Vet J 29:126, 1997. 37. Schumacher J, Schumacher J, de Graves F, et al: A comparison of the effects of two volumes of local analgesic solution in the distal interphalangeal joint of horses with lameness caused by solar to or solar heel pain, Equine Vet J 33:265, 2001. 38. Vasquez de Mercado R, Stover SM, Taylor KT, et al: Lateral approach for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1413, 1998. 39. Miller SM, Stover SM, Taylor KT, et al: Palmaroproximal approach for arthrocentesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses, Equine Vet J 28:376, 1996.

CHAPTER 11 Neurological Examination and Neurological Conditions Causing Gait Deficits

1. Mayhew IG: The equine spinal cord in health and disease (Milne lecture), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:56, 1999. 2. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al: Equine motor neuron disease: findings in twenty-eight horses and proposal of a pathophysiological mechanism for the disease, Equine Vet J 26:409, 1994. 3. Maylin GA, Rubin DS, Lein DH: Selenium and vitamin E in horses, Cornell Vet 70:272, 1980. 4. Craig AM, Blythe LL, Lassen ED, et al: Variations of serum vitamin E, cholesterol and total serum lipid concentrations in horses during a 72-hour period, Am J Vet Res 50:1527, 1989. 5. Beech J: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 3:379, 1987.


6. Mayhew IG, Brown CM, Stowe HD, et al: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial, J Vet Intern Med 1:45, 1987. 7. Steiss JE, Traber MG, Williams MA, et al: Alpha tocopherol concentrations in clinically normal adult horses, Equine Vet J 26:417, 1994. 8. Traber MG, Steiss JE, Williams MA, et al: Vitamin E deficiency in horses, FASEB J 9:A473, 1995. 9. Marcus LC, Patterson MM, Gilfillan RE, et al: Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in New England horses: serologic survey, Am J Vet Res 46:2570, 1985. 10. Cohen ND, Bosler EM, Bernard W, et al: Epidemiologic studies of Lyme disease in horses and their public health significance, Ann N Y Acad Sci 539:244, 1988. 11. Lindenmayer J, Weber M, Onderdonk A: Borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1384, 1989. 12. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, Whitwell KE, et al: A possible case of Lyme borreliosis in a horse in the UK, Equine Vet J 28:84, 1996. 13. Browning A, Carter SD, Barnes A, et al: Lameness associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in the horse, Vet Rec 132:610, 1993. 14. Granstrom DE: Equine protozoal mye loencephalitis: parasite biology, experimental disease, and laboratory diagnosis. Proceedings of the International Equine Neurology Conference, Ithaca, NY, March 1997. 15. Saville WJA, Reed SM, Granstrom DE, et al: Response of horses exposed to Sarcocystis neurona when monitored biweekly, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:8, 1997. 16. Moore RM, Trims CM: Effect of xylazine on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in conscious horses, Am J Vet Res 53:1558, 1992. 17. Patten B: How much blood makes the cerebrospinal fluid bloody? J Am Med Assoc 206:378, 1968 (letter). 18. Miller MM, Sweeney CR, Russell GE, et al: Effects of blood contamination of cerebrospinal fluid on Western blot analysis for detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and on albumin quotient and immunoglobulin G index in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:67, 1999. 19. Calabrese VP: The interpretation of routine CSF tests, Vir Med Month 103:207, 1976. 20. Mayhew IG, Whitlock RH, Tasker JB: Equine cerebrospinal fluid: reference values of normal horses, Am J Vet Res 38:1271, 1977. 21. Beech J: Cytology of equine cerebrospinal fluid, Vet Pathol 20:553, 1983. 22. Behrens H: Cerebrospinal liquor of horses, its withdrawal, examination, and diagnostic importance. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual International Veterinary Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 1953. 23. Green EM, Constantinescu GM, Kroll RA: Equine cerebrospinal fluid: analysis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 15:288, 1993. 24. Furr M, Chicoring WR, Robertson J: High resolution protein electrophoresis of equine cerebrospinal fluid, Am J Vet Res 58:939, 1997. 25. Furr MO, Tyler RD: Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:245, 1990. 26. Jackson C, de Lahunta A, Divers T, et al: The diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in the horse, J Vet Intern Med 10:246, 1996. 27. Andrews FM, Maddux JM, Faulk D: Total protein, albumin quotient, IgG and IgG index determinations for horse cerebrospinal fluid, Prog Vet Neurol 1:197, 1990. 28. Cohen ND, McKay RJ: Interpreting immunoblot testing of cerebrospinal fluid for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet (Equine) 19:1176, 1997. 29. Saville WJA, Dubey JP, Oglesbee MJ, et al: Experimental infection of ponies with Sarcocystis fayeri and differentiation from Sarcocystis neurona infections in horses, J Parasitol 90:1487, 2004. 30. Howe DK, Rajshekhar YG, Marsh AE, et al: Strains of S. neurona exhibit differences in their surface antigens, including the absence of the major surface antigen SnSAG1, Int J Parasitol 38:623, 2008. 31. Mayhew IG, Donawick WJ, Green SL, et al: Diagnosis and prediction of cervical vertebral malformation in Thoroughbred foals based on semiquantitative radiographic indicators, Equine Vet J 25:435, 1993. 32. Moore BR, Reed SM, Biller DS, et al: Assessment of vertebral canal diameter and bony malformations of the cervical part of the spine in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy, Am J Vet Res 55:5, 1994. 33. Beech J: Metrizamide myelography in the horse, J Am Vet Radiol Soc 20:22, 1979. 34. Papageorges M, Gavin P, Sande RD, et al: Radiographic and myelographic examination of the cervical vertebral column in 306 ataxic horses, Vet Radiol 28:53, 1987. 35. Maclean AA, Jeffcott LB, Lavelle RB, et al: Use of iohexol for myelography in the horse, Equine Vet J 20:286, 1988. 36. Henry RW, Diesem CD, Wiechers DO: Evaluation of equine radial and median nerve conduction velocities, Am J Vet Res 40:1406, 1979. 37. Henry RW, Diesem CD: Proximal equine radial and median motor nerve conduction velocity, Am J Vet Res 42:1819, 1981. 38. Blythe LL, Kitchell RL, Holliday TA, et al: Sensory nerve conduction velocities in forelimb of ponies, Am J Vet Res 44:1419, 1983. 39. Blythe LL, Engel HN, Rose KE: Comparison of sensory nerve conduction velocities in horses versus ponies, Am J Vet Res 49:2138, 1988. 40. Beech J, Dodd DC: Toxoplasma-like encephalomyelitis in the horse, Vet Pathol 11:87, 1974. 41. Beech J: Equine protozoan encephalomyelitis, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1562, 1974. 42. Cusick PK, Sells DM, Hamilton DP, et al: Toxoplasmosis in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:77, 1974. 43. Dubey JP, Davis GW, Koestner A, et al: Equine encephalomyelitis due to a protozoan parasite resembling Toxoplasma gondii, J Am Vet Med Assoc 154:249, 1974.

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44. Rooney JR, Prickett ME, Delaney FM, et al: Focal myelitis-encephalitis in horses, Cornell Vet 50:494, 1970. 45. Saville WJA, Reed SM, Granstrom DE, et al: Seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses residing in Ohio, J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:519, 1997. 46. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Saville WJA, et al: A review of Sarcocystis neurona and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), Vet Parasitol 95:89, 2001. 47. Daft BM, Barr BC, Collins N, et al: Neospora encephalomyelitis and polyradiculoneuritis in an aged mare with Cushings disease, Equine Vet J 28:240, 1996. 48. Marsh AE, Barr BC, Madigan J, et al: Neosporosis as a cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1907, 1996. 49. Marsh AE, Barr BC, Packham AE, et al: Description of a new Neospora species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), J Parasitol 84:983, 1998. 50. Hamir AN, Tornquist SJ, Gerros TC, et al: Neospora caninum associated equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Vet Parasitol 79:269, 1998. 51. Reed SM: Diagnosing equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22(Suppl 7A):1, 2000. 52. Toribio RE, Bain FT, Mrad DR, et al: Congenital defects in newborn foals of mares treated for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis during pregnancy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:697, 1998. 53. Lindsay DS, Dubey JP: Determination of the activity of diclazuril against Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula in cell cultures, J Parasitol 86:164, 2000. 54. Granstrom DE, McCrillis S, Wulff-Strobel C, et al: Diclazuril and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:13, 1997. 55. Furr M, Kennedy T: Cerebrospinal fluid and blood levels of toltrazuril 5% suspension (Baycox) in the horse following oral dosing, Vet Ther 1:125, 1999. 56. Lindsay DS, Dubey JP, Kennedy TJ: Determination of the activity of ponazuril against Sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures, Vet Parasitol 92:165, 2000. 57. Vatistas N, Fenger C, Palma K, et al: Initial experiences with the use of nitazoxanide in the treatment of equine protozoal encephalitis in northern California, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:18, 1999. 58. McClure SR, Palma KG: Treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis with nitazoxanide, J Equine Vet Sci 19:639, 1999. 59. Cutler TJ, MacKay RJ, Ginn PE, et al: Immunoconversion against Sarcocystis neurona in normal and dexamethasonetreated horses challenged with S. neurona sporocysts, Vet Parasitol 95:197, 2001. 60. Saville WJA, Stich RW, Reed SM, et al: Utilization of stress in the development of an equine model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Vet Parasitol 95:211, 2001. 61. Rooney JR: Clinical neurology of the horse, Kennett Square, Pa, 1971, KNA Press. 62. Nixon AJ: Cervical vertebral malformation and malarticulation. In Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merritt AM, et al, eds: Equine

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medicine and surgery, ed 5, St Louis, 1999, Mosby. 63. Donawick WJ, Mayhew IG, Galligan DT, et al: Early diagnosis of cervical vertebral malformation in young Thoroughbred horses and successful treatment with restricted paced diet and confinement, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:525, 1989. 64. Moore BR, Reed SM, Robertson JT: Surgical treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy in horses: 73 cases (1983-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:108, 1993. 65. Wagner PC, Grant BD, Bagby GW, et al: Evaluation of cervical spinal fusion as a treatment in the equine wobbler syndrome, Vet Surg 8:84, 1979. 66. Mayhew IG, Grown CM, Stowe HD, et al: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial, J Vet Intern Med 1:45, 1987. 67. Blythe LL, Craig AM: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. I. Clinical signs and pathogenesis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:1215, 1922. 68. Beech J, Haskins M: Genetic studies of neuroaxonal dystrophy in the Morgan, Am J Vet Res 48:109, 1987. 69. Blythe LL: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: genetics and treatment. Proceedings of the International Equine Neurology Conference, Ithaca, NY, 1997. 70. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF: Equine motor neuron disease, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:97, 1997. 71. Divers TJ, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al: Equine motor neuron disease: findings in 28 horses and proposal of a pathophysiological mechanism for the disease, Equine Vet J 26:409, 1994. 72. Riis RC, Jackson C, Rebhun W: Ocular manifestations of equine motor neuron disease, Equine Vet J 31:99, 1999. 73. De la Ra-Domnech R, Mohammed HO, Cummings JF, et al: Association between plasma vitamin E concentration and the risk of equine motor neuron disease, Vet J 154:203, 1997. 74. Divers TJ, Valentine BA, Jackson CA, et al: Simple and practical muscle biopsy test for equine motor neuron disease, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:180, 1996. 75. Hillyer MH, Innes JF, Patteson MW, et al: Diskospondylitis in an adult horse, Vet Rec 139:519, 1996. 76. Dyson S: The differential diagnosis of shoulder lameness in the horse, RCVS Fellowship Thesis, London, 1986, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. 77. Henry RW: Gait alteration in the equine pectoral limb produced by neurectomies, masters thesis, Stillwater, Okla, 1976, Oklahoma State University. 78. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2001. 79. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, Mackay RJ: Diseases of the peripheral (spinal) nerves. In Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merritt AM, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St Louis, 1999, Mosby. 80. Cauvin E, Munroe GA, Mitsopoulos A: Peripheral neuropathy involving brachial plexus nerves in 2 horses, Equine Vet Educ 5:90, 1993. 81. Mayhew IG: Large animal neurology: a handbook for veterinary clinicians, Philadelphia, 1989, Lea & Febiger. 82. Ross MW: Personal communication, 2001.

CHAPTER 13 Assessment of Acute-Onset, Severe Lameness

1. Campbell N: Application of a Robert Jones bandage. In Dyson S, ed: A guide to the management of emergencies at equine competitions, Newmarket, UK, 1996, Equine Veterinary Journal. 2. Walmsley J: Management of a suspected fracture. In Dyson S, ed: A guide to the management of emergencies at equine competitions, Newmarket, UK, 1996, Equine Veterinary Journal. 3. Ellis D: Transporting an injured horse. In Dyson S, ed: A guide to the management of emergencies at equine competitions, Newmarket, UK, 1996, Equine Veterinary Journal.

CHAPTER 12 Unexplained Lameness

1. Pilsworth R: Personal communication 2007. 2. Dyson S: Problems associated with the interpretation of the results of regional and intra-articular anaesthesia in the horse, Vet Rec 118:419, 1986. 3. Ricardi G, Dyson S: Forelimb lameness associated with radiographic abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae, Equine Vet J 25:422, 1993. 4. Weller R, Cauvin E, Bowen I, et al: Comparison of radiography, scintigraphy and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a case of temporomandibular joint arthropathy in a horse, Vet Rec 144:377, 1999. 5. Weller R, Taylor S, Maierl J, et al: Ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint, Equine Vet J 31:529, 1999. 6. Ramzan P, Marr C, Meehan J, et al: A novel oblique radiographic projection of the equine temporomandibular joint, Vet Rec 162:714, 2008. 7. Nollet H, Vanderstraeten G, Sustronck B, et al: Suspected case of stiff-horse syndrome, Vet Rec 146:282, 2000. 8. Mayhew I: Personal communication, 2000. 9. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 1988-2002. 10. Divers T, Mohammed H, Cummings J, et al: Equine motor neuron disease: findings in twenty-eight horses and proposal of a pathophysiological mechanism for the disease, Equine Vet J 26:409, 1994. 11. Clegg P: Lyme disease, Proc Br Equine Vet Assoc Congr 39:155, 2000. 12. Lindenmayer J, Weber M, Onderdonk A: Borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1384, 1989. 13. McDonnell SM: Estrous cyclerelated performance problems. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 6, St Louis, 2009, Elsevier. 14. Cox JH, DeBowes RM: Colic-like discomfort associated with ovulation in two mares, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1451, 1987. 15. Mansmann RA: Hormonal influence on performance in the mare. In Santa Barbara Equine Practice Newsletter, Santa Barbara, Calif, 1991. 16. Marien T: Standing laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in stallions using cylindrical polypropylene mesh prosthesis, Equine Vet J 33:91, 2001.

CHAPTER 14 The Swollen Limb

1. Adam E, Southwodd L: Primary and secondary limb cellulitis in horses: 44 cases (2000-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1696, 2007. 2. Fjordbakk L, Arroyo L, Hewson J: Retrospective study of the clinical features of limb cellulitis in 63 horses, Vet Rec 162:233, 2008. 3. Markel M, Wheat J, Jang S: Cellulitis associated with coagulase-positive staphylococci in racehorses: nine cases (19751984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1600, 1986.

CHAPTER 15 Radiography and Radiology

1. Weaver J, Stover S, OBrien Y: Radiographic anatomy of soft tissue attachments in the equine metacarpophalangeal and proximal phalangeal region, Equine Vet J 24:310, 1992. 2. Maulet B, Mayhew I, Jones E, et al: Radiographic anatomy of the soft tissue attachments of the stifle, Equine Vet J 37:530, 2005. 3. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 4. Smallwood J, Shiveley M, Rendano V, et al: A standard nomenclature for radiographic projections used in veterinary medicine, Vet Radiol 26:2, 1985.

CHAPTER 16 Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Equine Limb: Technique

1. Rantanen NW: The use of diagnostic ultrasound in limb disorders of the horse: a preliminary report, J Equine Vet Sci 12:62, 1982. 2. Genovese RL, Rantanen NW, Hauser ML, et al: Diagnostic ultrasonography of equine limbs, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2:145, 1986. 3. Genovese RL, Rantanen NW, Simpson BS: The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of injuries to the equine limb, Compend Contin Educ Vet Pract 9:945, 1987.


4. Hausen ML: Ultrasonographic appearance and correlative anatomy of the soft tissues of the distal extremities in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2:127, 1986. 5. Sande RD, Tucker RL, Johnsten GR: Diagnostic ultrasound: applications in the equine limb. In Rantanen NW, McKinnon AO, eds: Equine diagnostic ultraso nography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 6. Genovese RL, Rantanen NW: The superficial digital flexor tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon, carpal sheath, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (inferior check ligament). In Rantanen NW, McKinnon AO, eds: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 7. Reef VB: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 8. Denoix JM: Ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis of joint disease. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 9. Powis RL: Ultrasound physics for the fun of it, Denver, 1978, Technicare. 10. Powis RL, Powis WJ: A thinkers guide to ultrasonic imaging, Baltimore, 1984, Urban and Schwarzenberg. 11. Reef VB: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 12. Wrigley R: Ultrasound artifacts. In Rantanen NW, McKinnon AO, eds: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 13. Pennick DG: Imaging artifacts. In Nyland TG, Mattoon JS, eds: Veterinary diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders. 14. Kirberger RM: Imaging artifacts in diagnostic ultrasound: a review, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 36:297, 1995. 15. Craychee TJ: Ultrasonographic evaluation of equine musculoskeletal injury. In Nyland TG, Mattoon JS, eds: Veterinary diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders. 16. Reef VB, Genovese RL, Davis WM: Initial long-term results of horses with super ficial digital flexor tendonitis treated with intralesional -aminoproprionitrile fumarate, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:301, 1997. 17. Genovese RL, Jorgensen JS: Unpublished data, 2002. 18. Hills AC: Comparative ultrasonic study of normal tendinous and ligamentous structures of the palmar metacarpus of Standardbred and Thoroughbred horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:272, 1996. 19. Wright I, McMahon PJ: Tenosynovitis associated with longitudinal tears in the digital flexor tendons in horses: a report of 20 cases, Equine Vet J 31:12, 1999. 20. Denoix JM: The equine distal limb: atlas of clinical anatomy and comparative imaging, London, 2000, Manson. 21. Genovese RL, Longo KL, Berthold B, et al: Quantitative sonographic assessment in the clinical management of superficial digital flexor injuries in thoroughbred racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:285, 1997. 22. Redding WR: Use of ultrasonography in the evaluation of joint disease in horses. Part 1. Indications, technique and examination of the soft tissues, Equine Vet Educ 3:250, 2001. 23. Genovese RL, Jorgensen JS: Clinical use of -aminopropionitrile-fumarate (Bapten) in superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in racehorses (Session 358), Proc Ohio Vet Med Assoc 1998.

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CHAPTER 18 Ultrasonography and Orthopedic (Nonarticular) Disease

1. Reef VB: Musculoskeletal ultrasono graphy. In Reef VB, ed: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 2. Smith RK, Dyson SJ, Head MJ, Butson RJ: Ultrasonography of the equine triceps muscle before and after general anaesthesia and in post anaesthetic myopathy, Equine Vet J 28:311, 1996. 3. Jesty SA, Palmer JE, Parente EJ, et al: Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle in six foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1965, 2005. 4. Dik KJ: Ultrasonography of the equine crus, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:28, 1993. 5. Dabareiner RM, Schmitz DG, Honnas CM, Carter GK: Gracilis muscle injury as a cause of lameness in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1630, 2004. 6. Swor TM, Schneider RK, Ross MW, et al: Injury to the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle as a possible cause of lameness in four horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:215, 2001. 7. Pickersgill CH, Kriz N, Malikides N: Surgical treatment of semitendinosus fibrotic myopathy in an endurance horsemanagement, complications and outcome, Equine Vet Educ 12:320, 2000. 8. Clegg PD, Coumbe A: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: an unusual cause of lameness in a pony, Equine Vet J 25:547, 1993. 9. Alexander K, Dobson H: Ultrasonography of peripheral nerves in the normal adult horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:456, 2003. 10. Reef VB: Ultrasonography of small parts. In Reef VB, ed: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 11. Reef VB: Sonography. In White NA, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, Philadelphia, 1998, Lippincott. 12. Vatistas NJ, Meagher DM, Gillis CL, Neves JW: Gunshot injuries in horses: 22 cases (1971-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1198, 1995. 13. Engelbert TA, Tate LP Jr: Penetrating lingual foreign bodies in three horses, Cornell Vet 83:31, 1993. 14. Adams R, Nixon A, Hager D: Use of intraoperative ultrasonography to identify a cervical foreign body. A case report, Vet Surg 16:384, 1987. 15. French DA, Pharr JW, Fretz PB: Removal of a retropharyngeal foreign body in a horse, with the aid of ultrasonography during surgery, J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1315, 1989. 16. Kiper ML, Wrigley R, Traub-Dargatz J, Bennett D: Metallic foreign bodies in the mouth or pharynx of horses: seven cases (1983-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:91, 1992. 17. Solano M, Penninck D: Ultrasonography of the canine, feline and equine tongue: normal findings and case history reports, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:206, 1996. 18. Reef VB, Reimer J, Reid CF: Ultrasonographic findings in horses with osteomyelitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:381, 1991. 19. Shah ZD, Crass JR, Oravec DC, Bellon EM: Ultrasonographic detection of foreign bodies in soft tissues using turkey muscle

CHAPTER 17 Ultrasonographic Examination of Joints

1. Denoix J-M: Ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis of joint disease. In McIlwraith W, Trotter G, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 2. Denoix J-M, Busoni V: Ultrasonography of joints and synovia. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 3. Denoix J-M: Ultrasound examination of joints and miscellaneous tendons. In Rantanen N, McKinnon A, eds: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 4. Denoix J-M: The equine distal limb: an atlas of clinical anatomy and comparative imaging, London, 2000, Manson. 5. Denoix J-M, Jacot S, Perrot P, et al: Ultrasonographic anatomy of the dorsal and abaxial aspect of the equine fetlock, Equine Vet J 28:54, 1996. 6. Reef VB: Joint ultrasonography. Clin Tech Equine Pract 3:256, 2004. 7. Vanderperren K, Martens A, Declerq J, et al: Comparison of ultrasonography versus radiography for the diagnosis of dorsal fragmentation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:70, 2009. 8. Dyson SJ: Normal ultrasonographic anatomy and injury of the patellar ligaments in the horse, Equine Vet J 34:258, 2002. 9. Bourzac, C, Alexander K, Rossier Y, et al: Comparison of radiography and ultra sonography for the diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans in the equine femoropatellar joint, Equine Vet J 41:686, 2009. 10. Koneberg D, Edinger J: Three-dimensional ultrasonographic in vitro imaging of lesions of the meniscus and femoral trochlea in the equine stifle, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:350, 2007. 11. Cauvin EJR, Munroe GA, Boyd JS, et al: Ultrasonographic examination of the femorotibial articulation in horses: imaging of the cranial and caudal aspects, Equine Vet J 28:285, 1996. 12. Coudry V, Denoix J-M: Ultrasonography of the femorotibial collateral ligaments of the horse, Equine Vet Educ 17:275, 2005. 13. Hoegaerts M, Nicaise M, van Bree H, et al: Cross-sectional anatomy and comparative ultrasonography of the equine medial femorotibial joint and its related structures, Equine Vet J 37:520, 2005. 14. Whitcomb M: Ultrasonography of the equine tarsus, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:13, 2006.

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9. Dyson S, Murray R: Use of concurrent scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of injury of the podotrochlear apparatus, Equine Vet J 39:365, 2007. 10. Chambers MD, Martinelli MJ, Baker GJ, et al: Nuclear medicine for diagnosis of lameness in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:792, 1995. 11. Sela J, Shani J, Kohavi D, et al: Uptake and biodistribution of 99mTechnetium methylene-[32P] diphosphonate during endosteal healing around titanium, stainless steel and hydroxyapatite implants in rat tibial bone, Biomaterials 16:1373, 1995. 12. Kanishi D: 99mTc-MDP accumulation mechanisms in bone, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 75:239, 1993. 13. Shani J, Amir D, Soskolne WA, et al: Correlations between uptake of technetium, calcium, phosphate, and mineralization in rat tibial bone repair, J Nucl Med 31:2011, 1990. 14. Castronovo FP, Strauss HW: Dual tracer resorption and opposition in a rat fracture model, Nucl Med Biol 15:181, 1988. 15. Schwartz Z, Shani J, Soskolne WA, et al: Uptake and biodistribution of technetium-99m-MD32P during rat tibial bone repair, J Nucl Med 34:104, 1993. 16. Okamoto Y: Accumulation of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate: conditions affecting adsorption to hydro xyapatite, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 80:115, 1995. 17. Kawano M, Taki J, Tsuchiya H, et al: Predicting the outcome of distraction osteogenesis by 3-phase bone scintigraphy, J Nuc Med 44:369, 2003. 18. Dore F, Filippi L, Biasotto M, et al: Bone scintigraphy and SPECT/CT of bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw, J Nuc Med 50:30, 2009. 19. Chisin R, Gazit D, Ulmansky M, et al: 99m Tc-MDP uptake and histological changes during rate bone marrow regeneration, Nucl Med Biol 15:469, 1988. 20. Savelkoul TJF, Visser WJ, Oldenburg SJ, Duursma SA: A micro-autoradiographical study of the localization of 99mTc(Sn)MDP and 99mTc-MDP in undecalcified bone sections, Eur J Nucl Med 11:459, 1986. 21. Stokkel MP, Valds-Olmos RA, Hoefnagel CA, et al: Tumor and therapy associated abnormal changes on bone scintigraphy: old and new phenomena, Clin Nucl Med 18:821, 1993. 22. Cheng KT, Shaw SM, Pinkerton TC, et al: A Walker 256 tumor-induced osteogenic small animal model for the evaluation of [99mTc] diphosphonate radiopharmaceuticals, Int J Nucl Med Biol 12:197, 1985. 23. Stover SM, Johnson BJ, Daft BM, et al: An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses, Equine Vet J 24:260, 1992. 24. Johnson B, Ardans A, Stover SM, et al: California racehorse postmortem pro gram: a 4-year overview, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:167, 1994. 25. Stover SM, Read DH, Johnson BJ, et al: Lateral condylar fracture histomorphology in racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:173, 1994. 26. Mattson SE, Pearce SG, Bour LP, et al: Comparison of intraosseous and intra venous infusion of technetium 99mTc pertechnetate in the distal portion of forelimbs in standing horses by use of scintigraphic imaging, Am J Vet Res 66:1267, 2005. 27. de Cock HE, Affolter VK, Wisner ER, et al: Lymphoscintigraphy of draught horses with chronic progressive lymphoedema, Equine Vet J 38:148, 2006. 28. Kleine LG, Solano M, Rusckowski M, et al: Evaluation of technetium Tc99mlabeled biotin for scintigraphic detection of soft tissue inflammation in horses, Am J Vet Res 69:639, 2008. 29. Long CD, Galuppo LD, Waters NK, Hornof WJ: Scintigraphic detection of equine orthopedic infection using TcHMPAO labeled leukocytes in 14 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:354, 2000. 30. Alexander K, Drost WT, Mattoon JS, et al: Binding of ciprofloxacin labelled with technetium Tc 99m versus 99mTcpertechnetate to a live and killed equine isolate of Escherichia coli, Can J Vet Res 69:272, 2005. 31. Attenburrow DP, Bowring CS, Vennart W: Radioisotope bone scanning in horses, Equine Vet J 16:121, 1984. 32. Pilsworth RC: Establishing a probe point counting scintigraphy system in practice, Equine Vet Educ 8:41, 1996. 33. Ross MW, Maxson AD, Stacy VS, Buchanan KB: First-pass radionuclide angiography in the diagnosis of aortoiliac thromboembolism in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:226, 1997. 34. Bramlage LR: Personal communication, 1998. 35. Boswell R: Personal communication, 1996. 36. Seeherman HJ: Personal communication, 1992. 37. Dyson SJ, Lakhani K, Wood J: Factors influencing blood flow in the equine digit and their effect on uptake of 99m technetium methylene diphosphonat e into bone, Equine Vet J 33:591, 2001. 38. Solano M, Welcome J, Johnson K: Effects of acepromazine on three-phase 99mTcMDP bone imaging in 11 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:437, 2005. 39. Gatherer ME, Faulkner J, Vote LC: Exposure of veterinary personnel to ionising radiation during bone scanning of horses by nuclear scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate, Vet Rec 16:160, 2007. 40. Steyn PF, Uhrig J: The role of protective lead clothing in reducing radiation exposure rates to personnel during equine bone scintigraphy, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:529, 2005. 41. Dyson SJ, Weekes JS, Murray RC: Scintigraphic evaluation of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions of horses with proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:78, 2007. 42. Dyson S, Murray R, Branch M, et al: The sacroiliac joints: evaluation using nuclear scintigraphy. Part 1: The normal horse, Equine Vet J 35:226, 2003. 43. Dyson S, Murray R, Branch M, et al: The sacroiliac joints: evaluation using nuclear scintigraphy. Part 2: Lame horses, Equine Vet J 35:233, 2003.

as a model, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 33:94, 1992. 20. Cartee RE, Rumph PF: Ultrasonographic detection of fistulous tracts and foreign objects in muscles of horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1127, 1984. 21. Rose PL, Penninck D: Use of intraoperative ultrasonography in six horses, Vet Surg 24:396, 1995. 22. Pusterla N, Latson KM, Wilson WD, Whitcomb MB: Metallic foreign bodies in the tongues of 16 horses, Vet Rec 159:485, 2006. 23. Dik KJ: Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of equine lameness, Vet Annu 30:162, 1990. 24. Pilsworth RC, Shepherd MC, Herinckx BM, Holmes MA: Fracture of the wing of the ilium, adjacent to the sacroiliac joint, in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 26:94, 1994. 25. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC: The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic fractures, Equine Vet Educ 6:223, 1994. 26. Dik KJ: Ultrasonography of the equine tarsus, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:36, 1993. 27. Dik KJ: Ultrasonography of the equine stifle, Equine Vet Educ 7:154, 1995. 28. Denoix J: Ultrasonography of equine joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:366, 2001. 29. Enzerink E, Dik KJ: Palmar/plantar annular ligament insertion injury: a report of four cases, Equine Vet Educ 13:75, 2001. 30. Santschi EM, Adams SB, Fessler JF, Widmer WR: Treatment of bacterial tarsal tenosynovitis and osteitis of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus in five horses, Equine Vet J 29:244, 1997. 31. Bassage LH 2nd, Garcia-Lopez J, Currid EM: Osteolytic lesions of the tuber calcanei in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:710, 2000.

CHAPTER 19 Nuclear Medicine

1. Ueltschi G: Bone and joint imaging with 99m Tc labeled phosphates as a new diagnostic aid in veterinary orthopedics, J Am Vet Radiol Soc 21:86, 1977. 2. Twardock AR: A personal history of veterinary nuclear medicine, Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 6:103, 1991. 3. Devous MD, Twardock AR: Techniques and applications of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of equine lameness, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:318, 1984. 4. Seeherman HJ, Morris E, OCallaghan MW: Comprehensive clinical evaluation of performance. In Auer JA, ed: Equine surgery, Philadelphia, 1992, Saunders. 5. Lamb CR, Koblik P: Scintigraphic evaluation of skeletal disease and its application to the horse, Vet Radiol 29:16, 1988. 6. Dyson SJ, Pilsworth RC, Twardock AR, Martinelli MJ, eds: Equine scintigraphy, Newmarket, 2003, Equine Veterinary Journal. 7. Scheidegger E, Geissbhlerl U, Doherr MG, Lang J: Technetium-99m-HDP uptake characteristics in equine fractures: a retrospective study, Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 148:569, 2006. 8. Dyson S, Murray R: Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J 39:350, 2007.


44. Gorgas D, Luder P, Lang J, et al: Scintigraphic and radiographic appearance of the sacroiliac region in horses with gait abnormalities or poor performance, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:208, 2009. 45. Weekes JS, Murray RC, Dyson SJ: Scintigraphic evaluation of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in clinically sound horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:85, 2004. 46. White J, Busschers E, Ross MW: Clinical and scintigraphic findings in the fetlock joint of Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J (in preparation for submission). 47. Levine DG, Ross BM, Ross MW, et al: Decreased radiopharmaceutical uptake (photopenia) in delayed phase scintigraphic images in three horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:467, 2007. 48. Uhlhorn H, Eksell P, Carlsten J: Scintigraphic characterization of distal radial physeal closure in young Standardbred racehorses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:181, 2000. 49. Metcalf MR, Forrest LJ, Sellett LC: Scintigraphic pattern of 99mTc-MDP uptake in exercise induced proximal phalangeal trauma in horses, Vet Radiol 31:17, 1990. 50. Ehrich PJ, Seeherman HJ, OCallaghan MW, et al: Results of bone scintigraphy in horses used for show jumping, hunting, or eventing: 141 cases (19881994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1460, 1998. 51. Bailey RE, Dyson SJ, Parkin TD: Focal increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the dorsoproximal diaphyseal region of the equine proximal phalanx, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:460, 2007. 52. Walsh DM, Royal HD: Evaluation of a single injection of 99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for measuring glomerular filtration rate in horses, Am J Vet Res 53:776, 1992. 53. Campeau RJ, Bellah RD, Varma DGK: Pathologic fractures in a patient with renal osteodystrophy: failure of early detection on bone scans, Clin Nucl Med 12:510, 1987. 54. Trout DR, Hornof WJ, Liskey CC, Fisher PE: The effects of regional perineural anesthesia on soft tissue and bone phase scintigraphy in the horse, Vet Radiol 32:140, 1991. 55. Ruohoniemi M, Mkel O, Eskonen T: Clinical significance of ossification of the cartilages of the front feet based on nuclear bone scintigraphy, radiography and lameness examinations in 21 Finnhorses, Equine Vet J 36:143, 2004. 56. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Scintigraphic examination of the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet J 39:250, 2007. 57. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx, Equine Vet J 40:57, 2008. 58. Pool RR, Meagher DM: Pathologic findings and pathogenesis of racetrack injuries, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:1, 1990. 59. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the Standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 60. Ross MW: Observations in horses with lameness abolished by palmar digital analgesia, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:230, 1998. 61. Rabuffo T, Ross MW: Unpublished data, 2001. 62. Lanyon LE: Functional strain as a determinate for bone remodeling, Calcif Tissue Int 36:S56, 1984. 63. Lanyon LE: Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodeling, J Biomech 20:1083, 1987. 64. Biewener AA: Biomechanics of mammalian terrestrial locomotion, Science 250: 1097, 1990. 65. Erlich PJ, Dohoo IR, OCallaghan MW: Results of bone scintigraphy in racing Standardbred horses: 64 cases (19921994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:982, 1999. 66. Erichsen C, Eksell P, Holm KR, et al: Relationship between scintigraphic and radiographic evaluations of spinous processes in the thoracolumbar spine in riding horses without clinical signs of back problems, Equine Vet J 36:458, 2004. 67. Gillen A, Dyson S, Murray R: Nuclear scintigraphic assessment of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations, Equine Vet J 41:534, 2009. 68. Meehan L, Dyson S, Murray R: Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of spondylosis in the equine thoracolumbar spine, Equine Vet J 41:800, 2009. 69. Dahlberg J, Ross MW: Clinical relevance of abnormal scintigraphic findings in adult equine ribs: 20 horses (1996-2008), Vet Radiol Ultrasound (submitted for publication). 70. Anderson JDC, Galuppo LD, Barr BC, et al: Clinical and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder: 16 cases (1980-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1694, 2008. 71. Durham MG, Armstrong CM: Fractures and bone deformities in 18 horses with silicosis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:1, 2006. 72. Davenport CLM, Ross MW: Scintigraphic abnormalities of the pelvic region in horses examined because of lameness or poor performance, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:88, 2004. 73. Morris E, Seeherman HJ, OCallaghan MW, et al: Scintigraphic identification of skeletal muscle damage in horses 24 hours after strenuous exercise, Equine Vet J 23:347, 1991.

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5. Sharma P, Maffulli N: Tendon injury and tendinopathy: healing and repair, J Bone Joint Surg 87:187, 2005. 6. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 264 horses with foot pain: the podotrochlear apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:340, 2007. 7. Puchalski SM, Schultz RM, Wisner ER: Unpublished data, University of California, Davis, 2008. 8. Widmer WR, Buckwalter KA, Fessler JF, et al: Use of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of navicular syndrome in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:108, 2000. 9. Whitton RC, Buckley C, Donovan T, et al: The diagnosis of lameness associated with distal limb pathology in a horse: a comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, Vet J 155:223, 1998. 10. Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD, Drew CP, et al: Angiogenesis in equine deep digital flexor tendonopathy identified by contrast enhanced computed tomography, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:292, 2009. 11. van Hamel S, Puchalski SM, Bergman HJ, et al: Contrast enhanced computed tomographic evaluation of deep digital flexor tendon compared to macroscopic and histologic findings in 29 limbs, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2008, Department of Equine Sciences, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University. 12. Bergman HJ, Puchalski SM, van der Veen H, et al: Computed tomography and CT arthrography of the equine stifle: technique and preliminary results in 16 clinical cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:46, 2007. 13. Kruger E, Puchalski S, Pollard RE, et al: Measurement of equine laminar blood flow and permeability by dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography, Am J Vet Res 69:371, 2008.

CHAPTER 21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1. Murray R, Mair T: Use of magnetic resonance imaging in lameness diagnosis in the horse, In Practice 27:138, 2005. 2. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007. 3. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine fetlock, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:62, 2007. 4. Murray R: The equine carpus, Clin Tech Equine Pract 20:390, 2007. 5. Branch M, Murray R, Dyson S, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine tarsus, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:96, 2007. 6. Judy C, Saveraid T, Rick M, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine stifle in a clinical setting. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons Surgical Summit, Washington, September 2007. 7. Murray R, Dyson S: Image interpretation and artifacts, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:16, 2007. 8. Busoni V, Snaps F, Trenteseaux J, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the

CHAPTER 20 Computed Tomography

1. Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, Boone JM: Computed tomography: the essential physics of medical imaging, ed 2, Philadelphia, 2002, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2. Lo WY, Puchalski SM: Digital image processing, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:S42, 2008. 3. Puchalski SM, Snyder JR, Hornof WJ, et al: Contrast enhanced computed tomo graphy of the equine distal extremity, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:389, 2005. 4. Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD, Hornof WJ, Wisner ER: Intraarterial contrastenhanced computed tomography of the equine distal extremity, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:21, 2007.

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acceleration at the walk, trot, and canter in horses, Am J Vet Res 61:979, 2000. 15. Weishaupt MA, Hogg HP, Wiestner, et al: Instrumented treadmill for measuring vertical ground reaction forces in horses, Am J Vet Res 63:520, 2002. 16. Weishaupt MA, Wiestner T, Hogg HP, et al: Vertical ground reaction force-time histories of sound Warmblood horses trotting on a treadmill, Vet J 168:304311, 2004. 17. Weishaupt MA, Wiestner T, Hogg HP, et al: Compensatory load redistribution of horses with induced weightbearing hindlimb lameness trotting on a treadmill, Equine Vet J 36:727, 2004. 18. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC: Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness. I: Lameness model and quantification of ground reaction force patterns of the limbs, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:99, 1988. 19. Keg PR, Barneveld A, Schamhardt HC, et al: Clinical and force plate evaluation of the effect of a high plantar nerve block in lameness caused by induced midmetatarsal tendinitis, Vet Q Suppl 16:S70, 1994. 20. Hu HH, MacAllister CG, Payton ME, et al: Evaluation of the analgesic effects of phenylbutazone administered at a high and low dosage in horses with chronic lameness, Am J Vet Res 226:414, 2005. 21. Symonds KD, MacAllister CG, Erkert RS, et al: Use of force plate analysis to assess the analgesic effects of etodolac in horses with navicular syndrome, Am J Vet Res 67:557, 2006. 22. Back W, MacAllister CG, van Heel MCV, et al: Vertical frontlimb ground reaction forces of sound and lame warmbloods differ from those in quarter horses, J Equine Vet Sci 27:123, 2007. 23. Dow SM, Leendertz JA, Silver IA, et al: Identification of subclinical tendon injury from ground reaction force analysis, Equine Vet J 23:266, 1991. 24. Ishihara A, Bertone AL, Rajaala-Schultz PJ: Association between subjective lameness grade and kinetic gait parameters in horses with experimentally induced forelimb lameness, Am J Vet Res 66:1815, 2005. 25. Keegan KG, Wilson DJ, Wilson DA, et al: Effects of anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves on kinematic gait analysis in horses with and without navicular disease, Am J Vet Res 58:218, 1997. 26. Keegan KG, Wilson DJ, Wilson DA, et al: Effects of balancing and shoeing of the forelimb feet on kinematic gait analysis in 5 horses with navicular disease, J Equine Vet Sci 18:522, 1998. 27. Keegan KG, Wilson DA, Smith BK, et al: Changes in kinematic variables seen with lameness induced by applying pressure to the frog and to the toe in adult horses trotting on a treadmill, Am J Vet Res 61:612, 2000. 28. Kramer J, Keegan KG, Wilson DA, et al: Kinematics of the equine hindlimb in trotting horses after induced distal tarsal lameness and distal tarsal anesthesia, Am J Vet Res 61:1031, 2000. 29. Keegan KG, Pai PF, Wilson DA, et al: A curve-fitting technique for evaluating head movement to measure forelimb lameness in horses, Biomed Sci Instrum 36:239, 2000. 30. Keegan KG, Yonezawa Y, Pai PF, et al: Telemeterized accelerometer-based system for the detection of lameness in horses, Biomed Sci Instrum 38:112, 2002. 31. Keegan KG, Arafat S, Skubic M, et al: Determination and differentiation (right vs left) of equine forelimb lameness using continuous wavelet transformation and neural network classification of kinematic data, Am J Vet Res 64:1376, 2003. 32. Keegan KG, Yonezawa Y, Pai PF, et al: Sensor based system of equine motion analysis for the detection and quantification of forelimb and hindlimb lameness in horses, Am J Vet Res 65:665, 2004. 33. Kramer J, Keegan KG, Kelmer G, et al: Objective determination of pelvic movement during hindlimb lameness using a signal decomposition method and pelvic height differences, Am J Vet Res 65:741, 2004. 34. Kramer J, Keegan KG: Kinematics of lameness. In Equine sports medicine and surgery: basic and clinical sciences of the equine athlete, St. Louis, 2004, Saunders, pp. 231-246, 55. 35. Kelmer G, Keegan KG, Kramer J, et al: Computer-assisted kinematic evaluation of induced compensatory lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill, Am J Vet Res 66:646, 2005. 36. DePuy T, Howard R, Keegan KG, et al: Effects of intra-articular botulinum toxin type A in an equine model of acute synovitis: a pilot study, Am J Phys Med Rehab 86:777, 2007. 37. Keegan KG: Evidence-based lameness detection and quantification, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:403, 2007. 38. Keegan KG, Messer NT, Reed SK, et al: Effectiveness of combined phenylbutazone (PBZ) and flunixin meglumine (FM) administration to alleviate lameness in horses, Am J Vet Res 69:167, 2008. 39. May SA, Wyn-Jones G: Identification of hindleg lameness, Equine Vet J 19:185, 1987. 40. Kobluk CN, Schnurr D, Horney FD, et al: Use of high speed cinematography and computer generated gait diagrams for the study of equine hindlimb kinematics, Equine Vet J 21:48, 1989. 41. Back W: Kinematic gait analysis in equine carpal lameness, Acta Anat 146:86, 1993. 42. Buchner F, Kastner J, Girtler D, et al: Quantification of hind limb lameness in the horse, Acta Anat 146:196, 1993. 43. Peloso JG, Stick JA, Soutas Little RW, et al: Computer-assisted three-dimensional gait analysis of amphotericin-induced carpal lameness in equids, Am J Vet Res 54:535, 1993. 44. Clayton HM, Bradbury JW: Temporal characteristics of the foxtrot: a symmetrical equine gait, Appl Anim Behav Sci 42:153, 1995. 45. Kasper CA, Clayton HM, Wright AK, et al: The effect of high doses of oxytetracycline on metacarpophalangeal joint kinematics in neonatal foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:71, 1995. 46. Peham C, Scheidl M, Licka T: A method of signal processing in motion analysis of the trotting horse, J Biomech 29:111, 1995.

palmar aspect of the equine podotrochlear apparatus: normal appearance, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:198, 2004. 9. Smith M, Dyson S, Murray R: Is a magic angle effect observed in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint or the oblique sesamoidean ligaments during standing low field magnetic resonance imaging? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:509, 2008.

CHAPTER 22 Gait Analysis for the Quantification of Lameness

1. Keegan KG, Wilson DA, Wilson DJ, et al: Evaluation of mild lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill by clinicians and interns or residents and correlation of their assessments with kinematic gait analysis, Am J Vet Res 59:1370, 1998. 2. Hewetson M, Christley RM, Hunt ID, et al: Investigations of the reliability of observational gait analysis for the assessment of lameness in horses, Vet Rec 158:852, 2006. 3. Fuller CJ, Bladon BM, Driver AJ, et al: The intra- and inter-assessor reliability of measurement of functional outcome by lameness scoring in horses, Vet J 171:281, 2006. 4. Arkell M, Archer RM, Guitian FJ, et al: Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses, Vet Rec 159:346, 2006. 5. Sweet AL: Temporal discrimination by the human eye, Am J Psychol 66:185, 1953. 6. Nsnen R, Ojanp H, Tanskanen T, et al: Estimation of temporal resolution of object identification in human vision, Exp Brain Res 172:464, 2006. 7. Keegan KG, Pai PF, Wilson DA, et al: Signal decomposition method of evaluating head movement to measure induced forelimb lameness in horses trotting on a treadmill, Equine Vet J 33:446, 2001. 8. Winter DA: Camera speeds for normal and pathological gait analyses, Med Biol Eng Comput 20:4, 1982. 9. Judy CE, Galuppo LD, Snyder JR, et al: Evaluation of an in-shoe pressure measurement system in horses, Am J Vet Res 62:23; 2001. 10. Perino VV, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, et al: The accuracy and precision of an equine in-shoe pressure measurement system as a tool for gait analysis, J Equine Vet Sci 27:161, 2007. 11. Roepstorff L, Drevemo S: Concept of a force-measuring horseshoe, Acta Anat 146:114, 1993. 12. Roepstroff L, Johnston C, Drevemo S: The influences of different treadmill constructions on ground reaction forces as determined by the use of a force- measuring horseshoe, Equine Vet J Suppl 17:71, 1994. 13. Ratzlaff MH, Wilson PD, Hyde ML, et al: Relationships between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses, Acta Anat 146:200, 1993. 14. Makoto K, Aoki O, Hiraga A, et al: Use of an instrument sandwiched between the hoof and shoe to measure vertical ground reaction forces and three-dimensional


47. Bucher HHF, Savelberg HCCM, Schamhardt HC, et al: Head and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced for or hind limb lameness, Equine Vet J 28:71, 1996. 48. Buchner HHF, Salvelberg HHCM, Schamhardt HC, et al: Limb movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness, Equine Vet J 28:63, 1996. 49. Degueurce C, Pourcelot P, Audigi F, et al: Variability of the limb joint patterns of sound horses at trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:89, 1997. 50. Galisteo AM, Cano MR, Morales JL, et al: Kinematics in horses at the trot before and after an induced forelimb supporting lameness, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:97, 1997. 51. Pourcelot P, Degueurce C, Audigi F, et al: Kinematic analysis of the locomotion symmetry of sound horses at a slow trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:93, 1997. 52. Pourcelot P, Audigie F, Degueurce C, et al: Kinematic Symmetry Index: a method for quantifying the horse locomotion symmetry using kinematic data, Vet Res 28:525, 1997. 53. Uhlir C, Licka T, Kbber P, et al: Compensatory movements of horses with a stance phase lameness, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:102, 1997. 54. Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, et al: Net joint moments and powers in the equine forelimb in the stance phase of the trot, Equine Vet J 30:384, 1998. 55. Clayton HM, Theoret CL, Barber SM, et al: Effects of carpal synovectomy on stride kinematics of trotting horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 11:80, 1998. 56. Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, et al: Rider mass effects on ground reaction forces and fetlock kinematics at the trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:218, 1999. 57. Lanovaz JL, Clayton HM, Colborne GR, et al: Forelimb kinematics and net joint moments during the swing phase of the trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:235, 1999. 58. Clayton HM, Scharmhardt HC, Willemen MA, et al: Kinematics and ground reaction forces in horses with superficial digital flexor tendonitis, Am J Vet Res 61:191, 2000. 59. Clayton HM, Schamhardt HC, Willemen MA, et al: Net joint moments and joint powers in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis, Am J Vet Res 61:197, 2000. 60. Audigi F, Pourcelot P, Degueurce C, et al: Kinematic analysis of the symmetry of limb movements in lame trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl, 33:128, 2001. 61. Clayton HM, Hodson EF, Lanovaz JL, et al: The hind limb in walking horses: 2. Net joint moments and joint powers, Equine Vet J 33:44, 2001. 62. Peham C, Licka T, Girtler D, et al: Hindlimb lameness: clinical judgement versus computerized symmetry measurement, Vet Rec 148:750, 2001. 63. Audigie F, Pourcelot P, Degueurce C, et al: Fourier analysis of trunk displacements: a method to identify the lame limb in trotting horses, J Biomech 35:1173, 2002. 64. Clayton HM, Hoyt DF, Wickler SJ, et al: Hindlimb net joint energies during swing phase as a function of trotting velocity, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:363, 2002. 65. Clayton HM, Singleton WH, Lanovaz JL, et al: Sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of the pastern joint during the stance phase of the trot, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 15:15, 2002. 66. Khumsap S, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, et al: Effect of walking velocity on forelimb kinematics and kinetics, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:325, 2002. 67. Lanovaz JL, Khumsap S, Clayton HM, et al: Three dimensional kinematics of the tarsal joint at the trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:308, 2002. 68. Meershoek LS, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, et al: Calculated forelimb flexor tendon forces in horses with experimentally induced superficial flexor tendinitis and the influence of heel wedges, Am J Vet Res 63:432, 2002. 69. Khumsap S, Lanovaz JL, Rosenstein DS, et al: Effect of induced unilateral syno vitis of distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints on sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of trotting horses, Am J Vet Res 64:1491, 2003. 70. Nicodemus MC, Clayton HM: Temporal variables of four-beat, stepping gaits of gaited horses, Appl Anim Behav Sci 80:133, 2003. 71. Singleton WH, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, et al: Effects of shoeing on forelimb swing phase kinetics of trotting horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 16:16, 2003. 72. Clayton HM, Sha D, Stick JA, et al: Threedimensional carpal kinematics of trotting horses, Equine Vet J 36:671, 2004. 73. Khumsap S, Lanovaz JL, Clayton HM: Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of horses with induced tarsal synovitis, Equine Vet J 36:659, 2004. 74. Ramn T, Prades M, Armengou L, et al: Effects of athletic taping of the fetlock on distal limb mechanics, Equine Vet J 36:764, 2004. 75. Wickler SJ, Hoyt DF, Clayton HM: The energetic and kinematic consequences of weighting the distal limb, Equine Vet J 36:772, 2004. 76. Buchner H: Limb movement pattern in forelimb and hindlimb lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:128, 2005. 77. Bidwell LA, Brown KE, Cordier A, et al: Mepivacaine local anesthetic duration in equine palmar digital nerve blocks, Equine Vet J 36:723, 2004. 78. Clayton HM, Sha DH: Body center of mass movement in horses travelling on a circular path, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:462, 2006. 79. Dutto DJ, Hoyt DF, Clayton HM, et al: Joint work and power for both the forelimb and hind limb during trotting in the horse, J Exp Biol 209:3990, 2004. 80. Gnagey L, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Effect of standing tarsal angle on joint kinematics and kinetics, Equine Vet J 38:628, 2006. 81. Christovo FG, Barros RML, Martins CB, et al: Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of head and limb movements of lame and non-lame colts, Equine Comp Exer Physiol 4:31, 2007. 82. Buchner HHF, Obermller S, Scheidl M: Body centre of mass movement in the sound horse, Vet J 160:225, 2000.

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83. Buchner HHF, Obermller S, Scheidl M: Load distribution in equine lameness: a centre of mass analysis at the walk and the trot, Pferdeheilkunde 19:491, 2003. 84. Pfau T, Robilliard JJ, Weller R, et al: Assessment of mild hindlimb lameness during over ground locomotion using linear discriminant analysis of inertial sensor data, Equine Vet J 39:407, 2007.

CHAPTER 23 Arthroscopic Examination

1. McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM, et al, eds: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2005, Mosby Elsevier. 2. Price J, Catriona S, Welsh EM, et al: Preliminary evaluation of a behaviour-based system for assessment of post-operative pain in horses following arthroscopic surgery, Vet Anaesth Analg 30:124, 2003. 3. Jenner F, Ross MW, Martin BB, et al: Scapulohumeral osteochondrosis. A retrospective study of 32 horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:406, 2008. 4. Watts AE, Nixon AJ: Comparison of arthroscopic approaches and accessible anatomic structures during arthroscopy of the caudal pouches of equine femorotibial joints, Vet Surg 35:219, 2006. 5. Kraus BM, Ross MW: Surgical or conservative management of racehorses with sagittal slab fracture of the third carpal bone: 32 racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:945, 2005. 6. Boening KJ: Instrumentation. In McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM, et al, eds: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2005, Mosby Elsevier. 7. Jansson N: Gas arthroscopy for removal of osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar aspect of the metacarpo/ metatarsophalangeal joint in horses, Vet Surg 34:128, 2005. 8. Edwards RB, Lu Y, Cole BJ, et al: Comparison of radiofrequency treatment and mechanical debridement of fibrillated cartilage in an equine model, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:41, 2008. 9. Walmsley JR, Phillips TJ, Townsend HG: Meniscal tears in horses: an evaluation of clinical signs and arthroscopic treatment of 80 cases, Equine Vet J 35:402, 2003. 10. McIlwraith CW: Tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the equine midcarpal joint, Equine Vet J 24:367, 1992. 11. Phillips TJ, Wright IM: Observations on the anatomy and pathology of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the middle carpal joints of thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 26:486, 1994. 12. Story MR, Bramlage LR: Arthroscopic debridement of subchondral bone cysts in the distal phalanx of 11 horses (19942000), Equine Vet J 36:356, 2004. 13. McIlwraith CW, Yovich JV, Martin GS: Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondral chip fractures in the equine carpus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:531, 1987. 14. Elce YA, Richardson DW: Arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of the proximal phalanx in standing horses, Vet Surg 31:195, 2002.

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Squire KRE, Adams SB, Widmer WR, et al: Arthroscopic removal of a palmar radial osteochondroma causing carpal canal syndrome in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1216, 1992. 9. Cauvin ERJ, Munroe GA, Boyd JS: Endoscopic examination of the carpal flexor tendon sheath in horses, Equine Vet J 29:459, 1997. 10. Cauvin ERJ, Tapprest J, Munroe GA, et al: Endoscopic examination of the tarsal sheath of the lateral digital flexor tendon in horses, Equine Vet J 31:219, 1999. 11. Booth TM: Lameness associated with the bicipital bursa in an Arab stallion, Vet Rec 145:194, 1999. 12. Hago BED: An anatomical, clinical and experimental study of some synovial tendon sheaths and bursae in the horse, PhD thesis, London, 1984, Royal Veterinary College. 13. Hay Kraus BL, Kirker-Head CA, Kraus K, et al: Vascular supply of the tendon of the equine deep digital flexor muscle within the digital sheath, Vet Surg 24:102, 1995. 14. Leach D, Harland R, Burko B: The anatomy of the carpal tendon sheath of the horse, J Anat 133:301, 1981. 15. Redding WR: Ultrasonographic imaging of the structures of the digital flexor tendon sheath, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 13:1824, 1991. 16. Edinger J, Mbius G, Ferguson J: Comparison of tenoscopic and ultrasonographic methods of examination of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 18:209, 2005. 17. Smith MR, Wright IM: Noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases, Equine Vet J 38:134, 2006. 18. Wilderjans H, Boussauw B, Madder K, et al: Tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath and annular ligament constriction syndrome caused by longitudinal tears in the deep digital flexor tendon: a clinical and surgical report of 17 cases in warmblood horses, Equine Vet J 35:270, 2003. 19. Wright IM, McMahon PJ: Tenosynovitis associated with longitudinal tears in the digital flexor tendon in horses: a report of 20 cases, Equine Vet J 31:12, 1999. 20. Bertone AL: Infectious tenosynovitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:163, 1995. 21. Nixon AJ, Sams AE, Ducharme NG: Endoscopically assisted annular ligament release in horses, Vet Surg 22:501, 1993. 22. Barone R: Anatomie Comparee des Mammiferes domestiques, ed 3, vol 2, Paris, 1989, Editions Vigot. 23. Nixon AJ: Endoscopic surgery of tendon sheaths (tenoscopy). Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, San Francisco, 1993. 24. Edwards GB: Changes in the sustentaculum tali associated with distension of the tarsal sheath (thoroughpin), Equine Vet J 10:97, 1978. 25. Mettenleiter E, Meier HP, Ueltschi G, et al: Typical presentation of the common tendon sheath of the M. flexor hallucis longus and the M. tibialis caudalis in the horse, Anat Histol Embryol 21:246, 1992. 26. Nixon AJ, Schachter BL, Pool RR: Exostoses of the caudal perimeter of the radial physis as a cause of carpal synovial sheath tenosynovitis and lameness in horses: 10 cases (1999-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:264, 2004. 27. Richardson DW: Carpal canal syndrome. In Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merrit AM, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, Goleta, Calif, 1992, American Veterinary Publications. 28. Dyson SJ, Dik KJ: Miscellaneous conditions of tendons, tendon sheaths, and ligaments, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:315, 1995. 29. Brokken TD: Acute carpal canal injuries in the Thoroughbred, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 34:389, 1988. 30. Cauvin ERJ, Munroe GA, Boswell J, et al: Gross and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal flexor tendon sheath in horses, Vet Rec 141:489, 1997. 31. Radue P: Carpal tunnel syndrome due to fracture of the accessory carpal bone, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 3:8, 1981. 32. Southwood LL, Stashak TS, Kainer RA, et al: Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse with use of a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath, Vet Surg 28:99, 1999. 33. Southwood LL, Stashak TS, Kainer RA: Tenoscopic anatomy of the equine carpal flexor synovial sheath, Vet Surg 27:150, 1998. 34. Kretzschmar BH, Desjardins MR: Clinical evaluation of 49 tenoscopically assisted superior check ligament desmotomies in 27 horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:484, 2001. 35. Textor JA, Nixon AJ, Fortier LA: Tenoscopic release of the equine carpal canal, Vet Surg 32:278, 2003. 36. Platt D, Wright IM: Chronic tenosynovitis of the carpal extensor tendon sheaths in 15 horses, Equine Vet J 29:11, 1997. 37. Ingle-Fehr J, Baxter GM: Endoscopy of the calcaneal bursa in horses, Vet Surg 27:561, 1998. 38. Cauvin E: Unpublished data, 2001. 39. Riggs C, Rice Y, Patteson M, et al: Infection of the intertuberal (bicipital) bursa in seven horses. Proceedings of the

15. Richardson DW: Technique for arthro scopic repair of third carpal bone slab fractures in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:288, 1986. 16. Wallis TW, Goodrich LR, McIlwraith CW, et al: Arthroscopic injection of corticosteroids into the fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: a retrospective study of 52 cases (2001-2006), Equine Vet J 40:461, 2008. 17. McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ: Joint resurfacing: attempts at repairing articular cartilage defects. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, New York, 1997, Saunders. 18. Frisbie DD, Trotter GW, Powers BE, et al: Arthroscopic subchondral bone plate microfracture technique augments healing of large chondral defects in the radial carpal bone and medial femoral condyle of horses, Vet Surg 28:242, 1999. 19. Frisbie DD, Morisset S, Ho CP, et al: Effects of calcified cartilage on healing of chondral defects treated with microfracture in horses, Am J Sports Med 34:1824, 2006. 20. Nixon AJ: Advances in cell-based grafting. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Surgery Forum of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, Chicago, October 2001. 21. Wilke MM, Nydam DV, Nixon AJ: Enhanced early chondrogenesis in arti cular defects following arthroscopic mesenchymal stem cell implantation in an equine model, J Orthop Res 25:913, 2007. 22. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Werpy NM, et al: Evaluation of bone marrow derived stem cells and adipose derived stromal vascular fraction for treatment of osteoarthritis using an equine experimental model, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:420, 2006. 23. Bod G, Hangody L, Szab Z, et al: Arthroscopic autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of a subchondral cystic lesion in the medial femoral condyle in a horse, Acta Vet Hung 48:343, 2000. 24. Hurtig MB, Pearce SG, Warren S, et al: Mosaic arthroplasty for resurfacing the equine third carpal bone, Vet Surg 30:228, 2001. 25. Hurtig MB, Pearce SG, Radcliffe R, et al: Advances in mosaic arthroplasty. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Surgery Forum of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, Chicago, October 2001. 26. Bod G, Hangody L, Modis L, et al: Autologous osteochondral grafting (mosaic arthroplasty) for treatment of subchondral cystic lesions in the equine stifle and fetlock joints, Vet Surg 33:588, 2004. 27. Nixon AJ, Fortier LA, Goodrich LR, et al: Arthroscopic reattachment of osteochondritis dissecans lesions using resorbable polydioxanone pins, Equine Vet J 36:376, 2004.

CHAPTER 24 Tenoscopy and Bursoscopy

1. McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ, Wright IM, et al, eds: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2005, Mosby Elsevier.


Thirty-Fourth British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Harrogate, 1995. 40. Adams MN, Turner TA: Endoscopy of the intertubercular bursa in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:221, 1999. 41. Wright IM, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP: Endoscopy of the navicular bursa: a new technique for the treatment of contaminated and septic bursae, Equine Vet J 31:5, 1999. 42. McIlwraith CW, Turner AS: Equine surgery advanced techniques, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 43. Richardson GL, OBrien TR, Pascoe JR, et al: Puncture wounds of the navicular bursa in 38 horses: a retrospective study, Vet Surg 15:156, 1986. 44. Smith MRW, Wright IM, Smith RKW: Endoscopic assessment and treatment of lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon in the navicular bursae of 20 lame horses, Equine Vet J 39:18, 2007. 45. Rossignol F, Perrin R: Tenoscopy of the navicular bursa: endoscopic approach and anatomy, J Equine Vet Sci 23:258, 2003. 46. Cruz AM, Pharr JW, Bailey JV, et al: Podotrochlear bursa endoscopy in the horse: a cadaver study, Vet Surg 30:539, 2001. detect performance enhancing techniques in horses, Equine Vet Educ 12:132, 2000.

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CHAPTER 26 The Biomechanics of the Equine Limb and Its Effect on Lameness
1. Biewener A: Oxford animal biology series, Oxford, UK, 2003, Oxford University Press. 2. Wainwright SA, Biggs WD, Currey JD, Gosline JM: Mechanical design in organisms, Princeton, 1982, Princeton University Press. 3. Wilson AM, van den Bogert AJ, McGuigan MP: Optimisation of the muscle-tendon unit for economical locomotion in cursorial animals. In Herzog W, ed: Muscle mechanics: from mechanisms to function, 2002, John Wiley & Sons. 4. Wilson AM, Goodship AE: Exerciseinduced hyperthermia as a possible mechanism for tendon degeneration, J Biomech 27:899, 1994. 5. Birch HL, Wilson AM, Goodship AE: The effect of exercise-induced localised hyperthermia on tendon cell survival, J Exp Biol 200:1703, 1997. 6. McGuigan MP, Wilson AM: The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse (Equus caballus), J Exp Biol 206:1325, 2003. 7. Ferris DP, Louie M, Farley CT: Running in the real world: adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces, Proc Biol Sci 265:989, 1998. 8. Wilson AM, McGuigan MP, Su A, van Den Bogert AJ: Horses damp the spring in their step, Nature 414:895, 2001. 9. Vaughan, LC, Mason, BJE: A clinico-pathological study of racing accidents in horses. A report of a study on equine fatal accidents on racecourses financed by the Horserace Betting Levy Board, Dorking, 1975, Adlard and Sons, Bartholomew Press. 10. Douglas JE, Biddick TL, Thomason JJ, Jofriet JC: Stress/strain behaviour of the equine laminar junction, J Exp Biol 201:2287, 1998. 11. Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC: In vitro mechanical properties of equine tendons in relation to cross-sectional area and collagen content, Res Vet Sci 39:263, 1985. 12. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses, Equine Vet J 31:25, 1999. 13. Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM: Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot, Equine Vet J 36:431, 2004. 14. Gusts P, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Drevemo S: In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:11, 2001. 15. Benoit P, Barrey E, Regnault JC, Brochet JL: Comparison of the damping effect of different shoeing by the measurement of hoof acceleration, Acta Anat (Basel) 146:109, 1993. 16. Gusts P, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, et al: Relationships between fore- and hindlimb ground reaction force and hoof

CHAPTER 25 Thermography: Use in Equine Lameness

1. Stromberg B: The use of thermography in equine orthopaedics, J Vet Radiol 15:94, 1974. 2. Turner TA: Thermography: use in equine lameness. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 3. Eddy AL, Van Hoogmoed LM, Snyder JR: The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness, Vet J 162:172, 2001. 4. Turner TA, Purohit RC, Fessler JF: Thermography: a review in equine medicine, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:855, 1986. 5. Mogg KC, Pollitt CC: Hoof and distal limb surface temperature in the normal pony under constant and changing ambient temperatures, Equine Vet J 24:134, 1992. 6. Tunley BV, Henson FMD: Reliability and repeatability of thermographic examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the horse, Equine Vet J 36:306, 2004. 7. Pollitt CC, Davies CT: Equine laminitis: its development coincides with increased sublamellar blood flow, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:125, 1998. 8. Bathe AP: Thermography. In Floyd AE, Mansmann RA, eds: Equine podiatry, St Louis, 2007, Elsevier. 9. Vaden MF, Purohit RC, McCoy MD, Vaughan JT: Thermography: a technique for subclinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis, Am J Vet Res 41:1175, 1980. 10. Turner TA: Hindlimb muscle strain as a cause of lameness in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 34:281, 1989. 11. Graf von Schweinitz D: Thermographic diagnostics in equine back pain, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:161, 1999. 12. Van Hoogmoed LM, Snyder JR, Allen KA, Waldsmith JD: Use of thermography to

deceleration patterns in trotting horses, Equine Vet J 36:737, 2004. 17. Ratzlaff MH, Wilson PD, Hutton DV, Slinker BK: Relationships between hoofacceleration patterns of galloping horses and dynamic properties of the track, Am J Vet Res 66:589, 2005. 18. Chateau H, Robine D, Falala S, et al: Effects of a synthetic all-weather waxed track versus a crushed sand track on 3D accelerations of the front hoof in three horses trotting at high speed. Equine Vet J 41:247, 2009. 19. Back W, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W, Barneveld A: Kinematic differences between the distal portions of the forelimbs and hind limbs of horses at the trot, Am J Vet Res 56:1522, 1995. 20. Hjertn G, Drevemo S: Semi-quantitative analysis of hoof-strike in the horse, J Biomech 27:997, 1994. 21. Usherwood JR, Wilson AM: Biomechanics: no force limit on greyhound sprint speed, Nature 8:438, 2005. 22. Ferrari M: Dynamic conformation: the influence of conformation on equine locomotion, PhD thesis, 2009, University of London. 23. Witte TH, Hirst CV, Wilson AM: Effect of speed on stride parameters in racehorses at gallop in field conditions, J Exp Biol 209:4389, 2006. 24. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW: The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:540, 1998. 25. Roepstorff L, Johnston C, Drevemo S: In vivo and in vitro heel expansion in relation to shoeing and frog pressure, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:54, 2001. 26. Hinterhofer C, Stanek C, Haider H: Finite element analysis (FEA) as a model to predict effects of farriery on the equine hoof, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:58, 2001. 27. Hobbs SJ, Mather J, Rolph C, et al: In vitro measurement of internal hoof strain, Equine Vet J 36:683, 2004. 28. Jansen MO, van den Bogert AJ, Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC: In vivo tendon forces in the forelimb of ponies at the walk, validated by ground reaction force measurements, Acta Anat (Basel) 146: 162,1993. 29. Platt D, Wilson AM, Timbs A, et al: Novel force transducer for the measurement of tendon force in vivo, J Biomech 27:1489, 1994. 30. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, Schamhardt HC: Influence of shoeing on ground reaction forces and tendon strains in the forelimbs of ponies, Equine Vet J 28:126, 1996. 31. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, Schamhardt HC: Tendon strain in the forelimbs as a function of gait and ground characteristics and in vitro limb loading in ponies, Equine Vet J 28:133, 1996. 32. Meershoek LS, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, Clayton HM: Calculated forelimb flexor tendon forces in horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis and the effects of application of heel wedges, Am J Vet Res 63:432, 2002. 33. Stephens PR, Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM: Application of a Hall-effect

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transducer for measurement of tendon strains in horses, Am J Vet Res 50:1089, 1989. 34. Meershoek LS, Schamhardt HC, Roepstorff L, Johnston C: Forelimb tendon loading during jump landings and the influence of fence height, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:6, 2001. 35. Bailey CJ, Reid SW, Hodgson DR, et al: Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury, Equine Vet J 30:498, 1998. 36. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, Wood JL: Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998, Equine Vet J 33:478, 2001. 37. Crevier-Denoix N, Pourcelot P, Ravary B, et al: Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 41:257, 2009. 38. Davies HM, McCarthy RN, Jeffcott LB: Surface strain on the dorsal metacarpus of thoroughbreds at different speeds and gaits, Acta Anat (Basel) 146:148, 1993. 39. Davies HM: Estimating peak strains associated with fast exercise in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:383, 2006. 40. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT: Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training, J Orthop Res 8:604, 1990. 41. Pratt GW: Model for injury to the foreleg of the Thoroughbred racehorse, Equine Vet J Suppl 23:30, 1997. 42. Schryver HF: Bending properties of cortical bone of the horse, Am J Vet Res 39:25, 1978. 43. Cheney JA, Shen CK, Wheat JD: Relationship of racetrack surface to lameness in the thoroughbred racehorse, Am J Vet Res 34:1285, 1973. 44. Currey J: The mechanical adaptations of bone, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, Princeton University Press. 45. Den Hartog SM, Back, W, Brommer H, van Weeren PR: In vitro evaluation of metacarpophalangeal joint loading during simulated walk, Equine Vet J Suppl 41:214, 2009. 46. Brommer H, Brama PA, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR: Differences in the topogra phical distribution of articular cartilage degeneration between equine metacarpoand metatarsophalangeal joints, Equine Vet J 36:506, 2004. 47. Van Heel MC, Moleman M, Barneveld A, et al: Changes in location of centre of pressure and hoof-unrollment pattern in relation to an 8-week shoeing interval in the horse, Equine Vet J 37:536, 2005. 48. Moleman M, van Heel MC, van Weeren PR, Back W: Hoof growth between two shoeing sessions leads to a substantial increase of the moment about the distal, but not the proximal, interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 38:170, 2006. 49. Van Heel MC, van Weeren PR, Back W: Compensation for changes in hoof conformation between shoeing sessions through the adaptation of angular kinematics of the distal segments of the limbs of horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1199, 2006.

CHAPTER 27 The Foot and Shoeing

Foot Balance, Conformation, and Lameness 1. Hickman J, Humphrey M: Hickmans farriery, ed 2, London, 1988, JA Allen. 2. Hertch B, Hoppner S, Dallmer H: The hoof and how to protect it without nails, Salzhausen-Putensen, 1996, Hellmuth Kallmer. 3. Curtis S: Farriery: foal to racehorse, Newmarket, 1999, R & W Publications. 4. Butler D: The principles of horse shoeing II, ed 2, Maryville, Mo, 1985, Doug Butler Publisher.


forelimbs and hind limbs of horses at the trot, Am J Vet Res 56:1522, 1995. 22. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute hoof wall angulation on the stride kinematics of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:86, 1990. 23. Lanovaz JL, Clayton HM, Watson LG: In vitro attenuation of impact shock in equine digits, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:96, 1998. 24. Willemen MA, Jacobs MW, Schamhardt HC: In vitro transmission and attenuation of impact vibrations in the distal forelimb, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:245, 1999. 25. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Smedegaard HH, Roed J, Korsgaard E: Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx, Equine Vet J 26:362, 1994. 26. Merkens, HW, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W, Kersjes AW: Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmblood horses at normal walk, Equine Vet J 18:207, 1986. 27. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC, Van Osch GJ, Van den Bogert AJ: Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmblood horses at normal trot, Equine Vet J 25:134, 1993. 28. Barrey E: Investigation of the vertical hoof force distribution in the equine forelimb with an instrumented horseboot, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:35, 1990. 29. Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, et al: Net joint moments and powers in the equine forelimb during the stance phase of the trot, Equine Vet J 30:384, 1998. 30. Schryver HF, Bartel DL, Langrana N, Lowe JE: Locomotion in the horse: kinematics and external and internal forces in the normal equine digit in the walk and trot, Am J Vet Res 39:1728, 1978. 31. Jansen MO, van den Bogert AJ, Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC: In vivo tendon forces in the forelimb of ponies at the walk, validated by ground reaction force measurements, Acta Anat (Basel) 146:162, 1993. 32. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, Schamhardt HC: Influence of shoeing on ground reaction forces and tendon strains in the forelimbs of ponies, Equine Vet J 28:126, 1996. 33. Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Drevemo S, Ronus N: Kinematics of the distal forelimb during the stance phase in the fast trotting Standardbred, Equine Vet J Suppl 18:170, 1995. 34. Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Devemo S, Kallings P: Kinematics of the distal hindlimb during stance phase in the fast trotting standardbred, Equine Vet J 28:263, 1996. 35. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ, Janson MO, Schamhardt HC: Tendon strain in the forelimbs as a function of gait and ground characteristics and in vitro limb loading in ponies, Equine Vet J 28:133, 1996. 36. Dejardin LM, Arnoczky SP, Cloud GL: A method for determination of equine hoof strain patterns using photoelasticity: an in vitro study, Equine Vet J 31:232, 1999. 37. (Fischerleitner TF cited by) Kainer RA: Clinical anatomy of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:1, 1989. 38. Thomason JJ: The hoof as a smart structure: is it smarter than us? In Floyd AE, Mansmann RA, eds: Equine podiatry, Philadelphia, 2007, Saunders. 39. Colles CM: The relationship of frog pressure to heel expansion, Equine Vet J 21:13, 1989. 40. Roepstroff L, Johnston C, Drevemo S: In vivo and in vitro heel expansion in relation to shoeing and frog pressure, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:54, 2001. 41. Ratzlaff MH, Shindell RM, DeBowes RM: Changes in digital venous pressures of horses moving at the walk and trot, Am J Vet Res 46:1545, 1985. 42. Bowker RM, van Wulfen KK, Springer SE, Linder KE: Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation, Am J Vet Res 59:961, 1998. 43. Denoix JM: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 9:174, 1999. 44. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses, Equine Vet J 31:25, 1999. 45. Back W, Schamhardt HC, Savelberg HH, et al: How the horse moves. I. Significance of graphical representations of equine forelimb kinematics, Equine Vet J 27:31, 1995. 46. Leach DH, Drevemo S: Velocity- dependent changes in stride frequency and length of trotters on a treadmill, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:136, 1991. 47. Holmstrom M, Fredricson I, Drevemo S: Biokinematic differences between horses judged as good and poor at the trot, Equine Vet J Suppl 17:51, 1994. 48. Barrey E, Auvinet B, Courouce A: Gait evaluation of race trotters using an accelerometric device, Equine Vet J Suppl 18:156, 1995. 49. Barrey E, Landjerit B, Wolter R: Shock and vibration during the hoof impact on different track surfaces, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:97, 1991. 50. Drevemo S, Hjerten G: Evaluation of a shock absorbing woodchip layer on a harness racetrack, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:107, 1991. 51. Cheney JA, Shen CK, Wheat JD: Relationship of racetrack surface to lameness in the Thoroughbred racehorse, Am J Vet Res 34:1285, 1973. 52. Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC et al: Kinematics of treadmill versus overground locomotion in horses, Vet Q 16(Suppl 2):S87, 1994. 53. Balch O, White K, Butler D: Factors involved in the balancing of equine hooves, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1980, 1991. 54. Jackson J: The natural horse, Flagstaff, Ariz, 1992, Northland Publishing. 55. Turner TA: The use of hoof measurements for the objective assessment of hoof balance, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:389, 1992. 56. Russel W: Scientific horseshoeing, Cincinnati, 1901, Robert Clarke. 57. Williams G, Deacon M: No foot, no horse, Buckingham, 1999, Kenilworth.

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58. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis, Equine Vet J 31:427, 1999. 59. OBrien TR, Baker TW: Distal extremity examination: how to perform the radiographic examination and interpret the radiographs, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 32:553, 1986. 60. Linford RL, OBrien TR, Trout DR: Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and digital soft tissues of sound Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 54:38, 1993. 61. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 62. Kane AJ, Stover SM, Gardner IA, et al: Hoof size, shape, and balance as possible risk factors for catastrophic musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 59:1545, 1998. 63. Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 64. Young J: Hoof balance: methods and assessment. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 65. Page B: How to mark the foot for radiography, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:148, 1999. 66. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Lameness caused by improper shoeing, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:47, 1975. 67. Colahan P, Leach D, Muir G: Center of pressure location of the hoof with and without hoof wedges, Equine Exerc Physiol 3:113, 1991. 68. Firth EC, Schamhardt HC, Hartman W: Measurements of bone strain in foals with altered foot balance, Am J Vet Res 49:261, 1988. 69. Caudron I, Grulke S, Farnir F, et al: In-shoe foot force sensor to assess hoof balance determined by radiographic method in ponies trotting on a treadmill, Vet Q 20:131, 1998. 70. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW: The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:540, 1998. 71. Allen N, Butler D: Effect of hoof balance on hoof capsule and coffin bone, Am Farriers J 22:28, 1996. 72. van Heel MC, Moleman M, Barneveld A, et al: Changes in location of centre of pressure and hoof-unrollment pattern in relation to an 8-week shoeing interval in the horse, Equine Vet J, 37:536, 2005. 73. Peel JA, Peel MB, Davies HM: The effect of gallop training on hoof angle in Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:431, 2006 74. Bushe T, Turner TA, Poulos P, et al: The effect of hoof angle on coffin, pastern and fetlock joint angles, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:729, 1987. 75. Crevier-Denoix N, Roosen C, Dardillat C, et al: Effects of heel and toe elevation upon the digital joint angles in the standing horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:74, 2001. 76. Vitanen MJ, Wilson AM, McGuigan HR, et al: Effect of foot balance on the intraarticular pressure in the distal interphalangeal joint in vitro, Equine Vet J 35:184, 2003.

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of standardbred trotters, Vet Q 16(Suppl 2):S97, 1994. 2. Chateau C, Deguerce C, Denoix JM: Effects of egg-bar shoes on the 3- dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses walking on a sand track, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:377, 2006 3. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses, Equine Vet J 31:25, 1999. 4. Benoit P, Barrey E, Regnault JC, Brochet JL: Comparison of the damping effect of different shoeing by the measurement of hoof acceleration, Acta Anat (Basel) 146:109, 1993. 5. Gusts P, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Drevemo S: In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:11, 2001. 6. Pardoe CH, McGuigan MP, Rogers KM, et al: The effect of shoe material on the kinetics and kinematics of shoe slip at impact on concrete, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:70, 2001. 7. Balch O, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Weight and length induced changes in limb kinematics in trotting horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:218, 1996. 8. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute hoof wall angulation on the stride kinematics of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:86, 1990. 9. Clayton HM, Sigafoos R, Curle RD: Effect of three shoe types on the duration of breakover in sound trotting horses, J Equine Vet Sci 11:129, 1991. 10. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Jacobs MW, Barneveld A: Biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes in sound horses, Vet Q 18:S75, 1996. 11. van Heel MC, van Weeren PR, Back W: Shoeing sound Warmblood horses with a rolled toe optimizes hoof-unrollment and lowers peak loading during breakover, Equine Vet J 38:258, 2006. 12. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A: The improvements of the gait quality of sound trotting Warmblood horses by normal shoeing and its effect on the load on the lower forelimb, Livestock Prod Sci 52:145, 1997. 13. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute angulation of the hind hooves on diagonal synchrony of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:91, 1990. 14. Roepstorff L, Johnston C, Drevemo S: The effect of shoeing on kinetics and kinematics during the stance phase, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:279, 1999. 15. Colles CM: A technique for assessing hoof function in the horse, Equine Vet J 21:17, 1989. 16. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Smedegaard HH, Roed J, Korsgaard E: Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx, Equine Vet J 26:362, 1994. 17. Willemen MA, Jacobs MW, Schamhardt HC: In vitro transmission and attenuation of impact vibrations in the distal forelimb, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:245, 1999. 18. Thomason JJ: Variation in surface strain on the equine hoof wall at the midstep with shoeing, gait, substrate, direction of travel, and hoof shape, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:86, 1998. 19. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW: The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:540, 1998. 20. Hertch B, Hoppner S, Dallmer H: The hoof and how to protect it without nails, Salzhausen-Putensen, 1996, Hellmuth Kallmer. 21. van Heel MC, Moleman M, Barneveld A, et al: Changes in location of centre of pressure and hoof-unrollment pattern in relation to an 8-week shoeing interval in the horse, Equine Vet J 37:536, 2005. 22. Allen N, Butler D: Effect of hoof balance on hoof capsule and coffin bone, Am Farriers J 22:28, 1996. 23. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Lameness caused by improper shoeing, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:47, 1975. Additional Reading 1. Butler D, Butler J: The principles of horseshoeing III, Crawford, Nebr, 2004, Doug Butler Enterprises. 2. Curtis S: Farriery: foal to racehorse, Newmarket, 1999, R & W Publications. 3. Hickman J, Humphrey M: Hickmans farriery, ed 2, London, 1988, JA Allen. Natural Balance Trimming and Shoeing 1. Ovnicek G: Measurements of the sole thickness relative to the third phalanx after the dissection of nine balanced and un-balanced hooves, unpublished data, 1999. 2. Duckett D: External reference points of the equine hoof, self-published paper, 1988. Hoof Reconstruction Materials and Glue-On Shoes 1. Reilly PT, Reilly DA, Orsini JA: The longterm results of glue-on shoes on dorsal hoof wall distortion, J Equine Vet Sci 29:115, 2009.

77. Thompson KN, Cheung TK, Silverman M: The effect of toe angle on tendon, ligament and hoof wall strains in vitro, J Equine Vet Sci 13:651, 1993. 78. Lochner FK, Milne DW, Mills EJ, Groom JJ: In vivo and in vitro measurement of tendon strain in the horse, Am J Vet Res 41:1929, 1980. 79. Chateau H, Degueurce C, Denoix JM: Three-dimensional kinematics of the distal forelimb in horses trotting on a treadmill and effects of elevation of heel and toe, Equine Vet J 38:164, 2006. 80. Clayton HM: The effect of an acute angulation of the hind hooves on diagonal synchrony of trotting horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 9:91, 1990. 81. Balch O, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Weight and length induced changes in limb kinematics in trotting horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:218, 1996. 82. Balch O, Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL: Effects of increasing hoof length on limb kinematics of trotting horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:43, 1994. 83. Page BT, Hagan TL: Breakover of the hoof and its effect on structures and forces within the foot, J Equine Vet Sci 22:258, 2002. 84. Thomason JJ: Variation in surface strain on the equine hoof wall at the midstep with shoeing, gait, substrate, direction of travel, and hoof shape, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:86, 1998. 85. Glade MJ, Solzman RA: Effects of toe angle on hoof growth and contraction in the horse, J Equine Vet Sci 5:45, 1985. 86. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Sheared heels: diagnosis and treatment, J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:53, 1975. 87. Page B, Anderson GF: Diagonal imbalance of the equine foot: a cause of lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:413, 1992. 88. Snow VE, Birdsall DP: Specific parameters used to evaluate hoof balance and support, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 36: 299, 1990. 89. Caudron I, Grulke S, Farnir F, et al: Radiographic assessment of equine inter phalangeal joints asymmetry: articular impact of phalangeal rotations. Part I, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 45:319, 1998. 90. Caudron I, Grulke S, Farnir F, et al: Radiographic assessment of equine inter phalangeal joints asymmetry: articular impact of asymmetric bearings. Part II, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 45:327, 1998. 91. Caudron I, Miesson M, Grulke S, et al: Clinical and radiological assessment of corrective trimming in horses, J Equine Vet Sci 17:375, 1997. 92. Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM: Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot, Equine Vet J 36:431, 2004. 93. OGrady SO, Watson E: How to glue on therapeutic shoes, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:115, 1999. 94. Sigafoos R: Composite reconstruction of equine underrun heels, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:673, 1991. Horseshoes and Shoeing 1. Willemen MA, Savelberg HH, Bruin G, Barneveld A: The effect of toe weights on linear and temporal stride characteristics

CHAPTER 28 Trauma to the Sole and Wall

1. Emery L, Miller J, Vanhoosen NV: Guidelines for shoeing and hoof care. In Emery L, ed: Horseshoeing theory and hoof care, Philadelphia, 1977, Lea & Febiger. 2. Moyer W: Role of corrective shoeing in prevention and correction of musculoskeletal disorders in the horse, Calif Vet 18:18, 1982. 3. Moyer W: Corrective shoeing, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 2:3, 1980. 4. Moyer W, Anderson JP: Lameness caused by improper shoeing, J Am Vet Med Assoc 47:166, 1975. 5. Bergman GA: Foot bruising-pads or not, Am Farrier J 10:341, 1984. 6. Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1984, Lea & Febiger. 7. Moyer W: Examination of the musculoskeletal system. In Colahan PT, Merritt AM, Mayhew IG, Moore JN, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1999, Mosby. 8. DeBowes RM, Yovich JV: Penetrating wounds, abscesses, gravel, and bruising of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:179, 1989. 9. Kinns J, Mair T: Use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess soft tissue


damage in the foot following penetrating injury in 3 horses, Equine Vet Educ 17:69, 2005. 10. Boado A, Kristoffersen M, Dyson S, Murray R: Use of nuclear scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose chronic penetrating wounds in the equine foot, Equine Vet Educ 17:62, 2005. 11. Kristoffersen M, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphic findings in 5 horses with obscure foot lameness associated with penetrating injuries, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:320, 2005. 12. Honnas CM, Peloso JG, Carter GK, et al: Diagnosing and treating septic conditions of the equine foot, Vet Med 10:1060, 1994. 13. Honnas CM: Standing surgical procedures of the foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:695, 1991. 14. Richardson GL, OBrien TR, Pascoe JR, Meagher DM: Puncture wounds of the navicular bursa in 38 horses: a retrospective study, Vet Surg 15:156, 1986. 15. Gaughan EM: Surgical treatment of septic pedal osteitis in horses: nine cases (1980-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1131, 1989. 16. Steckel RR, Fessler JF, Huston LC: Deep puncture wounds of the equine hoof: a review of 50 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:167, 1989. 17. McIlwraith CW, Turner AS: Equine surgery: advanced techniques, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 18. Wright IM, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP: Endoscopy of the navicular bursa: a new technique for the treatment of contaminated and septic bursae, Equine Vet J 31:5, 1999. 19. Moyer W: Diseases of the hoof, distal phalanx, and associated structures. In Colahan PT, Myhew IG, Merritt AM, Moore JN, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1999, Mosby. 20. Honnas CM: Standing surgical procedures of the foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:695, 1991. 21. Janicek J, Dabareiner RM, Honnas CM, Crabill MA: Heel bulb lacerations in horses: 101 cases (1988-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:418, 2005. 22. Stashak TS: Wound management and reconstructive surgery of problems associated with the distal limb. In TS Stashak, ed: Equine wound management, Philadelphia, 1991, Lea & Febiger. 23. OGrady SE, Madison JB: How to treat equine canker, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:202, 2004. 4. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, et al, eds: The locomotor system of the domestic mammals, Berlin, 1986, Verlag Paul Parey. 5. Bowker RM, Van Wulfen KK, Springer SE, Linder KE: Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation, Am J Vet Res 59:961,1998. 6. Schummer A, Wilkens H, Vollmerhaus B, et al: Blood vessels of the digital organ of the horse. In Perry P, ed: The circulatory system, the skin and the cutaneous organs of the domestic mammals, Berlin, 1981, Springer-Verlag. 7. Schummer A: Blutgefabe und zirkulationsverhaltnisse im zehenendorgan des pferdes, Morph Jb 91:568, 1951. 8. Ghoshal NG: Equine heart and arteries. In Getty R, editor: Sisson and Grossmans the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders. 9. Dyhre-Poulsen P, Smedgaard HH, Roed J, Korsgaard E: Equine hoof function investigated by pressure transducers inside the hoof and accelerometers mounted on the first phalanx, Equine Vet J 26:362, 1994. 10. Van Wulfen KK, Bowker RM: Microanatomic characteristics of the insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and deep digital flexor tendon on the distal phalanx in healthy feet obtained from horses, Am J Vet Res 63:215, 2002. 11. Bowker RM, Atkinson PJ, Atkinson TS, Haut RC: Effect of contact stress in bones of the distal interphalangeal joint on microscopic changes in articular cartilage and ligaments, Am J Vet Res 62:414, 2001. 12. Van Wulfen KK, Bowker RM: Evaluation of tachykinins and their receptors to determine sensory innervation in the dorsal hoof wall and insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and deep digital flexor tendon on the distal phalanx in healthy feet of horses, Am J Vet Res 63:222, 2002. 13. Bowker RM, Linder K, Van Wulfen KK, Sonea IM: Anatomy of the distal interphalangeal joint of the mature horse: relationships with the navicular suspensory ligaments, sensory nerves and neurovascular bundle, Equine Vet J 29:126, 1997. 14. Bowker RM, Dobson H: A contrast computed tomographic study of the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa in the horse. Unpublished data, 2002. 15. Molyneux GS, Haller CJ, Mogg K, Pollitt CC: The structure, innervation and location of arteriovenous anastomoses in the equine foot, Equine Vet J 26:305, 1994. 16. Edvinsson L, Uddman R: Vascular innervation and receptor mechanisms, San Diego, 1993, Academic Press. 17. Busse R, Mulsch A: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: nitric oxide. In Sies H, ed: Molecular aspects of inflammation, Berlin, 1991, Springer-Verlag. 18. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA: Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology, Pharm Rev 43:109, 1991. 19. Kimball ES: Substance P, cytokines and arthritis, Ann N Y Acad Sci 594:293, 1990. 20. Bowker RM, Linder K, Sonea IM, Guida LA: Sensory nerve fibres and receptors in equine distal forelimbs and the potential

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CHAPTER 30 Navicular Disease

1. Dyson S, Murray R, Schramme M: Lameness associated with foot pain: results of 199 horses (January 2001-December 2003) and response to treatment, Equine Vet J 37:113, 2005. 2. Blunden A, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Histological findings in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched control horses. Part 1: the navicular bone and related structures, Equine Vet J 38:15, 2006. 3. Blunden A, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Histological findings in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched control horses. Part 2: the deep digital flexor tendon, Equine Vet J 38:23, 2006. 4. Dyson S, Murray R, Schramme M, et al: Lameness in 46 horses associated with deep digital flexor tendonitis in the digit: diagnosis confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging, Equine Vet J 35:681, 2003. 5. Dik K, van den Broek J: Role of navicular bone shape in the pathogenesis of navicular disease: a radiological study, Equine Vet J 27:390, 1995. 6. Dik K, van den Belt A, Van den Broek J: Relationships of age and shape of the navicular bone to the development of navicular disease: a radiological study, Equine Vet J 33:172, 2001. 7. Stock K, Hamann H, Distl O: Variance component estimation on the frequency of pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses, J Anim Breed Genet 121:289, 2004. 8. Dyson S, Murray R, Blunden T, et al: Current concepts of navicular disease, Equine Vet Educ 18:45, 2006. 9. Ackerman N, Johnson J, Dorn C: Navicular disease in the horse: risk factors, radiographic changes and response to therapy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:183, 1997. 10. Mey G, Kleyn E, Watering C: Een onderzoek naar de eifalljke aanleg voor podotrochlitis, Tijdschrift Dieergeneesk 92:1261, 1967. 11. Colles C: The pathogenesis and treatment of navicular disease in the horse, PhD thesis, London, 1987, University of London. 12. Turner T: Role of hoof balance on navi cular disease. International Symposium on Podotrochlosis, Dortmund, 1993. 13. Denoix JM: Les origines du syndrome podotrochleaire en relation avec la biomechanique. Proceedings of the Sixth Geneva Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery, 1999. 14. Bowker R, Atkinson P, Atkinson T, et al: Effect of contact stress in bones of the distal interphalangeal joint on microscopic changes in articular cartilage and ligaments, Am J Vet Res 62:414, 2001. 15. Denoix JM: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:174, 1999.

CHAPTER 29 Functional Anatomy of the Palmar Aspect of the Foot

1. Sack WO: Rooneys guide to the dissection of the horse, Ithaca, NY, 1977, Veterinary Textbooks. 2. Kainer RA: Functional anatomy of equine locomotor organs. In Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 3. Getty R: Equine osteology. In Getty R, ed: Sisson and Grossmans the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders.

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16. Wilson A, McGuigan M, Fouracre L, et al: The force and contact stress on the navicular bone during trot locomotion in sound horses and horses with navicular disease, Equine Vet J 33:159, 2001. 17. McGuigan M, Wilson A: The effect of bilateral palmar digital nerve analgesia on the compressive force experienced by the navicular bone in horses with navicular disease, Equine Vet J 33:166, 2001. 18. Eliashar E, McGuigan M, Wilson A: Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot, Equine Vet J 36:431, 2004. 19. Dik K, van den Belt A, Enzerink E, et al: The radiographic development of the distal and proximal double contours of the equine navicular bone on dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (upright pedal) radiographs from age 1 to 11 months, Equine Vet J 33:70, 2001. 20. Rijkenhuizen A, Nemeth F, Dik K, et al: The arterial supply of the navicular bone in adult horses with navicular disease, Equine Vet J 21:418, 1989. 21. Colles C, Hickman J: The arterial supply of the navicular bone and its variations in navicular disease, Equine Vet J 9:150, 1977. 22. MacGregor C: Studies on the pathology and treatment of navicular disease, PhD thesis, Edinburgh, UK, 1984, University of Edinburgh. 23. Ostblom L, Lund C, Melsen F: Histological study of navicular bone disease, Equine Vet J 14:199, 1982. 24. Pool R, Meagher D, Stover S: Pathophysiology of navicular syndrome, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:109, 1989. 25. Wright I, Kidd L, Thorp B: Gross, histological and histomorphometric features of the navicular bone and related structures in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:220, 1998. 26. Wright I, Douglas J: Biomechanical considerations in the treatment of navicular disease, Vet Rec 133:109, 1993. 27. Dyson S, Murray R: Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J 39:350, 2007. 28. Dyson S, Murray R: Use of concurrent scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of injury of the podotrochlear apparatus, Equine Vet J 39:365, 2007. 29. Bowker R: Contrasting structural morphologies of good and bad footed horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 49:186, 2003. 30. Keegan K, Wilson D, Lattimer J, et al: Scintigraphic evaluation of 99mTc- methylene diphosphonate uptake in the navicular area of horses with lameness isolated to the foot by anaesthesia of the palmar digital nerves, Am J Vet Res 57:415, 1996. 31. Dyson S, Weekes J: Orthopaedic imaging. In Dyson S, Pilsworth R, Twardock R, et al, eds: Equine scintigraphy, ed 1, Newmarket, UK, 2003, Equine Veterinary Journal. 32. Dyson S: Subjective and quantitative scintigraphic assessment of the equine


evaluation of navicular syndrome in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:108, 1999. 69. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of 264 horses with foot pain: the podotrochlear apparatus, the deep digital flexor tendon and the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:340, 2007. 70. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007. 71. Sampson S, Schneider R, Gavin P: Magnetic resonance imaging findings in horses with recent and chronic bilateral forelimb lameness diagnosed as navicular syndrome, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:419, 2008. 72. Smith M, Wright I, Smith R: Endoscopic assessment and treatment of lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon in the navicular bursae of 20 lame horses, Equine Vet J 38:18, 2007. 73. Bowker R, Van Wulfen K, Springer S, et al: Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation, Am J Vet Res 59:961, 1998. 74. Dyson S: The puzzle of distal interphalangeal joint pain, Equine Vet Educ 10:119, 1998. 75. Schoonover M, Jann H, Blaik M: Quantitative comparison of 3 commonly used treatments for navicular syndrome in horses, Am J Vet Res 66:1247, 2005. 76. Dejardin L, Arnoczky S, Cloud G, et al: Photoelastic stress analysis of strain patterns in equine hooves after four-point trimming, Am J Vet Res 62:467, 2001. 77. Willemen M, Savelberg H, Barneveld A: The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses, Equine Vet J 31:25, 1999. 78. Ostblom L, Lund C, Melsen F: Navicular bone disease: results of treatment using egg-bar shoeing technique, Equine Vet J 16:203, 1984. 79. Ostblom L, Lund C, Melsen F: Navicular bone disease: a comparative histomorpho metric study, Equine Vet J 21:431, 1989. 80. Rohde C, Andersen D, Bertone A, et al: Effects of phenylbutazone on bone activity and formation in horses, Am J Vet Res 61:537, 2000. 81. Symonds K, MacAllister C, Erkert R, et al: Use of force plate analysis to assess the analgesic effects of etodolac in horses with navicular syndrome, Am J Vet Res 67:557, 2006. 82. Matthews N, Gleed RD, Short CE, et al: Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic effects of isoxsuprine in the horse, Am J Vet Res 47:2130, 1986. 83. Ingle-Fehr J, Baxter G: Effect of oral isoxsuprine and pentoxifylline on digital and laminar blood flow in healthy horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:214, 1996. 84. Deumer J, de Haan F, Tulp M, et al: Effect of an isoxsuprine-resin preparation on blood flow in the equine thoracic limb, Vet Rec 129:427, 1991. 85. Belloli C, Carcano R, Arioli F, et al: Affinity of isoxsuprine for adrenoreceptors in equine digital artery and implications for vasodilatory action, Equine Vet J 32:119, 2000. 86. Turner A, Tucker C: The evaluation of isoxsuprine hydrochloride for the treatment of navicular disease: a double blind study, Equine Vet J 21:338, 1989. 87. Pauwels F, Schumacher J, Castro F, et al: Evaluation of the diffusion of corticosteroids between the distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa in horses, Am J Vet Res 69:611, 2008. 88. Kristiansen K, Kold S: Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intraarticular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:150, 2007. 89. Verschooten F, Desmet P, Peremans K, et al: Navicular disease in the horse: the effect of controlled intrabursal corticoid injection, J Equine Vet Sci 10:316, 1990. 90. Dabareiner R, Carter K, Honnas C: Injection of corticosteroids, hyaluronate and amikacin into the navicular bursa in horses with signs of navicular area pain unresponsive to other treatments: 25 cases (1999-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1469, 2003. 91. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2008. 92. Bell C, Howard R, Taylor D, et al: Outcome of navicular bursa injections in horses with MRI-diagnosed foot pain: 23 cases (2005-2007), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 54:245, 2008. 93. Colles C: Anticoagulant therapy for navicular disease, Vet Rec 108:107, 1982. 94. Kirker-Head K: Use of propentofylline for the treatment of equine navicular disease, Proc Eur Coll Vet Surg 2:10, 1993. 95. Verschooten F, Ooms L, Desmet P, et al: Metrenperone treatment of navicular disease in horses compared with isoxsuprine: a clinical study, J Equine Vet Sci 10:230, 1990. 96. Crisman M: Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for the treatment of navicular disease: a double blind study, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:219, 1993. 97. Denoix J-M: Tiludronate as a new therapeutic agent in the treatment of navicular disease: a double-blind placebo- controlled trial, Equine Vet J 35:407, 2003. 98. Blum N: The use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in horses with navicular disease, Pferdheilkunde 21:21, 2005. 99. Wright I: Navicular suspensory des motomy in the treatment of navicular disease: technique and preliminary results, Equine Vet J 18:443, 1986. 100. Diehl M: Desmotomy of the navicular collateral ligaments in horses with navicular disease, Proc Eur Soc Vet Surg 16:53, 1986. 101. Wright I: A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: treatment by navicular suspensory desmotomy, Equine Vet J 25:501, 1993. 102. 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CHAPTER 31 Fracture of the Navicular Bone and Congenital Bipartite Navicular Bone
1. Colles C: Repair of navicular bone fractures in the horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:270, 2001. 2. Reeves M, Yovich J, Turner S: Miscellaneous conditions of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:210, 1989. 3. Baxter G, Ingle J, Trotter G: Complete navicular bone fractures in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:243, 1995. 4. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 5. Murray R: Personal communication, 2001. 6. Heitzmann A, Denoix J-M: Rupture of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament with proximal displacement of the distal sesamoid bone in a steeplechaser, Equine Vet Educ 19:117, 2007. 7. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 1981. 8. Turner T, Malone E: How to treat navicular bone fractures, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:370, 1997. 9. Nemeth F, Dik K: Lag screw fixation of sagittal navicular bone fractures in 5 horses, Equine Vet J 17:137, 1985.

CHAPTER 32 Primary Lesions of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon within the Hoof Capsule
1. Bowker R, Rockershouser S, Linder K, et al: A silver impregnation and immunocytochemical study of innervation of the distal sesamoid bone and its suspensory ligaments in the horse, Equine Vet J 26:212, 1994.

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2. Bowker R, Atkinson P, Atkinson T, et al: Effect of contact stress in bones of the distal interphalangeal joint on microscopic changes in articular cartilage and ligaments, Am J Vet Res 62:414, 2001. 3. Denoix JM: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. 4. Webbon P: A post mortem study of equine digital flexor tendons, Equine Vet J 9:61, 1977. 5. Wright I, Kidd L, Thorp B: Gross, histological and histomorphometric features of the navicular bone and related structures in the horse, Equine Vet J 30:220, 1998. 6. Pool R, Meagher D, Stover S: Pathophysiology of navicular syndrome, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:109, 1989. 7. Van Wulfen K, Bowker R: Intersection of the DSIL and the DDFT and its relationship to navicular syndrome, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:405, 1997. 8. Murray R, Schramme M, Dyson S, et al: MRI characteristics of the foot in horses with palmar foot pain and control horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:1, 2006. 9. Blunden A, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Histological findings in horses with chronic palmar foot pain and age-matched control horses. Part 2: the deep digital flexor tendon, Equine Vet J 38:23, 2006. 10. Murray R, Blunden T, Schramme M, et al: How does magnetic resonance imaging represent histological findings in the equine digit? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:17, 2006. 11. Blunden T, Murray R, Dyson S: Lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon in the digit: a correlative magnetic resonance imaging and post mortem study in control and lame horses, Equine Vet J 41:25, 2009. 12. Dyson S, Murray R, Schramme M, et al: Lameness in 46 horses associated with deep digital flexor tendonitis in the digit: diagnosis confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging, Equine Vet J 35:681, 2003. 13. Mair T, Kinns J: Deep digital flexor tendonitis in the equine foot diagnosed by low-field magnetic resonance imaging in the standing patient: 18 cases, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:458, 2005. 14. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of 264 horses with foot pain: the podotrochlear apparatus, the deep digital flexor tendon and the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:340, 2007. 15. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 2, Oxford, 2000, Blackwell Science. 16. Ueltschi G: Radiographie und szintigraphie beim podotrochlosesyndrom, Proc Geneva Congress Equine Med Surg 6:119, 1999. 17. Dyson S: Subjective and quantitative scintigraphic assessment of the equine foot and its relationship with foot pain, Equine Vet J 34:164, 2002. 18. Dyson S, Murray R: Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J 39:350, 2007.

CHAPTER 33 The Distal Phalanx and Distal Interphalangeal Joint

Primary Pain Associated with the Distal Interphalangeal Joint 1. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. 2. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:174, 1999. 3. Chateau H, Deugueurce C, Jerbi H, et al: Normal three-dimensional behaviour of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the effect of uneven foot bearing, Equine Vet J Suppl 33:84, 2001. 4. Dyson S: The puzzle of distal interphalangeal joint pain, Equine Vet Educ 10:119, 1998. 5. Schumacher J, Steiger R, Schumacher J, et al: Effects of analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or palmar digital nerves on lameness caused by solar pain in horses, Vet Surg 29:54, 2000. 6. Schumacher J, Schramme M, Schumacher J, et al: The effect of volumes of local anaesthetic administered into the coffin joint on solar toe or heel pain, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:27, 2000. 7. Dyson S: Lameness due to pain associated with the distal interphalangeal joint: 45 cases, Equine Vet J 23:128, 1991. 8. Dyson S, Kidd L: A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa and intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint in 59 horses, Equine Vet J 25:93, 1993.


in horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J (In press.) 28. Biggi M, Dyson S: Comparison between radiological and magnetic resonance imaging lesions in the distal border of the navicular bone with particular reference to distal border fragments and osseous cyst-like lesions, Equine Vet J (In press.) Fractures and Fragmentation of the Extensor Process of the Distal Phalanx 1. Dechant JE, Trotter GW, Stashak TS, et al: Removal of large fragments of the extensor process of the distal phalanx via arthrotomy in horses: 14 cases (19921998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1351, 2000. 2. Honnas C, Trotter GW: The distal interphalangeal joint. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine lameness and surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 3. Boening KJ, von Saldern F, Leendertse IP, et al: Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the equine coffin joint, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:311, 1989. 4. Kaneps A, OBrein T, Redden RF, et al: Characterization of osseous bodies of the distal phalanx of foals, Equine Vet J 25:285, 1993. 5. ter Braake F: Arthroscopic removal of large fragments of the extensor process of the distal phalanx in 4 horses, Equine Vet Educ 17:101, 2005. 6. MacLellan K, MacDonald DG, Crawford WH, et al: Lag screw fixation of an extensor process fracture in a foal with flexural deformity, Can Vet J 38:226, 1997. Injuries of the Collateral Ligaments of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint 1. McDiarmid A: Distal interphalangeal joint lameness in horses associated with damage to the insertion of the lateral collateral ligament, Equine Vet Educ 10:114, 1998. 2. Denoix J-M: Ligament injuries of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses, Proceedings of the Sixth World Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Paris, September 1999. 3. Sage A, Turner T: Ultrasonography in the horse with palmar foot pain: 13 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:380, 2000. 4. Dyson S, Murray R: Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in 62 horses (January 2001-December 2003), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:248, 2004. 5. Zubrod C, Farnsworth K, Tucker R, et al: Injury of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:11, 2005. 6. Gutierrez S, White N, Werpy N, et al: Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint detected with a low-field magnetic resonance imaging system: 20 cases, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:21, 2009. 7. Dyson S, Blunden T, Murray R: The collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint: magnetic resonance imaging and post mortem observations in 25 lame and 12 control horses, Equine Vet J 40:538, 2008. 8. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of the equine interphalangeal joints, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:174, 1999. 9. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine Vet J (In press.) 10. Dyson S, Murray R: Verification of scintigraphic imaging for injury diagnosis in 264 horses with foot pain, Equine Vet J 39:350, 2007. 11. Spriet M, Mai W, McKnight A: Asymmetric signal intensity in normal collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses with a low field MRI system: a manifestation of the magic angle effect, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:95, 2007. 12. Smith M, Dyson S, Murray R: Is a magic angle effect observed in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint or the oblique sesamoidean ligaments during standing low field magnetic resonance imaging? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:509, 2008. 13. Werpy N, Ho C, Kawcak C: Magic angle effect in normal collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses imaged with a high-field magnetic resonance imaging system, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:2, 2010. 14. Dakin S, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 1, Equine Vet J 41:786, 2009. 15. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007. 16. Dakin S, Dyson S, Murray R, et al: Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 2. Treatment and outcome, Equine Vet J 41:794, 2009. 17. Smith M, Crowe O, Ellson C, et al: Surgical treatment of osseous cyst-like lesions in the distal phalanx arising from collateral ligament insertional injury, Equine Vet Educ 17:195, 2005. Osseous Cystlike Lesions in the Distal Phalanx 1. Verschooten F, De Moor A: Subchondral cystic and related lesions affecting the equine pedal bone and stifle, Equine Vet J 14:47, 1982. 2. Bramlage L: Osteochondrosis related bone cysts, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:83, 1993. 3. Honnas C, Trotter GW: The distal interphalangeal joint. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 4. Scott E, Snyder S, Schmotzer W, et al: Subchondral bone cysts with fractures of the extensor processes in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:595, 1991. 5. McIlwraith CW: Personal communication, 2001. 6. Wagner P, Modransky P, Gavin P, et al: Surgical management of subchondral bone cysts of the third phalanx in the horse, Equine Pract 4:9, 1982. 7. Wright I: Personal communication, 2001. 8. Story M, Bramlage L: Arthroscopic debridement of subchondral bone cysts in the distal phalanx of 11 horses (19942000), Equine Vet J 36:356, 2004.

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Osseous Trauma of the Distal and Middle Phalanges 1. Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:46, 2007. 2. Zubrod C, Schneider R, Tucker R, et al: Diagnosis of subchondral bone damage using magnetic resonance imaging in 11 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 24:411, 2004. 3. Olive J, Mair T, Charles B: Use of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose middle phalanx bone marrow lesions in horses. Equine Vet Educ 21:125, 2009. 4. Dyson S, Murray R: Lameness and diagnostic imaging in the sports horse: recent advances related to the digit, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:262, 2007. 5. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine vet J (In press.) 6. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.) Keratomas and Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Space-Occupying Lesions in the Hoof 1. Hamir A, Kunz C, Evans L: Equine keratoma, J Vet Diagn Invest 4:99, 1990. 2. Reeves M, Yovich J, Turner A: Miscellaneous conditions of the equine foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:221, 1989. 3. Lloyd K, Peterson P, Wheat J, et al: Keratomas in horses: seven cases (1975-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:967, 1998. 4. Berry C, OBrien T, Pool R: Squamous cell carcinoma of the hoof wall in a stallion, J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:90, 1991. 5. Gelatt K, Neuwirth L, Hawkins D, et al: Haemangioma of the distal phalanx in a colt, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 37:323, 1996. 6. Honnas C, Liskey C, Meagher D, et al: Malignant melanoma in the foot of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:756, 1990. 7. Kunze D, Monticello T, Jakob T, et al: Malignant melanoma of the coronary band in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:297, 1986. 8. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 9. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2001. 10. Moyer W: Keratoma. In Colahan P, Mayhew I, Merritt A, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St. Louis, 1999, Mosby. 11. Chan C, Munroe G: Treatment of a keratoma in a Clydesdale horse, Vet Rec 140:453, 1997. 12. Pickersgill C: Recurrent white line abscessation associated with a keratoma in a riding pony, Equine Vet Educ 12:286, 2000. 13. Seahorn T, Sams A, Honnas C, et al: Ultrasonographic imaging of a keratoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1973, 1992. 14. Mair T: Personal communication, 2007. 15. Frisbie D, Trotter G: Keratomas. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.

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Pedal Osteitis: Does It Exist? 1. Rendano V: Radiographic interpretation: pedal osteitis, Calif Vet 33:27, 1979. 2. Linford R, OBrien T, Trout D: Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and distal soft tissues of sound Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 54:38, 1993. 3. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 4. Dyson S, Ross M: Unpublished data, 2001. 5. Moyer W, OBrien T, Walker M: Nonseptic pedal osteitis: a cause of lameness and a diagnosis? Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:178, 1999. 6. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx, Equine Vet J 40:57, 2008. 7. Dyson S: Non-septic osteitis of the distal phalanx and its palmar processes, Equine Vet Educ (In press.) 8. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine Vet J (In press.) 9. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.) Osteitis of the Palmar Processes of the Distal Phalanx 1. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Trotter G: Personal communication, 2001. 3. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2001. 4. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Radiographic, scintigraphic and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the palmar processes of the distal phalanx, Equine Vet J 40:57, 2008. 5. Dyson S: Non-septic osteitis of the distal phalanx and its palmar processes, Equine Vet Educ (In press.) 6. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine vet J (In press.) 7. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.) Disease of the Cartilages of the Foot 1. Nickel R, Schummer A, Bewegungsapparat S: Zehegelenke des Pferdes. In Nickel R, Schummer A, eds: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere, Band 1, ed 2, Berlin, 1961, Paul Parey. 2. Bowker R, Van Wulfen K, Springer S, et al: Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation, Am J Vet Res 59:961, 1998. 3. Ruohoniemi M: Ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in the front feet of Finnhorses, doctoral thesis, Helsinki, Finland, 1997, University of Helsinki. 4. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 5. Down S, Dyson S, Murray R: Ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet Educ 19:51, 2007. 6. Dyson S, Murray R: Lameness and diagnostic imaging in the sports horse: recent advances related to the digit, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:262, 2007. 7. Nagy A, Dyson S, Murray R: Scintigraphic examination of the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet J 39:250256, 2007. 8. Dyson S, Nagy A: Injuries associated with the cartilages of the foot, Equine Vet Educ (In press.) 9. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.) 10. Dakin S, Robson K, Dyson S: Fractures of ossified cartilages of the foot: 10 cases, Equine Vet Educ 18:130, 2006. 11. Mair T, Sherlock C: Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in conjunction with concurrent ossification of the cartilages of the foot in nine horses, Equine Vet Educ 20:485, 2008. 12. Dyson S, Brown V, Collins S, Murray R: Is there an association between ossification of the cartilages of the foot and collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint or distal phalanx injury? Equine Vet J (In press.) 13. Denoix J-M: Personal communication, 2000.

16. Boys Smith S, Clegg P, Hughes I, et al: Complete and partial hoof wall resection for keratoma removal: postoperative complications and final outcome in 26 horses (1994-2004), Equine Vet J 38:127, 2006. Fractures of the Distal Phalanx 1. Scott E, McDole M, Shires M: A review of third phalanx fractures in the horse: sixty-five cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1337, 1979. 2. Honnas C, OBrien T, Linford R: Distal phalanx fractures in horses: a survey of 274 horses with radiographic assessment of healing in 36 horses, Vet Radiol 29:98, 1988. 3. Yovich J, Stashak T, DeBowes R, et al: Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb in eight foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:550, 1986. 4. Kaneps A, OBrien T, Redden R, et al: Characterisation of osseous bodies of the distal phalanx of foals, Equine Vet J 25:285, 1993. 5. Kaneps A, OBrien T, Willits N, et al: Effect of hoof trimming on the occurrence of distal phalangeal fractures in foals, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:251, 1995. 6. Honnas C, OBrien T, Linford R: Solar margin fractures of the distal phalanx, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:399, 1987. 7. Petterrson H: Fractures of the pedal bone in the horse, Equine Vet J 8:104, 1976. 8. Yovich J, Hilbert B, McGill C: Fracture of the distal phalanx in horses, Austr Vet J 59:180, 1982. 9. Honnas C, Trotter G: Articular fractures of the distal phalanx. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 10. Hertsch B, Neuberth M: Die isolierte ossifakation am hufbeinast des pferdes: eine differentialdiagnostische abgrenzung zu hufbeinastfraktur und hufknorpelverknocherung, Pferdeheilkunde 7:169, 1991. 11. Yovich J: Fractures of the distal phalanx in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:145, 1989. 12. Rabuffo TS, Ross MW: Fractures of the distal phalanx in 72 racehorses: 19902001, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:375, 2002. 13. Robson K, Kristoffersen M, Dyson S: Palmar or plantar process fractures of the distal phalanx in riding horses: 22 cases (1994-2003), Equine Vet Educ 20:40, 2008. 14. Keegan K, Twardock R, Losonsky J, et al: Scintigraphic evaluation of fractures of the distal phalanx in horses: 27 cases (1979-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1993, 1993. 15. Dyson S, Murray R: Injuries associated with ossification of the cartilages of the foot, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract (In press.) 16. Herthel D, Rick M, Lauper L, et al: Repair of distal phalanx fractures with articular involvement by using the titanium Herbert cannulated bone screw, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:170, 1996. 17. Ross M: Observations in horses with lameness abolished by palmar digital analgesia, Proceedings of the Seventh World Equine Veterinary Association, WEVA-SIVE 197, Sorrento, September 2001.

CHAPTER 34 Laminitis
Pathophysiology of Laminitis 1. Pollitt CC: Basement membrane pathology: a feature of acute equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 28:38, 1996. 2. Pollitt CC, Daradka M: Equine laminitis basement membrane pathology: loss of type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin immunostaining, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:139, 1998. 3. Obel N: Studies on the histopathology of acute laminitis, Almgvist and Wilcsells Bottrykeri Ab Uppsala (PhD Thesis), 1948. 4. Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221, 2004. 5. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattlet O, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metal loproteinase-1 (MMP14) is involved in acute phase onset, Equine Vet J 40:482, 2008. 6. Daradka M, Pollitt CC: Epidermal cell proliferation in the equine hoof wall, Equine Vet J 36:236, 2004. 7. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Black SJ: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in laminae of black walnut extract treated horses correlates with neutrophil abundance, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 113:267, 2006. 8. Loftus JP, Johnson P, Yin C, et al: Matrix metalloproteinases and structural tissue damage in equine laminitis, J Vet Intern Med 22:378, 2008.


9. Coyne MJ, Cousin H, Loftus JP, et al: Cloning and expression of ADAM-related metalloproteases in equine laminitis, J vet Immunol 129:231, 2009. 10. Budak MT, Orsini JA, Pollitt CC, et al: Gene expression in the lamellar dermisepidermis during the developmental phase of carbohydrate overload-induced laminitis in the horse, Vet Immunol Immunopathol doi: 101016/jvetimm200903019, 2009. 11. Asplin K, Sillence M, Pollitt C, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530, 2007. 12. deLaat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 40 hours of hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129, 2010. 13. Nourian AR, Asplin KE, McGowan CM, et al: Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected in ponies after prolonged hyperinsulinaemia, Equine Vet J 41:671, 2009. 14. Faleiros RR, Nuovo GJ, Belknap JK: Calprotectin in myeloid and epithelial cells of laminae from horses with black walnut extract-induced laminitis, J Vet Intern Med 23:174, 2009. 15. Belknap J: Pathophysiology of equine laminitis, Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 148, 2007. 16. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis induced with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 38:203, 2006. 17. Morgan SJ, Hood DM, Wagner IP, et al: Submural histopathologic changes attributable to peracute laminitis in horses, Am J Vet Res 7:829, 2003. 18. Croser EL, Pollitt CC: Acute laminitis: descriptive evaluation of serial hoof biopsies, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:542, 2006. 19. Nourian AR, Baldwin GI, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected 24-30 hours after induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 39:360, 2007. 20. Van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis model: lamellar histopathology 7 days after induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J doi: 10.2746/042516409X042434116, 2009. 21. Pollitt CC, Molyneux GS: A scanning electromicroscopical study of the dermal microcirculation of the equine foot, Equine Vet J 22:79, 1990. 22. Black SJ, Lunn DP, Yin C, et al: Leukocyte emigration in the early stages of laminitis, Vet Immunol Immunopathol 109:161, 2006. 23. Loftus J, Black S, Pettigrew A, et al: Early laminar events involving endothelial activation in horses with black walnutinduced laminitis, Am J Vet Res 68:1205, 2007. 24. Belknap JK, Giguere S, Pettigrew A, et al: Lamellar pro-inflammatory cytokine expression patterns in laminitis at the developmental stage and at the onset of lameness: innate vs. adaptive immune response, Equine Vet J 39:42, 2007. 25. Visser MB: Investigation of proteolysis of the basement membrane during the development of equine laminitis, School of Veterinary Science, Brisbane, 2009, The University of Queensland. PhD thesis. 26. Kyaw Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221, 2004. 27. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset, Equine Vet J 40:482, 2008. 28. Hood DM, Grosenbaugh DA, Mostafa BM, et al: The role of vascular mechanisms in the development of acute equine laminitis, J Vet Intern Med 7:228, 1993. 29. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Stankiewicz KM, et al: Laminar xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 39:48, 2007. 30. Pollitt CC, Davies CT: Equine laminitis: its development coincides with increased sublamellar blood flow, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:125, 1998. 31. Robinson NE, Scott JB, Dabney JM, et al: Digital vascular responses and permeability in equine alimentary laminitis, Am J Vet Res 37:1171, 1976. 32. Trout DR, Hornof WJ, Linford RL, et al: Scintigraphic evaluation of digital circulation during the developmental and acute phases of equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 22:416, 1990. 33. deLaat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al: Equine laminitis: induced by 48 hours of hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses, Equine Vet J 42:129, 2010 34. Sprouse RF, Garner HE, Green EM: Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis, Equine Vet J 19:25, 1987. 35. Parsons CS, Orsini JA, Krafty R, et al: Risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization: 73 cases (1997-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:885, 2007. 36. MacKay RJ, Clark CK, Logdberg L, et al: Effect of a conjugate of polymyxin B- dextran 70 in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia, Am J Vet Res 60:68, 1999. 37. Menzies Gow NJ, Bailey SR, Katz LM, et al: Endotoxin-induced digital vasoconstriction in horses: associated changes in plasma concentrations of vasoconstrictor mediators, Equine Vet J 36:273, 2004. 38. Barton MH, Collatos C, Moore JN: Endotoxin induced expression of tumour necrosis factor, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity by peritoneal macrophages, Equine Vet J 28:382, 1996. 39. Ingle-Fehr JE, Baxter GM: Evaluation of digital and laminar blood flow in horses given a low dose of endotoxin, Am J Vet Res 59:192, 1998. 40. Stephens KA: Studies on sublethal endotoxemia in the horse, Southwest Vet 36:27, 1984. 41. Milinovich GJ, Burrell PC, Pollitt CC, et al: Microbial ecology of the equine hindgut during oligofructose-induced laminitis, ISME J 2:1089, 2008. 42. Coyne MJ, Cousin H, Loftus JP, et al: Cloning and expression of ADAM related metalloproteases in equine laminitis, J Vet Immunol 129:231, 2009.

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43. Rasmussen HS, McCann PP: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition as a novel anticancer strategy: a review with special focus on batimastat and marimastat, Pharmacol Ther 75:69, 1997. 44. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, et al: Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies, Vet J 174:530, 2007. 45. Baron AD: Insulin resistance and vascular function, J Diabetes Complications 16:92, 2002. 46. Bailey SR, Marr CM, Elliott J: Current research and theories on the pathogenesis of acute laminitis in the horse, Vet J 167:129, 2004. 47. Uemura S, Matsushita H, Li W, et al: Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix metalloproteinase activity: role of oxidative stress, Circ Res 88:1291, 2001. 48. Mungall BA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: In vitro evidence for a bacterial pathogenesis of equine laminitis, Vet Microbiol 79:209, 2001. 49. Milinovich GJ, Trott DJ, Burrell PC, et al: Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of hindgut bacteria associated with the development of equine laminitis, Environ Microbiol 9:2090, 2007. 50. Milinovich GJ, Trott DJ, Burrell PC, et al: Changes in equine hindgut bacterial populations during oligofructose induced laminitis, Environ Microbiol 8:885, 2006. 51. Johnson PJ: The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushings syndrome, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:271, 2002. 52. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Geor RJ: Insulin resistance in equids: possible role in laminitis, J Nutr 136:2094S, 2006. 53. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, et al: Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538, 2006. 54. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, et al: Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis, Am J Vet Res 69:122, 2006. 55. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, et al: Effect of dietary fructans and dexamethasone administration on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1365, 2007. 56. McGowan C, Frost R, Pfeiffer D, et al: Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushings syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value, Equine Vet J 36:194, 2004. 57. Reeves HJ, Lees R, McGowan CM: Measurement of basal serum insulin concentration in the diagnosis of Cushings disease in ponies, Vet Rec 149:449, 2001. 58. Walsh D, McGowan C, McGowan T, et al: Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine Cushings disease and equine metabolic syndrome, J Equine Vet Sci 29:87, 2009. 59. Pratt SE, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ: Effects of dietary energy source and physical conditioning on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in Standardbred horses, Equine Exerc Physiol 36:579, 2006 60. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JR: The effect of metformin on measurements of

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Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Stankiewicz KM, et al: Laminar xanthine oxidase, super oxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis, Equine Vet J 39:48, 2007. 19. van Eps AW, Walters LJ, Baldwin GI, et al: Distal limb cryotherapy for the prevention of acute laminitis, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3:64, 2004. 20. Goetz TE: The treatment of laminitis in horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:73, 1989. 21. Peters D, Erfle J, Slobojan G: Low-dose pergolide mesylate treatment for equine hypophyseal adenomas (Cushings syndrome), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41: 154, 1995. 22. Walsh DM, McGowan CM, McGowan T, et al: Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine Cushings disease and equine metabolic syndrome, J Equine Vet Sci 29:87, 2009. 23. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JR: The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance, Equine Vet J 40:493, 2008. Chronic Laminitis 1. Hood DM, Stevens KA: Pathophysiology of equine laminitis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 3:s454, 1981. 2. Hood DM: The mechanisms and consequences of structural failure of the foot, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:437, 1999. 3. Pellmann R: Struktur und Funktion des Hufbeintrgers beim Pferd, dissertation, Berlin, 1995, Freie Universitt. 4. Budras KD, Schiel C, Mulling C: Horn tubules of the white line: an insufficient barrier against ascending bacterial invasion, Equine Vet Educ 10:81, 1998. 5. Marks G: Makroskopische, licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Morphologie des Hyponichiums bei der Hufrehe des Pferdes, dissertation, Berlin, 1984, Freie Universitt. 6. Marks G, Budras KD: Zusammenhangstennung im corium und der epidermis bei der chronischen hufrehe des pferdes, Anat Histol Embryol J Vet Med Ser C 14:187, 1985. 7. Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: current concepts, Canberra, Australia, 2008, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. 8. Johnson P, Kreeger J, Keeler M, et al: Serum markers of lamellar basement degradation and lamellar histopathological changes in horses affected with laminitis, Equine Vet J 32:462, 2000. 9. Hinckley K, Henderson I: The epidemiology of equine laminitis in the UK. Proceedings of the 35th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association, Warwick, UK, 1996. 10. Morgan SJ, Grosenbaugh DA, Hood DM: The pathophysiology of chronic laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:395, 1999. 11. Kameya T: Clinical studies on laminitis in the racehorse, Exp Rep Equine Health Lab 10:19, 1973. 12. 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Linford RL: A radiographic, morphometric, histological and ultrastructural investigation of lamellar function, abnormality and the associated radiographic findings for sound and footsore thoroughbreds and horses with experimentally induced traumatic and alimentary laminitis, PhD dissertation, Davis, Calif, 1987, University of California, Davis. 19. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis, Equine Vet J 31:427, 1999. 20. Jones E, Vinuela-Fernandez I, Eager R, et al: Neuropathic changes in equine laminitis pain, Pain 132:321, 2007. 21. Wagner IP, Hood DM: Cause of airlines associated with acute and chronic laminitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:363, 1997. 22. Kameya T, Kiryu K, Kaneko M, et al: Histopathogenesis of thickening of the hoof wall laminae in equine laminitis, Japan J Vet Sci 42:361, 1980. 23. Mostafa MB: Studies on experimental laminitis in the horse, PhD dissertation, Giza, Egypt, 1986, Cairo University. 24. Budras KD, Hullinger RL, Sack WO: Light and electron microscopy of

insulin sensitivity and cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance, Equine Vet J doi: 10.2746/ 042516408X042273648, 2008. 61. Bailey SR, Elliott J: The corticosteroid laminitis story: 2. Science of if, when and how, Equine Vet J 39:7-11, 2007. 62. French K, Pollitt CC, Pass MA: Pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of triamcinolone acetonide and their possible relationships to glucocorticoid-induced laminitis in horses, J Vet Pharm Ther 23:287, 2000. 63. McCluskey MJ, Kavenagh PB: Clinical use of triamcinolone acetonide in the horse (205 cases) and the incidence of glucocorticoid-induced laminitis associated with its use, Equine Vet Educ 16:86, 2004. 64. Bramlage L: Personal communication, 2008. Diagnosis of Laminitis 1. Treiber K, Kronfeld D, Hess T, et al: Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies, J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538, 2006. 2. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2006. Medical Therapy of Laminitis 1. Baxter GM: Acute laminitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:627, 1994. 2. Pollitt CC, Pass MA, Pollitt S: Batimastat (BB-94) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases of equine laminitis, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:119, 1998. 3. Kyaw Tanner M, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) occurs during the developmental phase, Equine Vet J 36:221, 2004. 4. Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, et al: Equine laminitis: membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-14) is involved in acute phase onset, Equine Vet J 40:482, 2008. 5. Coyne MJ, Cousin H, Loftus JP, et al: Cloning and expression of ADAM related metalloproteases in equine laminitis, J Vet Immunol 129:231, 2009. 6. Pollitt CC, Davies CT: Equine laminitis: its development coincides with increased sublamellar blood flow, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:125, 1998. 7. Mungall BA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC: In vitro evidence for a bacterial pathogenesis of equine laminitis, Vet Microbiol 79:209, 2001. 8. Semrad SD, Hardee GE, Hardee MM, et al: Low-dose flunixin meglumine effects on eicosanoid production and clinical signs induced by experimental endotoxemia in horses, Equine Vet J 19:201, 1987. 9. Ingle-Fehr JE, Baxter GM: Evaluation of digital and laminar blood flow in horses given a low dose of endotoxin, Am J Vet Res 59:192, 1998. 10. van Eps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis induced with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 38:203, 2006. 11. Worster AA, Gaughan EM, Hoskinson JJ, et al: Effects of external thermal manipulation on laminar temperature and perfusion scintigraphy of the equine digit, New Zealand Vet J 48:111, 2000. 12. Mealey RH, Carter GK, Roussel AJ, et al: Indwelling cecal catheters for fluid


keratinization in the laminar epidermis of the equine hoof with reference to laminitis, Am J Vet Res 50:150, 1989. 25. Goetz TE: Anatomic, hoof, and shoeing considerations for the treatment of laminitis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1323, 1987. Venography 1. Redden RR: A technique for performing digital venography in the standing horse, Equine Vet Educ 13:128, 2001. 2. Mishra PC, Leach DH: Extrinsic and intrinsic veins of the equine hoof wall, J Anat 136:543, 1983. 3. Baldwin GI, Pollitt CC: Retrograde venous angiography (venography) of the equine digit during experimentally induced acute and chronic laminitis. Proceeding of the 47th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association, Liverpool, UK, 2008. 4. Eustace RA, Emery S: Partial coronary epidermectomy (coronary peel), dorsodistal wall fenestration and deep digital flexor tenotomy to treat severe acute founder in a Connemara pony, Equine Vet Educ 21:91, 2009. Hoof Care of a Laminitic Horse 1. Allen DA, White NA, Fernier J, et al: Surgical management of chronic laminitis in horses: 13 cases (1983-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1604, 1986. 2. OGrady SE, Steward ML, Parks AH: How to construct and apply the wooden shoe for treating three manifestations of laminitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:423, 2007. 3. Hunt RJ, Allen DA, Baxter GM, et al: Midmetacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy in the management of refractory laminitis in the horse, Vet Surg 20:15, 1991. 4. Eastman TG, Honnas CM, Hague BA, et al: Deep digital flexor tenotomy as a treatment for chronic laminitis in horses: 37 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:265, 1998. Deep Digital Flexor Tenotomy for Managing Laminitis 1. Allen D, White NA, Foerner JF, et al: Surgical management of chronic laminitis in horses: 13 cases (1983-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1604, 1986. 2. Eastman TG, Honnas CM, Hague BA, et al: Deep digital flexor tenotomy as a treatment for chronic laminitis in horses: 35 cases (1988-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:517, 1999. 3. Jann HW, Williams JA, Whitfield CC, et al: Surgical treatment of chronic refractory laminitis: deep digital flexor tenotomy, Equine Pract 19:26, 1997. 4. Hunt RJ, Allen DA, Baxter GM, et al: Midmetacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy in the management of refractory laminitis in horses, Vet Surg 20:15, 1991. 5. Burba DJ, Hubert JD, Beadle R: How to perform a mid-metacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy on a standing horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:547, 2006. Other Management Aspects of Laminitis 1. Sigafoos R: Personal communication, 2001. 2. Ellis J, Hollands T: Use of height-specific weigh tapes to estimate the bodyweight of horses, Vet Rec 150:632, 2002. 3. Tinworth K, Edwards S, Harris P, et al: Pharmacokinetics of oral metformin in insulin-resistant ponies, Am J Vet Res (In press.) 4. Jones E, Vinuela-Fernandez I, Eager R, et al: Neuropathic changes in equine laminitis, Pain 132:321, 2007. 5. Dutton D, Lashnits K, Wegner K: Managing severe hoof pain in a horse using multimodal analgesia and a modified composite pain score, Equine Vet Educ 21:37, 2009. 6. Love E: Assessment and management of pain in horses, Equine Vet Educ 21:46, 2009.

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CHAPTER 35 The Proximal and Middle Phalanges and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
1. Sack WO, Habel RE: Rooneys guide to the dissection of the horse, ed 1, Ithaca, NY, 1967, Veterinary Textbooks. 2. Delahunta A, Habel RE: Applied veterinary anatomy, ed 1, Philadelphia, 1986, Saunders. 3. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The foot, pastern and fetlock. In Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 4. Reimer JM: Atlas of equine ultrasonography, ed 1, St. Louis, 1988, Mosby. 5. Dyson S, Murray R, Schramme M, et al: Lameness in 46 horses with deep digital flexor tendonitis in the digit confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging, Equine Vet J 35:681, 2003. 6. Gillis JP, Zardiackas LD, Gilbert JA, et al: Holding power of cortical screws after power tapping and hand tapping, Vet Surg 21:362, 1992. 7. Holcombe SJ, Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, et al: Lag screw fixation of noncomminuted sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in racehorses: 59 cases (19731991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1195, 1995. 8. Tetens J, Ross MW, Lloyd JW: Comparison of racing performance before and after treatment of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in Standardbreds: 49 cases (1986-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:82, 1997. 9. Markel MD, Richardson D: Noncomminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in 69 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:573, 1985. 10. Markel MD, Martin BB, Richardson DW: Dorsal frontal fractures of the first phalanx in the horse, Vet Surg 14:36, 1985. 11. Dechant JE, MacDonald DG, Crawford WH: Repair of complete dorsal fracture of the proximal phalanx in two horses, Vet Surg 27:445, 1998. 12. Kraus BM, Richardson DW, Nunamaker DM, et al: Management of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses: 64 cases (1983-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:254, 2004. 13. Parente EJ, Nunamaker DM: Stress protection afforded by a cast on plate fixation of the distal forelimb in the horse in vitro, Vet Surg 24:49, 1995. 14. Schneider RK, Ratzlaff MC, White KK, et al: Effect of three types of half-limb casts on in vitro bone strain recorded from the third metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx in equine cadaver limbs, Am J Vet Res 59:1188, 1998.

15. Joyce J, Baxter GM, Sarrafian TL, et al: Use of transfixation pin casts to treat adult horses with comminuted phalangeal fractures: 20 cases (1993-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:725, 2006. 16. Markel MD, Richardson DW, Nunamaker DM: Comminuted first phalanx fractures in 30 horses: surgical and nonsurgical treatments, Vet Surg 14:135, 1985. 17. McClure SR, Watkins JP, Bronson DG, et al: In vitro comparison of the standard short limb cast and three configurations of shortlimb transfixation casts in equine forelimbs, Am J Vet Res 55:1331, 1994. 18. Nunamaker DM: External fixation. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 19. Radcliffe RM, Cheetham J, Bezuidenhout AJ, et al: Arthroscopic removal of palmar/ plantar osteochondral fragments from the proximal interphalangeal joint in four horses, Vet Surg 37:733, 2008. 20. Welch RD, Watkins JP: Osteochondral fracture of the proximal palmar middle phalanx in a Thoroughbred, Equine Vet J 23:67, 1991. 21. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2001. 22. Watkins JP, Eastman TG, Easter JL: In vitro cyclic fatigue properties of parallel screw and dorsal plate arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:102, 2000. 23. Caron JP, Fretz PB, Bailey JV, et al: Proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in the horse: a retrospective study and a modified screw technique, Vet Surg 19:196, 1990. 24. Martin GS, McIlwraith CW, Turner AS, et al: Long-term results and complications of proximal interphalangeal arthro desis in horses, J Am Med Vet Assoc 184:1139, 1984. 25. MacLellan KN, Crawfrod WH, MacDonald DG: Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in 34 horses using two parallel 5.5mm cortical bone screws, Vet Surg 30:454, 2001. 26. Knox PM, Watkins JP: Proximal inter phalangeal joint arthrodesis using a combination plate-screw technique in 53 horses (1994-2003), Equine Vet J 38:538, 2006. 27. Galuppo LD, Stover SM, Willits NH: A biomechanical comparison of doubleplate and Y-plate fixation for comminuted equine second phalangeal fractures, Vet Surg 29:152, 2000. 28. Crabill MR, Watkins JP, Schneider RK, et al: Double-plate fixation of comminuted fractures of the second phalanx in horses: 10 cases (1985-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1458, 1995. 29. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2009. 30. Olive J, Mair T, Charles B: Use of standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose middle phalanx bone marrow lesions in horses, Equine Vet Educ 21:116, 2009. 31. Werpy N: Diagnosis of middle phalanx bone marrow lesions in horses using magnetic resonance imaging and identification of phase effect cancellation for proper image interpretation, Equine Vet Educ 21:125, 2009. 32. Shiroma JT, Engel HN, Wagner PC, et al: Dorsal subluxation of the proximal

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Dabareiner RM, White NA, Sullins KE: Metacarpophalangeal joint synovial pad fibrotic proliferation in 63 horses, Vet Surg 25:199, 1996. 21. Kannegieter NJ: Chronic proliferative synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint, Vet Rec 127:8, 1990. 22. Declercq J, Martens A, Bogaert L, et al: Osteochondral fragmentation in the synovial pad of the fetlock in Warmblood horses, Vet Surg 37:613, 2008. 23. Brommer H, Brama P, Barnveld A, et al: Differences in the topographical distribution of articular cartilage degeneration between equine metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, Equine Vet J 36:506, 2004. 24. Strand E, Martin G, Crawford M, et al: Intraarticular pressure, elastance and range of motion in healthy and injured racehorse metacarpophalangeal joints, Equine Vet J 30:527, 1998. 25. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2009. 26. Norrdin RW, Kawcak CE, Capwell BA, et al: Subchondral bone failure in an equine model of overload arthrosis, Bone 22:133, 1998. 27. Riggs CM, Whitehouse GH, Boyde A: Pathology of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of the horse, Equine Vet J 31:140, 1999. 28. Parkin T, Tranquille C, Kawcak C, et al: Can condylar subchondral bone thickness predict the risk of lateral condylar fracture in the Thoroughbred? Proc Brit Equine Vet Assoc Congress 48:129, 2009. 29. Colon JL, Bramlage LR, Hance SR, et al: Qualitative and quantitative documentation of the racing performance of 461 Thoroughbred racehorses after arthro scopic removal of dorsoproximal first phalanx osteochondral fractures (19861995), Equine Vet J 32:475, 2000. 30. Elce YA, Richardson DW: Arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of the proximal phalanx in standing horses, Vet Surg 31:195, 2002. 31. Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW: Proximodorsal first phalanx osteochondral chip fragmentation in 336 horses, Equine Vet J 26:392, 1994. 32. Dalin G, Sandgren B, Carlsten J: Plantar osteochondral fragments in the metatarsophalangeal joints in Standardbred trotters; result of osteochondrosis or trauma, Equine Vet J 16:62, 1993. 33. Nixon AJ, Pool RR: Histologic appearance of axial osteochondral fragments from the proximoplantar/proximopalmar aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1076, 1995. 34. Fortier LA, Foerner JJ, Nixon AJ: Arthroscopic removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses: 119 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:71, 1995. 35. Boys-Smith S, Singer E, Clegg P: A retrospective study of 52 non-racehorses presented with a fracture of the proximal phalanx. Proceedings of the Thirteenth European College of Veterinary Surgeons Annual Congress, 2005, Lyon, France. 36. Kummerle J, Auer J, Rademacher N, et al: Short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in 10 horses not used for racing, Vet Surg 37:193, 2008. 37. Kane AJ, Park RD, McIlwraith CW, et al: Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: Prevalence at the time of the yearling sales, Equine Vet J 35:354, 2003. 38. Kane AJ, McIlwraith CW, Park RD, et al: Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance, Equine Vet J 35:366, 2003. 39. Spike-Pierce D, Bramlage L: Correlation of racing performance with radiographic changes in the proximal sesamoid bones of 487 Thoroughbred yearlings, Equine Vet J 35:350, 2003. 40. Hardy J, Marcoux M, Breton L: Clinical relevance of radiographic findings in proximal sesamoid bones of two-year-old Standardbreds in their first year of training, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2089, 1991. 41. Grndahl A, Gaustad G, Engeland A: Progression and association with lameness and racing performance of radiographic changes in the proximal sesamoid bones of young Standardbred trotters, Equine Vet J 26:152, 1994. 42. Barr E, Clegg P, Senior M, et al: Destructive lesions of the proximal sesamoid bones as a complication of dorsal metatarsal artery catheterisation in three horses, Vet Surg 34:159, 2005. 43. Anthenill L, Stover S, Gardner G, et al: Risk factor for proximal sesamoid bone fractures associated with exercise history and horseshoe characteristics in Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 68:760, 2007. 44. Schnabel L, Bramlage L, Mohammed H, et al: Racing performance after arthro scopic removal of apical sesamoid fractures in Thoroughbred horses age 2 years: 84 cases (1998-2002), Equine Vet J 38:446, 2006. 45. Schnabel L, Bramlage L, Mohammed H, et al: Racing performance after arthro scopic removal of apical sesamoid fractures in Thoroughbred horses age < 2 years: 151 cases (1998-2002), Equine Vet J 39:64, 2007.

interphalangeal joint in the pelvic limb of three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:777, 1989. 33. Errico JA, Trumble TN, Bueno AC, et al: Comparison of two indirect techniques for local delivery of a high dose of an antimicrobial in the distal portion of forelimbs of horses, Am J Vet Res 69:334, 2008.

CHAPTER 36 The Metacarpophalangeal Joint

1. Brama PA, Karssenberg D, Barneveld A, et al: Contact areas and pressure distribution on the proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx under sagittal plane loading, Equine Vet J 33:26, 2001. 2. Clayton HM, Sha D, Stick J, et al: 3D kinematics of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint at walk and trot, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:86, 2007. 3. Gray BW, Engel HN Jr, Rumph PF, et al: Clinical approach to determine the contribution of the palmar and palmar metacarpal nerves to the innervation of the equine fetlock joint, Am J Vet Res 41:940, 1980. 4. OBrien TR, Hornof WJ, Meagher DM: Radiographic detection and characterization of palmar lesions in the equine fetlock joint, J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:231, 1981. 5. Pilsworth RC, Hopes R, Greet TRC: A flexed dorso-palmar projection of the equine fetlock in demonstrating lesions of the distal third metacarpus, Vet Rec 122:332, 1988. 6. Weaver J, Stover S, OBrien T: Radiographic anatomy of soft tissue attachments in the equine metacarpophalangeal and proximal phalangeal region, Equine Vet J 24:310, 1992. 7. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the Standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 8. Dyson S, Murray R: Osseous trauma in the fetlock region of mature sports horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:443, 2006. 9. Biggi M, Dyson S, Murray R: Scintigraphic assessment of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints with joint pain, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:536, 2009. 10. Reef VB: Joint ultrasonography, Clin Tech Equine Pract 3:256, 2004. 11. Denoix JM, Thill E, Houliez D, et al: Ultrasonographic examination of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Correlation between ultrasonographic and postmortem findings, Prat Vet Equine 29:179, 1997. 12. Vanderperren K, Martens A, Declerq J, et al: Comparison of ultrasonography versus radiography for the diagnosis of dorsal fragmentation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:70, 2009. 13. Hanson JA, Seeherman HJ, Kirker-Head CA, et al: The role of computed tomography in evaluation of subchondral osseous lesions in seven horses with chronic synovitis, Equine Vet J 28:480, 1996. 14. Schoenborn WC, Rick MC, Hornof WJ: Computed tomographic appearance of


46. Woodie J, Ruggles A, Bertone A, et al: Apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone in Standardbred horses: 43 cases (1990-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1653, 1999. 47. Southwood L, Trotter G, McIlwraith C: Arthroscopic removal of abaxial fracture fragments of the proximal sesamoid bone in horses: 47 cases (19891997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1016, 1998. 48. Parente EJ, Richardson DW, Spencer P: Basal sesamoidean fractures in horses: 57 cases (1980-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:1293, 1993. 49. Southwood LL, McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopic removal of fracture fragments involving a portion of the base of the proximal sesamoid bone in horses: 26 cases (1984-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:236, 2000. 50. Brokken M, Schneider R, Tucker R: Surgical approach for removal of non-articular base sesamoid fragments of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses, Vet Surg 17:619, 2008. 51. Henninger R, Bramlage L, Schneider R, et al: Lag screw and cancellous bone graft fixation of transverse proximal sesamoid bone fractures in horses: 25 cases (19831989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:606, 1991. 52. Martin B, Nunamaker D, Evans L, et al: Circumferential wiring of mid-body and large basilar fractures of the proximal sesamoid bone in 15 horses, Vet Surg 20:9, 1991. 53. Barclay WP, Foerner JJ, Phillips TN: Axial sesamoid injuries associated with lateral condylar fractures in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:278, 1985. 54. Wisner ER, OBrien TR, Pool RR, et al: Osteomyelitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses, Equine Vet J 23:383, 1991. 55. Dabareiner R, Watkins J, Carter G, et al: Osteitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses: 8 cases (1993-1999), J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:82, 2001. 56. Radtke CL, Danova NA, Scollay MC, et al: Macroscopic changes in the distal ends of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fractures, Am J Vet Res 64:1110, 2003. 57. Yovich JV, McIlwraith CW, Stashak TS: Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1186, 1985. 58. Hogan PM, McIlwraith CW, Honnas CM, et al: Surgical treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the third metacarpal bone: results in 15 horses (1986-1994), Equine Vet J 29:477, 1997. 59. Tenny A, Whitcomb MB: Rupture of collateral ligaments in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses: 17 cases (1999-2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:456, 2008. the lameness caused by collagenase induced tendonitis in the mid metacarpal region of the horse: a study using gait analysis and ultrasonography to determine tendon healing, J Vet Med A 39:349, 1992. 3. Cornelissen B, Rijkenhuizen A, Barnveld A: The diagnostic nerve block of the sesamoidean nerve: desensitized structures and possible clinical applications, Vet Q 18(Suppl 2):S97, 1996. 4. Ford T, Ross M, Orsini P: A comparison of methods for proximal metacarpal anaesthesia in horses, Vet Surg 18:146, 1988. 5. Castro F, Schumacher J, Pauwels F, et al: A new approach for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve in the horse, Vet Surg 34:359, 2005. 6. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al: The metacarpal and metatarsal regions. In Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 7. Sampson S, Tucker R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions, Clin Techn Equine Pract 6:78, 2007. 8. Zubrod C, Schneider R, Tucker R, et al: Use of MRI to identify suspensory desmitis and adhesions between exostoses of the second metacarpal bone and the suspensory ligament in 4 horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1815, 2004. 9. Brokken T, Schneider R, Sampson S, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of proximal metacarpal and metatarsal injuries in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:507, 2007. 10. Dyson S, Murray R: Unpublished data, 2004-2009. 11. Dyson S: Some observations on lameness associated with pain in the proximal metacarpal region, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:43, 1988. 12. Ross M, Ford T, Orsini P: Incomplete longitudinal fracture of the proximal palmar cortex of the third metacarpal bone in horses, Vet Surg 17:82, 1988. 13. Lloyd K, Kobluk P, Ragle C, et al: Incomplete palmar fracture of the proximal extremity of the third metacarpal bone in horses: ten cases (1981-1986), J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:798, 1988. 14. Pleasant R, Baker G, Muhlbauer M, et al: Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horses: 58 cases (1980-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1918, 1992. 15. Powell S, Ramzan P, Head M, et al: Standing magnetic resonance imaging detection of bone marrow oedema-type signal pattern associated with subcarpal pain in 8 racehorses: a prospective study, Equine Vet J 42:10, 2010. 16. Sullivan C, Lumsden J: Distal third metacarpal bone palmar cortical stress fractures in 4 Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet Educ 14:70, 2002. 17. Ross M, Martin B: Dorsomedial articular fracture of the proximal aspect of the third metacarpal bone in Standardbred racehorses: seven cases (1978-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:332, 1992. 18. Zubrod C, Schneider R, Tucker R, et al: Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in

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1. Muylle S, Desmet P, Simoens P, et al: Histological study of the innervation of the suspensory ligament of the forelimb in the horse, Vet Rec 142:606, 1998. 2. Keg P, van den Belt A, Merkens H: The effect of regional nerve blocks on

horses: 11 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:411, 2004. 19. Dyson S, Murray R: Osseous trauma in the fetlock region of mature horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:443, 2006. 20. Bramlage L, Gabel A, Hackett R: Avulsion fractures of the origin of the suspensory ligament in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1004, 1980. 21. Dyson S, Arthur R, Palmer S, et al: Suspensory ligament desmitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:177, 1995. 22. Dyson S: Problems encountered in equine lameness diagnosis with special reference to local analgesic techniques, radiology and ultrasonography, Newmarket, UK, 1995, R and W Publications. 23. Dyson S: The suspensory apparatus. In Rantanen N, McKinnon A, eds: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 24. Dyson S: Proximal metacarpal and metatarsal pain: a diagnostic challenge, Equine Vet Educ 15:134, 2006. 25. Edwards R, Ducharme N, Fubini S, et al: Scintigraphy for diagnosis of avulsions of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 51 cases (1980-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:608, 1995. 26. Launois T, Desbrosse F, Perrin R: Percutaneous osteostixis as treatment of the palmar/plantar third metacarpal/metatarsal cortex at the origin of the suspensory ligament in 29 cases, Equine Vet Educ 15:126, 2006. 27. Malone E, Les C, Turner T: Severe carpometacarpal osteoarthritis in older Arabian horses, Vet Surg 32:191, 2003. 28. Panizzi L, Barber S, Lang H, Carmalt J: Carpometacarpal osteoarthritis in thirtythree horses, Vet Surg 38:998, 2009. 29. Lang H, Panizzi L, Allen A, et al: Comparison of three drilling techniques for carpometacarpal joint arthrodesis in horses, Vet Surg 38:990, 2009. 30. Barber S, Panizzi L, Lang H: Treatment of carpometacarpal osteoarthritis by arthro desis in 12 horses, Vet Surg 38:1006, 2009. 31. Coudry V, Denoix J-M, Didierlaurent D, et al: Use of magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose the cause of proximal metacarpal pain in a standardbred trotter, Vet Rec 162:790, 2008. 32. Boening J, Weiler I: New technique in splint bone surgery. Proceedings of the Forty-Fourth British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Harrogate, 2007. 33. Bowman K, Evans L, Herring M: Evaluation of surgical removal of fractured distal splint bones in the horse, Vet Surg 11:116, 1982. 34. Verschooten F, Gasthuys F, De Moor A: Distal splint bone fractures in the horse: an experimental and clinical study, Equine Vet J 16:532, 1984. 35. Allen D, White N: Management of fractures and exostoses of the metacarpals and metatarsals II and IV in 25 horses, Equine Vet J 19:326, 1987. 36. Harrison L, May S, Edwards G: Surgical treatment of open splint bone fractures in 26 horses, Vet Rec 128:606, 1991. 37. Jackson M: Splint bone fractures in the horse: a retrospective study 1992-2000, Equine Vet Educ 19:329, 2007.

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Dyson SJ: Problems associated with the interpretation of the results of regional and intra-articular anaesthesia in the horse, Vet Rec 118:419, 1986. 13. Schaer T, Ross MW: Unpublished data, 1995. 14. Waselau M, Bertone AL, Green EM: Computed tomographic documentation of a comminuted fourth carpal bone fracture associated with carpal instability treated by partial carpal arthrodesis in an Arabian filly, Vet Surg 35:618, 2006. 15. Anastasiou A, Skioldebrand E, Ekman S, Hall LD: Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the distal row of equine carpal bones: assessment of bone sclerosis and cartilage damage, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:501, 2003. 16. Getman LM, McKnight AL, Richardson DW: Comparison of magnetic resonance contrast arthrography and arthroscopic anatomy of the equine palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:493, 2007. 17. Driver AJ, Barr FJ, Fuller CJ, Barr AR: Ultrasonography of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the Thoroughbred: technique and normal appearance, Equine Vet J 36:402, 2004. 18. Foreman JH, Kneller SK, Twardock AR, et al: Forelimb skeletal scintigraphy responses in previously untrained Thoroughbreds undergoing initial treadmill training, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:230, 2002. 19. Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Norrdin RW, et al: Clinical effects of exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints in horses, Am J Vet Res 61:1252, 2000. 20. Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Werpy NM, et al: Effects of exercise vs experimental osteoarthritis on imaging outcomes, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16:1519, 2008. 21. Cheetham J, Nixon AJ: Arthroscopic approaches to the palmar aspect of the equine carpus, Vet Surg 35:227, 2006. 22. Getman LM, Southwood LL, Richardson DW: Palmar carpal osteochondral fragments in racehorses: 31 cases (19942004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1551, 2006. 23. 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CHAPTER 38 The Carpus

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41. Uhlhorn H, Eksell P, Sandgren B, Carlsten J: Sclerosis of the third carpal bone. A prospective study of its significance in a group of young Standardbred trotters, Acta Vet Scand 41:51, 2000. 42. Hopper BJ, Steel C, Richardson JL, et al: Radiographic evaluation of sclerosis of the third carpal bone associated with exercise and the development of lameness in Standardbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 36:441, 2004. 43. Wilson BD, Neal RJ, Howard A, Groenendyk S: The gait of pacers. I. Kinematics of the racing stride, Equine Vet J 20:341, 1988. 44. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, Bradley W: Removal of a fracture fragment from the palmar aspect of the intermediate carpal bone in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:553, 1993. 45. Martin GS, Haynes PF, McClure JR: Effect of third carpal slab fracture and repair on racing performance in Thoroughbred horses: 31 cases (1977-1984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:107, 1988. 46. Stephens PR, Richardson DW, Spencer PA: Slab fractures of the third carpal bone in Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds: 155 cases (1977-1984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:353, 1988. 47. Richardson DW: Technique for arthro scopic repair of third carpal bone slab fractures in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:288, 1986. 48. Rutherford DJ, Bladon B, Rogers CW: Outcome of lag-screw treatment of incomplete fractures of the frontal plane of the radial facet of the third carpal bone in horses, N Z Vet J, 55:94, 2007. 49. Kraus B, Ross MW, Boston RC: Surgical and nonsurgical management of sagittal slab fractures of the third carpal bone in racehorses: 32 cases (1991-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:945, 2005. 50. Fischer AT, Stover SM: Sagittal fractures of the third carpal bone in horses: 12 cases (1977-1985), J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:106, 1987. 51. Auer JA, Watkins JP, White NA, et al: Slab fractures of the fourth and intermediate carpal bones in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:595, 1986. 52. Ross MW, Richardson DW, Beroza GA: Subchondral lucency of the third carpal bone in Standardbred racehorses: 13 cases (1982-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:789, 1989. 53. Levine DG, Richardson DW: Clinical use of the locking compression plate (LCP) in horses: a retrospective study of 31 cases (2004-2006), Equine Vet J 39:401, 2007. 54. Carpenter RS, Goodrich LR, Baxter GM, et al: Locking compression plates for pancarpal arthrodesis in a Thoroughbred filly, Vet Surg 37:508, 2008. 55. Lewis RD: Carpal arthrodesis: technique and prognosis, Proc Am College Vet Surg 64, 2004. 56. Bertone AL, Schneiter HL, Turner AS, Shoemaker RS: Pancarpal arthrodesis for treatment of carpal collapse in the adult horse: a report of two cases, Vet Surg 18:353, 1989. 57. Kane AJ, Park RD, McIlwraith CW, et al: Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: Prevalence at the time of the yearling sales, Equine Vet J 35:354, 2003. 58. Kane AJ, McIlwraith CW, Park RD, et al: Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance, Equine Vet J 35:366, 2003. 59. McIlwraith CW: Subchondral cystic lesions (osteochondrosis) in the horse, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S396, 1982. 60. Richardson DW: Personal communication, 2000. 61. Martin BB, Reef VB: The treatment of a minimally displaced fracture of the distal radius of an adult horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:847, 1987. 62. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2001. 63. Beinlich CP, Nixon AJ: Radiographic and pathologic characterization of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament avulsion fractures in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:532, 2004. 64. Beinlich CP, Nixon AJ: Prevalence and response to surgical treatment of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament avulsion in horses: 37 cases (1990-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:760, 2005. 65. Desmaizires LM, Cauvin ER: Carpal collateral ligament desmopathy in three horses, Vet Rec 157:197, 2005. 66. Nixon AJ, Schachter BL, Pool RR: Exostoses of the caudal perimeter of the radial physis as a cause of carpal synovial sheath tenosynovitis and lameness in horses: 10 cases (1999-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:264, 2004. 67. Bertone AL, Powers BE, Turner AS: Chondrosarcoma in the radius of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:534, 1984.

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CHAPTER 39 The Antebrachium

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10. Bassage LH, Ross MW: Enostosis-like lesions in the long bones of 10 horses: scintigraphic and radiographic features, Equine Vet J 30:35, 1998. 11. Bassage LH: Unpublished data, 2000. 12. Ross MW, Boswell R, Pool RR: Unpublished data, 2000. 13. Ahern BJ, Ross MW: Clinical, scintigraphic and radiographic findings of horses with enostosis-like lesions. Unpub lished observations, 2009. 14. Specht TE, Nixon AJ, Colahan PT, et al: Subchondral cyst-like lesions in the distal portion of the radius of four horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:949, 1988. 15. Kold S, Hickman J: Three cases of subchondral cysts in the distal limb of the horse treated by bone grafting via an extra-articular approach, Equine Vet Educ 2:70, 1990. 16. Swinebroad EL, Dabareiner RM, Swor TM, et al: Osteomyelitis secondary to trauma involving the proximal end of the radius in horses: five cases (19872001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:486, 2003. 17. Mair TS, Dyson SJ, Fraser JA, et al: Hypertrophic osteopathy (Maries disease) in Equidae: a review of twenty-four cases, Equine Vet J 28:256, 1996. 18. Lavoie JP, Carlson GP, George L: Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1900, 1992. 19. Susaneck SJ, Macy DW: Hypertrophic osteopathy, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:689, 1982. 20. Chaffin MK, Ruoff WW, Schmitz DG, et al: Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a filly following successful management of an intrathoracic abscess, Equine Vet J 22:62, 1990.

CHAPTER 40 The Elbow, Brachium, and Shoulder

1. Dyson S: The elbow, brachium and shoulder. In Ross M, Dyson S, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 2. Dyson S: The differential diagnosis of shoulder lameness in the horse, Fellowship Thesis Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Newmarket, UK, 1986. 3. Devine D, Jann H, Payton M: Gait abnormalities caused by selective anaesthesia of the suprascapular nerve in horses, Am J Vet Res 67:834, 2006. 4. Schumacher J, Livesey L, Brawner W, et al: Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses. Equine Vet J 39:356, 2007. 5. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The shoulder, humerus and elbow. In Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 6. Bohn A, Papageores M, Grant B: Ultrasonographic evaluation and surgical treatment of humeral osteitis and bicipital tenosynovitis in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:305, 1992. 7. Pugh C, Johnson P, Crawley G, Finn S: Ultrasonography of the equine bicipital tendon region: a case history report and review of the anatomy, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 35:183, 1994.

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Zamos D, Parks A: Comparison of surgical and non-surgical treatment of humeral fractures in horses: 22 cases (1980-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:114, 1992. 36. Dyson S: Shoulder lameness in the horse: an analysis of 58 suspected cases, Equine Vet J 18:29, 1986. 37. McIlwraith CW: Arthroscopy of the shoulder and elbow joint. Proceedings of the Third Maastricht International Congress on Equine Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 1999. 38. Jenner F, Ross M, Martin B, Richardson D: Scapulohumeral osteochondrosis: a retrospective study of 32 horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:406, 2008. 39. Doyle P, White N: Diagnostic findings and prognosis following arthroscopic treatment of subtle osteochondral lesions in the shoulder joint of horses: 15 cases (1996-1999), J Am Vet Med Assoc 217: 1878, 2000. 40. Clegg P, Dyson S, Summerhays G, Schramme M: Scapulohumeral osteoarthritis in 20 Shetland ponies, Miniature horses and Falabella ponies (20 cases), Vet Rec 148:175, 2001. 41. Boswell J, Schramme M, Wilson A, May S: Radiological study to evaluate suspected scapulohumeral joint dysplasia in Shetland ponies, Equine Vet J 31:510, 1999. 42. Semevolos S: Scapulohumeral arthrodesis in miniature horses, Vet Surg 32:416, 2003. 43. Dyson S: Sixteen fractures of the shoulder region in the horse, Equine Vet J 17:104, 1985. 44. Dyson S: Lesions of the proximal aspect of the humerus and of the tendon of biceps brachii, Equine Vet Educ 21:67, 2009. 45. Coudry V, Allen K, Denoix J-M: Congenital abnormalities of the bicipital apparatus in 4 mature horses, Equine Vet J 37:272, 2005. 46. Seco Diaz O, Reef V, Martin B, et al. Rupture of the biceps tendon in a Thoroughbred steeplechase horse, Equine Vet J 35:110, 2003. 47. Gillis C, Vatistas N: Biceps brachii tendinitis and bicipital (intertubercular) bursitis. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 48. Fugaro M, Adams S: Biceps brachii tenotomy or tenectomy for the treatment of bicipital bursitis, tendonitis and humeral osteitis in 3 horses, J Am Vet Med Ass 220:1508, 2002. 49. Vatistas N, Pascoe J, Wright I, et al: Infection of the intertubercular bursa in horses: four cases (1978-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1434, 1996. 50. Tudor R, Bowman K, Redding R, Tomlinson J: Endoscopic treatment of suspected infectious intertubercular bursitis in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1584, 1998. 51. Gough M, McDiarmid A: Septic intertubercular (bicipital) bursitis in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 10:66, 1998. 52. Booth T: Lameness associated with the bicipital bursa in an Arab stallion, Vet Rec 145:194, 1999. 53. Boys-Smith S, Singer E: Mineralisation of the biceps brachii tendon in a 6-year-old Cob mare, Equine Vet Educ 19:74-79, 2007. 54. Ramzan P: Osseous cyst-like lesion of the intermediate tubercle of a horse, Vet Rec 154:534, 2004. 55. Arnold C, Chaffin M, Honnas C, et al: Diagnosis and surgical management of a subchondral bone cyst within the intermediate tubercle of the humerus in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 20:310, 2008. 56. Little D, Redding R, Gerard M: Osseous cyst-like lesions of the intertubercular groove of the proximal humerus: a report of 5 cases, Equine Vet Educ 21:60, 2009. 57. Bleyaert H, Madison J: Complete biceps brachii tenotomy to facilitate internal fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures in three horses, Vet Surg 28:48, 1999. 58. Davidson E, Martin B: Stress fracture of the scapula in 2 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:407, 2004. 59. Vallance S, Lumsden J, OSullivan C: Scapular stress fractures in eight Thoroughbred racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 53:56, 2007. 60. Whitcomb M, le Jeune S, MacDonald M, et al: Disorders of the infraspinatus tendon and bursa in three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:549, 2006. 61. 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8. Crabhill M, Chaffin K, Schmitz D: Ultrasonographic morphology of the bicipital tendon and bursa in clinically normal Quarter Horses, Am J Vet Res 56:5, 1995. 9. Tnibar M, Auer J, Bakkali S: Ultrasonography of the equine shoulder: technique and normal appearance, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:44, 1999. 10. Pasquet H, Coudry V, Denoix J-M: Ultrasonographic examination of the proximal tendon of the biceps brachii. Technique and reference images, Equine Vet Educ 20:331, 2008. 11. Hopen L, Colahan P, Turner T, Nixon A: Nonsurgical treatment of cubital cyst-like lesions in horses: seven cases (19831987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:527, 1992. 12. Bertone A, McIlwraith C, Powers P, et al: Subchondral osseous cystic lesions in the elbow of horses: conservative versus surgical treatment, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:440, 1986. 13. Barr A, Hillyer M, Day M: Subchondral bone cyst in the proximal radius of a horse, Equine Vet Educ 7:179, 1995. 14. Hardy J, Marcoux M, Eisenberg H: Osteochondrosis-like lesion of the anconeal process in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:802, 1986. 15. Brown M, MacCallum F: Anconeal process of ulna: separate centre of ossification in the horse, Br Vet J 130:434, 1974. 16. Chopin J, Wright J, Melville L, Robinson W: Lateral collateral ligament avulsion of the humeroradial joint in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:50, 1997. 17. Oikawa M, Narama I: Enthesopathy of the radial tuberosity in two thoroughbred racehorses, J Comp Pathol 118:135, 1998. 18 Smith R: Personal communication, 2005. 19. Donecker J, Bramlage L, Gabel A: Retrospective analysis of 29 fractures of the olecranon process of the equine ulna, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:183, 1984. 20. Anderson D, Allen D, DeBowes R: Comminuted articular fractures of the olecranon process in horses: 17 cases (1980-1990), Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 8:141, 1995. 21. Richardson D: Olecranon fractures. In White N, Moore J, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 22. Swor T, Watkins J, Bahr I, Honnas C: Results of plate fixation of type 1b olecranon fractures in 24 horses, Equine Vet J 35:670, 2003. 23. Swor T, Watkins J, Bahr I, et al: Results of plate fixation of type 5 olecranon fractures in 20 horses, Equine Vet J 37:30, 2006. 24. Wilson D, Riedesel E: Non-surgical management of ulnar fractures in the horse: a retrospective study of 43 cases, Vet Surg 14:283, 1985. 25. Dyson S, Greet T: Repair of a fracture of the deltoid tuberosity in a horse, Equine Vet J 18:230, 1986. 26. Mackay V, Trout D, Meagher D, Hornof W: Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses, Vet Radiol 28:26, 1987. 27. Stover S, Johnson B, Daft B, et al: An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses, Equine Vet J 24:260, 1992.

CHAPTER 41 The Hind Foot and Pastern

1. Neil KM, Axon JE, Todhunter PG, et al: Septic osteitis of the distal phalanx in foals: 22 cases (1995-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1683, 2007.


2. Steel CM, Hunt AR, Adams PL, et al: Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:973, 1999. 3. Getty RG, ed: Sisson and Grossmans the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders. 4. Sack WO, Habel RE, eds: Rooneys guide to the dissection of the horse, Ithaca, NY, 1977, Veterinary Textbooks. 5. Ross MW, Nolan PM, Palmar JA, et al: The importance of the metatarsophalangeal joint in Standardbred lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:741, 1991. 6. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 7. Rabuffo TS, Ross MW: Fractures of the distal phalanx in 72 racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:375, 2002. 8. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2001. 9. Ross MW: The hind foot and pastern. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, editors: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 1, St. Louis, 2003, Saunders, p 418. 12. Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al: Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:411, 2004. 13. Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:303, 2007. 14. Barr A, Dyson S, Barr F, OBrien JK: Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon associated with tenosynovitis of the digital sheath in the horse, Equine Vet J 27:348, 1995. 15. Morgan JW, Santschi EM, Zekas LJ, et al: Comparison of radiography and computed tomography to evaluate metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint pathology of paired limbs of Thoroughbred racehorses with severe condylar fracture, Vet Surg 35:611, 2006. 16. MacKinnon M, Ross MW, VanWinkle W: Unpublished data, 2008. 17. Denoix JM, Thibaud D, Riccio B: Tiludronate as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of navicular disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Equine Vet J 35:407, 2003. 18. Coudry V, Thibaud D, Riccio B, et al: Efficacy of tiludronate in the treatment of horses with signs of pain associated with osteoarthritic lesions of the thoracolumbar vertebral column, Am J Vet Res 68:329, 2007. 19. Muir P, McCarthy J, Radtke CL, et al: Role of endochondral ossification of articular cartilage and functional adaptation of the subchondral plate in the development of fatigue microcracking of joints, Bone 38:342, 2006. 20. Muir P, Peterson AL, Sample SJ, et al: Exercise-induced metacarpophalangeal joint adaptation in the Thoroughbred racehorse, J Anat 213:706, 2008. 21. Norrdin RW, Stover SM: Subchondral bone failure in overload arthrosis: a scanning electron microscopic study in horses, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 6:251, 2006. 22. Messent EA, Ward RJ, Tonkin CJ, Buckland-Wright C: Tibial cancellous bone changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A short-term longitudinal study using fractal signature analysis, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:463, 2005. 23. Messent EA, Ward RJ, Tonkin CJ, Buckland-Wright C: Cancellous bone differences between knees with early, definite and advanced joint space loss: a comparative quantitative macroradiographic study, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13:39, 2005. 24. MacNeil JA, Doshak MR, Sernicke RF, Boyd SK: Preservation of periarticular cancellous morphology and mechanical stiffness in post-traumatic experimental osteoarthritis by antiresorptive therapy, Clin Biomech 23:365, 2008. 25. Carbone LD, Nevitt MC, Wildy K, et al: The relationship of antiresorptive drug use to structural findings and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis, Arthritis Rheum 50:3516, 2004. 26. Delguste C, Amory H, Guyonnet J, et al: Comparative pharmacokinetics of two intravenous administration regimens of tiludronate in healthy adult horses and

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1. Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 2. Ross MW, Nolan PM, Palmar JA, et al: The importance of the metatarsophalangeal joint in Standardbred lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:741, 1991. 3. Dabareiner RM, Cohen ND, Carter GK, et al: Musculoskeletal problems asso ciated with lameness and poor performance among horses used for barrel racing: 118 cases (2000-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1646, 2005. 4. Dabareiner RM, Cohen NC, Carter GK, et al: Lameness and poor performance in horses used for team roping: 118 cases (2000-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1694, 2005. 5. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC: Stress reactions to the plantarolateral condyles of MtIII in UK Thoroughbreds: 26 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:128, 1997. 6. Specht TE, Poulos PW, Metcalf MR, Robertson ID: Vacuum phenomenon in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:749, 1990. 7. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the Standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 8. Weekes JS, Murray RC, Dyson SJ: Scintigraphic evaluation of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in clinically sound horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:85, 2004. 9. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2008. 10. Sherlock CE, Mair TS, Ter Braake F: Osseous lesions in the metacarpo(tarso) phalangeal joint diagnosed using lowfield magnetic resonance imaging in standing horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:13, 2009. 11. Dyson SJ, Murray R: Osseous trauma in the fetlock region of mature sports horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:443, 2006.

effects on the bone resorption marker CTX-1, J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31:108, 2008. 27. Dore F, Filippi L, Biasotto M, et al: Bone scintigraphy and SPECT/CT of bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw, J Nucl Med 50:30, 2009. 28. Foerner JJ, Barclay WP, Phillips TN, et al: Osteochondral fragments of the palmar/ plantar aspect of the fetlock joint, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:739, 1987. 29. Fortier LA, Foerner JJ, Nixon AJ: Arthroscopic removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses: 119 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:71, 1995. 30. Nixon AJ, Pool RR: Histologic appearance of axial osteochondral fragments from the proximoplantar/proximopalmar aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1076, 1995. 31. Grndahl AM, Dolvik NI: Heritability estimations of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:101, 1993. 32. Nixon AJ: Osteochondrosis and osteochondritis dissecans of the equine fetlock, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1463, 1990. 33. Nixon AJ: Fetlock plantar osteochondral fragmentation: clinical and histologic features, Proc Vet Orthop Soc 18:42, 1991. 34. Ross MW: Osteochondral fragmentation of the proximopalmar/proximoplantar aspect of the proximal phalanx. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 35. Grndahl AM: Incidence and devel opment of ununited proximoplantar tuberosity of the proximal phalanx in Standardbred trotters, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 33:18, 1992. 36. Jrgensen HS, Proschowsky H, FalkRnne J, et al: The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in Standardbred trotters, Equine Vet J 29:55, 1997. 37. Declercq J, Martens A, Maes D, et al: Dorsoproximal proximal phalanx osteochondral fragmentation in 117 Warmblood horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 22:1, 2009. 38. Kraus BM, Richardson DW, Nunamaker DM, Ross MW: Management of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses: 64 cases (1983-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:254, 2004. 39. Markel MD, Martin BB, Richardson DW: Dorsal frontal fractures of the first pha lanx in the horse, Vet Surg 14:36, 1985. 40. Schnabel LV, Bramlage LR, Mohammed HO, et al: Racing performance after arthroscopic removal of apical sesamoid fracture fragments in Thoroughbred horses age <2 years: 151 cases (19892002), Equine Vet J 39:64, 2007. 41. Schnabel LV, Bramlage LR, Mohammed HO, et al: Racing performance after arthroscopic removal of apical sesamoid fracture fragments in Thoroughbred horses age > or = 2 years: 84 cases (19892002), Equine Vet J 38:446, 2006.

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42. Zekas LJ, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM, Hance SR: Characterisation of the type and location of fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in 135 horses in central Kentucky (1986-1994), Equine Vet J 31:304, 1999. 43. Bassage LH, Richardson DW: Longitudinal fractures of the condyles of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in racehorses: 224 cases (1986-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1757, 1998. 44. Richardson DW: Medial condylar fractures of the third metatarsal bone in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:761, 1984. 45. Bramlage LR: The effect of training on the suspensory apparatus (Association for the Study of Internal Fixation course notes), Columbus, 2001, Ohio State College of Veterinary Medicine. 46. Hardy J, Marcoux M, Breton L: Clinical relevance of radiographic findings in proximal sesamoid bones of two-year-old Standardbreds in their first year of race training, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2089, 1991. 47. Grndahl AM, Gaustad G, Engeland A: Progression and association with lameness and racing performance of radiographic changes in the proximal sesamoid bones of young Standardbreds, Equine Vet J 26:152, 1994. 48. Tenney WA, Whitcomb MB: Rupture of the collateral ligaments in metacarpopha langeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses: 17 cases (1999-2005), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:456, 2008.

CHAPTER 43 The Metatarsal Region

1. Getty RG, ed: Sisson and Grossmans the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders. 2. Dyson SJ: Proximal suspensory desmitis in the hindlimb, Equine Vet Educ 7:275, 1995. 3. Wilson DA, Baker GJ, Pijanowski GJ, et al: Composition and morphologic features of the interosseous muscle in Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 52:133, 1991. 4. Muylle S, Vanderperren K, Saunders J, Simoens: Morphometric data on the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the equine hindlimb, Vet J Jun 27, 2009 (Epub ahead of print). 5. Bathe AP: Plantar metatarsal neurectomy and fasciotomy for treatment of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Surg 32:480, 2003 (abstract). 6. Tth F, Schumacher J, Schramme M, et al: Compressive damage to the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve associated with lameness caused by proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Surg 37:328, 2008. 7. Hughes TK, Lliashar E, Smith RK: In vitro evaluation of a single injection technique for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal suspensory ligament of the equine pelvic limb, Vet Surg 36:760, 2007. 8. Hewes CA, White NA: Outcome of desmoplasty and fasciotomy for desmitis involving the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 27 cases (1995-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:407, 2006. 9. Bischofberger AS, Konar M, Ohlerth S, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and histology of the

CHAPTER 44 The Tarsus

1. Getty RG, ed: Sisson and Grossmans the anatomy of domestic animals, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1953, Saunders. 2. Lanova, J, Khumsap S, Clayton H, et al: Three dimensional kinematics of the tarsal joint at the trot, Equine Vet J 34:308, 2002. 3. Khumsap S, Lanovaz J, Rosenstein D, et al: Effect of induced unilateral synovitis of distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints on sagittal plane kinematics and kinetics of trotting horses, Am J Vet Res 64:1491, 2003. 4. Badoux D: Some biomechanical aspects of the structure of the equine tarsus, Anat Anz 164:53, 1987. 5. Murray R, Dyson S, Weekes J, et al: Nuclear scintigraphic evaluation of the distal tarsal region in normal horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:345, 2004. 6. Branch M, Murray R, Dyson S, Goodship AE: Is there a characteristic distal tarsal subchondral bone plate thickness pattern in horses with no history of hindlimb lameness? Equine Vet J 37:450, 2005. 7. Murray R, Branch M, Dyson S, et al: How does exercise intensity and type affect equine distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness? J Appl Phys 102:2194, 2007. 8. Gnagey L, Clayton H, Lanovaz J: Effect of standing tarsal angle on joint kinematics and kinetics, Equine Vet J 38:628, 2006. 9. Sack W, Orsini P: Distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in the horse: communication and injection sites, J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:355, 1981. 10. Dyson S, Romero J: An investigation of injection techniques for local analgesia of the equine distal tarsus and proximal metatarsus, Equine Vet J 25:30, 1993.


11. Bell B, Baker G, Foreman J, Abbott LC: In vivo investigation of communication between the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses and ponies, Vet Surg 22:289, 1993. 12. Gough M, Munroe G, Mayhew I: Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 2: tarsus and stifle, Equine Vet J 34:85, 2002. 13. Serena A, Schumacher J, Schramme M, et al: Concentration of methylprednisolone acetate in the centrodistal joint after administration into the tarsometatarsal joint, Equine Vet J 37:172, 2005. 14. Updike S: Functional anatomy of the equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments, Am J Vet Res 45:867, 1984. 15. Deegan E, Rocken M: Zur klinisch-funktionellen anatomie des M. Interosseous medius deer hintergliedmasse Im hinblick die Insertiondesmopathies des pferdes, Pferdeheilkunde 24:343, 2008. 16. Kramer J, Keegan K, Wilson D, et al: Kinematics of the hind limb in trotting horses after induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and intra-articular administration of anesthetic, Am J Vet Res 61:1031, 2000. 17. Khumsap S, Lanovaz J, Clayton H: Threedimensional kinematic analysis of horses with induced tarsal synovitis, Equine Vet J 36:659, 2004. 18. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The tarsus. In Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al, eds: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3 Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 19. Dyson S, Pilsworth R, Twardock R, Martinelli MJ, eds: Equine scintigraphy, Newmarket, 2003, Equine Veterinary Journal. 20. Weekes J, Murray R, Dyson S: Scintigraphic evaluation of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions in clinically sound horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:408, 2006. 21. Ross M, Dyson S: Unpublished data 2009. 22. Whitcomb M: Ultrasonography of the equine tarsus, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:13, 2006. 23. Branch M, Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine tarsus, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:96, 2007. 24. Latarre R, Arcencibia A, Gil F, et al: Correlation of magnetic resonance images with anatomic features of the equine tarsus, Am J Vet Res 67:756, 2006. 25. Tomlinson J, Redding W, Berry C, Smallwood J: Computed tomographic anatomy of the equine tarsus, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:174, 2003. 26. Watrous B, Hultgren B, Wagner P: Osteochondrosis and juvenile spavin in equids, Am J Vet Res 52:607, 1991. 27. Axelsson M, Bjrnsdottir S, Eskell P, et al: Risk factors associated with hindlimb lameness and degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsus of Icelandic horses, Equine Vet J 33:84, 2001. 28. Tranquille C, Dyson S, Blunden A, et al: Effect of exercise on thickness of mature hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage and subchondral bone thickness of equine tarsi, Am J Vet Res 70:1477, 2009. 29. White N, Turner T: Hock lameness associated with degeneration of the talocalcaneal articulation, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:678, 1980. 30. Pauwels F: Arthrodesis of the talocalcaneal joint for treatment of 2 horses with talocalcaneal osteoarthritis, Vet Orthop Traumatol 18:7, 2005. 31. Smith R, Dyson S, Schramme M, et al: Osteoarthritis of the talocalcaneal joint in 18 horses, Equine Vet J 37:166, 2005. 32. Dabareiner R, Carter K, Dyson S: The tarsus. In Ross M, Dyson S, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 33. Rooney J: Biomechanics of lameness in horses, Baltimore, 1969, Williams & Wilkins. 34. Gough M, Munroe G: Decision making in the diagnosis and management of bone spavin in horses, Equine Pract 20:252, 1998. 35. Fairburn A, Dyson S, Murray R: Clinical significance of osseous spurs on the dorsoproximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone, Equine Vet J DOI: 10:111/;20423306.2010.00097.x. 36. Murray R, Dyson S, Weekes J, et al: Scintigraphic evaluation of the distal tarsal region in horses with distal tarsal pain, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:171, 2005. 37. Branch M: How is adaptive change related to pathology in the equine distal tarsal osteochondral unit? PhD thesis, London, 2005, University of London. 38. Moyer W: Bone spavin: a clinical review, J Equine Med Surg 2:362, 1978. 39. McCarroll D, McClure S: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of osteoarthritis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints of the horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:200, 2000. 40. Gough M: Personal communication 2008. 41. Sonnichsen H, Svalastoga E: Surgical treatment of bone spavin, Equine Pract 7:6, 1985. 42. McIllwraith CW, Robertson JT: McIlwraith and Turners equine surgery advanced techniques, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 43. Bohanon T: Pain associated with the distal tarsal joints. In Robinson E, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, vol 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 44. Sammut E, Kannegieter N: Use of sodium monoiodoacetate to fuse the distal hock joints in horses, Aust Vet J 72:25, 1995. 45. Dowling B, Dart A, Matthews S: Chemical arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints using sodium moniodoacetate in 104 horses, Austr Vet J 82:38, 2004. 46. Shoemaker R: Use of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arth rodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint in healthy horses, Am J Vet Res 67:850, 2006. 47. Steenhaut M, Imschoot J, Verschooten F, et al: Partial neurectomy of the tibial nerve and neurectomy of the deep peroneal nerve as a treatment of bone spavin in the horse, Vet Surg 23:214, 1994. 48. Labens R, Mellor D, Voute L: Retrospective study of the effect of intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints in 51 horses, Vet Rec 161:611, 2007. 49. Byam-Cook K, Singer E: Is there a relationship between clinical presentation, diagnostic and radiographic findings and outcome in horses with osteoarthritis of the small tarsal joints? Equine Vet J 41:118, 2009.

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CHAPTER 46 The Stifle

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CHAPTER 45 The Crus

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Dabereiner RM, Sullins KE, White NA: Progression of femoropatellar osteochondrosis in nine young horses: clinical, radiographic and arthroscopic findings, Vet Surg 22:515, 1993. 35. McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW: Clinical aspects of osteochondritis dissecans. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 36. Nixon AJ, Fortier LA, Goodrich LR, et al: Arthroscopic reattachment of osteochondritis dissecans lesions using resorbable polydioxanone pins, Equine Vet J 36:376, 2004. 37. Nixon AJ: Advances in promoting cartilage healing. Proceedings of the ThirtyFourth Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, San Francisco, Calif, 1999. 38. Rooney JR: Upward fixationpatella. In Rooney JR, ed: The lame horse, Cranbury, NJ, 1973, AS Barnes. 39. Stashak TS: Upward fixation of the patella. In Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 40. 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CHAPTER 47 The Thigh

1. Churchill EA: The methodology of diagnosis of hind leg lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 25:297, 1979. 2. Churchill EA: Lameness associated with the lower back and pelvis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 28:277, 1982. 3. Churchill EA: The diagnosis and treatment of lameness of the pelvic limb, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:849, 1987. 4. Hawkins DL: Diagnosis of lameness in the hind leg, Norden News 62:15, 1987. 5. Hawkins D, Churchill E: Unpublished data, 2001. 6. Getty R: The anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, vol 1, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders. 7. Stashak TS: Trochanteric bursitis. In Stashak TS, eds: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 8. Mueller POE, Hay WP: Ancillary diagnostic aids. In Colahan PT, Merritt AM, Moore JN, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St. Louis, 1999, Mosby. 9. Richardson DW: The femur and pelvis. In Auer JA, Stick JA, eds: Equine surgery, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders. 10. Orsini JA, Buonanno AM, Richardson DW, et al: Condylar buttress plate fixation of femoral fracture in a colt, J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1184, 1990. 11. DeBowes RM, Grant BD, Modransky PD: Lag screw stabilization of Salter type IV femoral fracture in a young horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1123, 1983. 12. Watkins JP: Diseases of the thigh with physical causes. In Colahan PT, Merritt


AM, Moore JN, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St. Louis, 1999, Mosby. 13. Rose PL, Watkins JP, Auer JA: Femoral fracture repair complicated by vascular injury in a foal, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:795, 1984. 14. Hance SR, Bramlage LR: Fractures of the femur and patella. In Nixon AJ, ed: Equine fracture repair, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 15. Hance SR, Bramlage LR, Schneider RK, et al: Retrospective study of 38 cases of femur fractures in horses less than one year of age, Equine Vet J 24:357, 1992. 16. Levine DG, Richardson DW: Clinical use of the locking compression plate (LCP) in horses: a retrospective study of 31 cases (2004-2006), Equine Vet J 39:401, 2007. 17. Byron CR, Stick JA, Brown JA, et al: Use of a condylar screw plate for repair of a Salter-Harris type-III fracture of the femur in a 2-year-old horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1292, 2002. 18. Embertson RM, Bramlage LR, Herring DS, et al: Physeal fractures in the horse: I. Classification and incidence, Vet Surg 15:223, 1986. 19. Jesty SA, Palmer JE, Parente EJ, et al: Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle in six foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1965, 2005. 20. Lescun TB, Hawkins JF, Siems JJ: Management of rupture of the gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor muscles with a modified Thomas splint-cast combination in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1457, 1998. 21. Swor TM, Schneider RK, Ross MW, et al: Injury to the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle as a possible cause of lameness in four horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:215, 2001. 22. Dabareiner RM, Schmitz DG, Honnas CM, et al: Gracilis muscle injury as a cause of lameness in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1630, 2004. 23. Shirai W, Momotani E, Sato T, et al: Dissecting aortic aneurysm in a horse, J Comp Pathol 120:307, 1999. 6. Toniato M, Torre F: Persistent acquired upward fixation of the patella in a Standardbred foal, Equine Vet Educ 15:233, 2003. 7. Dumoulin M, Pille F, Desmet P, et al: Upward fixation of the patella in the horse: a retrospective study, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 20:119, 2007. 8. Rooney JR: Biomechanics of lameness in horses, Baltimore, 1969, Williams & Wilkins. 9. Valentine BA, Hintz HF, Freels KM, et al: Dietary control of exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1588, 1998. 10. Brown M, Moon P, Buergelt C: The effects of injection of an iodine counterirritant into the patellar ligaments of ponies: application to stifle lameness, J Equine Vet Sci 4:482, 1984. 11. Van Hoogmoed L, Agnew D, Whitcomb M, et al: Ultrasonographic and histological evaluation of medial and middle patellar ligaments after injection with ethanolamine oleate and 2% iodine in almond oil, Am J Vet Res 63:738, 2002. 12. Gibson K, McIlwraith C, Park R, et al: Production of patellar lesions by medial patellar desmotomy in normal horses, Vet Surg 18:466, 1989. 13. Dyson S: Normal ultrasonographic anatomy and injury of the patellar ligaments in the horse, Equine Vet J 34:258, 2002. 14. Tnibar M: Medial patellar ligament splitting for the treatment of upward fixation of the patella in 7 equids, Vet Surg 31:462, 2002. 15. Tnibar M: Experiences with medial patellar ligament splitting for the treatment of upward fixation of the patella in the horse. Proceeding of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons, Lyon, France, 2005. 16. Reiners SR, May K, DiGrassie W, et al: How to perform a standing medial patellar ligament splitting, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:481, 2005. 17. Bonder D: Personal communication, 2008. 18. Pickersgill CH, Kriz N, Malikides N: Surgical treatment of semitendinosus fibrotic myopathy in an endurance horsemanagement, complications and outcome, Equine Vet Educ 12:320, 2000. 19. Turner AS, Trotter GW: Fibrotic myopathy in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:335, 1984. 20. Bramlage LR, Reed SM, Embertson RM: Semitendinosus tenotomy for treatment of fibrotic myopathy in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:565, 1985. 21. Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 22. Magee AA, Vatistas NJ: Standing semitendinosus myotomy for the treatment of fibrotic myopathy in 39 horses (19891997), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:263, 1998. 23. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2009. 24. Valentine B: Mechanical lameness in the hindlimb. In Ross M, Dyson S, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 1, St. Louis, 2003, Saunders. 25. Crabill MR, Honnas CM, Taylor DS, et al: Stringhalt secondary to trauma to the

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CHAPTER 48 Mechanical and Neurological Lameness in the Forelimbs and Hindlimbs

1. Valentine BA, de Lahunta A, Divers TJ, et al: Clinical and pathologic findings in two draft horses with progressive muscle atrophy, neuromuscular weakness, and abnormal gait characteristic of shivers syndrome, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1661, 1999. 2. Valentine BA: Polysaccharide storage myopathy in draft and draft-related horses and ponies, Equine Pract 21:16, 1999. 3. Slocombe RF, Huntington PJ, Friend SCE, et al: Pathological aspects of Australian stringhalt, Equine Vet J 24:174, 1992. 4. Huntington PJ, Seneque S, Slocombe RF, et al: Use of phenytoin to treat horses with Australian stringhalt, Aust Vet J 68:221, 1991. 5. Valentine BA, Rousselle SD, Sams AE, et al: Denervation atrophy in three horses with fibrotic myopathy, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:332, 1994.

dorsoproximal region of the metatarsus in horses: 10 cases (1986-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:867, 1994. 26. Torre F: Clinical diagnosis and results of surgical treatment of 13 cases of acquired stringhalt (19912003), Equine Vet J 37:181, 2005. 27. Arajo JA, Curcio B, Alda J, et al: Stringhalt in Brazilian horses caused by Hypochoeris radicata, Toxicology 52:190, 2008. 28. Domange C, Canlet C, Traore A, et al: Orthologous metagonomic qualification of a rodent model combined with magnetic resonance imaging for an integrated evaluation of the toxicity of Hypochoeris radicata, Chem Res Toxicol 21:2082, 2008. 29. Adam-Castrillo D, White NA, Donaldson LL, et al: Effects of injection of botulinum toxin type B into the external anal sphincter on anal pressure in horses, Am J Vet Res 65:26, 2004. 30. Wijnberg ID, Schrama SE, Elgersma AE, et al: Quantification of surface EMG signals to monitor the effect of a Botox treatment in six healthy ponies and two horses with stringhalt: preliminary study, Equine Vet J 41:313, 2009. 31. Nollet H, Vanderstraeten G, Sustronck B, et al: Suspected case of stiff-horse syndrome, Vet Rec 146:282, 2000. 32. Firshman A, Baird J, Valberg S: Prevalence and clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy and shivers in Belgian Draft Horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1958, 2005. 33. Hanche-Olsen S, Teige J, Skaar I, et al: Polyneuropathy associated with forage sources in Norwegian horses, J Vet Intern Med 22:178, 2008. 34. Dyson S, Taylor P, Whitwell K: Femoral nerve paralysis after general anaesthesia in the horse, Equine Vet J 20:376, 1988. 35. Eliashar E, Dyson S, Archer R, et al: Two clinical manifestations of desmopathy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the hindlimb of 23 horses, Equine Vet J 37:495, 2005. 36. Mayhew IG: Personal communication, 2008. 37. Barrey E: Inter-limb coordination. In Back W, Clayton H, eds: Equine locomotion, ed 1, London, 2001, Saunders.

CHAPTER 49 Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Fractures in the Thoroughbred Racehorse

1. Little C, Hilbert B: Pelvic fractures in horses: 19 cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1203, 1987. 2. Rutkowski JA, Richardson DW: A retrospective study of 100 pelvic fractures in horses, Equine Vet J 21:256, 1989. 3. Steckel RR: The role of scintigraphy in lameness evaluation, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:207, 1991. 4. Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 5. Stover SM, Adams M, Reed DH, et al: Patterns of stress fractures associated with complete bone fractures in racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:131, 1993. 6. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC, Hopes R, et al: Clinical signs, diagnosis, management and outcome of complete and incomplete fracture to the ilium: a review of 20

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Erichsen C, Eksell P, Widstrom C, et al: Scintigraphy of the sacroiliac joint region in asymptomatic riding horses: scintigraphic appearance and evaluation of method, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:699, 2003. 13. Erichsen C, Berger M: Pitfalls in interpretation of pelvic scintigrams caused by soft tissue attenuation, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:179, 2001. 14. Erichsen C, Berger M, Eksell P: The scintigraphic anatomy of the equine sacroiliac joint, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:287, 2002. 15. Gorgas D, Luder P, Lang J, et al: Scintigraphic and radiographic appearance of the sacroiliac region in horses with gait abnormalities or poor performance, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:208, 2009. 16. Geissbuhler U, Busato A, Ueltschi G: Abnormal bone scan findings of the equine ischial tuberosity and third trochanter, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:572, 1998. 17. Little C, Hilbert B: Pelvic fractures in horses: 19 cases (1974-1984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1203, 1987. 18. Rutkowski J, Richardson D: A retrospective study of 100 pelvic fractures in horses, Equine Vet J 21:256, 1989. 19. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2002-2008. 20. MacLeay J, Valberg S, Sorum S, et al: Heritability of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbred horses, Am J Vet Res 60:250, 1999. 21. Morris E, Seeherman H, OCallaghan M, et al: Scintigraphic identification of skeletal muscle damage in horses 24 hours after strenuous exercise, Equine Vet J 23:347, 1991. 22. Ross M, Maxson A, Stacy V, et al: Firstpass radionuclide angiography in the diagnosis of aortoiliac thromboembolism in a horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:226, 1997. 23. Valentine B, Hintz H, Freels K, et al: Dietary control of exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 2:1588, 1998. 24. Harris P, Gray J: The use of the urinary fractional electrolyte excretion test to assess electrolyte status in the horse, Equine Vet J 4:162, 1992. 25. Harris P: Equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome in horses. In Robinson N, Wilson MR, eds: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 26. Haussler K, Stover S, Willits N: Pathologic changes in the lumbosacral vertebrae and pelvis in thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 60:143, 1999. 27. Dalin G, Jeffcott L: Sacroiliac joint of the horse. I. Gross morphology, Anat Histol Embryol 15:80, 1986. 28. Jeffcott L, Dalin G, Ekman S, et al: Sacroiliac lesions as a cause of poor performance in competitive horses, Equine Vet J 17:111, 1985. 29. Haussler K: Osseous spinal pathology, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:103, 1999. 30. Rooney J: Sacroiliac luxation, Mod Vet Pract 60:45, 1979. 31. Tucker R, Schneider R, Sondhof A, et al: Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of sacroiliac injury in twelve horses, Equine Vet J 30:390, 1998. 32. Dyson S, Murray R, Brach M, et al: The sacroiliac joints: evaluation using nuclear scintigraphy. Part II. Lame horses, Equine Vet J 35:233, 2003. 33. 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cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:179, 1994. 7. Bathe AP: 245 fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: results of a 2 year prospective study, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:175, 1994. 8. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC: The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic fractures, Equine Vet Educ 6:223, 1994. 9. May SA, Patterson LJ, Peacock PJ, et al: Radiographic technique for the pelvis in the standing horse, Equine Vet J 23:312, 1991. 10. Barrett E, Talbot A, Driver A, et al: A technique for pelvic radiography in the standing horse, Equine Vet J 38:266, 2006. 11. Dabareiner RM, Cole RC: Fractures of the tuber coxa of the ilium in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1303, 2009. 12. Baum JL, Devous MD: Scintigraphic evaluation of equine lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 25:307, 1980. 13. Devous MD, Twardock AR: Techniques and applications of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of equine lameness, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:318, 1984. 14. Lamb CR, Koblick PD: Scintigraphic evaluation of skeletal disease and its applications in the horse, Vet Radiol 29:16, 1988. 15. Berry CR, Daniel GB: Handbook of veterinary nuclear medicine, Raleigh, NC, 1996, North Carolina State University Press. 16. Hornof WJ, Stover SM, Koblick PD, et al: Oblique views of the ilium and the scintigraphic appearance of stress fractures of the ilium, Equine Vet J 28:356, 1996. 17. Dyson SJ, Martinelli MJ, Pilsworth RC, et al: Equine scintigraphy, Newmarket, UK, 2003, Equine Vet J Publications. 18. Pilsworth RC, Holmes MA: A low cost computer based scintigraphy system for use in lameness investigation in general practice, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:327, 1992. 19. Pilsworth RC, Shepherd M, Herinckx BM, et al: A review of 10 horses with fracture of the wing of the ilium, Equine Vet J 26:94, 1994. 20. Pilsworth RC, Shepherd MC: Scintigraphic probe point counting. II. Interpretation of scan results, Equine Vet Educ 8:103, 1996. 21. Raidal SL, Love D, Bailey GD, et al: Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6-12 hours of confinement with the head elevated, Aust Vet J 72:45, 1995.

CHAPTER 50 Lumbosacral and Pelvic Injuries in Sports and Pleasure Horses

1. Denoix J-M: Spinal biomechanics and functional anatomy, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:27, 1999. 2. Dyson S, Murray R: Pain associated with the sacroiliac joint region: a clinical study of 74 horses, Equine Vet J 35:240, 2003. 3. Denoix J-M, Audigi F, Coudry V: Review of diagnosis and treatment of lumbosacral pain in sport and racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:366, 2005. 4. David F, Rougier M, Alexander K, et al: Ultrasound guided coxofemoral arthrocentesis in horses, Equine Vet J 39:79, 2007.


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CHAPTER 52 Thoracolumbar Spine

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CHAPTER 53 The Cervical Spine and Soft Tissues of the Neck

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Henson FMD, Davenport C, Butler L, et al: Effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and II on the growth of equine fetal and neonatal chondrocytes, Equine Vet J 29:441, 1997. 65. Ralston SL: Hyperglycaemia/hyperinsulinaemia after feeding a meal of grain to young horses with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions, Pferdeheilkunde 12:320, 1996. 66. Staniar WB, Kronfeld DS, Akers RM, et al: Insulin-like growth factor I in growing thoroughbreds, J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 91:390, 2007. 67. Werner H, Weinstein D, Bentov I: Similarities and differences between insulin and IGF-I: structures, receptors, and signalling pathways, Arch Physiol Biochem 114:17, 2008. 68. Yakar S, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG, et al: Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density, J Clin Invest 110:771, 2002. 69. 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Schougaard H, Falk Ronne J, Phillipson J: A radiographic survey of tibiotarsal osteochondrosis in a selected population of trotting horses in Denmark and its possible genetic significance, Equine Vet J 22:288, 1990. 75. Wittwer C, Hamann H, Rosenberger E, et al: Genetic parameters for the prevalence of osteochondrosis in the limb joints of South German Coldblood horses, J Anim Breed Genet 124:302, 2007. 76. Grndahl AM, Dolvik NI: Heritability estimations of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:101, 1993. 77. Pieramati C, Pepe M, Silvestrelli M, et al: Heritability estimation of osteochondrosis dissecans in Maremmano horses, Livestock Prod Sci 79:249, 2003. 78. Dierks C, Lhring K, Lampe V, et al: Genome-wide search for markers associated with osteochondrosis in Hanoverian warmblood horses, Mamm Genome 18: 739, 2007. 79. Wittwer C, Lhring K, Drgemller C, et al: Mapping quantitative trait loci for osteochondrosis in fetlock and hock joints and palmar/plantar osseous fragments in fetlock joints of South German Coldblood horses, Anim Genet 38:350, 2007. 80. Wittwer C, Dierks C, Hamann H, et al: Associations between candidate gene markers at a quantitative trait locus on equine chromosome 4 responsible for osteochondrosis dissecans in fetlock joints of South German Coldblood horses, J Hered 99:125, 2008. 81. Philipsson J: Pathogenesis of osteo chondrosisgenetic implications. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 82. Williams RW: Expression genetics and the phenotype revolution, Mamm Genome 17:496, 2006. 83. Koenen EPC, Dik KJ, Knapp JH, et al: Evaluation of selection strategies against osteochondrosis for the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of EAAP, The Hague, 2000. 84. 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38. Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW: Osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral cystic lesions and their relationship to osteochondrosis in the horse, Equine Vet Sci 1:157, 1981. 39. Bramlage LR: Osteochondrosis related bone cysts, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:83, 1993. 40. Jeffcott LB, Kold SE, Melsen F: Aspects of the pathology of stifle bone cysts in the horse, Equine Vet J 15:304, 1983. 41. Ray CS, Baxter GM, McIlwraith CW, et al: Development of subchondral cystic lesions after articular cartilage and subchondral bone damage in young horses, Equine Vet J 28:225, 1996. 42. Kold SE, Hickman J, Melsen F: An experimental study of the healing process of equine chondral and osteochondral defects, Equine Vet J 18:18, 1986. 43. McIwraith CW: Subchondral bone cysts in the horse: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment options, Equine Vet Educ 10:313, 1998. 44. Hurtig M, Green SLK, Dobson J, et al: Correlative study of defective cartilage and bone growth in foals fed a low- copper diet, Equine Vet J Suppl 16:66, 1993. 45. van Weeren PR: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of OC(D), Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:248, 2006. 46. Nguyen NH, McPhee CP: Genetic parameters and responses of performance and body composition traits in pigs selected for high and low growth rate on a fixed ration over a set time, Genet Sel Evol 37:199, 2005. 47. Donabdian M, Fleurance G, Perona G, et al: Effect of fast vs moderate growth rate related to nutrient intake on developmental orthopaedic disease in the horse, Anim Res 55:471, 2006. 48. Norton SA, Zavy MT, Maxwell CV, et al: Insulin, growth hormone, glucose, and fatty acids in gilts selected for rapid vs slow growth rate, Am J Physiol 257:E554, 1989. 49. Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, et al: Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the distal femur of foals, Equine Vet J 40:433, 2008. 50. Fortier LA, Kornatowski MA, Mohammed HO, et al: Age-related changes in serum insulin-like growth factorI, insulin-like growth factorI binding protein3 and articular cartilage structure in Thoroughbred horses, Equine Vet J 37:37, 2005. 51. Olstad K, Cnudde V, Masschaele B, et al: Micro-computed tomography of early lesions of osteochondrosis in the tarsus of foals, Bone 43:574, 2008. 52. Gee E, Davies M, Firth E, et al: Osteochondrosis and copper: histology of articular cartilage from foals out of copper supplemented and non-supplemented dams, Vet J 173:109, 2007. 53. Sandgren B, Dalin G, Carlsten J, et al: Development of osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints of standardbred trotters. II. Body measurements and clinical findings, Equine Vet J Suppl 16:48, 1993. 54. Gee EK, Firth EC, Morel PC, et al: Articular/epiphyseal osteochondrosis in Thoroughbred foals at 5 months of age:


1984, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 85. Sandgren B, Dalin G, Carlsten J: Osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints of standardbred trotters. I. Epidemiology, Equine Vet J Suppl 16:31, 1993. 86. Valentino LW, Lillich JD, Gaughan EM, et al: Radiographic prevalence of osteochondrosis in yearling feral horses, Vet Comp Orthop Trauma 12:151, 1999. 87. Bruin G, Creemers JJHM, Smolders EEA: Effect of exercise on osteochondrosis in the horse. In Equine osteochondrosis in the 90s, Cambridge, UK, 1992. 88. van den Hoogen BM, van den Lest CH, van Weeren PR, et al: Effect of exercise on the proteoglycan metabolism of articular cartilage in growing foals, Equine Vet J Suppl 31:62, 1999. 89. Barneveld A, van Weeren PR: Conclusions regarding the influence of exercise on the development of the equine musculoskeletal system with special reference to osteochondrosis, Equine Vet J Suppl 31:112, 1999. 90. McIlwraith CW: Inferences from referred clinical cases of osteochondritis dissecans, Equine Vet J Suppl 16:27, 1993. 91. Hernndez-Vidal G, Jeffcott LB, Davies ME: Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in equine dyschondroplastic articular cartilage, Vet J 156:193, 1998. 92. Glser KE, Davies ME, Jeffcott LB: Differential distribution of cathepsins B and L in articular cartilage during skeletal development in the horse, Equine Vet J 35:42, 2003. 93. Hernndez-Vidal G, Valdes-Martinez A, Mora-Valdez F, et al: Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in chondrocytes and osteoclasts in equine dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis), Vet Mex 33:395, 2002. 94. Al-Hizab F, Clegg PD, Thompson CC, et al: Microscopic localization of active gelatinases in equine osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) cartilage, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10:653, 2002. 95. Laverty S, Okouneff S, Ionescu M, et al: Excessive degradation of type II collagen in articular cartilage in equine osteochondrosis, J Orthop Res 20:1282, 2002. 96. Billinghurst RC, Brama PA, van Weeren PR, et al: Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals, Am J Vet Res 65:143, 2004. 97. van de Lest CH, Brama PA, van El B, et al: Extracellular matrix changes in early osteochondrotic defects in foals: a key role for collagen? Biochim Biophys Acta 1690:54, 2004. 98. Vortkamp A: Interaction of growth factors regulating chondrocyte differentiation in the developing embryo, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 9(Suppl A):S109, 2001. 99. Semevolos SA, Brower-Toland BD, Bent SJ, et al: Parathyroid hormonerelated peptide and Indian hedgehog expression patterns in naturally acquired equine osteochondrosis, J Orthop Res 20:1290, 2002. 100. Semevolos SA, Strassheim ML, Haupt JL, et al: Expression patterns of hedgehog signaling peptides in naturally acquired equine osteochondrosis, J Orthop Res 23:1152, 2005. 101. Pelton RW, Saxena B, Jones M, et al: Immunohistochemical localization of TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 in the mouse embryo: expression patterns suggest multiple roles during embryonic development, J Cell Biol 115:1091, 1991. 102. Dodds RA, Merry K, Littlewood A, et al: Expression of mRNA for IL1 beta, IL6 and TGF beta 1 in developing human bone and cartilage, J Histochem Cytochem 42:733, 1994. 103. Serra R, Karaplis A, Sohn P: Parathyroid hormonerelated peptide (PTHrP) dependent and independent effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) on endochondral bone formation, J Cell Biol 145:783, 1999. 104. Pateder DB, Rosier RN, Schwarz EM, et al: PTHrP expression in chondrocytes, regulation by TGF-beta, and interactions between epiphyseal and growth plate chondrocytes, Exp Cell Res 256:555, 2000. 105. Henson FMD, Schofield PN, Jeffcott LB: Expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in normal and dyschondroplastic articular growth cartilage of the young horse, Equine Vet J 29:434, 1997. 106. Gunson DE, Kowalczyk DF, Shoop CR, et al: Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:295, 1982. 107. Campbell-Beggs CL, Johnson PJ, Messer NT, et al: Osteochondritis dissecans in an Appaloosa foal associated with zinc toxicosis, J Equine Vet Sci 14:546, 1994. 108. Swerczek TW: Chronic environmental cadmium toxicosis in horses and cattle, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1229, 1997 (letter). 109. Sandstead HH: Requirements and toxicity of essential trace elements, illustrated by zinc and copper, Am J Clin Nutr 61(Suppl 3):621S, 1995.

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CHAPTER 56 Diagnosis and Management of Osteochondrosis and Osseous Cystlike Lesions

1. Hogan PM, McIlwraith CW, Honnas CM, et al: Surgical treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the third metacarpal bone: results in 15 horses (1986-1994, Equine Vet J 29:477, 1997. 2. Caron JP, Fretz PB, Bailey JV, et al: Proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in the horse. A retrospective study and a modified screw technique, Vet Surg 19:196, 1990. 3. MacLellan KN, Crawford WH, MacDonald DG: Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in 34 horses using two parallel 5.5-mm cortical bone screws, Vet Surg 30:454, 2001. 4. Martin GS, McIlwraith CW, Turner AS, et al: Long-term results and complications of proximal interphalangeal arthro desis in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1136, 1984. 5. Schneider JE, Carnine BL, Guffy MM: Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the horse: a surgical treatment for high ringbone, J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:1364, 1978. 6. Knox PM, Watkins JP: Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis using a combination plate-screw technique in 53 horses (1994-2003), Equine Vet J 38:538, 2006. 7. Levine DG, Richardson DW: Clinical use of the locking compression plate (LCP) in horses: a retrospective study of 31 cases (2004-2006), Equine Vet J 39:401, 2007. 8. Radcliffe RM, Cheetham J, Bezuidenhout AJ, et al: Arthroscopic removal of palmar/ plantar osteochondral fragments from the proximal interphalangeal joint in four horses, Vet Surg 37:733, 2008.

CHAPTER 55 The Role of Nutrition in Developmental Orthopedic Disease: Nutritional Management

1. Cunha TJ: Horse feeding and nutrition, ed 2, Orlando, 2007, Academic Press. 2. National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of horses, ed 6, Washington, DC, 2007, National Academies Press. 3. Pagan JD, Koch A, Caddel S, et al: Size of Thoroughbred yearlings presented for auction at Keeneland sales affects selling price, Proc Equine Sci Soc Symp 19:234, 1998. 4. Brown-Douglas CG, Pagan JD, Koch A, et al: The relationship between size at yearling sale, sale price and future racing performance in Kentucky Thoroughbreds, Proc Equine Sci Soc Symp 20:153, 2007. 5. Pagan JD, Jackson SG, Caddel S: A summary of growth rates of Thoroughbreds in Kentucky, Pferdeheilkunde 12: 285, 1996. 6. Glade MJ, Gupta S, Reimers TJ: Hormonal responses to high and low planes of nutrition in weanling thoroughbreds, J Anim Sci 59:658, 1984.

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9. Fjordbakk CT, Strand E, Milde AK, et al: Osteochondral fragments involving the dorsomedial aspect of the proximal interphalangeal joint in young horses: 6 cases (1997-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1498, 2007. 10. Schneider RK, Ragle CA, Carter BG, et al: Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments from the proximal interphalangeal joint of the pelvic limbs in three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:79, 1994. 11. Story MR, Bramlage LR: Arthroscopic debridement of subchondral bone cysts in the distal phalanx of 11 horses (19942000), Equine Vet J 36:356, 2004. 12. Jenner F, Ross MW, Martin BB, et al: Scapulohumeral osteochondrosis: a retrospective study of 32 horses, Vet Orthop Comp Traumatol 21:406, 2008. 13. Stephens PR, Richardson DW, Ross MW, et al: Osteochondral fragments within the dorsal pouch or dorsal joint capsule of the proximal intertarsal joint of the horse, Vet Surg 18:151, 1989. 14. Beard WL, Bramlage LR, Schneider RK, et al: Postoperative racing performance in standardbreds and thoroughbreds with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint: 109 cases (1984-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1655, 1994. 15. Laws EG, Richardson DW, Ross MW, et al: Racing performance of Standardbreds after conservative and surgical treatment for tarsocrural osteochondrosis, Equine Vet J 25:199, 1993. 16. McIlwraith CW, Foerner JJ, Davis DM: Osteochondritis dissecans of the tarsocrural joint: results of treatment with arthroscopic surgery, Equine Vet J 23:155, 1991.

CHAPTER 60 Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

1. Wagner PC, Grant BD, Reed SM: Cervical vertebral malformations, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 3:385, 1987. 2. Stewart RH, Reed SM, Weisbrode, SE: Frequency and severity of osteochon drosis in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy, Am J Vet Res 52:873, 1991. 3. Levine JM, Ngheim PP, Levine GJ, et al: Associations of sex, breed, and age with cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy in horses: 811 cases (1974-2007), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1453, 2008. 4. Reed SM, Bayley W, Traub J: Ataxia and paresis in horses. I. Differential diagnosis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 3:S88, 1981. 5. Mayhew IG: Evaluation of the large animal neurological patient. In: Large animal neurology, Philadelphia, 1989, Lea & Febiger. 6. Powers BE, Stashak TS, Nixon AJ, et al: Pathology of the vertebral column of horses with cervical static stenosis, Vet Pathol 23:392, 1986. 7. Moore BR, Holbrook TC, Stefanacci JD, et al: Contrast-enhanced computed tomo graphy and myelography in six horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy, Equine Vet J 24:197, 1992. 8. Ricardi G, Dyson SJ: Forelimb lameness associated with radiographic abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae, Equine Vet J 25:422, 1993. 9. Levine JM, Adam E, MacKay RJ: Confirmed and presumptive cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy in older

CHAPTER 57 Physitis
1. Salter RS, Harris WR: Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate, J Bone Joint Surg Am 45A:587, 1963. 2. McIlwraith CW: What is developmental orthopaedic disease, osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, metabolic bone disease, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:35, 1993. 3. Jeffcott LB: Problems and pointers in equine osteochondrosis, Equine Vet J Suppl 16:1, 1993. 4. Bramlage LR: Identification, examination and treatment of physitis in the foal, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:57, 1993.

CHAPTER 58 Angular Limb Deformities

1. Auer JA, Martens RJ, Williams EH: Periosteal transection for correction of angular limb deformities in foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:459, 1982. 2. Fretz PB, Donecker JM: Surgical correction of angular limb deformities in foals: a retrospective study, J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:529, 1983. 3. Bertone AL, Turner AS, Park RD: Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: clinical observations, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:145, 1985. 4. Auer JA: Angular limb deformities. In Auer JA, Stick JA, eds: Equine surgery, ed 3, St Louis 2006, Elsevier. 5. Hunt RJ: Angular limb deviations. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.

CHAPTER 59 Flexural Limb Deformities in Foals

1. Auer JA: Flexural limb deformities. In Auer JA, ed: Equine surgery, ed 3, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders. 2. Bohanon TC: Developmental musculoskeletal disease. In Kobluk CN, Ames TR, Geor RJ, eds: The horse: diseases and clinical management, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders. 3. McIlwraith CW: Diseases of the joints, tendons, and ligaments and related structures. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness


horses: a retrospective study (1992-2004), J Vet Intern Med 21:812, 2007. 10. Mayhew IG, Brown CM, Stowe HD, et al: Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial, J Vet Intern Med 1:45, 1987. 11. Moore BR, Reed SM, Biller DS, et al: Assessment of vertebral canal diameter and bony malformations of the cervical part of the spine in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy, Am J Vet Res 55:5, 1994. 12. Rush BR: Spinal radiography and myelography. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 13. Whitwell KE, Dyson S: Interpreting radiographs. 8. Equine cervical vertebrae, Equine Vet J 19:8, 1987. 14. Papageorges M, Gavin PR, Sande RD, et al: Radiographic and myelographic examination of the cervical vertebral column in 306 ataxic horses, Vet Radiol 28:53, 1987. 15. Hahn CN, Handel I, Green SL, et al: Assessment of the utility of using intraand intervertebral minimum sagittal diameter ratios in the diagnosis of cervical vertebral malformation in horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:1, 2008. 16. Van Biervliet J: An evidence-based approach to clinical questions in the practice of equine neurology, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:317, 2007. 17. Mayhew IG, Donawick WJ, Green SL, et al: Diagnosis and prediction of cervical vertebral malformation in thoroughbred foals based on semi-quantitative radiographic indicators, Equine Vet J 25:435, 1993. 18. van Biervliet J, Scrivani PV, Divers TJ, et al: Evaluation of decision criteria for detection of spinal cord compression based on cervical myelography in horses: 38 cases (1981-2001), Equine Vet J 36:14, 2004. 19. Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al: The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse, Equine Vet J 36:718, 2004. 20. Nollet H, Deprez P, van Ham L, et al: Transcranial magnetic stimulation: normal values of magnetic motor evoked potentials in 84 normal horses and influence of height, weight, age and sex, Equine Vet J 36:51, 2004. 21. Keegan KG, Arafat S, Skubic M, et al: Detection of spinal ataxia in horses using fuzzy clustering of body position uncertainty, Equine Vet J 36:712, 2004. 22. Donawick WJ, Mayhew IG, Galligan DT, et al: Results of a low protein, low-energy diet and confinement in young horses with wobbles, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:125, 1993. 23. Mattoon JS, Drost WT, Grguric MR, et al: Technique for equine cervical articular process joint injection, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:238, 2004. 24. Grisel RG, Grant BD, Rantanen NW: Arthrocentesis of the equine cervical facets, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:197, 1996. 25. Wagner PC, Grant BD, Bagby G: Eva luation of cervical spinal fusion as a treatment in the equine wobbler syndrome, Vet Surg 8:84, 1979. 26. Nixon AJ, Stashak TS, Ingram J: Dorsal laminectomy in the horse. III. Results in horses with cervical vertebral malformation, Vet Surg 12:184, 1983. 27. Moore BR, Reed SM, Robertson JT: Surgical treatment of cervical stenotic myelopathy in horses: 73 cases (1983-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:108, 1993. 28. DeBowes RM, Grant BD, Bagby GW, et al: Cervical vertebral interbody fusion in the horse: a comparative study of bovine xenografts and autografts supported by stainless steel baskets, Am J Vet Res 45:191, 1984. 29. Grant BD, Barbee DD, Wagner PC: Long term results of surgery for equine cervical vertebral malformation, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 31:91, 1985. 30. Mayhew IG: The diseased spinal cord, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:67, 1999.

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CHAPTER 61 Osteoarthritis
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infected horses in the USA by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay using whole-cell and recombinant antigens, Res Vet Sci 79:99, 2005. 52. Chang YF, Ku YW, Chang CF, et al. Antibiotic treatment of experimentally Borrelia burgdorferiinfected ponies, Vet Microbiol 107:285, 2005.

CHAPTER 67 Other Joint Conditions

1. Simmons EJ, Bertone AL, Weisbrode SE: Instability-induced osteoarthritis in the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses, Am J Vet Res 60:7, 1999. 2. Desmaizieres LM, Cauvin ER: Carpal collateral ligament desmopathy in three horses, Vet Rec 157:197, 2005. 3. Pool R: Tumors and tumorlike lesions of joints and adjacent soft tissues. In Moulton JE, ed: Tumors in domestic animals, ed 3, Berkeley, 1990, University of California Press. 4. Stashak T: Lameness. In Stashak T, ed: Adams lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 5. van Veenendaal JC, Speirs VC, Harrison I: Treatment of hygromata in horses, Aust Vet J 57:513, 1981. 6. Jann H: Treatment of acquired bursitis (hygroma) by en-bloc resection, Equine Pract 12:8, 1990. 7. Andren L, Eiken O: Arthrographic studies of wrist ganglions, J Bone Joint Surg Am 53:299, 1971. 8. Adams OR: Lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1974, Lea & Febiger. 9. Kawcak C, Trotter G: Other conditions affecting equine joints. In McIlwraith C, Trotter G, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 10. Hay WP, Baskett A: Lameness caused by a ganglion in a mare, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:1352, 1996. 11. Llewellyn HR: A case of carpal intersynovial fistula in a horse, Equine Vet J 11:90, 1979. 12. McIlwraith C: Diseases of joints, tendons, ligaments and related structures. In Stashak T, ed: Adams lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 13. Johnson JE, Ryan GD: Intersynovial fistula in the carpus of a horse, Cornell Vet 65:84, 1975. 14. Adams SB, Fessler JF, Thacker HL: Tendon fibromas in 2 horses, Equine Vet J 14:95, 1982. 15. Lillich J, Gaughan E: Personal communication, 2001. 16. Vickers KL, Ross MW: Atypical villonodular synovitis in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1602, 1996. 17. Kawcak C, Goltz K: Pigmented villono dular synovitis in a mule. Unpublished data, 1999. 18. Cheli R, Zaraga L: Synovioma della grande sesamoidea nel cavallo, Clin Vet (Milano) 100:280, 1977. 19. Lewis R: Personal communication, 2001. 20. Riddle WE Jr, Wheat JD: Chondrosarcoma in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:1674, 1971. 21. Bertone AL, Powers BE, Turner AS: Chondrosarcoma in the radius of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:534, 1984. 22. Bush JM, Fredrickson RL, Ehrhart EJ: Equine osteosarcoma: a series of 8 cases, Vet Pathol 44:247, 2007.

CHAPTER 68 Pathophysiology of Tendon Injury

1. Alexander RM: Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running, J Exp Biol 160:55, 1991. 2. Wilson AM, McGuigan MP, Su A, et al: Horses damp the spring in their step, Nature 414:895, 2001. 3. Wilson AM, van den Bogert AJ, McGuigan MP: Optimization of the muscle-tendon unit for economical locomotion in cursorial animals. In Herzog W, ed: Skeletal muscle mechanics: from mechanisms to function, Chichester, England, 2000, John Wiley & Sons. 4. Screen HR, Lee DA, Bader DL, et al: An investigation into the effects of the hierarchical structure of tendon fascicles on micromechanical properties, Proc Inst Mech Eng H 218:109, 2004. 5. Wilson AM: The effect of exercise intensity on the biochemistry, morphology, and mechanical properties of tendon, PhD thesis, Bristol, United Kingdom, 1991, University of Bristol. 6. Woo SL: Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. I. Quasi-static and nonlinear viscoelastic properties, 19:385, 1982. 7. Viidik A: Tensile strength properties of Achilles tendon systems in trained and untrained rabbits, Acta Orthop Scand 40:261, 1969. 8. Goodship AE, Birch HL, Wilson AM: The pathobiology and repair of tendon and ligament injury, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:323, 1994. 9. Crevier N, Pourcelet P, Denoix J-M, et al: Segmental variations of in vitro mechanical properties in equine superficial digital flexor tendons, Am J Vet Res 57:1111, 1996. 10. Riemersma DJ, van der Bogert AJ, Jansen MO, et al: Tendon strain in the forelimbs as a function of gait and ground characteristics and in vitro limb loading in ponies, Equine Vet J 28:133, 1996.


27. Stanley R, Goodship AE, Edwards B, et al: Effects of exercise on tenocyte cellularity and tenocyte nuclear morphology in immature and mature equine digital tendons, Equine Vet 40:141, 2008. 28. Goodman SA, May SA, Heinegrd D, et al: Tenocyte response to cyclical strain and transforming growth factor beta is dependent upon age and site of origin, Biorheology 41:613, 2004. 29. Webbon PM: A histological study of macroscopically normal equine digital flexor tendons, Equine Vet J 10:253, 1978. 30. Cauvin ERJ: An investigation into the roles of transforming growth factor beta (TGF) in the development, adaptation, and repair of equine tendon, PhD dissertation, London, 2001, University of London. 31. Bi Y, Ehirchiou D, Kilts TM, et al: Identification of tendon stem/progenitor cells and the role of the extracellular matrix in their niche, Nat Med 13:1219, 2007. 32. Salingcarnboriboon R, Yoshitake H, Tsuji K, et al: Establishment of tendon-derived cell lines exhibiting pluripotent mesenchymal stem celllike property, Exp Cell Res 287:289, 2003. 33. Strassburg S: Adult and late foetal equine tendon contain cell populations with weak progenitor properties in comparison to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, Proc Orthop Res Soc 52, 2006. 34. Banes AJ, Tsuzaki M, Yamamoto J, et al: Mechanoreception at the cellular level: the detection, interpretation, and diversity of responses to mechanical stimuli, Biochem Cell Biol 73:349, 1995. 35. McNeilly CM, Banes AJ, Benjamin M, et al: Tendon cells in vivo form a three dimensional network of cell processes linked by gap junctions, J Anat 189:593, 1996. 36. Murphy DJ, Nixon AJ: Biochemical and site-specific effects of insulin-like growth factor I on intrinsic tenocyte activity in equine flexor tendons, Am J Vet Res 58:103, 1997. 37. Dahlgren LA, van der Meulen MC, Bertram JE, et al: Insulin-like growth factorI improves cellular and molecular aspects of healing in a collagenaseinduced model of flexor tendinitis, J Orthop Res 20:910, 2002. 38. Frank C, Woo S, Andriacchi T, et al: Normal ligament: structure, function, and composition. In Woo SL-Y, Buckwalter JA, eds: Injury and repair of musculoskeletal soft tissues, Park Ridge, Ill, 1987, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 39. Silver IA, Brown PN, Goodship AE, et al: A clinical and experimental study of tendon injury, healing, and treatment in the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 1:1, 1983. 40. Hedbom E, Antonsson P, Hjerpes A, et al: Cartilage matrix proteins: an acidic oligomeric protein (COMP) detected only in cartilage, J Biol Chem 267:6132, 1992. 41. Mrgelin M, Heinegrd D, Engel J, et al: Electron microscopy of native cartilage oligomeric matrix protein purified from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma reveals a five-armed structure, J Biol Chem 267:6137, 1992. 42. Smith RK, Zunino L, Webbon PM, et al: The distribution of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in tendon and its variation with tendon site, age and load, Matrix Biol 16:255, 1997. 43. Rosenberg K, Olsson H, Morgelin M, et al: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein shows high affinity zinc-dependent interaction with triple helical collagen, J Biol Chem 273:20397, 1998. 44. Thur J, Rosenberg K, Nitsche DP, et al: Mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein causing pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia affect binding of calcium and collagen I, II, and IX, J Biol Chem 276:6083, 2001. 45. Hecht JT, Nelson LD, Crowder E, et al: Mutations in exon 17B of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) cause pseudoachondroplasia, Nat Genet 10:325, 1995. 46. Briggs MD, Hoffman SM, King LM, et al: Pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia due to mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene, Nat Genet 10:330, 1995. 47. Halasz K, Kassner A, Mrgelin M, et al: COMP acts as a catalyst in collagen fibrillogenesis, J Biol Chem 282:31166, 2007. 48. Smith RK, Gerard M, Dowling B, et al: Correlation of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels in equine tendon with mechanical properties: a proposed role for COMP in determining functionspecific mechanical characteristics of locomotor tendons, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:241, 2002. 49. Brown DC, Vogel KG: Characteristics of the in vitro interaction of a small proteoglycan (PG II) of bovine tendon with type I collagen, Matrix 9:468, 1989. 50. Danielson KG, Baribault H, Holmes DF, et al: Targeted disruption of decorin leads to abnormal collagen fibril morphology and skin fragility, J Cell Biol 136:729, 1997. 51. Svensson L, Aszdi A, Reinholt FP, et al: Fibromodulin-null mice have abnormal collagen fibrils, tissue organization, and altered lumican deposition in tendon, J Biol Chem 274:9636, 1999. 52. Avella CS, Ely ER, Verheyen KL, et al: Ultrasonographic assessment of the super ficial digital flexor tendon of National Hunt racehorses in training over two racing seasons, Equine Vet J 41:449, 2009. 53. Pickersgill C: Epidemiological studies into orthopaedic conditions of the equine athlete, MVM thesis, Glasgow, 2000, University of Glasgow. 54. Webbon PM: Post mortem study of equine digital flexor tendons, Equine Vet J 9:61, 1977. 55. Patterson-Kane JC, Firth EC, Parry DAD, et al: Comparison of collagen fibril populations in the superficial digital flexor tendons of exercised and nonexercised thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J 29:121, 1997. 56. Patterson-Kane JC, Wilson AM, Firth EC, et al: Exercise-related alterations in crimp morphology in the central regions of the superficial digital flexor tendons from young thoroughbreds: a controlled study, Equine Vet J 30:61, 1998. 57. Birch HL, Wilson AM, Goodship AE: Physical activity: does long-term, highintensity exercise in horses result in

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health and performance in a cohort of National Hunt racehorses: preliminary results, Equine Vet J 38:622, 2006. 73. Birch HL, Wilson AM, Goodship AE: The effect of exercise-induced localised hyperthemia on tendon cell survival, J Exp Biol 200:1703, 1997. 74. Burrows S: Personal communication, 2008. 75. Birch HL, Rutter GA, Goodship AE: Oxidative energy metabolism in equine tendon cells, Res Vet Sci 62:93, 1997. 76. Anstrom M, Westlin N: Blood flow in chronic Achilles tendinopathy, Clin Orthop 308:166, 1994. 77. Jzsa L, Blint BJ, Rffy A, et al: Hypoxic alterations of tenocytes in degenerative tendinopathy, Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 99:243, 1982. 78. Dalton S, Cawston TE, Riley GP: Human shoulder tendon biopsy samples in organ culture produce procollagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, Ann Rheum Dis 54:571, 1995. 79. Rees SG, Flannery CR, Little CB, et al: Catabolism of aggrecan, decorin and biglycan in tendon, Biochem J 350:181, 2000. 80. Dudhia J, Scott CM, Draper ER, et al: Aging enhances a mechanically-induced reduction in tendon strength by an active process involving matrix metalloproteinase activity, Aging Cell 6:547, 2007. 81. Platt DP, Wilson AM, Timbs A, et al: An investigation of the biomechanics of equine flexor tendon using an implantable microforce leaf, J Biomech 24:449, 1991. 82. Meershoek L: Calculation of forelimb tendon forces in horses, PhD thesis, Utrecht, 2001, University of Utrecht. 83. Anderson TM, McIlwraith CW, Douay P: The role of conformation in musculoskeletal problems in the racing Thoroughbred, Equine Vet J 36:571, 2004. 84. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. 85. Riemersma DJ, van den Bogert AJ: Influence of shoeing on ground reaction forces and tendon strains in the forelimbs of ponies, Equine Vet J 28:126, 1996. 86. Kasashima Y, Takahashi T, Birch HL, et al: Can exercise modulate the maturation of functionally different immature tendons in the horse? J Appl Physiol 104:416, 2008. 87. Smith RKW, Goodship AE: The effect of early training and the adaptation and conditioning of skeletal tissues, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008. 88. Kasashima Y, Smith RK, Birch HL, et al: Exercise-induced tendon hypertrophy: cross-sectional area changes during growth are influenced by exercise, Equine Vet J Suppl 34:264, 2002. 89. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, et al: Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998, Equine Vet J 33:478, 2001. 90. Hill AE, Stover SM, Gardner IA, et al: Risk factors for and outcomes of noncatastrophic suspensory apparatus injury

CHAPTER 69 Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis

Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis in Racehorses 1. Rooney J, Genovese RL: A survey and analysis of bowed tendon in Thoroughbred racehorses, J Equine Vet Sci 2:49, 1981. 2. Dowling BA, Dart AJ, Hodgson IR, et al: Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse, Equine Vet J 32:369, 2000. 3. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2000. 4. Avella CS, Ely ER, Verheyen KLP, et al: Ultrasonographic assessment of the superficial digital flexor tendons of National Hunt racehorses in training over two racing seasons, Equine Vet J 41:449, 2009. 5. Reef V: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 6. Palmer S, Genovese R, Longo K, et al: Practical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the performance horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Practice 10:425, 1994. 7. Genovese R: Unpublished data, 2001. 8. Chesen AB, Dabareiner RM, Chaffin MK, et al: Tendinitis of the proximal aspect of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses: 12 cases (2000-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1432, 2009. 9. James F, Ross MW: Unpublished data, 2008.


digital flexor tendinitis: initial report, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 32:365, 1986. 3. Bramlage LR, Rantanen NW, Genovese RL, et al: Long-term effects of surgical treatment of superficial digital flexor tendinitis by superior check desmotomy, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 34:655, 1988. 4. Bramlage LR, Hogan P: Career results of 137 Thoroughbred racehorses that have undergone superior check ligament desmotomy for treatment of tendinitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:162, 1996. 5. Hogan PM, Bramlage LR: Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for treatment of tendinitis: long term results in 61 Standardbred racehorses (1985-1992), Equine Vet J 27:221, 1995. 6. Ordidge RM: Comparison of three methods of treating superficial digital flexor tendinitis in the racing Thoroughbred by transection of its accessory ligament alone (proximal check ligament desmotomy) or in combination with either intra-lesional injections of hyaluronidase or tendon splitting, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:164, 1996. 7. Wheat JD: New aspects on the pathology of tendon injury, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 8:27, 1962. 8. Rooney JR, Genovese RL: A survey and analysis of bowed tendon in Thoroughbred racehorses, J Equine Vet Sci 2:49, 1981. 9. Gillis C: Rehabilitation of tendon and ligament injuries, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:306, 1997. 10. Gibson KT, Burbidge HM, Pfeiffer DU: Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in Thoroughbred race horses outcome following non-surgical treatment and superior check desmotomy, Aust Vet J 75:631, 1997. 11. Hawkins JF, Ross MW: Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle for the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in Standardbreds: 40 cases (1988-1992), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:674, 1995. 12. Reef VB, Martin BB, Stebbins K, et al: Comparison of ultrasonographic, gross, and histologic appearance of tendon injuries in performance horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:279, 1989. 13. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2001. 14. Allen AK: Experience with ultrasoundguided tendon puncture or splitting, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:273, 1992. 15. Southwood LL, Stashak TS, Kainer RA: Tenoscopic anatomy of the equine carpal flexor synovial sheath, Vet Surg 27:150, 1998. 16. Shoemaker RS, Bertone AL, Mohammad LN, et al: Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle in equine cadaver limbs, Vet Surg 4:245, 1991. 17. Alexander GR, Gibson KT, Day RE, et al: Effects of superior check desmotomy on flexor tendon and suspensory ligament strain in equine cadaver limbs, Vet Surg 30:522, 2001. 18. Nixon AJ, Sams AE, Ducharme NG: Endoscopically assisted annular ligament release in horses, Vet Surg 22:501, 1993. 19. Denoix J-M, Guizien I, Perrot P, et al: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of spontaneous injuries of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament) in 23 horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:142, 1995. 20. Chesen AB, Dabareiner RM, Chaffin MK, et al: Tendinitis of the proximal aspect of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses: 12 cases (2000-2006), J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1432, 2009. 21. James F, Ross MW: Unpublished data, 2008. 22. Asheim A: Surgical treatment of tendon injuries in the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 145:447, 1964. 23. Silver I, Brown P, Goodship A, et al: A clinical and experimental study of tendon injury, healing and treatment in the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 1:1, 1983. 24. Stromberg B, Tufvesson G, Nilsson G: Effect of surgical splitting on vascular reactions in the superficial flexor tendon of the horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:57, 1974. 25. Henninger RW, Bramlage LR, Schneider RK: Short-term effects of superior check ligament desmotomy and percutaneous tendon splitting as a treatment for acute tendonitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 36:539, 1990. 26. Henninger RW, Bramlage LR, Bailey M, et al: Effects of tendon splitting on experimentally induced acute equine tendinitis, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 5:1, 1992. Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis in Event Horses, Show Jumpers, Dressage Horses, and Pleasure Horses 1. Murray R, Dyson S, Tranquille C, et al: Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury and injury diagnosis, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:411, 2006. 2. Singer E, Barnes J, Saxby F, et al: Injuries in the event horse: training versus competition, Vet J 175:76, 2008. 3. Dyson S: Superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in teenage and older horses, Equine Vet Educ 19:187, 2007. 4. Dyson S: Treatment of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: a comparison of conservative management, sodium hyaluronate and glycosaminoglycan polysulfate, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:297, 1997. 5. Dyson S: Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: a comparative study in 219 horses (19922000), Equine Vet J 36:415, 2004. 6. Smith R: Personal communication, 2008 and 2010. 7. Gibson K, Snyder J, Spiers S: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of soft tissue injuries in horses competing at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, Equine Vet Educ 14:149, 2002. 8. Smith L, Mair T: Rupture of the superficial digital flexor tendon in a forelimb in 9 mature horses, Equine Vet Educ 19:183, 2007.

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CHAPTER 70 The Deep Digital Flexor Tendon

1. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994.

2. Denoix J-M, Azevedo C: Images echographiques des lesions du tendon flechisseur profund du doigt, Pract Vet Equine 32:15, 1994. 3. Dyson S: The deep digital flexor tendon. In Ross M, Dyson S, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 4. Genovese R, Rantanen N: The deep digital flexor tendon, carpal sheath and accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (inferior check ligament). In Rantanen N, McKinnon A, eds: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 5. Brokken M, Schneide, R, Sampson S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of proximal metacarpal and metatarsal injuries in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:507, 2007. 6. Sampson S, Tucker R: Magnetic resonance imaging of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions, Clin Tech Equine Pract 6:78, 2007. 7. Nixon A, Schachter B, Pool R: Exostoses of the caudal perimeter of the radial physis as a cause of carpal synovial sheath tenosynovitis and lameness in horses: 10 cases (1999-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:264, 2004. 8. Barr A, Dyson S, Barr F, et al: Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon associated with tenosynovitis of the digital sheath in the horse, Equine Vet J 27:348, 1995. 9. Dik K, Dyson S, Vail T: Aseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath, fetlock and pastern annular ligament constriction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:151, 1995. 10. Wilderjans H, Boussauw K, Madder K, et al: Tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath and annular ligament constriction syndrome caused by longitudinal tears in the deep digital flexor tendon: a clinical and surgical report of 17 cases in Warmblood horses, Equine Vet J 35:270, 2003. 11. Edinger J, Mobius G, Ferguson J: Comparison of tenoscopic and ultrasonographic methods of examination of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 18:209, 2005. 12. Smith M, Wright I: Noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases, Equine Vet J 38:134, 2006. 13. Owen R, Dyson S, Parkin T, et al: A retrospective study of palmar/plantar annular ligament injury in 71 horses: 2001-2007, Equine Vet J 40:237, 2008. 14. Reef V: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 15. Wright I, McMahon PJ: Tenosynovitis associated with longitudinal tears in the digital flexor tendons in horses: a report of 20 cases, Equine Vet J 31:12, 1999. 16. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2004-2008. 17. Fortier L, Nixon A, Ducharme N, et al: Tenoscopic examination and proximal annular ligament desmotomy for treatment of equine complex digital sheath tenosynovitis, Vet Surg 28:429, 1999. 18. Clegg P: Personal communication, 2008. 19. Edwards G: Changes in the sustentaculum tali associated with distension of the

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CHAPTER 71 Injuries of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon
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CHAPTER 72 The Suspensory Apparatus

1. Dyson S: The suspensory apparatus. In Rantanen N, McKinnon A, eds: Equine diagnostic ultrasonography, Baltimore, 1998, Williams & Wilkins. 2. Muylle S, Desmet P, Simoens P, et al: Histological study of the innervation of the suspensory ligament of the forelimb of the horse, Vet Rec 142:606, 1998. 3. Ford T, Ross M, Orsini P: A comparison of methods for proximal metacarpal anaesthesia in horses, Vet Surg 18:146, 1988. 4. Dyson S, Romero J: An investigation of injection techniques for local analgesia of the equine distal tarsus and proximal metatarsus, Equine Vet J 25:30, 1993. 5. Denoix JM: Functional anatomy of tendon and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. 6. Bramlage L, Buckowiecki C, Gabel A: The effect of training on the suspensory apparatus of the horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:245, 1989. 7. Patterson-Kane J, Firth E, Parry D, et al: Effects of training on collagen fibril populations in the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of young thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 59:64, 1998.


ligament in horses: 51 cases (1980-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:608, 1995. 26. Dyson S, Murray R, Weekes J: Scintigraphic evaluation of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions in horses with proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:78, 2007. 27. Bischofberger A, Konar M, Ohlerth S, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and histology of the sus pensory ligament origin: a comparative study of normal anatomy of Warmbloods, Equine Vet J 38:508, 2006. 28. Nagy A, Dyson S: Magnetic resonance anatomy of the proximal metacarpal region in the horse, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:595, 2009. 29. Dyson S, Arthur R, Palmer S, et al: Suspensory ligament desmitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:177, 1995. 30. Dyson S, Genovese R: The suspensory apparatus. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 31. Boening J, Liffeld S, Matuschek S: Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic insertion desmopathy of the proximal suspensory ligament, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:203, 2000. 32. Crowe O, Dyson S, Schramme M, et al: Treatment of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis using radial pressure wave therapy, Equine Vet J 36:313, 2004. 33. Hewes C, White N: Outcome of desmoplasty and fasciotomy for desmitis of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 27 cases (1995-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:407, 2006. 34. Dyson S: Proximal suspensory desmitis in the hindlimb, Equine Vet Educ 7:275, 1995. 35. Toth F, Schumacher J, Schramme M, et al: Compressive damage to the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve associated with lameness caused by proximal suspensory desmitis, Vet Surg 37:328, 2008. 36. Murray R, Dyson S, Tranquille C, et al: Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury and injury diagnosis, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:411, 2006. 37. Dyson S: Proximal suspensory desmitis in the hindlimb: 42 cases, Br Vet J 150:279, 1994. 38. Dyson S: Proximal metacarpal and metatarsal pain: a diagnostic challenge, Equine Vet Educ 15:134, 2006. 39. Labens R, Schramme M, Robertson I, et al: Clinical, magnetic resonance and sonographic imaging findings in horses with proximal plantar metatarsal pain, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 51:11, 2010. 40. Bathe A: Plantar metatarsal neurectomy and fasciotomy for the treatment of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmitis. Proceedings of the 45th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association, Birmingham, UK, 198, 2006. 41. Kelly G: Results of neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve for treatment of proximal suspensory desmitis. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Convention of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons, Dublin, 130, 2007. 42. Launois T, Desbrosse F, Perrin R: Per cutaneous osteostixis as treatment of the palmar/plantar third metacarpal/ metatarsal cortex at the origin of the suspensory ligament in 29 cases, Equine Vet Educ 15:126, 2006. 43. Hughes T: Personal communication, 2007. 44. Pauwels F, Schumacher J, Mayhew Jvan Sickle D: Neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve can cause neurogenic atrophy of the muscle fibres in the proximal suspensory ligament (M. interosseous medius), Equine Vet J 41:508, 2009. 45. Colbourne C, Yovich J: Suspensory ligament injuries in racing horses: ultrasonographic diagnosis and long term follow up, Aust Equine Vet 12:119, 1994. 46. Schnabel L, Mohammed H, Jacobson M, et al: Effects of platelet rich plasma and acellular bone marrow on gene expression patterns and DNA content of equine suspensory ligament explant cultures, Equine Vet J 40:260, 2008. 47. Waselau M, Sutter W, Genovese R, et al: Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled walking exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in Standardbred racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1515, 2008. 48. Dyson S: Is degenerative change within hindlimb suspensory ligaments a prelude to all types of injury? Equine Vet Educ (In press). 49. Minshall G, Wright I: Arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment of intra-articular insertional injuries of the suspensory ligament branches, Equine Vet J 38:10, 2006. 50. Enzerink E, Dik K: Palmar/plantar annular ligament insertion injury: a report of 4 cases, Equine Vet Educ 13:75, 2001. 51. Denoix J-M, Busoni V, Olalla M-J: Ultrasonographic examination of the proximal scutum in the horse, Equine Vet J 29:136, 1997. 52. Winberg F, Petterson H: Diagnosis and treatment of lesions in the intersesamoidean ligament and its adjoining structures, Vet Surg 23:215, 1994. 53. Dabereiner R, Watkins J, Carterm G, et al: Osteitis/osteomyelitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bone in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:156, 1999. 54. Wisner E, OBrien T, Pool R, et al: Osteomyelitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses, Equine Vet J 23:383, 1991. 55. Dyson S, Denoix J-M: Tendon, tendon sheath and ligament injuries in the pastern, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:217, 1995. 56. Schneider R, Tucker R, Habegger S, et al: Desmitis of the straight sesamoidean ligament in horses: 9 cases (1995-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:973, 2003. 57. Sampson S, Schneider R, Tucker R, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:303, 2007. 58. Smith S, Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of distal sesamoidean

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CHAPTER 73 Clinical Use of Stem Cells, Marrow Components, and Other Growth Factors
1. Benjamin M, Kaiser E, Milz S: Structurefunction relationships in tendons: a review, J Anat 212:211, 2008. 2. Nirmalanandhan VS, Rao M, Shearn JT, et al: Effect of scaffold material, construct length and mechanical stimulation on the in vitro stiffness of the engineered tendon construct, J Biomech 41:822, 2008. 3. Aspenberg P: Stimulation of tendon repair: mechanical loading, GDFs and platelets. A mini-review, Int Orthop 31: 783, 2007. 4. Nirmalanandhan VS, Shearn JT, JuncosaMelvin N, et al: Improving linear stiffness of the cell-seeded collagen sponge constructs by varying the components of the mechanical stimulus, Tissue Eng Part A 14:1883, 2008. 5. Kuo CK, Tuan RS: Mechanoactive tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, Tissue Eng Part A 14:1615, 2008. 6. Hipp J, Atala A: Sources of stem cells for regenerative medicine, Stem Cell Rev 4:3, 2008. 7. Nixon AJ, Goodrich LR, Scimeca MS, et al: Gene therapy in musculoskeletal repair, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117:310, 2007. 8. Tweedell KS: New paths to pluripotent stem cells, Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 3:151, 2008. 9. Yingling GL, Nobert KM: Regulatory considerations related to stem cell treatment in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1657, 2008. 10. Kisiday JD, Kopesky PW, Evans CH, et al: Evaluation of adult equine bone marrow- and adipose-derived progenitor cell chondrogenesis in hydrogel cultures, J Orthop Res 26:322, 2008. 11. Vidal MA, Robinson SO, Lopez MJ, et al: Comparison of chondrogenic potential in equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow, Vet Surg 37:713, 2008. 12. Vidal MA, Kilroy GE, Lopez MJ, et al: Characterization of equine adipose tissue-derived stromal cells: adipogenic and osteogenic capacity and comparison with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, Vet Surg 36:613, 2007.

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Dahlgren LA, van der Meulen MC, Bertram JE, et al: Insulin-like growth factor-I improves cellular and molecular aspects of healing in a collagenaseinduced model of flexor tendinitis, J Orthop Res 20:910, 2002. 35. Kang HJ, Kang ES: Ideal concentration of growth factors in rabbits flexor tendon culture, Yonsei Med J 40:26, 1999. 36. Nurden AT, Nurden P, Sanchez M, et al: Platelets and wound healing, Front Biosci 13:3532, 2008. 37. Mishra A, Woodall J Jr, Vieira A: Treatment of tendon and muscle using platelet-rich plasma, Clin Sports Med 28: 113, 2009. 38. McCarrel T, Fortier L: Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression, J Orthop Res 27:1033, 2009. 39. Smith RK, Korda M, Blunn GW, et al: Isolation and implantation of autologous equine mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow into the superficial digital flexor tendon as a potential novel treatment, Equine Vet J 35:99, 2003. 40. Mishra A, Pavelko T: Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma, Am J Sports Med 34:1774, 2006. 41. Waselau M, Sutter WW, Genovese RL, et al: Intralesional injection of plateletrich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in Standardbred racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1515, 2008. British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Birmingham, England, 1998. 3. Hassel DM, Stover SM, Yarbrough TB, et al: Palmar-plantar axial sesamoidean approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1343, 2000. 4. Malark JA, Nixon AJ, Skinner KL, et al: Characteristics of digital flexor tendon sheath fluid from clinically normal horses, Am J Vet Res 52:1292, 1992. 5. Sampson S, Schneider R, Tucker R, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:303, 2007. 6. Smith RKW, Heinegrd D: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein levels in digital sheath synovial fluid and serum with tendon injury, Equine Vet J 32:52, 2000. 7. Smith RKW, Onnerfjord P, Smith MR, et al: Molecular markers of tendon injury: clinical aid or research tool? Havemeyer Meeting of Molecular Markers, Estes Park, Colorado, 2005. 8. Smith RK, Webbon PM: Diagnostic imaging in the athletic horse: musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, eds: Principles and practice of equine sports medicine: the athletic horse, Philadelphia, 1994, Saunders. 9. Verschooten F, Picavet TM: Desmitis of the fetlock annular ligament in the horse, Equine Vet J 18:138, 1986. 10. Hago BE, Vaughan LC: Use of contrast radiography in the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses, Equine Vet J 18:375, 1986. 11. Nixon AJ: Endoscopy of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses, Vet Surg 19:266, 1990. 12. Fortier LA, Nixon AJ, Ducharme NG, et al: Tenoscopic examination and proximal annular ligament desmotomy for treatment of equine complex digital sheath tenosynovitis, Vet Surg 28:429, 1999. 13. Gillis C: Digital sheath. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 14. Wright IM, McMahon PJ: Tenosynovitis associated with longitudinal tears of the digital flexor tendons in horses: a report of 20 cases, Equine Vet J 31:12, 1999. 15. Smith MR, Wright IM: Noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases, Equine Vet J 38:134, 2006. 16. Barr AR, Dyson SJ, Barr FJ, et al: Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in the distal metacarpal/metatarsal region associated with tenosynovitis of the digital sheath in the horse, Equine Vet J 27:348, 1995. 17. Smith RKW, Schramme MC, Voute LC, et al: Diagnosis and management of penetrating injuries to the deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region, Vet Surg 24:293, 1995. 18. Honnas CM, Schumacher J, Cohen ND, et al: Septic tenosynovitis in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1616, 1991. 19. Nixon AJ: Septic tenosynovitis. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current practice in equine surgery, Philadelphia, 1990, JB Lippincott.

13. Martin DR, Cox NR, Hathcock TL, et al: Isolation and characterization of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells from feline bone marrow, Exp Hematol 30:879, 2002. 14. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells, Science 284:143, 1999. 15. Herthel DJ: Clinical use of stem cells and marrow components to stimulate suspensory ligament regeneration. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse, ed 1, St. Louis, 2003, Saunders. 16. Kovacevic D, Rodeo SA: Biological augmentation of rotator cuff tendon repair, Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:622, 2008. 17. Li F, Jia H, Yu C: ACL reconstruction in a rabbit model using irradiated Achilles allograft seeded with mesenchymal stem cells or PDGF-B gene-transfected mesenchymal stem cells, Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15:1219, 2007. 18. Butler DL, Juncosa-Melvin N, Boivin GP, et al: Functional tissue engineering for tendon repair: a multidisciplinary strategy using mesenchymal stem cells, bioscaffolds, and mechanical stimulation, J Orthop Res 26:1, 2008. 19. Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Jacobson MS, et al: Effects of platelet rich plasma and acellular bone marrow on gene expression patterns and DNA content of equine suspensory ligament explant cultures, Equine Vet J 40:260, 2008. 20. Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Miller BJ, et al: Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons, J Orthop Res 25:230, 2007. 21. Smith JJ, Ross MW, Smith RK: Anabo lic effects of acellular bone marrow, platelet rich plasma, and serum on equine suspensory ligament fibroblasts in vitro, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:43, 2006. 22. Chong AK, Ang AD, Goh JC, et al: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells influence early tendon-healing in a rabbit Achilles tendon model, J Bone Joint Surg Am 89:74, 2007. 23. Pacini S, Spinabella S, Trombi L, et al: Suspension of bone marrow-derived undif ferentiated mesenchymal stromal cells for repair of superficial digital flexor tendon in race horses, Tissue Eng 13:2949, 2007. 24. Smith RK: Use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to enhance tendon and ligament healing, Proc Am Coll Vet Surg Symposium CD-ROM, 2008. 25. Nixon AJ, Dahlgren LA, Haupt JL, et al: Effect of adipose-derived nucleated cell fractions on tendon repair in horses with collagenase-induced tendinitis, Am J Vet Res 69:928, 2008. 26. Nixon AJ, Goodrich LR, Scimeca MS, et al: Gene therapy in musculoskeletal repair, Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117:310, 2007. 27. Chen CH, Cao Y, Wu YF, et al: Tendon healing in vivo: gene expression and production of multiple growth factors in early tendon healing period, J Hand Surg Am 33:1834, 2008.

CHAPTER 74 Diseases of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath, Palmar Annular Ligament, and Digital Annular Ligaments
1. Denoix J-M: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. 2. Andrews DR, Smith RK: Comparison of sites of synoviocentesis of the equine digital flexor tendon sheath. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Meeting of the


20. Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, Mecklenburg LM, et al: Open drainage, intra-articular and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of septic arthritis/tenosynovitis in horses, Equine Vet J 24:443, 1992. 21. Whitehair KJ, Adams SB, Parker JE, et al: Regional limb perfusion with antibiotics in three horses, Vet Surg 21:286, 1992. 22. Summerhays GE: Treatment of traumatically induced synovial sepsis in horses with gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges, Vet Rec 147:184, 2000. 23. Butson RJ, Schramme MC, Garlick MH, et al: Treatment of intrasynovial infection with gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, Vet Rec 138:460, 1996. 24. Adams SB, Lescun TB: How to treat septic joints with constant intra-articular infusion of gentamicin or amikacin, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:188, 2000. 25. Wright IM, Smith MR, Humphrey DJ, et al: Endoscopic surgery in the treatment of contaminated and infected synovial cavities, Equine Vet J 35:613, 2003. 26. Stashak TS, Vail TB, Park RB, et al: Fetlock annular ligament syndrome: results of desmotomy and factors that affect outcome in 49 horses. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Scientific Meeting of the European College of Veterinary Surgery, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1996. 27. Owen R, Dyson S, Parkin T, et al: A retrospective study of palmar/plantar annular ligament desmopathy in 71 horses: 2001-2006, Equine Vet J 40:237, 2008. 28. Torre F, Benazzi C, Potschka R: Con striction of the fetlock annular ligament: relationship between clinical and histopathological findings, Pferdeheilkunde 14:461, 1998. 29. Enzerink E, Dik KJ: Palmar/plantar annular ligament insertion injury: a report of 4 cases, Equine Vet Educ 13:75, 2001. 30. Dik KJ, Dyson SJ, Vail TB: Aseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath, fetlock and pastern annular ligament constriction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:151, 1995. 31. Ross M: Personal communication, 2001. 32. Denoix JM, Busoni V, Olalla MJ: Ultrasonographic examination of the proximal scutum in the horse, Equine Vet J 29:136, 1997. 33. Hertsch B, Becker C: Zum Vorkommen der aseptischen Nekrose im Ligamentum palmare bzw plantare beim Pferd: ein Betrag zur Differenzierung der Gleichbeinerkrankungen, Dtsch Tierartzl Wochenschr 93:263, 1986. 34. Wisner ER, OBrien TR, Pool RR, et al: Osteomyelitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses, Equine Vet J 23:383, 1991. 35. Dabareiner RM, Watkins JP, Carter GK, et al: Osteitis/osteomyelitis of the axial border of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:156, 1999. 36. Winberg F, Petterson H: Diagnosis and treatment of lesions in the intersesamoidean ligament and its adjoining structures, Vet Surg 23:215, 1994. 37. Denoix JM, Crevier N, Azevedo C: Ultrasound examination of the pastern in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:364, 1991. 38. Dik KJ, Boroffka S, Stolk P: Ultrasonographic assessment of the proximal digital annular ligament in the equine forelimb, Equine Vet J 26:59, 1994. 39. Cohen J, Schneider R, Zubrod C, et al: Desmitis of the distal digital annular ligament in 7 horses: MRI diagnosis and surgical treatment, Vet Surg 37:336, 2008. 40. Dyson S: Personal communication, 2009. 41. Schramme MC, Smith RK: Diseases of the digital flexor tendon sheath, the palmar annular ligament and digital annular ligaments. In Ross M, Dyson S, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St. Louis, 2003, Saunders. 42. Schumacher J, Auer J: A case report of a carpal ganglion in a horse, J Equine Med Surg 3:391, 1979. 43. Crawford A, Eliashar E, Smith RK: Surgical treatment of digital sheath synovial ganglia. European College Veterinary Surgeons Proceedings, Nantes, France, 2009.

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sheath tenosynovitis and lameness in horses: 10 cases (1999-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:264, 2004. 14. Dyson S: Fractures of the accessory carpal bone, Equine Vet Educ 2:188, 1990. 15. Barr A: Fractures of the accessory carpal bone in the horse, Vet Rec 126:432, 1990. 16. Mackay-Smith MP, Cushing L, Leslie A: Carpal canal syndrome in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:993, 1972.

CHAPTER 76 The Tarsal Sheath

1. Jones RD: The diagnosis and treatment of avulsion fracture of the sustentaculum tali in a horse, Can Vet J 17:287, 1976. 2. Edwards GB: Changes in the sustentaculum tali associated with distension of the tarsal sheath (thoroughpin), Equine Vet J 10:97, 1978. 3. Dik KJ, Merkens HW: Unilateral distension of the tarsal sheath in the horse: a report of 11 cases, Equine Vet J 19:307, 1987. 4. MacDonald MH, Honnas CM, Meagher DM: Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus in horses: 28 cases (1972-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1317, 1989. 5. Welsh RD, Auer JA, Watkins JP, et al: Surgical treatment of tarsal sheath effusion associated with an exostosis on the calcaneus of a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1992, 1993. 6. Santschi MS, Adams SB, Fessler JF, et al: Treatment of bacterial tarsal tenosynovitis and osteitis of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus in five horses, Equine Vet J 29:244, 1997. 7. Van Pelt RW: Inflammation of the tarsal synovial sheath (thoroughpin) in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1481, 1996. 8. Dik KJ, Leitch M: Soft tissue injuries of the tarsus, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:235, 1995. 9. Blumenshine KM, Dyson SJ: Soft tissue injuries of the hock. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 10. Barone R: Anatomie Comparee des Mammiferes domestiques, ed 3, vol 2, Paris, 1989, Editions Vigot. 11. World Association of Veterinary Anatomists: Nomina anatomica veterinaria, ed 2, Vienna, 1973, Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. 12. Dik KJ: Ultrasonography of the equine tarsus, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:36, 1993. 13. Cauvin ERJ, Tapprest J, Munroe GA, et al: Endoscopic examination of the tarsal sheath of the lateral digital flexor tendon in horses, Equine Vet J 31:219, 1999. 14. Stashak TS: Lameness. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 15. Bertone AL: Infectious tenosynovitis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:163, 1995. 16. McIlwraith CW: Diseases of joints, tendons, ligaments, and related structures. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 17. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al: Clinical radiology of the horse, Oxford, 1993, Blackwell Scientific. 18. Hago BED, Vaughan LC: Use of contrast radiography in the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses, Equine Vet J 18:375, 1986.

CHAPTER 75 The Carpal Canal and Carpal Synovial Sheath

1. Shoemaker R, Bertone A, Mohammed L, et al: Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle in equine cadaver limbs, Vet Surg 20:245, 1991. 2. Dyson S, Dik K: Miscellaneous conditions of tendons, tendon sheaths and ligaments, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:315, 1995. 3. Cauvin E, Munroe G, Boswell J, et al: Gross and ultrasonographic anatomy of the carpal sheath, Vet Rec 141:489, 1997. 4. Denoix J-M, Busoni V: Ultrasonographic anatomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses, Equine Vet J 31:186, 1999. 5. Jorgensen J, Stewart A, Stewart M, Genovese R: Ultrasonographic examination of the caudal structures of the distal antebrachium in the horse, Equine Vet Educ 22:146, 2010. 6. Nagy A, Dyson S: Magnetic resonance findings of the carpus and proximal metacarpal region of non-lame horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 55, 408, 2009. 7. Radue P: Carpal tunnel syndrome due to a fracture of the accessory carpal bone, Equine Vet J 3:8, 1981. 8. Denoix J-M: Personal communication, 1998. 9. Ross M: Personal communication, 2001. 10. Denoix J-M, Guizien I, Perrot P, et al: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of spontaneous injuries of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament) in 23 horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:142, 1995. 11. Denoix J-M, Audigie F: Examen echographique du carpe du cheval: lesions identifies sur 45 cas cliniques, Prat Vet Equine 25:193, 1993. 12. Dik K: Radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging of soft tissue disorders of the equine carpus, Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 115:1168, 1990. 13. Nixon A, Schachter B, Pool R: Exostoses of the caudal perimeter of the radial physis as a cause of carpal synovial

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19. Mettenleiter E, Meier HP, Ueltschi G, et al: Examination of the common tendon sheath of the M. flexor hallucis longus and the M. tibialis caudalis by ultrasound in the horse, Anat Histol Embryol 21:246, 1992. 20. Hand DR, Watkins JP, Honnas CM, et al: Osteomyelitis of the sustentaculum tali in horses: 10 cases (1992-1998), J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:341, 2001.

CHAPTER 77 Extensor Tendon Injury

1. Getty R: Equine myology. In: Sisson and Grossmans the anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5, Philadelphia, 1975, Saunders. 2. Rooney JR: Biomechanics of lameness in horses, New York, 1977, Kreiger. 3. Hago BED, Vaughan LC: Radiographic anatomy of tendon sheaths and bursae in the horse, Equine Vet J 18:102, 1995. 4. Denoix J-M: The equine fetlock. In: The equine distal limb: an atlas of clinical anatomy and comparative imaging, London, 2000, Manson. 5. Llewellyn HR: A case of carpal intersynovial fistula in a horse, Equine Vet J 11:90, 1975. 6. Hago BED, Vaughan LC: Use of contrast radiography in the investigation of tenosynovitis and bursitis in horses, Equine Vet J 18:375, 1986. 7. Tnibar M, Kaser-Hotz B, Auer J: Ultra sonography of the dorsal and lateral equine carpus: technique and normal appearance, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:4, 1993. 8. Baxter GM: Retrospective study of lower limb wounds involving tendons, tendon sheaths or joints in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:715, 1987. 9. Foland JW, Trotter GW, Stashak TS, et al: Traumatic injuries involving tendons of the distal limbs in horses: a retrospective study of 55 cases, Equine Vet J 23:422, 1995. 10. Belknap JK, Baxter GM, Nickels FA: Extensor tendon lacerations in horses (1982-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:428, 1993. 11. Mespoulhs-Rivire C, Martens A, Bogaert L, et al: Factors affecting outcome of extensor tendon lacerations in the distal limb of horses. A retrospective study of 156 cases (1994-2003), Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 21:358, 2008. 12. Bertone AL: Tendon lacerations, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:293, 1995. 13. Crabill MR, Honnas CM, Taylor DS, et al: Stringhalt secondary to trauma to the dorsoproximal region of the metatarsus in horses: 10 cases (1986-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:867, 1994. 14. Yovich JV, Stashak TS, McIlwraith CW: Rupture of the common digital extensor tendons in foals, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S373, 1984. 15. Stashak TS: Lameness. In: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 16. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2001. 17. Myers VS, Gordon GW: Ruptured common digital extensor tendon associated with contracted flexor tendons on foals, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 21:67, 1975.

CHAPTER 78 Curb
1. Stashak TS: Curb. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 2. Sullins KE: Curb. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 5, Phila delphia, 2002, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3. Ross MW, Genovese RL, Reef VB: Curb: a collection of plantar tarsal soft tissue injuries, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48: 337, 2002. 4. Reef VB: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 5. White J: Whites farriery: a treatise on veterinary medicine, vol III, London, 1823, C Baldwin.

CHAPTER 79 Bursae and Other Soft Tissue Swellings

1. Cohen N, Carter G, McMullan W: Fistulous withers in horses: 24 cases (1984-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:121, 1992. 2. Gaughan E, Fubini S, Dietze A: Fistulous withers in horses: 14 cases (1984-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:964, 1988. 3. Hawkins J, Fessler F: Treatment of supraspinous bursitis by use of debridement in standing horses: 10 cases (1968-1999), J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:74, 2000. 4. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The spine. In Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 5. Dyson S: Bursae and other soft tissue swellings. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 6. MacDonald M, Honnas C, Meagher D: Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus in horses: 28 cases (1972-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1317, 1989. 7. Post E, Singer E, Clegg P: A retrospective study of 23 cases of septic calcaneal bursitis in the horse, Equine Vet J 35:662, 2003. 8. Bassage L, Garcia-Lopez J, Currid E: Osteolytic lesions of the tuber calcanei in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:710, 2000. 9. Butler J, Colles C, Dyson S, et al: The tarsus. In Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 10. Ingle-Fehr J, Baxter G: Endoscopy of the calcaneal bursa in horses, Vet Surg 27:561, 1998. 11. Gabel A: Lameness caused by inflammation in the distal hock, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 2:101, 1980. 12. Honnas C, Schumacher J, McClure S, et al: Treatment of olecranon bursitis in horses: 10 cases (1986-1993), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1022, 1995.


13. Dik K, Leitch M: Soft tissue injuries of the tarsus, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:235, 1995. 14. Dik K, Merkens H: Unilateral distension of the tarsal sheath in the horse: a report of 11 cases, Equine Vet J 19:307, 1987. 15. Whitton C, Kannegeiter N: Tarsal sheath rupture in a horse, Aust Equine Vet 13:50, 1995. 4. Bertone AL, Stashak TS, Smith FW, et al: A comparison of repair methods for gap healing in equine flexor tendon, Vet Surg 19:254, 1990. 5. Jann HW, Good JK, Morgan SJ, et al: Healing of transected equine superficial digital flexor tendons with and without tenorrhaphy, Vet Surg 21:40, 1992. 6. Easley KJ, Stashak TS, Smith FW, et al: Mechanical properties for four suture patterns for transected equine tendon repair, Vet Surg 19:102, 1990. 7. Flecker RH, Wagner PC: Therapy and corrective shoeing for equine tendon disorders, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:970, 1986. 8. Taylor S, Pascoe J, Meagher D, et al: Digital flexor tendon lacerations in horses: 50 cases (1975-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:342, 1995. 9. Crabhill M, Honnas C, Taylor S, et al: Stringhalt secondary to trauma to the dorsoproximal region of the metatarsus in horses: 10 cases (1986-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:867, 1994.

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CHAPTER 80 Other Soft Tissue Injuries

1. Koening J, Cruz A, Genovese R, et al: Rupture of the peroneus tertius tendon in 25 horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:326, 2002. 2. Dik K: Ultrasonography of the equine crus, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:28, 1995. 3. Proudman C: Common calcaneal tendonitis in a horse, Equine Vet Educ 4:277, 1992. 4. Dyson S, Kidd L: Five cases of gastrocnemius tendonitis in the horse, Equine Vet J 23:25, 1991. 5. Dyson S: Gastrocnemius tendonitis in the horse. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures, Canberra, Australia, 1993. 6. Dyson S, Dik K: Miscellaneous conditions of tendons, tendons sheaths and ligaments, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:315, 1995. 7. Dyson S: Other soft tissue injuries. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, St Louis, 2003, Elsevier. 8. Swor TM, Schneider RK, Ross MW, et al: Injury to the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle as a possible cause of lameness in four horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:215, 2001. 9. Dyson S: Unpublished data, 2009. 10. Jesty S, Palmer J, Parente E, et al: J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1965, 2005. 11. Tull T, Woodie J, Ruggles A, et al: Management and assessment of prognosis after gastrocnemius disruption in Thoroughbred foals: 28 cases (1993-2007), Equine Vet J 2010 (in press). 12. Scott E, Breuhas B, Gertsen K: Surgical repair of dislocated superficial digital flexor tendon in a horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:171, 1982. 13. Phillips T: Dislocation of the superficial digital flexor tendon from the tuber calcanei, Proc Br Equine Vet Assoc Congress 39:82, 2000. 14. Booth T, Abbott J, Clements A, et al: Complete resection of the common digital extensor tendon in 7 horses, Vet Surg 33:107, 2004.

CHAPTER 82 Soft Tissue Injuries of the Pastern

1. Reef VB: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. In Reef VB, ed: Equine diagnostic ultrasound, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 2. Reef VB: Ultrasonic diagnosis of tendon and ligament disease. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current practice in equine surgery, Philadelphia, 1990, JB Lippincott. 3. Denoix J, Crevier N, Azevdeo C: Ultrasound examination of the pastern in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:363, 1991. 4. Dyson S: Ultrasonographic examination of the pastern region, Equine Vet Educ 4:254, 1992. 5. Dyson SJ, Denoix JM: Tendon, tendon sheath, and ligament injuries in the pastern, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:217, 1995. 6. Redding WR: Sonographic exam of the digital flexor tendon sheath, distal flexor tendons, and soft tissues of the palmar pastern region, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:11, 1993. 7. Denoix J, Audigie F: Ultrasonographic examination of joints in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:366, 2001. 8. Wright IM: Ligaments associated with joints, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:249-291, 1995. 9. Wright I: Ligaments associated with joints, Proc Dubai Int Equine Symp 241, 1996. 10. Edinger J, Mobius G, Ferguson J: Comparison of tenoscopic and ultrasonographic methods of examination of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 18:209, 2005. 11. Denoix JM: Functional anatomy of tendons and ligaments in the distal limbs (manus and pes), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:273, 1994. 12. Denoix JM: Diagnostic techniques for identification and documentation of tendon and ligament injuries, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:365, 1994. 13. McClellan PD, Colby J: Ultrasonic structure of the pastern, J Equine Vet Sci 6:99, 1986.

14. Redding WR: Ultrasonic imaging of the structures of the digital sheath, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:1824, 1991. 15. Redding WR: Evaluation of the equine digital flexor tendon sheath using diagnostic ultrasound and contrast radiography, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:42, 1993. 16. Schneider RK, Tucker RL, Habegger SR, et al: Desmitis of the straight sesamoidean ligament in horses: 9 cases (19951997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:973, 2003. 17. Dik KJ, Dyson SJ, Vail TB: Aseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath, fetlock and pastern annular ligament constriction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:151, 1995. 18. Dik KJ, Boroffka S, Stolk P: Ultrasonographic assessment of the proximal digital annular ligament in the equine forelimb, Equine Vet J 26:59, 1994. 19. Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging features of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean desmitis in 27 horses, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:303, 2007. 20. Smith S, Dyson S, Murray R: Magnetic resonance imaging of distal sesamoidean ligament injury, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:516, 2008. 21. Gibson KT, Burbidge HM, Anderson BH: Tendonitis of the branches of insertion of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses, Aust Vet J 75:253, 1997. 22. Reimer J: Ultrasonography of the pastern. 1. Anatomy and pathology. 2. Outcome of selected injuries in racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:123, 1997. 23. Dyson S. Personal communication 2010. 24. Smith M, Dyson S, Murray R: Is a magic angle effect observed in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint or the oblique sesamoidean ligaments during standing magnetic resonance imaging? Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49: 509, 2008. 25. Smith M: A comparison of a high-field and a low-field magnetic resonance imaging system for evaluation of structures of the equine distal limb. PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009.

CHAPTER 83 Skeletal Muscle and Lameness

1. Madigan JE, Valberg SJ, Ragle C, et al: Muscle spasms associated with ear tick (Otobius megnini) infestations in five horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:74, 1995. 2. Holmgren N, Valberg S: Measurement of serum myoglobin concentrations in horses by immunodiffusion, Am J Vet Res 53:957, 1992. 3. Valberg S, Jonsson L, Lindholm A, et al: Muscle histopathology and plasma aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and myoglobin changes with exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis, Equine Vet J 25:11, 1993. 4. Cardinet GH, Littrell JF, Freedland RA: Comparative investigations of serum creatine phosphokinase and glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase activities in equine paralytic myoglobinuria, Res Vet Sci 8:219, 1967. 5. Volfinger L, Lassourd V, Michaux JM, et al: Kinetic evaluation of muscle damage during exercise by calculation of

CHAPTER 81 Tendon Lacerations

1. Foland JW, Trotter GW, Stashak TS, et al: Traumatic injuries involving tendons of the distal limbs in horses: a retrospective study of 55 cases, Equine Vet J 23:422, 1991. 2. Belknap JK, Baxter GM, Nickels FA: Extensor tendon lacerations in horses: 50 cases (1982-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:428, 1993. 3. Crass JR, Genovese RL, Render JA, et al: Magnetic resonance, ultrasound and histopathologic correlation of acute and healing equine tendon injuries, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 33:206, 1992.

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CHAPTER 84 Principles and Practices of Joint Disease Treatment

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Schneider RK, Ragle CA, Carter BG, et al: horn of the meniscus and its cranial ligaArthroscopic removal of osteochondral ment in the equine femorotibial joint: 7 fragments from the proximal interphacases and their treatment by arthroscopic langeal joint of the pelvic limbs in three surgery, Equine Vet J 27:20, 1997. horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:79, 1994. 147. Walmsley JP: Arthroscopic surgery of the 165. Nixon AJ: Arthroscopic approaches and femorotibial joint, Clin Tech Equine Pract intra-articular anatomy of the equine 1:226, 2002. elbow, Vet Surg 19:93, 1990. 148. Walmsley JP, Philips TJ, Townsend HGG: 166. McIlwraith CW, Nixon AJ: Joint resurfacMeniscal tears in horses: an evaluation of ing: attempts at repairing articular carticlinical signs and arthroscopic treatment lage defects. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter of 80 cases, Equine Vet J 35:402, 2003. GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Phila149. Mueller POE, Allen D, Watson E, et al: delphia, 1996, Saunders. 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185. Fortier LA, Nixon AJ, Mohammed HO, 200. Sams AE, Nixon AJ: Chondrocyte-laden et al: Altered biological activity of equine collagen scaffolds for resurfacing extenchondrocytes cultured in a 3-D fibrin sive articular cartilage defects, Osteoarmatrix and supplemented with transthritis Cartilage 3:47, 1995. forming growth factor 1, Am J Vet Res 201. Nixon AJ, Sams AE, Lust G, et al: Tem 58:66, 1997. poral matrix synthesis and histologic 186. Fortier LA, Lust TG, Mohammed HO, et al: features of a chondrocyte-laden porous Coordinated up-regulation of cartilage collagen cartilage analog, Am J Vet Res matrix synthesis in fibrin cultures supple54:349, 1993. mented with exogenous insulin-like 202. Hendrickson DA, Nixon AJ, Herb HN: growth factor-1, J Orthop Res 17:467, 1999. Phenotype and biological activity of neo187. Frisbie DD, Nixon AJ: Insulin-like growth natal equine chondrocytes cultured in a factor and corticosteroid modulation of 3-dimensional fibrin matrix, Am J Vet Res chondrocyte metabolic and mitogenic 55:410, 1994. activities in interleukin-1 conditioned 203. Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, et al: equine cartilage, Am J Vet Res 58:526, Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the 1997. knee with autologous chondrocyte trans188. Foley RL, Nixon AJ: Insulin-like growth plantation, N Engl J Med 331:889, 1994. factor-1 peptide elution profiles from 204. Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, et al: fibrin polymers determined by high perTwo- to 9-year outcome after autologous formance liquid chromatography, Am J chondrocyte transplantation of the knee, Vet Res 58:1431, 1997. Clin Orthop 374:212, 2003. 189. Nixon AJ, Fortier LA, Williams J, et al: 205. 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Nixon AJ, Brower-Toland BD, Bent SJ, brane in equine articular defectsresults et al: Insulin-like growth factor-1 gene at 12 and 18 months, Osteoarthritis Cartitherapy applications in cartilage repair lage 16:667, 2008. and degenerative joint diseases, Clin 208. Frisbie DD, Calhoun HA, Bowman S, Orthop 379S:S201, 2000. et al: PDS/PGA staples compared to 193. Brower-Toland BD, Saxer RA, Goodrich suture fixation of autologous chondroLR, et al: Direct adenovirus-mediated cyte constructs, Proc 49th Annual Meeting insulin-like growth factor-1 gene transfer Orthop Res Soc 2003. enhances transplant chondrocyte func209. Kisiday JD, Kopesky PW, Evans CH, et al: tion, Human Gene Therapy 12:117, 2001. Evaluation of adult equine bone marrow194. Hidaka C, Goodrich LR, Chen CT and adipose-derived progenitor cell et al: Acceleration of cartilage repair by chondrogenesis in hydrogel cultures, genetically modified chondrocytes over J Orthop Res 26:322, 2008. expressing bone morphogenetic protein 210. Wilke MM, Nydam DB, Nixon AJ: 7, J Orthop Res 4:573, 2003. Enhanced early chondrogenesis in arti 195. Houpt JL, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, cular defects following arthroscopic et al: Dual transduction of insulin-like mesenchymal stem cell implantation in growth factor-l in interleukin-l receptor an equine model, J Orthop Res 25:913, antagonist protein controls cartilage 2007. degradation in an osteoarthritic culture 211. Caplan AI, Dennis JE: Mesenchymal stem model, J Orthop Res 23:118, 2005. cells as trophic mediators, J Cell Biochem 196. Nixon AJ, Houpt JL, Frisbie DD, 98:1076, 2006. et al: Gene mediated restoration of 212. Sullins KE, Veit HP, McIlwraith CW: cartilage matrix by combination insulinOsteochondral grafts to fill large articular like growth factor-l/interleukin receptor-l defects in horses, Vet Surg 18:77, 1989 anta gonist, Gene Ther 12:177, 2005. (abstract). 197. Morisset S, Frisbie DD, Robbins PD, et al: 213. Stover SM, Poole RR, Lloyd KCK: Repair IL-IRa/IGF-l gene therapy modulates of surgical created osteochondral defects repair of microfractured chondral defects, with autogenous sternal osteochondral Clin Orthop Relat Res 462:221, 2007. grafts in the horse, Vet Surg 18:76, 1989 198. Nixon AJ, Fortier LA, Goodrich LR, et al: (abstract). Arthroscopic reattachment of osteochon214. Pearce SC, Hurtig MB, Calamette R, et al: dritis dissecans lesion using resorbable An investigation of two techniques for polydioxanone pins, Equine Vet J 36:376, optimizing joint surface congruency 2004. using multiple cylindrical osteochondral 199. Vachon AM, McIlwraith CW, Trotter auto grafts, Arthroscopy 17:50, 2001. GW: Morphologic study of induced osteo 215. Bodo G, Hangondy L, Modi S, et al: Auto chondral defects of the distal portion of logous osteochondral grafting (mosaic) the radial carpal bone in horses by use of arthroplasty for treatment of subchondral glued periosteal autografts, Am J Vet Res cystic lesions in the equine stifle and 52:317, 1991. fetlock joints, Vet Surg 33:588, 2004.

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CHAPTER 85 Analgesia and Hindlimb Lameness

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18. Burford JH, Corley KTT: Morphine- associated pruritus after single extradural administration in a horse, Vet Anaes Analg 33:193, 2006. 19. Yaksh TL: Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal nociceptive processing, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22:845, 1985. 20. Stamford JA: Descending control of pain, Br J Anaesth 75:217, 1995. 21. Howe JR, Yaksh TL, Go VLW: The effect of unilateral dorsal root ganglionectomies or ventral rhizotomies on alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding to, and the substance P, enkephalin, and neurotensin content of, the cat lumbar spinal cord, Neuroscience 21:385, 1987. 22. Osipov HM, Suarez LJ, Spoulding TC: Antinociceptive interactions between alpha-2 adrenergic and opiate agonists at the spinal level in rodents, Anesth Analg 68:194, 1989. 23. Skarda RT, Muir WW: Comparison of antinociceptive, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects, head ptosis, and position of pelvic limbs in mares after caudal epidural administration of xylazine and detomidine hydrochloride solution, Am J Vet Res 57:1338, 1996. 24. Redua MA, Valadao CAA, Duque JC, et al: The pre-emptive effect of epidural ketamine on wound sensitivity in horses tested by using von Frey filaments, Vet Anaes Analg 39:200, 2002. 25. Martin CA, Kerr CL, Pearce SG, et al: Outcome of epidural catheterization for delivery of analgesics in horses: 43 cases (1998-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1394, 2003. 26. Maxwell LK, Thomasy SM, Slovis N, et al: Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl following intravenous and transdermal admin istration in horses, Equine Vet J 35:484, 2003. 27. Maxwell LK, Thomasy SM, Slovis N, et al: Transdermal fentanyl combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in horses, J Vet Intern Med 13:550, 2004. 28. Fielding CL, Brumbaugh GW, Matthews NS, et al: Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of a subanesthetic continuous rate infusion of ketamine in awake horses, Am J Vet Res 67:1484, 2006. 29. Peterbauer C, Larenzaq PM, Knobloch M, et al: Effects of a low dose infusion of racemic and S-ketamine on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in standing ponies, Vet Anaesth Analg 35:1467, 2008. 30. Field MJ, Cox PJ, Stott E, et al: Identification of the alpha2-delta-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediation the analgesic actions of pregabalin, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17537, 2006. 31. Dirikolu L, Dafalla A, Ely KJ, et al: Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in horses, J Vet Pharmacol Therap 31:175, 2008. 32. Posner LP, Davis JL: Gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a pregnant horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:755, 2007.

CHAPTER 90 Radiation Therapy

1. Desjardins AU: The analgesic property of roentgen rays, Radiology 17:317, 1927. 2. Mantell BS: The management of benign conditions In Hope-Stone HF, ed: Radiotherapy in clinical practice, Boston, 1986, Butterworths. 3. Pommer A: X-ray therapy in veterinary medicine, J Am Vet Radiol Soc 5:98, 1964. 4. Dixon RT, Gillette EL, Carlson WD: Some local effects of 60 cobalt gamma radiation on the equine carpus. 1. Effects on dermal blood flow and cutaneous temperature, Aust Vet J 49:130, 1973. 5. Adams OR, Stashak TS: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 6. Silver IA, Rossdale PD, Brown PN, et al: A clinical and experimental study of tendon injury, healing and treatment in the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 1:43, 1983. 7. Trott KR, Kamprad F: Radiobiological mechanisms of anti-inflammatory radiotherapy, Radiother Oncology 51:197, 1999. 8. Lowenthal JW, Harris AW: Activation of mouse lymphocytes inhibits induction of rapid cell death by x-irradiation, J Immunol 135:1119, 1985. 9. Hildebrandt G, Seed MP, Freemantle CN, et al: Effects of low dose ionizing radiation on murine chronic granulomatous tissue, Strahlenther Onkol 174:580-588, 1998. 10. Rodel F, Keilholz L, Herrmann M, et al: Radiobiological mechanisms in inflammatory diseases of low-dose radiation therapy, Int J Radiat Biol 83:357, 2007. 11. Hildebrandt G, Seed MP, Freemantle CN, et al: Mechanisms of the anti- inflammatory activity of low-dose radiation therapy, Int J Radiat Biol 74:367, 1998. 12. Rubin P, Soni A, Williams JP: The molecular and cellular biologic basis for the radiation treatment of benign proliferative diseases, Semin Radiat Oncol 9:203, 1999. 13. Dixon RT: Results of post-surgical radiation therapy, J Am Vet Radiol Soc 81, 1979. 14. Teskey GC, Kavaliers M: Ionizing radiation induces opioid-mediated analgesia in male mice, Life Sci 35:1547, 1984. 15. Holthusen H, Arndt JO: Nitric oxide evokes pain in humans on intracutaneous injection, Neurosci Lett 165:71, 1994. 16. Williams M, Kowaluk EA, Arneric SP: Emerging molecular approaches to pain therapy, J Med Chem 42:1481, 1999. 17. Kawabata A, Umeda N, Takagi H: LArginine exerts a dual role in nociceptive processing in the brain: involvement of the kyotorphin-Met-enkephalin pathway and NO-cyclic GMP pathway, Br J Pharmacol 109:73, 1993.

CHAPTER 88 Counterirritation
1. Percivall W: Lameness in the horse, part 2, vol 4, London, 1871, Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. 2. Wooldridge GW: Encyclopaedia of veterinary medicine, surgery and obstetrics, London, 1921, Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton. 3. Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 4. Silver I, Brown P, Goodship A, et al: A clinical and experimental study of tendon injury, healing and treatment in the horse, Equine Vet J Suppl 1:1, 1983.

CHAPTER 89 Cryotherapy
1. Hartwick RC: Review and update on 290 cases of bucked shins treated with cryosurgery. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American College of Cryosurgery, Arlington, Virginia, 1981. 2. Montgomery TC: Cryotherapy of dorsal metacarpal disease, Equine Pract 3:219, 1981. 3. Wood WE: Treatment of tendonitis (bowed tendons) and bucked shins with cryosurgery. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American College of Cryosurgery, Arlington, Virginia, 1981. 4. McKibbin LS, Paraschak DM: An investigation on the use of cryosurgery for treatment of bone spavin, splint, and fractured splint bone: injuries in standardbred horses, Cryobiology 22:468, 1985. 5. Schneider RK, Mayhew IG, Clarke GL: Effects of cryotherapy on the palmar and plantar digital nerves in the horse, Am J Vet Res 46:7, 1985. 6. Zhou L: Mechanism research of cryoanalgesia, Neurol Res 17:307, 1995.

CHAPTER 87 External Skeletal Fixation

1. Nemeth F, Black W: The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in horses and ponies, Equine Vet J 23:32, 1991.


18. Chen X, Levine JD: NOS inhibitor antagonism of PGE2-induced mechanical sensitization of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors in the rat, J Neurophysiol 81:963, 1999. 19. Levy D, Hke A, Zochodne DW: Local expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in an animal model of neuropathic pain, Neurosci Lett 260:207, 1999. 20. Craven PL, Urist MR: Osteogenesis by radioisotope labelled cell populations in implants of bone matrix under the influence of ionizing radiation, Clin Orthop Relat Res 76:231, 1971. 21. Lo TC: Radiation therapy for heterotopic ossification, Semin Radiat Oncology 9:163, 1999. 22. Grant BD: Repair mechanisms of osteochondral defects in Equidae: a comparative study of untreated and x-irradiated defects, Am Assoc Equine Pract 95, 1975. 23. Dixon RT, Gillette EL, Carlson WD: Some local effects of 60 cobalt gamma radiation on the equine carpus. 2. Observed clinical effects and changes in estimated values of bone mineral content, Aust Vet J 49:135, 1973. 24. University of California, Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, unpublished data, 2001. 25. Alexander JE: The effects of therapeutic of therapeutic levels of x-irradiation on immature bone in horses, Am Assoc Equine Pract 221, 1967. 26. Clapp NK, Carlson WD, Morgan JP: Radiation therapy for lameness in horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 145:277, 1963. 27. Meginnis PJ, Lutterbeck EF: Roentgen therapy of inflammatory conditions affecting the legs of Thoroughbred horses, North Am Vet 540, 1951. 28. Meginnis PJ, Lutterbeck EF: Further clinical experience with radiation therapy in race horses, North Am Vet 431, 1954. 29. Thon AP: Radiation therapy in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:673, 1998. 30. Franks PW: The use of ionising radiation for the treatment of injuries to flexor tendons and supporting ligaments in horses, Equine Vet J 11:106, 1979. 31. Burt JK, Johnson JH, Gillette EL: Preparing a radioisotope pack for plesiotherapy. A new technic, Acta Radiol Suppl Stockh 319:141, 1972. 32. Clunie G, Lovegrove FT: Radiation synovectomy. In Murray IPC, Ell PJ, Van der Wall H, eds: Nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment, ed 2, New York, 1998, Churchill Livingstone. 33. Makela O, Sukura A, Penttila P, et al: Radiation synovectomy with holmium166 ferric hydroxide macroaggregate in equine metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, Vet Surg 32:402, 2003. 34. Yarbrough TB, Lee MR, Hornof WJ, et al: Samarium 153-labeled hydroxyapatite microspheres for radiation synovectomy in the horse: a study of the biokinetics, dosimetry, clinical, and morphologic response in normal metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, Vet Surg 29:191, 2000. 35. Palmer JL, Bertone AL: Joint structure, biochemistry and biochemical disequilibrium in synovitis and equine joint disease, Equine Vet J 26:263, 1994. 36. Nickels FA, Grant BD, Lincoln SD: Villonodular synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint, J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:1043, 1976. 37. Barclay WP, White KK, Williams A: Equine villonodular synovitis: a case survey, Cornell Vet 70:72, 1980. 38. Yarbrough TB, Lee MR, Hornoff W, et al: Evaluation of Samarium-153 for synovectomy in an osteochondral fragmentinduced model of synovitis in horses, Vet Surg 29:252, 2000. 39. Thon A: Radiation therapy. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders. 40. Silver IA: The treatment by radiotherapy of proliferative lesions in the horse, Br Equine Vet Assoc 49, 1963. 41. Dixon RT: A preliminary evaluation of Rn222 gamma radiation therapy in horses, Aust Vet J 45:389, 1969. 42. Dixon RT: The utilization of gamma radiation therapy as an integral part of equine practice, J Am Vet Radiol Soc 15:91, 1974.

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CHAPTER 91 Rest and Rehabilitation

1. Richardson DW, Clark CC: Effects of short term cast immobilization on equine articular cartilage, Am J Vet Res 54:449, 1993. 2. French DA, Barber SM, Leach DH, et al: The effects of exercise on the healing of articular cartilage defects in the equine carpus, Vet Surg 18:312, 1989. 3. Todhunter RJ, Altman NS, Kallfelz FA, et al: Use of scintimetry to assess effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on equine carpal joints with osteochondral defects, Am J Vet Res 54:997, 1993. 4. Foland JW, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, et al: The effect of betamethasone and exercise on equine carpal joints with osteochondral fragments, Vet Surg 23:369, 1994. 5. Grant BD: Repair mechanisms in osteochondral defects in the equine: a comparative study of untreated and x-irradiated defects, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 21:95, 1975. 6. Stover S: Personal communication, 2001. 7. Stover SM, Johnson BG, Daft BM, et al: An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses, Equine Vet J 24:260, 1992. 8. McCutcheon LJ, Bryd SK, Hodgson DR: Ultrastructural changes in fatigued equine muscles, J Appl Physiol 72:1111, 1992. 9. Nunamaker D: Personal communication, 2001. 10. Foss M: Personal communication, 2001. 11. Kawack C: Personal communication, 2001. 12. Grant BD, Smith LJ, Swenson K, et al: Hill training for high performance horses, Equine Athlete 1:6, 1988.

CHAPTER 92 Acupuncture
Equine Acupuncture for Lameness Diagnosis and Treatment 1. Jaggar D, Robinson N: History of veterinary acupuncture. In Schoen AM, ed: Veterinary acupuncture: ancient art to

modern medicine, ed 2, St Louis, 2001, Mosby. 2. Cheng L: China agricultural encyclopedia: traditional Chinese veterinary medicine, Beijing, 1991, China Agriculture Press (in Chinese). 3. Guidelines for alternative and complementary veterinary medicine: In AVMA Directory, Schaumburg, Ill, 1996, American Veterinary Medical Association. 4. International Veterinary Acupuncture Society, Fort Collins, Colo. 5. Chi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Reddick, Fla. 6. Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, Fort Collins, Colo. 7. Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Continuing Education, North Grafton, Mass. 8. Veterinary Institute for Therapeutic Alternatives, Sherman, Conn. 9. Hwang Y, Egerbacher M: Anatomy and classification of acupoints. In Schoen AM, ed: Veterinary acupuncture: ancient art to modern medicine, St Louis, 2001, Mosby. 10. Steiss J: The neurophysiologic basis of acupuncture. In Schoen AM, ed: Veterinary acupuncture: ancient art to modern medicine, St Louis, 2001, Mosby. 11. Stux G, Pomeranz B: Acupuncture: textbook and atlas, New York, 1986, SpringerVerlag. 12. Chiu JH, Cheng HC, Tai CH, et al: Electroacupuncture-induced neural activation detected by use of manganeseenhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging in rabbits, Am J Vet Res 62:178, 2001. 13. Kendall DE: A scientific model for acupuncture. Part I, Am J Acupunct 17:251, 1989. 14. Luna SPL, Taylor PM: Effect of electroacupuncture on endogenous opioids, AVP, ACTH, cortisol and catecholamine concentrations measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peripheral and pituitary effluent plasma of ponies. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual International Congress on Veterinary Acupuncture, Chitou, Taiwan, 1998. 15. Bossut DFB, Leshin LS, Stromberg MW, et al: Plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin in horses subjected to electro-acupunctur e for cutaneous analgesia, Peptides 4:501, 1983. 16. Shi FS, et al: Influence of EA on different acupoints on serum protein and its ingredients in donkey, Chin J Vet Med 24:31, 1998. 17. Shi FS, et al: Effect of EA on different acupoints on blood gas indicators in donkey, Chin J Vet Med 24:42, 1998. 18. Xie H, Ott EA, Harkins JD, et al: Influence of electro-acupuncture on pain threshold in horses and its mode of action, PhD dissertation, Gainesville, Fla, 1999, University of Gainesville. 19. Bossut DFB, Page EH, Stromberg MW: Production cutaneous analgesia by electro-acupuncture in horses: variations dependent on sex of subject and locus of stimulation, Am J Vet Res 45:620, 1984. 20. Farber PL, Tachibana A, Campiglia HM: Increased pain threshold following electro-acupuncture: analgesia is induced

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CHAPTER 94 Electrophysical Agents in Physiotherapy

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CHAPTER 93 Chiropractic Evaluation and Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders

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CHAPTER 96 Shock Wave Therapy

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CHAPTER 95 Osteopathic Treatment of the Axial Skeleton of the Horse

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14. Schaden W, Fischer A, Sailler A: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for nonunion or delayed osseous union, Clin Orthop Rel Res 387:90, 2001. 15. Rompe JD, Rosendahy T, Schollner C, et al: High-energy extracorporeal shockwave treatment of nonunions, Clin Orthop Rel Res 387:102, 2001. 16. Da Costa Gomez TM, Radtke CL, Kalsherur VL, et al: Effect of focused and radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy on equine bone microdamage, Vet Surg 32:387, 2004. 17. Pauwels FE, McClure SR, Amin V, et al: Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy on elasticity and microstructure of equine cortical bone, Am J Vet Res 65:207, 2004. 18. McClure SR, Van Sickle D, White MR: Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on bone, Vet Surg 33:40, 2004. 19. Bischofberger AS, Ring SK, Geyer H, et al: Histomorphologic evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the fourth metatarsal bone and the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses without lameness, Am J Vet Res 67:577, 2006. 20. Palmer SE: Treatment of dorsal metacarpal disease in the Thoroughbred racehorse with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:318, 2002. 21. Scheuch B, Whitcomb MB, Galuppo L, et al: Clinical evaluation of high-energy extracorporeal shock waves on equine orthopedic injuries, Proc Assoc Equine Sports Med 18:18, 1999. 22. McClure SR, Weinberger T: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy: clinical applications and regulation, Clin Tech Equine Pract 2:358, 2003. 23. Wang CJ, Huang HY, Chen HH, et al: Effect of shock wave therapy on acute factures of the tibia. A study in a dog model, Clin Orthop Rel Res 387:112, 2001. 24. Hus RW, Hsu WH, Tai Cl, et al: Effect of shock-wave therapy on patellar tendinopathy in a rabbit model, J Orthop Res 22:221, 2004. 25. Wang CJ, Wang FS, Yang KD, et al: The effect of shock wave treatment at the tendon-bone interfacea histomorphological and biomechanical study in rabbits, J Orthop Res 23:274, 2005. 26. Bosch G, Lin YL, van Schie HT, et al: Effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the biochemical composition and metabolic activity of tenocytes in normal tendinous structures in ponies, Equine Vet J 39:226, 2007. 27. Bosch G, de Mos M, van Binsbergen R, et al: The effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagen matrix and gene expression in normal tendons and ligaments, Equine Vet J 41:335, 2009. 28. McClure SR, Van Sickle D, Evans R, et al: The effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the ultrasonographic and histologic appearance of collagenase-induced equine forelimb suspensory ligament desmitis, Ultrasound Med Biol 30:461, 2004. 29. Caminoto EH, Alves ALG, Amorim RL, et al: Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evaluation of the effects of extracorporeal shock wave treatment in

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the hind limbs of horses with experimentally induces suspensory ligament desmitis, Am J Vet Res 66:892, 2005. 30. Lischer CJ, Ringer SK, Schnewlin M, et al: Treatment of chronic proximal suspensory desmitis in horses using focused electrohydraulic shockwave therapy, Schweizer Archiv Tierheilkunde 148:561, 2006. 31. Crowe O, Dyson S, Wright I, et al: Treatment of 45 cases of chronic hindlimb proximal suspensory desmitis by radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:322, 2002. 32. Crowe O, Dyson S, Wright I, et al: Treatment of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis using radial pressure wave therapy, Equine Vet J 36:313, 2004. 33. Kersh KD, McClure S, Evans RB, et al: Ultrasonographic evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagenase-induced superficial digital flexor tendonitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:257, 2004. 34. Alves ALG, da Fonseca BPA, Thomassian A, et al: Effects of extracorporeal shock wave treatment on equine tendon healing, Int Soc Musculoskel Shockwave Ther Newslett 1:12, 2006. 35. Revenaugh MS: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of osteoarthritis in the horses: clinical applications, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:609, 2005. 36. McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Park RD, et al: Evaluation of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for osteoarthritis using an equine model, Proc Eur Coll Vet Surg 13:257, 2004. 37. McClure SR, Evans RB, Miles KG, et al: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of navicular syndrome, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:316, 2004. 38. Br K, Mwiler M, Bodamer J, et al: Extrakorporale Stowellentherapie (ESWT)eine Mglichkeit zur Therapie der Podotrochlose, Tierrztl Prax 29:163, 2001. 39. Dakin S, Dyson S, Murray R, Newton R: Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 2: Treatment and outcome, Equine Vet J 41:794, 2009. 40. Weinberger T: The use of focused shock wave therapy in back problems of the horse. Symposium of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Users in Veterinary Medicine, Pferdeklinik Barkhof, Sottrum, Germany, 2002. 41. Cleveland RO, Chitnis PV, McClure SR: Acoustic field of a ballistic shock wave therapy device, Ultrasound Med Biol 33:1327, 2007. 42. Yeaman LD, Jerome CP, McCullough DL: Effects of shock waves on the structure and growth of the immature rat epiphysis, J Urol 141:670, 1989. 43. McClure SR, Sonea IM, Evans RB, et al: Evaluation of analgesia resulting from extracorporeal shockwave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy in the limbs of horses and sheep, Am J Vet Res 66:1702, 2005. 44. Dahlberg JA, McClure SR, Evans RB: Force platform evaluation of lameness severity following extracorporeal shock wave therapy in horses with unilateral forelimb lameness, J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:100, 2006.

CHAPTER 97 Poor Performance and Lameness

1. Schamhardt H, Merkens H, Vogel V, et al: External loads on the limbs of jumping horses at take-off and landing, Am J Vet Res 54:675, 1993. 2. Merkens H, Schamhardt H, van Osch G, et al: Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmbloods at the canter, Am J Vet Res 54:670, 1993. 3. Clayton H: Performance in equestrian sports. In Back W, Clayton H, eds: Equine locomotion, London, 2001, Saunders.

CHAPTER 98 Experiences Using a High-Speed Treadmill to Evaluate Lameness

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CHAPTER 99 The Sales Yearling

Purchase Examination of a Thoroughbred Sales Yearling in North America 1. Reid CF: Radiographs and the purchase examination in the horse, Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 2:151, 1980. 2. Teigland MB: Medical examination of horses at auction sales, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:413, 1992. 3. Ellis DR: Examinations at horse sales (Thoroughbreds). In Mabry T, ed: The prepurchase examination, Newmarket, 1998, Equine Veterinary Journal. 4. Hardy JA, Marcoux M, Breton L: Clinical relevance of radiographic findings in proximal sesamoid bones of two-year-old Standardbreds in their first year of race training, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2089, 1991. 5. Kane AJ, Park RD, McIlwraith CW, et al: Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 1: Prevalence at the time of the yearling sales, Equine Vet J 35:354, 2003. 6. Kane AJ, McIlwraith CW, Park RD, et al: Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings. Part 2: Associations with racing performance, Equine Vet J 35:366, 2003. 7. Park RD: Optimal views for evaluating Thoroughbred yearlings: quality control of the radiographic image, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:357, 2000.


8. Hance SR, Morehead JP: Radiographing Thoroughbred yearlings for the repository, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:359, 2000. 9. Marks D: Conformation and soundness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:39, 2000. 10. Becht JB, Park RD: A review of selected normal radiographic variations of the equine fetlock, carpus, tarsus and stifle, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:362, 2000. 11. Martin BB: The pre-purchase examination and radiography in Thoroughbred yearlings. Proceeding of the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons, Chicago, 1998. 12. Maloney JW: Personal communication, 1976. 13. Freeman WC: Personal communication, 1993. 14. Bonnie ES: The legal aspects of pre- purchase examinations, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:273, 1992. 15. Reef VB: Personal communication, 1998. 16. Stashak TS: The relationship between conformation and lameness. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 12. Young DR, Richardson DW, Markel MD, et al: Mechanical and morphometric analysis of the third carpal bone of Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 52:402, 1991. 13. Stover SM, Ardans AA, Read DH, et al: Patterns of stress fractures associated with complete bone fractures in racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:131, 1993. 14. Pilsworth RC: Incomplete fracture of the dorsal aspect of the proximal cortex of the third metatarsal bone as a cause of hind-limb lameness in the racing Thoroughbred: a review of three cases, Equine Vet J 24:147, 1992. 15. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC, Hopes R, et al: Clinical signs, diagnosis, management and outcome of complete and incomplete fracture to the ilium: a review of 20 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:177, 1994. 16. Johnson PJ, Allhands RV, Baker GJ, et al: Incomplete linear tibial fractures in two horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:522, 1988. 17. Bathe AP: 245 Fractures in Thoroughbred Racehorses: results of a 2-year prospective study in Newmarket, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:175, 1994. 18. Anastasiou A, Skioldebrand E, Ekman S, et al: Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of the distal row of equine carpal bones: assessment of bone sclerosis and cartilage damage, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:501, 2003. 19. Riggs CM, Boyde A: Effect of exercise on bone density in the distal regions of the equine third metacarpal bone in 2-yearold Thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:555, 1999. 20. Norrdin RW, Stover SM: Subchondral bone failure in overload arthrosis: a scanning electron microscopic study in horses, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 6:251, 2006. 21. Stover SM, Read DH, Johnson BJ, et al: Lateral condylar fracture histomorphology in racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:173, 1994. 22. Young AB, OBrien TR, Pool RR: Exerciserelated sclerosis in the third carpal bone of the racing Thoroughbred, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 34:333, 1988. 23. Lewis CW, Williamson AK, Chen AC, et al: Evaluation of subchondral bone mineral density associated with articular cartilage structure and integrity in healthy equine joints with different functional demands, Am J Vet Res 66:1823, 2005. 24. Murray RC, Whitton RC, Vedi S, et al: The effect of training on the calcified zone of middle carpal articular cartilage, Equine Vet J Suppl 30:274, 1999. 25. OSullivan CB, Lumsden JM: Stress fractures of the tibia and humerus in Thoroughbred racehorses: 99 cases (1992-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:491, 2003. 26. Mackey VS, Trout DR, Meagher DM, et al: Stress fractures of the humerus, radius, and tibia in horses, Vet Radiol 28:26, 1987. 27. Pleasant RS, Baker GJ, Muhlbauer MC, et al: Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horses: 58 cases (1980-1990), J Am Med Assoc 201:1918, 1992.

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CHAPTER 101 Bone Biomarkers

1. Marks CM, Hermey DC: The structure and development of bone. In Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Rodan G, eds: Principles of bone biology, London, 1996, Academic. 2. Martin TJ, Seeman E: Bone remodelling: its local regulation and the emergence of bone fragility, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:701, 2008. 3. Price JS, Russell RGG: Bone remodelling: regulation by systemic and local factors. In Whitehead CC, ed: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in poultry, Abingdon, UK, 1992, Carfax.


4. Evans RK, Antczak AJ, Lester M, et al: Effects of a 4-month recruit training program on markers of bone metabolism, Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:S660, 2008. 5. Parfitt AM: Bone remodelling, normal and abnormal: a biological basis for the understanding of cancer-related bone disease and its treatment, Can J Oncol 5:1, 1995. 6. Kaufman JM, Goemaere S: Osteoporosis in men, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:787, 2008. 7. Karsdal MA, Leeming DJ, Dam EB, et al: Should subchondral bone turnover be targeted when treating osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16:638, 2008. 8. Cruz AM, Hurtig MB: Multiple pathways to osteoarthritis and articular fractures: is subchondral bone the culprit? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:101, 2008. 9. Buckingham SHW, McCarthy RN, Anderson G, et al: Ultrasound speed in the metacarpal cortexa survey of 347 Thoroughbreds in training, Equine Vet J 24:191, 1992. 10. Firth EC, Delahunt J, Wichtel JW, et al: Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses, Equine Vet J 31:111, 1999. 11. Griffith JF, Genant HK: Bone mass and architecture determination: state of the art, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:737, 2008. 12. Haugeberg G: Imaging of metabolic bone diseases, Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 22:1127, 2008. 13. McIlwraith CW: Use of synovial fluid and serum biomarkers in equine bone and joint disease: a review, Equine Vet J 37:473, 2005. 14. Van Weeren PR, Firth EC: Future tools for early diagnosis and monitoring of musculoskeletal injury: biomarkers and CT, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:153, 2008. 15. Garnero P, Delmas PD: Non-invasive techniques for assessing skeletal changes in inflammatory arthritis: bone biomarkers, Curr Opin Rheumatol 16:428, 2004. 16. Seibel MJ: Clinical application of biochemical markers of bone turnover, Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 50:603, 2006. 17. Singer FR, Eyre DR: Using biochemical markers of bone turnover in clinical practice, Cleve Clin J Med 75:739, 2008. 18. Henthorn PS: Alkaline phosphatase. In Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Rodan G, eds: Principles of bone biology, London, 1996, Academic. 19. Jackson B, Eastell R, Russell RG, et al: The measurement of bone specific alkaline phosphatase in the horse: a comparison of two techniques, Res Vet Sci 61:160, 1996. 20. Rohde C, Anderson DE, Bertone AL: Effects of phenylbutazone on bone activity and formation in horses, Am J Vet Res 61:537, 2000. 21. Trumble TN, Brown MP, Merrit KA: Joint dependent concentrations of bone alkaline phosphatase in serum and synovial fluids of horses with osteochondral injury: an analytical and clinical validation, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16:779, 2008. 22. Hank AM, Hoffmann WE, Saneki RK, et al: Quantitative determination of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in foal and adult serum, J Vet Int Med 7:20, 1993. 23. Van de Lest CH, Van den Hoogen BM, Van Weeren PR: Changes in bone morphogenic enzymes and lipid composition of equine osteochondrotic subchondral bone, Equine Vet J Suppl 31:31, 1999. 24. Lepage OM, Marcoux M, Tremblay A: Serum osteocalcin or bone Gla-protein, a biochemical marker for bone metabolism in horses: differences in serum levels with age, Can J Vet Res 54:223, 1990. 25. Lepage OM, DesCoteaux L, Marcoux M, et al: Circadian rhythms of osteocalcin in equine serum. Correlation with alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphate and total protein levels, Can J Vet Res 55:5, 1991. 26. Lepage OM, Eicher R, Ubelhart B, et al: Influence of type and breed of horses on serum osteocalcin concentration and evaluation of the applicability of a bovine RIA and human IRMA, Am J Vet Res 58:574, 1997. 27. Lepage OM, Hartmann DJ, Eicher R, et al: Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in draught and Warmblood horses, Vet J 156:169, 1988. 28. Hoyt S, Siciliano PD: A comparison of ELISA and RIA techniques for the detection of serum osteocalcin in horses. In Proceedings of the 16th Equine Nutritional Physiology Society Symposium, 351, 1999. 29. Hope E, Johnston SD, Hegstad RL, et al: Effects of sample collection on concentration of osteocalcin in equine serum, Am J Vet Res 54:1017, 1993. 30. Grafenau P, Eicher R, Ubelhart B, et al: General anaesthesia decreases osteocalcin plasma concentrations in horses, Equine Vet J 31:533, 1999. 31. Price JS, Jackson B, Eastell R, et al: Age related changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in horses, Equine Vet J 27:201, 1995. 32. Jackson BF, Smith RK, Price JS: A molecular marker of type I collagen metabolism reflects changes in connective tissue remodelling associated with injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon, Equine Vet J 35:211, 2003. 33. Price JS, Jackson B, Gray JA, et al: Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing Thoroughbreds, Res Vet Sci 71:1, 2001. 34. Jackson BF, Lonnell C, Verheyen K, et al: Gender differences in bone turnover in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J 35:702, 2003. 35. Jackson BF, Blumsohn A, Goodship AE, et al: Circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone cell activity and insulinlike growth factor-1 in two-year-old horses, J Anim Sci 81:2804, 2003. 36. Chapurlatt RD, Garnero P, Breart G, et al: Serum type I collagen breakdown product (serum CTX) predicts hip fracture risk in elderly women: the EPIDOS study, Bone 27:283, 2000. 37. Pastoret V, Carstanjen B, Lejeune F, et al: Evaluation of serum osteocalcin and CTX-I in Ardenner horses with special reference to juvenile interphalangeal joint disease, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 54:458, 2007.

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38. Donabadien M, Van Weeren PR, Perona G, et al: Early changes in biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and their association to the occurrence of osteochondrosis (OC) in the horse, Equine Vet J 40:253, 2008. 39. Schryver H, Millis DL, Soderholm LV et al: Metabolism of some essential minerals in ponies fed high aluminium, Cornell Vet 76:354, 1986. 40. Price JS, Colwell A, Eastell R, et al: Urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline as a marker of bone resorption in the Thoroughbred racehorse, Bone 13:279, 1992. 41. Jackson BJ Eastell R, Russell RG, et al: The measurement of pyridinium crosslinks in serum as a biochemical marker of bone turnover in horses, J Bone Miner Res 10:S339, 1995. 42. Porr CA, Kronfeld DS, Lawrence LA, et al: Deconditioning reduces mineral content of the third metacarpal bone in horses, J Anim Sci 76:1875, 1998. 43. Robins SP: Fibrillogenesis and maturation of collagens. In Siebel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds: Dynamics of bone and cartilage metabolism, 1999, Academic. 44. Black A, Schoknecht PA, Ralston, SL: Diurnal variation and age differences in the biochemical markers of bone turnover in horses, J Anim Sci 77:75, 1999. 45. Hoekstra KE, Nielsen BD, Orth MW, et al: Comparison of bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone meta bolism in stall-versus pasture-reared horses, Equine Vet J 30:601, 1999. 46. Kellerhouse PL, Brown C, Newall K, et al: Assessment of bone resorption marker assays in Thoroughbred horses, J Bone Miner Res 15:S526, 2000. 47. Billinghurst RC, Buxton EM, Edwards MG, et al: Use of an anti-neoepitope antibody for identification of type-II collagen degradation in equine articular cartilage, Am J Vet Res 62:1031, 2001. 48. Nelson F, Dahlberg L, Laverty S, et al: Evidence for altered synthesis of type II collagen in patients with osteoarthritis, J Clin Invest 102:2115, 1998. 49. Hannon R, Eastell R: Preanalytical variability of biochemical markers of bone turnover, Osteoporosis Int 11:30, 2000. 50. Jackson BF, Blumsohn A, Goodship AE, et al: Circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone cell activity and insulinlike growth factor-I in two-year-old horses, J Animal Sci 81:2804, 2003. 51. Carstanjen B, Hoyle NR, Gabriel A, et al: Evaluation of plasma carboxy terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen concentrations in horses, Am J Vet Res 64:104, 2004. 52. Christgau S, Bitsch-Jensen O, Hanover Bjarnason NH, et al: Serum crosslaps for monitoring the response in individuals using antiresorptive therapy, Bone 26:505, 2000. 53. Ginty F, Flynn A, Cashman KD: The effect of short-term calcium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy young adults, Br J Nutr 80:437, 1998. 54. Maenpaa PH, Pirskanen A, Koskinen E, et al: Biochemical indicators of bone formation in foals after transfer from pasture to stables for the winter months, Am J Vet Res 49:1990, 1988.

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55. Chiappe A, Gonzalez G, Frandinger E, et al: The influence of age and sex in serum osteocalcin levels in Thoroughbred horses, Arch Physiol Biochem 107:50, 1999 56. Vervuert I, Winkelsett S, Christmann L, et al: Evaluation of the influences of exercise, birth date, and osteochondrosis on plasma bone marker concentrations in Hannovarian Warmblood foals, Equine Vet J 68:1319, 2007. 57. Billinghurst RC, Brama PAJ, van Weeren PR, et al: Significant exercise-related changes in serum levels of two biomarkers of collagen metabolism in young horses, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 11:760, 2003. 58. Naylor KE, Iqbal P, Ledius C, et al: The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover, J Bone Miner Res 15:129, 2000. 59. Davicco MJ, Faulconnier Y, Coxham V, et al: Systemic bone growth factors in light breed mares and their foals, Arch Int Physiol Biochin Biophys 102:115, 1994. 60. Venken K, Callewaert F, Boonen S, et al: Sex hormones their receptors and bone health, Osteoporosis Int 19:1517, 2008. 61. Jackson BF, Dyson PK, Hattersley RD, et al: Relationship between stages of the estrous cycle and bone cell activity in Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 67:1527, 2006. 62. Garnero P: Markers of bone turnover for prediction of fracture risk, Osteoporosis Int 11:55, 2000. 63. Stepan JJ: Prediction of bone loss in menopausal women, Osteoporosis Int 11:45, 2000. 64. Delmas PD: Markers of bone turnover for monitoring treatment of osteoporosis with antiresorptive drugs, Osteoporosis Int 11:66, 2000. 65. Jackson BF, Dyson PK, Lonnell C, et al: Bone biomarkers and risk of fracture in two- and three-year-old Thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J 41:410, 2009. 66. Price J: Unpublished data, 2009. 67. McIlwraith CW: Personal communication, 2009. 68. Verheyen KL, Henley WE, Price JS, et al: Training-related factors associated with dorsometacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses in the UK, Equine Vet J 37:442, 2005. 69. Jackson BF, Lonnell C, Verheyen KL, et al: Biochemical markers of bone metabolism and risk of dorsal metacarpal disease in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J 37:87, 2005. 70. Ytrehus B, Carlson CS, Ekman S: Etiology and pathogenesis of osteochondrosis, Vet Pathol 44:429, 2007. 71. Price JS, Jackson B, Gray J, et al: Serum levels of molecular markers in growing horses: the effects of age, season, and orthopaedic disease, Trans Orthop Res Soc 22:587, 1997. 72. Billinghurst RC, Brama PAJ, van Weeren PR, et al: Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal meta bolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals, Am J Vet Res 65:143, 2004. 73. Dyson PK, Jackson BF, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Days lost from training in two and three year old Thoroughbreds: a survey of

CHAPTER 102 The Bucked-Shin Complex

Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Conservative Management 1. Norwood GL: The bucked shin complex in Thoroughbreds, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 24:319, 1978. 2. Nunamaker DM, Provost MT: The bucked shin complex revisited, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:549, 1992. 3. Nunamaker DM: Bucked shins in horses in musculoskeletal fatigue and stress fractures. In Burr D, Milgrom C, eds: Musculoskeletal fatigue and stress fractures, Boca Raton, 2001, CRC Press. 4. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck CM, Provost MT: Some geometric properties of the third metacarpal bone: a comparison between the Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorse, J Biomech 22:129, 1989. 5. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Black J: In vitro comparison of Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses with regard to local fatigue failure of the third metacarpal bone, Am J Vet Res 52:97, 1991. 6. Nunamaker DM, Provost MT, Bartel DL: Third metacarpal bone strain and stiffness measurements of Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Transactions of the Second Combined Meeting of the Orthopedic Research Societies of the United States, Japan, Canada, and Europe, San Diego, California, November 1995. 7. Nunamaker DM: The bucked shin complex, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 32:457, 1986. 8. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT: Fatigue fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses: relationship with age, peak bone strain and training, J Orthop Res 8:604, 1990. 9. Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM: Bone modeling and remodeling in the Thoroughbred racehorse: relationships of exercise to bone morphometry. Transactions of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 1989. 10. Boston RC, Nunamaker DM: Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 61:602, 2000. 11. Nunamaker DM: Relationships of exercise regimen and racetrack surface to modeling/remodeling of the third metacarpal bone in two year-old thoroughbred racehorses, Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 4:195, 2002. 12. Nunamaker DM: On bucked shins (Milne Lecture), Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:76, 2002.


13. Estberg L, Stover S, Gardner IA, et al: High-speed exercise history and catastrophic racing fracture in Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 57:1549, 1996. 14. Giladi M, Milgrom C, Simkin A, et al: Stress fractures and tibial bone width: a risk factor, J Bone Joint Surg Br 69:326, 1987. 15. Milgrom C, Giladi M, Simkin A, et al: The area moment of inertia of the tibia: a risk factor for stress fractures, J Biomech 22:1243, 1989. 16. Gibson VA, Stover SM, Martin RB, et al: Fatigue behavior of the equine third metacarpus: mechanical property analysis, J Orthop Res 13:861, 1995. 17. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE: Osteoregulatory nature of mechanical stimuli: function as a determinant for adaptive final, J Orthop Res 5:300, 1987. 18. Woo SLY, Kvei SC, Amiel D, et al: The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolffs law, J Bone Joint Surg Am 63:780, 1981. 19. Milgrom C, Finestone A, Mendelson S, et al: The effect of pre-induction sport participation on the incidence of stress fractures in infantry recruits. Transactions of the Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, March, 1998. 20. Moyer W, Fisher JRS: Bucked shins: effects of differing track surfaces and proposed training regimens, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:541, 1992. Stress Fractures of the Third Metacarpal Bone: Surgical Management 1. Specht TE, Miller GJ, Colahan PT: Effects of clustered drill holes on the breaking strength of the equine third metacarpal bone, Am J Vet Res 51:1242, 1990. 2. Dallap BL, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM: Results of screw fixation combined with cortical drilling for treatment of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 56 Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 31:252, 1999. 3. Cervantes C, Madison JB, Ackerman N, et al: Surgical treatment of dorsal cortical fractures of the third metacarpal bone in Thoroughbred horses: 53 cases (19851989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1997, 1992. 5. New York Racing Association: Unpublished data, 1993-2000. 6. Hill T, Carmichael D, Maylin G, et al: Track condition and racing injuries in thoroughbred horses, Cornell Vet 76:361, 1986. 7. Mohammed HO, Hill T, Lowe J: Risk factors associated with injuries in thoroughbred horses, Equine Vet J 23:445, 1991.

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CHAPTER 104 Catastrophic Injuries

1. Mudge MC, Bramlage LR: Field fracture management (trauma and emergency care), Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:117, 2007. 2. Smith JJ: Emergency fracture stabilization, Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:154, 2006. 3. Bramlage LR: An initial report on a surgical technique for arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint in the horse, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 27:257, 1982. 4. Kraus BM, Richardson DW, Nunamaker DM, et al: Management of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses: 64 cases (1983-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:254, 2004. 5. Lescun TB, McClure SR, Ward MP, et al: Evaluation of transfixation casting for treatment of third metacarpal, third metatarsal, and phalangeal fractures in horses: 37 cases (1994-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1340, 2007.

CHAPTER 105 Track Surfaces and Lameness: Epidemiological Aspects of Racehorse Injury
1. Peters JE: Lameness incident to training and racing the Thoroughbred, J Am Vet Med Assoc 96:200, 1940. 2. Montgomery T: Leg problems in race horses, Vet Med Small Anim Clin 60:110, 1965. 3. Johnson BJ, Stover SM, Daft BM, et al: Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 year period, Equine Vet J 26:327, 1994. 4. McKee SL: An update on racing fatalities in the UK, Equine Vet Educ 7:202, 1995. 5. Bailey CJ, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR, et al: Impact of injuries and disease on a cohort of two-and three-year old Thoroughbreds in training, Vet Rec 145:487, 1999. 6. Williams RB, Harkins LS, Hammond CJ, et al: Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998, Equine Vet J 33:478, 2001. 7. Lam KH, Parkin TDH, Riggs CM, et al: Content analysis of free-text clinical records: their use in identifying syndromes and analysing health data, Vet Rec 161:547, 2007. 8. Parkin TDH, Clegg PD, French NP, et al: Risk of fatal distal limb fractures among Thoroughbreds involved in the five types of racing in the United Kingdom, Vet Rec 154:493, 2004. 9. Cruz AM, Poljak Z, Filejski C, et al: Epidemiologic characteristics of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 68:1370, 2007. 10. Hill T, Carmichael D, Maylin G, et al: Track condition and racing injuries in

CHAPTER 103 On-the-Track Catastrophes in the Thoroughbred Racehorse

1. Mundy GD: Review of risk factors associated with racing injuries, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:204, 1997. 2. Verheyen K, Wood JLN, Lakhani KH: An epidemiological study to determine risk factors for fractures in British racehorses in training: a preliminary report. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Cambridge, UK, 2000. 3. Hill T: Track surfaces and factors associated with racing injuries, World Veterinary Congress Abstracts 54, 1995. 4. Peloso JG, Cohen ND, Mundy GD, et al: Epidemiological study of musculoskeletal injuries in racing thoroughbred horses in Kentucky, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:284, 1996.

Thoroughbred horses, Cornell Vet J 76: 361, 1986. 11. Hernandez J, Hawkins DL, Scollay MC: Race-start characteristics and risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:83, 2001. 12. Rooney JR: The relationship of length of race to fatigue and lameness in Thoroughbred racehorses, J Equine Vet Sci 2:98, 1982. 13. Robinson RA, Kobluk CN, Clanton C: Epidemiological studies of musculoskeletal racing and training injuries in Thoroughbred horses, Acta Vet Scand 84(Suppl 1):340, 1988. 14. Peloso JG, Mundy GD, Cohen ND: Prevalence of and factors associated with musculoskeletal racing injuries of Thoroughbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:620, 1994. 15. Bailey CJ, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR, et al: Risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries in Australian Thoroughbred racehorses, Prev Vet Med 32:47, 1997. 16. Wood JLN, Eastment J, Lakhani KH, et al: Modelling a retrospective study of death on racecourses. In Proceedings of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, 115, 2001. 17. Parkin TDH, Clegg PD, French NP, et al: Race and course level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds, Equine Vet J 36:521, 2004. 18. Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, et al: Fatal musculoskeletal injuries incurred during racing and training in Thoroughbreds, J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:92, 1996. 19. Cohen ND, Peloso JG, Mundy GD, et al: Racing-related factors and results of prerace physical inspection and their association with musculoskeletal injuries incurred in Thoroughbreds during races, J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:454, 1997. 20. Mohammed HO, Hill T, Lowe J: The risk of severity of limb injuries in racing Thoroughbred horses, Cornell Vet 82:331, 1992. 21. Wilson JH, Howe S, Jensen R, et al: Injuries sustained during racing at racetracks in the U.S. in 1992, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:267, 1993. 22. Ueda Y, Yoshida K, Oikawa M: Analyses of race accident conditions through use of patrol video, J Equine Vet Sci 13:707, 1993. 23. Boden LA, Charles JA, Slocombe RF, et al: Post-mortem study of Thoroughbred fatalities in Victoria, Australia between 2001 and 2004, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:303, 2005. 24. Kane AJ, Stover SM, Gardner IA, et al: Horseshoe characteristics as possible risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 57:1147, 1996. 25. Oikawa M, Ueda Y, Inada S, et al: Effect of restructuring a racetrack on the occurrence of racing injuries in Thoroughbred horses, J Equine Vet Sci 14:262, 1994. 26. Parkin TDH, Clegg PD, French NP, et al: Horse level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds in the UK, Equine Vet J 36:513, 2004. 27. Lam KH, Parkin TDH, Riggs CMR, et al: Evaluation of detailed training data

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the measurement of hoof accelerations in the exercising horse, Equine Vet J 38:671, 2006. 17. Haussler KK, Stover SM: Stress fractures of the vertebral lamina and pelvis in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 30:374, 1998.

to identify risk factors for retirement because of tendon injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 68:1188, 2007. 28. Verheyen KLP, Newton JR, Price JS, et al: A case-control study of factors associated with pelvic and tibial stress fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses in training in the UK, Prev Vet Med 74:21, 2006. 29. Parkin TDH, Clegg PD, French NP, et al: Risk factors for fatal lateral condylar fracture of the third metacarpus/metatarsus in UK racing, Equine Vet J 37:192, 2005. 30. Boden LA, Anderson GA, Charles JA, et al: Risk factors for fatality in jump starts in Victoria (1989-2004), Equine Vet J 39:422, 2007. 31. Boden LA, Anderson GA, Charles JA, et al: Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in flat starts in Victoria (1989-2004), Equine Vet J 39:430, 2007. 32. Mohammed HO, Hill T, Lowe J: Risk factors associated with injuries in Thoroughbred horses, Equine Vet J 23:445, 1991. 33. Stirk AJ, Lifton P, Morris T: BHA Equine health and welfare data. Personal communication, 2008. 34. Bailey CJ, Reid SWJ, Hodgson DR, et al: Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury, Equine Vet J 30:498, 1998. 35. Cheney JA, Shen CK, Wheat JD: Relationship of racetrack surface to lameness in Thoroughbred racehorse, Am J Vet Res 34:1285, 1973. 36. Pratt GW: Racing surfacesa survey of mechanical behaviour, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 321, 1984. 37. Zebarth BJ, Sheard RW: Impact and shear resistance of turf grass racing surfaces for Thoroughbreds, Am J Vet Res 46:778, 1985. 38. Riggs CM: Fracturesa preventable hazard of racing Thoroughbreds? Vet J 163:19, 2002. 39. Verheyen KLP, Wood JLN: Descriptive epidemiology of fractures occurring in British Thoroughbred racehorses in training, Equine Vet J 36:167, 2004. 40. Moyer W, Spencer PA, Kallish M: Relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses training on two different surfaces, Equine Vet J 23:166, 1991. 41. Pickersgill CH, Reid SWJ, Marr CM: Musculoskeletal injuries and associated epidemiological risk factors among Thoroughbred flat racehorses, Proc Br Equine Vet Assoc Congr 39:208, 2000. 42. Clanton C, Kobluk C, Robinson RA, et al: Monitoring surface conditions of a Thoroughbred racetrack, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:613, 1991. 43. Ratzlaff MH, Wilson PD, Hutton DV, et al: Relationships between hoof- acceleration patterns of galloping horses and dynamic properties of the track, Am J Vet Res 66:589, 2005. 44. Schaer BL, Ryan CT, Boston RC, et al: The horse-racetrack interface: a preliminary study on the effect of shoeing on impact trauma using a novel wireless data acquisition system, Equine Vet J 38:664, 2006. 45. Ryan CT, Schaer BL, Nunamaker DM: A novel wireless data acquisition system for

CHAPTER 107 The European Thoroughbred

1. Bathe AP: 245 fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses: results of a prospective study in Newmarket, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 40:175, 1994. 2. Stover SM, Johnson BJ, Daft BM, et al: An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in the racehorse, Equine Vet J 24:260, 1992. 3. Hornof W, OBrien T: Radiographic evaluation of the palmar aspect of the equine metacarpal condyles: a new projection, Vet Radiol 21:161, 1980. 4. Pilsworth RC, Hopes R, Greet TR: A flexed dorsopalmar projection of the equine fetlock in demonstrating lesions of the distal third McIII, Vet Rec 122:332, 1988. 5. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the Standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 6. Uhlhorn H, Eksell P: The dorsoproximaldorsodistal projection of the distal carpal bones in horses: an evaluation of different beam-cassette angles, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:480, 1999. 7. Mackey VS, Trout DR, Meagher DM, et al: Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses, Vet Radiol 28:26, 1989. 8. Steckel RR: The role of scintigraphy in the lameness evaluation, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:207, 1991. 9. Dyson SJ, Martinelli MJ, Pilsworth RC, et al: Equine scintigraphy, Newmarket, UK, 2003, Equine Vet J Publications. 10. Gillis CL, Meagher DM, Pool RR, et al: Ultrasonographically detected changes in the superficial digital flexor tendons during the first months of race training, Am J Vet Res 54:1797, 1993. 11. Moyer W, Ford TS, Ross MW: Proximal suspensory desmitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 34:409, 1988. 12. Ford TS, Ross MW, Orsini PG: A comparison for methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses, Vet Surg 18:146, 1989. 13. Coudry V, Denoix J-M, Didierlaurent D, et al: Use of magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose the cause of proximal metacarpal pain in a Standardbred trotter, Vet Rec 162:790, 2008. 14. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC: Failure of intra-articular anaesthesia of the antebrachiocarpal joint to abolish lameness associated with chip fracture of the distal radius, Equine Vet J 25:458, 1993. 15. Shepherd MC, Pilsworth RC: Stress reactions to the plantarolateral condyles of Mt.III in UK thoroughbreds: 26 cases, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:128, 1997. 16. Pilsworth RC, Head MJ: A study of ten cases of focal peritarsal infection as a cause of severe lameness in the Thoroughbred racehorse: clinical signs, differential diagnosis, treatment and outcome, Equine Vet J 33:366, 2001.

CHAPTER 108 The North American Standardbred

1. Chateau H, Robin D, Falala S, et al: Effects of a synthetic all-weather waxed track versus a crushed sand track on 3D acceleration of the front hoof in three horses trotting at high speed, Equine Vet J 41:247, 2009. 2. Robin D, Chateau H, Pacquet L, et al: Use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe to assess the effects of an all-weather waxed track and a crushed sand track at high speed trot: preliminary study, Equine Vet J 41:253, 2009. 3. Lucas JM, Ross MW, Richardson DW: Postoperative performance of racing standardbreds treated arthroscopically for carpal chip fracture: 176 cases, Equine Vet J 31:48, 1999. 4. Gill HE: Personal communication, 2001. 5. Ross MW: Unpublished data, 2009. 6. Ross MW, Nolan PM, Paimar JA, et al: The importance of the metatarsophalangeal joint in standardbred lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:741, 1991. 7. Rabuffo TS, Ross MW: Fractures of the distal phalanx in 72 racehorses: 19902001, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 48:375, 2002. 8. Ross MW: Observations in horses with lameness abolished by palmar digital analgesia, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:230, 1998. 9. Hopper BJ, Steel C, Richardson JL, et al: Radiographic evaluation of sclerosis of the third carpal bone associated with exercise and the development of lameness in Standardbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 36:441, 2004. 10. Steel CM, Hopper BJ, Richardson JL, et al: Clinical findings, diagnosis, prevalence and predisposing factors for lameness localized to the middle carpal joint in young Standardbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 38:152, 2006. 11. Mitchell J: Unpublished data, 2001. 12. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 13. Gabel AA: Lameness caused by inflammation in the distal hock, Vet Clin North Am 2:101, 1980. 14. Woodie JB, Ruggles AJ, Bertone AL, et al: Apical fracture of the proximal sesamoid bone in Standardbred horses: 43 cases (1990-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1653, 1999. 15. Bassage LH, Richardson DW: Longitudinal fractures of the condyles of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in racehorses: 224 cases (1986-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1757, 1998. 16. Elce YA, Ross MW, Woodford AM: A review of central and third tarsal bone slab fractures in 57 horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:488, 2001. 17. Hammer EJ, Ross MW, Parente EJ: Incomplete sagittal fractures of the talus in 11 racehorses: outcome, Equine Vet J 37:457, 2005.


CHAPTER 109 The European and Australasian Standardbreds
The European Standardbred 1. Torre F, Motta M: Incidence and distribution of 369 proximal sesamoid bone fractures in 354 standardbred horses (1984-1995), Equine Pract 21:6, 1999. 2. Trotter GW: Aspects of palmar heel pain, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:195, 1999. 3. Buchner HHF: Gait adaptation in lameness. In Back W, Clayton H, eds: Equine locomotion, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders. 4. Moyer W, OBrien TR, Walker M: Nonseptic pedal osteitis: a cause of lameness and a diagnosis? Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:178, 1999. 5. Ross MW, Richardson DW, Beroza GA: Subchondral lucency of the third carpal bone in standardbred racehorses: 13 cases (1982-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:789, 1989. 6. De Haan CE, OBrien TR, Koblik PD: A radiographic investigation of third carpal bone injury in 42 racing thoroughbreds, Vet Radiol 28:88, 1987. 7. Pool RR, Meagher DM: Pathologic findings and pathogenesis of racetrack injuries, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:1, 1990. 8. Ehrlich PJ, Dohoo IR, OCallaghan MW: Results of bone scintigraphy in racing standardbred horses: 64 cases (19921994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:982, 1999. 9. Trotter GW: Intra-articular corticosteroids. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 10. Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Trotter GW, et al: Effects of intravenous administration of sodium hyaluronate on carpal joints in exercising horses after arthroscopic surgery and osteochondral fragmentation, Am J Vet Res 58:1132, 1997. 11. Schumacher J, Steiger R, Schumacher J, et al: Effects of analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or palmar digital nerves on lameness caused by solar pain in horses, Vet Surg 29:54, 2000. 12. Bramlage LR, Schneider RK, Gabel AA: A clinical perspective on the lameness originating in the carpus, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:12, 1988. 13. Palmer SE: Prevalence of carpal fractures in thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1171, 1986. 14. Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, Gabel AA: The incidence and location of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:33, 1988. 15. Lucas JM, Ross MW, Richardson DW: Postoperative performance of racing standardbreds treated arthroscopically for carpal chip fractures: 176 cases (19861993), Equine Vet J 31:48, 1999. 16. Torre F: A comparison of the radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the third carpal bone in the young standardbred horse, Equine Pract 19:14, 1997. 17. McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Trotter GW, et al: Use of subchondral bone plate micropick technique to augment healing of articular cartilage defects, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:233, 1998. 18. McIlwraith CW: Tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the equine midcarpal joint, Equine Vet J 24:367, 1992. 19. Palmer SE: Splints, fractures of the second and fourth metacarpal/metatarsal bones, and associated suspensory ligament desmitis. In Robinson N, Wilson MR, eds: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 20. Ross MW: Personal communication, 2001. 21. Hardy J, Marcoux M, Breton L: Clinical relevance of radiographic findings in proximal sesamoid bones of two-year-old standardbreds in their first year of race training, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2089, 1991. 22. Ross MW: Scintigraphic and clinical findings in the standardbred metatarsophalangeal joint: 114 cases (1993-1995), Equine Vet J 30:131, 1998. 23. Dyson SJ: Diagnosis and prognosis of suspensory desmitis. Proceedings of the Dubai International Equine Symposium, March 1996. 24. Ross MW, Nolan PM, Palmer JA, et al: The importance of the metatarsophalangeal joint in standardbred lameness, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:741, 1991. 25. Sandgren B: Bony fragments in the tarsocrural and metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal joints in the standardbred horse: a radiographic survey, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:66, 1988. 26. Sandgren B, Dalin G, Carlsten J: Osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints in standardbred trotters. I. Epidemiology, Equine Vet J Suppl 16:31, 1993. 27. Haakenstad LH, Birkeland R: Osteochondritis dissecans i haseleddet hos hest. Proceedings of the Twelfth Nordic Veterinary Congress, 1974. 28. Hartung K, Keller H, Munster B: Ein beitrag zur Roentgendiagnostik des Spat der Trabrennpferde, Der Prakt Tierarzt 59:177, 1978. 29. Alvarado AF, Marcoux M, Breton L: The incidence of osteochondrosis in a standardbred breeding farm in Quebec, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 35:293, 1989. 30. Schougaard H, Falk-Ronne J, Phillipson J: A radiographic survey of tibiotarsal osteochondrosis in a selected population of trotting horses in Denmark and its possible genetic significance, Equine Vet J 22:288, 1990. 31. Grondahl AM: The incidence of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint of Norwegian standardbred trotters: a radiographic study, J Equine Vet Sci 11:997, 1991. 32. Storgaard Jorgensen H, Proschowsky H, Falk-Ronne J, et al: The significance of routine radiographic findings with respect to subsequent racing performance and longevity in standardbred trotters, Equine Vet J 29:55, 1997. 33. Torre F, Motta M: Osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints: incidence and influence on racing performance in a selected group of standardbred trotters, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:287, 2000. 34. Torre F, Toniato M: Osteochondral fragments from the medial malleolus in

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horses: a comparison between radiographic and arthroscopic findings, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:167, 1999. 35. Laws EG, Richardson DW, Ross MW, et al: Racing performance of standardbreds after conservative and surgical treatment for tarsocrural osteochondrosis, Equine Vet J 25:199, 1993. 36. McIlwraith CW, Foerner JJ, Davis DM: Osteochondritis dissecans of the tarsocrural joint: results of treatment with arthro scopic surgery, Equine Vet J 23:155, 1991. 37. Brehm W, Staecker W: Osteochondrosis (OCD) in the tarsocrural joint of standardbred trotters: correlation between radiographic findings and racing performance, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 45:164, 1999. The Australasian Standardbred 1. Whitton RC, Kannegieter NJ: Osteochondral fragmentation of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in racing horses, Aust Vet J 71:318, 1994. 2. OSullivan CB, Dart AJ, Malikides N, et al: Nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in 48 standardbred horses, Aust Vet J 77:501, 1999. 3. Steel CM, Hopper BJ, Richardson JL, et al: Clinical findings, diagnosis, prevalence and predisposing factors for lameness localised to the middle carpal joint in young Standardbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 38:152, 2006.

CHAPTER 110 The Racing Quarter Horse

1. http://www.aqharacing.com. (Last accessed, January 2009.) 2. AQHA Handbook of Rules and Regulations, 111:70, 2008. 3. Balch OK, Helman RG, Collier MA: Underrun heels and toe-grab length as possible risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in Oklahoma racehorses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:334, 2001. 4. McIlwraith CW, Goodman NL: Conditions of the interphalangeal joints, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:161, l989. 5. Goodman NL: Lameness diagnosis and treatment in the Quarter Horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:85, 1990. 6. Nunamaker DM: The bucked shin complex, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 32:457, 1986. 7. McIlwraith CW, Yovich JB, Martin GS: Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondral chip fractures in the equine carpus, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:531, 1987. 8. Bramlage LR: A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus, Equine Vet J Suppl 6:12, 1998. 9. McIlwraith CW: Tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament in the equine mid-carpal joint, Equine Vet J 24:367, 1992. 10. Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW: Proximal dorsal first phalanx osteochondral chip fragmentation in 336 horses, Equine Vet J 26:392, 1994. 11. Foerner JJ, McIlwraith CW: Orthopedic surgery in the racehorse, Vet Clin North Am 6:147, 1990. 12. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Baxter GM, et al: Effects of 6-methylprednisolone acetate on an in vivo equine osteochondral fragment exercise model, Am J Vet Res 59:1619, 1998.

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13. Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, et al: Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on an in vivo equine osteochondral fragment exercise model, Equine Vet J 29:349, 1997. 14. Denoix J-M: Ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis of joint disease. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds: Joint disease in the horse, Philadelphia, 1996, Saunders. 15. Wallis TW, Goodrich LR, McIlwraith CW, et al: Arthroscopic injection of corticosteroids into the fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: a retrospective study of 52 cases (2001-2006), Equine Vet J 40:461, 2008. 16. Saathoff B: Personal communication, 2008. 17. Johnson BJ, Stover SM, Daft BM: Causes of death in racehorses over a 2-year period, Equine Vet J 4:327, 1994.

CHAPTER 116 Lameness in the Dressage Horse

1. Holmstrm M: Quantitative studies on conformation and trotting traits in the Swedish warmblood riding horse, Dissertation, Uppsala, 1994, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2. Lundquist K: Kvalitetsbedmming av unge ridhster, samband mellam bednningsresultat och fremtida brukbarhet. Examensarbeta i husdjursfrdling (in Swedish), Uppsala, 1983, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 3. Murray R, Walters J, Snart H, et al: How do features of dressage arenas influence training surface properties which are potentially associated with lameness? The Vet J (In press.) 4. Murray R, Walters J, Snart H, et al: Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses, The Vet J 184:27, 2010. 5. Butler J, Dyson SJ, Colles CM, et al: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 6. Denoix JM: Ultrasonographic evaluation of back lesions, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:131, 1999. 7. Murray R, Dyson S, Tranquille C, et al: Association of type of sport and performance level with anatomical site of orthopaedic injury diagnosis, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:411, 2006 8. Kristensen KK, Kold SE: Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of two treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intraarticular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, Equine Vet J 39:150, 2007. 9. Holmstrom M, Drevemo S: Effects of trot quality and collection on the angular velocity in the hindlimbs of riding horses, Equine Vet Journal Supplt 23:62, 1997. 10. Murray R, Branch M, Dyson S, et al: How does exercise intensity and type affect equine distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness? J Appl Phys 102:2194, 2007.

CHAPTER 112 National Hunt Racehorse, Point to Point Horse, and Timber Racing Horse
1. Wood JLN, Harkins LS, Rogers K: A retrospective study of factors associated with racehorse fatality on British racecourses from 1990-1999. In Williams RB, Houghton E, Wade JF, eds: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Newmarket, 2001, R&W Publications. 2. Parkin T, Clegg P, French N, et al: Risk of fatal distal limb fractures among Thoroughbreds involved in five types of racing in the United Kingdom, Vet Rec 154:493, 2004. 3. Pinchbeck G, Clegg PD, Proudman CJ, et al: Case-control study to investigate risk factors for hurdle racing in England and Wales, Vet Rec 152:582, 2003. 4. Stephen JO, White NA, McCormick WH, et al: Risk factors and prevalence of injuries in horses during various types of steeplechase races, J Am Vet Med Assoc 123:1788, 2003. 5. Pinchbeck G, Clegg P, Proudman C, et al: Horse injuries and racing practices in National Hunt racehorses in the UK: the results of a prospective cohort study, Vet J 167:45, 2004. 6. Boden L, Anderson G, Charles J, et al: Risk of fatality and causes of death of Thoroughbred horses associated with racing in Victoria, Australia, Equine Vet J 38:312, 2006. 7. Pickersgill C: Epidemiological studies into orthopedic conditions of the equine athlete, MVM thesis, Glasgow, Scotland, 2000, University of Glasgow. 8. Weller R, Pfau T, May SA, et al: Variation in conformation in a cohort of National Hunt horses, Equine Vet J 38:616, 2006. 9. Weller R, Pfau T, Verheyen K, et al: The effect of conformation on orthopaedic health in a cohort of National Hunt horses: preliminary results, Equine Vet J 38:622, 2006. 10. Avella C, Ely E, Verheyen K, et al: Ultrasonographic assessment of the superficial digital flexor tendons of National Hunt racehorses in training over two racing seasons, Equine Vet J 41:449, 2009. 11. Ely E, Avella C, Price J, et al: Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and

CHAPTER 113 The Finnish Horse and Other Scandinavian Cold-Blooded Trotters
1. Ruohoniemi M, Ahtiainen H, Ojala M: Estimates of heritability for ossification of the cartilages of the front feet in the Finnhorse, Equine Vet J 35:55, 2003. 2. Ruohoniemi M, Mkel O, Eskonen T: Clinical significance of ossification of the cartilages of the front feet based on nuclear bone scintigraphy, radiography and lameness examinations in 21 Finnhorses, Equine Vet J 36:143, 2004.

CHAPTER 114 Prepurchase Examination of the Performance Horse

1. Dyson S: Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. II. The limbs. In Mair T, ed: British Equine Veterinary Association manual: the prepurchase examination, Newmarket, 1998, Equine Veterinary Journal. 2. Dyson S: Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. III. The feet and hooves. In Mair T, ed: British Equine Veterinary Association manual: the prepurchase examination, Newmarket, 1998, Equine Veterinary Journal. 3. Dyson S: Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. IV. The use of flexion tests and small diameter lungeing. In Mair T, ed: British Equine Veterinary Association manual: the prepurchase examination, Newmarket, 1998, Equine Veterinary Journal. 4. Chandler N: Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. V. The use of flexion tests and small diameter lungeing: an alternative view. In Mair T, ed: British Equine Veterinary Association manual: the prepurchase examination, Newmarket, 1998, Equine Veterinary Journal. 5. Cauvin E: Evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. I. The neck and back. In Mair T, ed: British Equine Veterinary Association

CHAPTER 117 Lameness in the Three Day Event Horse

1. Dyson SJ: Training the event horse. In Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, eds: The athletic horse, Philadelphia, 1994, Saunders. 2. Murray JK, Senior JM, Singer ER: A comparison of cross-country recovery rates at CCI 2* with and without steeplechase competitions, Equine Vet J Suppl 36:133, 2006.


3. Dyson SJ: Assessment of an acutely lame horse. In Dyson S, ed: A guide to the management of emergencies at equine competitions, Newmarket, England, 1996, Equine Veterinary Journal. 4. Dyson SJ, Pilsworth RC, Twardock AR, Martinelli MJ, eds: Equine scintigraphy, Newmarket, 2003, Equine Veterinary Journal. 5. Lambiase M, Henson FMD, Bathe AP: The use of scintigraphy as an indicator of osteoarthrosis of the distal tarsal bones of the hock. In British Equine Veterinary Association Congress Handbook, vol 38, London, 1999, British Equine Veterinary Association (abstract). 6. Lambiase M, Henson FMD, Jeffcott LB, et al: Use of dynamic force sensing array measurements to assess the benefits of various numnahs and therapeutic pads beneath the saddle. In British Equine Veterinary Association Congress handbook, vol 38, London, 1999, British Equine Veterinary Association (abstract). 7. Marks D: Back pain. In Robinson NE, Wilson MR, eds: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 8. Bathe AP, Humphrey DJ, Henson FMD: The oral bioavailability of chondroitin sulphate in horses: a pilot study. In Lindner A, ed: The elite showjumper. Proceedings of the Conference on Equine Sports Medicine and Science, Sicily, Italy, 2000. 9. Ramey R: Personal communication, 2001. 10. Du J, White N, Eddington ND: The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse, Biopharm Drug Dispos 25:109, 2004. 11. Singer ER, Barnes J, Saxby F, et al: Injuries in the event horse: training versus competition, Vet J 175:76, 2008. 12. Murray JK, Singer ER, Saxby F, et al: Factors influencing risk of injury to horses falling during eventing, Vet Rec 154:207, 2004. 13. Bathe A, Bladon B, Smith R: Unpublished observations, 2006. 14. Bathe AP: Plantar metatarsal neurectomy and fasciotomy in the surgical treatment of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmitis: technique and preliminary results, Vet Surg 30:298, 2001 (abstract). 15. Dyson S, Wright I, Kold S, et al: Clinical and radiographic features, treatment and outcome in 15 horses with fracture of the medial pole of the patella, Equine Vet J 24:264, 1992. 16. Bathe AP: Resting haematological and biochemical parameters in a group of event horses, Pferdeheilkunde 12:712, 1996 (abstract). 17. Bathe A, Smith R: Unpublished observations, 1998. 4. Randall RW: Personal communication, 2000. 5. Castro VF, Schumacher J, Pauwels F, et al: A new approach to desensitizing the lateral palmar nerve of the horse, Vet Surg 34:539, 2005. 6. Rantanen NW: Personal communication, 2000. 7. Dyson SJ: Proximal palmar metacarpal pain: a diagnostic challenge, Equine Vet Educ 15:134, 2003. 8. Fortier, LA, Smith RK: Regenerative medicine for tendinous and ligamentous injuries of sport horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:191, 2008. 9. Launois MT, Vandeweerd JMEF, Perrin RAR, et al: Use of computed tomography to diagnose new bone formation associated with desmitis of the proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament in third metacarpal or third metatarsal bones of three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:514, 2009. 10. Alexander GR: Personal communication, 2009. 11. Powell SE: Personal communication, 2009. 12. Pollitt CC, Van Epps AW: Prolonged, continuous distal limb cryotherapy in the horse, Equine Vet J 36:216, 2004. 13. Van Epps AW, Pollitt CC: Equine laminitis model: cryotherapy reduces the severity of lesions evaluated seven days after the induction with oligofructose, Equine Vet J 41:741, 2009. 14. Misheff MM, Alexander GR, Hirst GR: Fractures in endurance horses, Equine Vet Educ (In press.) 15. Riggs CM: Aetiopathogenesis of parasagittal fractures of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bonesreview of the literature, Equine Vet J 31:116, 1999. 16. Stover SM, Murray A: The California postmortem program: leading the way, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:21, 2008. 17. Muir P, McCarthy J, Radtke CL, et al: Role of endochondral ossification of articular cartilage and functional adaptation of the subchondral plate in the development of fatigue microcracking of joints, Bone 38:347, 2006. 18. Riggs CM, Whitehouse GH, Boyde A: Pathology of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of the horse, Equine Vet J 31:140, 1999. 19. Stepnik MW, Radke CL, Scollay MC, et al: Scanning electron microscopic examination of the third metacarpal/ third metatarsal bone failure surfaces in Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fracture, Vet Surg 33:2, 2004. 20. Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al: Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses: 11 cases (1999-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:411, 2004. 21. Dyson SJ, Murray R: Osseous trauma in the fetlock region of mature sports horses, AAEP Proc 52:443, 2006. 22. Hill AE, Gardner IA, Carpenter TE, et al: Effects of injury to the suspensory apparatus, exercise, and horseshoe characteristics on the risk of lateral condylar fracture and suspensory apparatus failure

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in forelimbs of Thoroughbred racehorses, Am J Vet Res 65:1508, 2004. 23. Thomason JJ, Peterson ML: Biomechanical and mechanical investigations of the hoof-track interface in racing horses, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:53, 2008. 24. Mackay-Smith M, Cohen M: Exercise physiology and diseases of exertion. In: Equine medicine and surgery, Santa Barbara, Calif., 1983, American Vet Pub. 25. Whiting JM: The exhausted horse. In Robinson NE, Sprayberry KA, eds: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 6, St. Louis, 2009, Saunders. 26. Carlson GP: Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. In: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1987, Saunders.

CHAPTER 120 The Western Performance Horse

The Cutting Horse 1. Wallis TW, Goodrich LR, McIlwraith CW, et al: Arthroscopic injection of corticosteroids into the fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: a retrospective study of 52 cases (2001-2006), Equine Vet J 40:461, 2008. The Roping Horse 1. Dabareiner RM, Cohen ND, Carter GK, et al: Lameness and poor performance in horses used for team roping: 118 cases (2000-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226: 1694, 2005. 2. Dabareiner RM, Carter GK, Honnas CM: Injection of corticosteroids, hyaluronate, and amikacin into the navicular bursa in horses with signs of navicular area pain unresponsive to other treatments, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1469, 2003. Barrel-Racing Horses 1. Stricklin JB: Barrel racing, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:37, 1997. 2. Cox J-B: Personal communication, 2002. 3. Galley RH: Personal communication, 2002. 4. Pearce G: Personal communication, 2002. 5. Womens Professional Rodeo Association, 1235 Lake Plaza Drive, Suite 13, Colorado Springs, Colo. At www.wpra.com. 6. Dabareiner RM, Cohen ND, Carter GK, et al: Musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness and poor performance among horses used for barrel racing: 118 cases (2000-2003), J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1646, 2005.

CHAPTER 122 Lameness in the American Saddlebred and Other Trotting Breeds with Collection
1. Briggs HM: Modern breeds of livestock, ed 4, New York, 1980, MacMillan. 2. 2002 USA Equestrian rule book, Lexington, Ky, 2002, USA Equestrian.

CHAPTER 118 Lameness in Endurance Horses

1. Malton RJ: Personal communication, 2009. 2. Bryant JC: Personal communication, 2009. 3. Misheff MM: Unpublished data, 1996- 2009.

CHAPTER 123 Lameness in the Arabian and Half-Arabian Show Horse

1. American Horse Shows Association: General qualifications. 1998-1999 Arabian, Half-Arabian and Anglo Arabian division rule book, New York, 1997, American Horse Shows Association. 2. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, Mackay RJ, et al: Diseases of the spinal cord. In Colahan PT, Merritt AM, Moore JN, et al, eds:

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Hermans WA, Kersjes AW, van der Mey GJ, et al: Investigation into the heredity of congenital lateral patellar (sub)luxation in the Shetland pony, Vet Q 9:1, 1987. 24. Kobluk CN: Correction of patellar luxation by recession sulcoplasty in three foals, Vet Surg 22:298, 1993. 25. Knottenbelt D: Personal communication, 2001. 26. Shiroma JT, Engel HN, Wagner PC, et al: Dorsal subluxation of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the pelvic limb of three horses, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:777, 1989. 27. McDiarmid A: Unpublished data, 1995. 28. Clark JO, Clark TP: Analgesia, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:712, 1999. 29. Eyre P, Elmes PJ, Strickland S: Corticosteroid- potentiated vascular responses of the equine digit: a possible pharmacological basis for laminitis, Am J Vet Res 40:135, 1979. 30. Scholes SF, Holliman A, May PD, et al: A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals, Vet Rec 142:128, 1998. 31. Walmsley JP: First aid splinting for the equine fracture patient, Equine Vet Educ 5:61, 1993. 32. Auer JA: External coaptation and fixation. In Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merritt AM, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St Louis, 1999, Mosby. 33. Nemeth F, Back W: The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in the horses and ponies, Equine Vet J 23:32, 1991. 34. Nunamaker DM, Richardson DW, Butterweck DM: A new external skeletal fixation devise in the horse, Vet Surg 15:345, 1986. 35. Baxter GM, Doran RE, Allen D: Complete excision of a fractured fourth metatarsal bone in eight horses, Vet Surg 21:273, 1992. 36. Barr ARS, Hillyer MH, Richardson JD: Partial carpal arthrodesis for multiple carpal fractures and subluxation in a pony, Equine Vet Educ 6:255, 1994. 37. Arighi M, Miller CR, Pennock PW: Arthrodesis of the scapulohumeral joint in a miniature horse, J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:713, 1987. 38. Pleasant RS, Baker GJ, Muhlbauer MC, et al: Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horse: 58 cases (1980-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1918, 1992. 39. MacGregor CM: Studies of the pathology and treatment of equine navicular disease, PhD dissertation, Edinburgh, 1984, University of Edinburgh (Scotland). 40. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2008. 41. Aswad ASS: Ossification of the cartilages of the horses foot (side bone), PhD dissertation, Edinburgh, 1971, University of Edinburgh (Scotland). 42. Field JR, Jeffcott LB: Equine laminitis: another hypothesis for pathogenesis, Med Hypotheses 30:203, 1989. 43. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JE: The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance, Equine Vet J 40:493, 2008. 44. Johnson PJ: The equine metabolic syndrome: peripheral Cushings syndrome, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:271, 2002. 45. Freestone JF, Beadle R, Shoemaker K, et al: Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake, Equine Vet J 24:187, 1992. 46. Ott EA, Kivipelto P: Influence of chromium tripicolinate on growth and glucose metabolism in growing horses, J Anim Sci 77:3022, 1999. 47. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, et al: Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushings syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value, Equine Vet J 36:295, 2004. 48. Kuwano A, Yoshihara T, Takatori K, et al: Onychomycosis in white line disease in horses: pathology and clinical features, Equine Vet J Suppl 26:27, 1998. 49. Peremans K, Verschooten F, De Moor A, et al: Laminitis in the pony: conservative treatment vs dorsal wall hoof resection, Equine Vet J 23:243, 1991. 50. Curtis S, Ferguson DW, Luikart R, et al: Trimming of the chronically affected horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 15:463, 1995. 51. Cripps PJ, Eustace RA: Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK, Equine Vet J 31:433, 1999. 52. Watson TD, Murphy D, Love S: Equine hyperlipaemia in the United Kingdom: clinical features and blood biochemistry of 18 cases, Vet Rec 131:48, 1992. 53. Love S: Personal communication, 2001. 54. Smith LJ, Mair TS: Rupture of the superficial flexor tendon in the forelimb in aged horses: a report of nine cases, Equine Vet Educ 19:183, 2007. 55. Palmer SE, Genovese R, Longo KL, et al: Practical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the performance horse, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:468, 1994. 56. Dyson SJ: Superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in teenage and older horses, Equine Vet Educ 19:187, 2007.

Equine medicine and surgery, vol 1, ed 5, St Louis, 1999, Mosby. 3. Easter JL, Watkins J, Stephens S, et al: Effects of regional anesthesia on experimentally induced coffin joint synovitis, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 46:214, 2000.

CHAPTER 125 Lameness in Draft Horses

1. Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 2. Dyson SJ: Personal communication, 2001.

CHAPTER 126 Lameness in the Pony

1. Speed J: A cause of malformation of the limbs of Shetland ponies with a note on its phylogenic significance, Br Vet J 114:51, 1958. 2. Chan CC-H, Munroe GA: Congenital defects of the equine musculoskeletal system, Equine Vet Educ 8:157, 1996. 3. Voute LC, Henson FMD, Platt D, et al: Lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur in ponies with histological features of equine dyschondroplasia. Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Harrogate, September 1997. 4. Voute L: Personal communication, 2001. 5. Clegg PD, Dyson SJ, Summerhays GES, et al: Scapulohumeral osteoarthritis in Shetland ponies, miniature horses and Falabella ponies (20 cases), Vet Rec 148: 175, 2001. 6. Boswell JC, Schramme MC, Wilson AM, et al: Radiographic study to evaluate suspect scapulohumeral joint dysplasia in Shetland ponies, Equine Vet J 31:510, 1999. 7. Parth RA, Svalbe LS, Hazard GH, et al: Suspected primary scapulohumeral osteoarthritis in two miniature ponies, Aust Vet J 86:153, 2008. 8. Jones E, McDiarmid AM: Diagnosis of scapulohumeral joint arthritis in a Shetland pony by ultrasonography, Vet Rec 154:178, 2004. 9. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al: Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 3, Oxford, 2008, Wiley-Blackwell. 10. Jones E, McDiarmid AM: A retrospective study of 42 horses with pain originating from the stifle joint. Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, Birmingham, September 2000. 11. Schneider RK, Jenson P, Moore RM: Evaluation of cartilage lesions on the medial femoral condyle as a cause of lameness in horses: 11 cases (1988-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1649, 1997. 12. Engelbert TA, Tate LP, Richardson DC, et al: Lateral patella luxation in miniature horses, Vet Surg 22:293, 1993. 13. Bjornsdottir S, Axelsson M, Eksell P, et al: Radiographic and clinical survey of degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsal joints in Icelandic horses, Equine Vet J 32:268, 2000. 14. Eksell P, Axelsson M, Brostrom H, et al: Prevalence and risk factors of bone spavin in Icelandic horses in Sweden, Acta Vet Scand 39:339, 1998. 15. Axelsson M, Bjornsdottir S, Eksell P, et al: Risk factors associated with hindlimb lameness and degenerative joint disease


57. Dyson SJ: Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon: 27 cases (1986-1990), Equine Vet J 23:438, 1991. 58. McDiarmid AM: Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. In Robinson NE, Wilson MR, eds: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 59. Eliashar E, Dyson, SJ, Archer, RM, et al: Two clinical manifestations of desmopathy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the hind limb of 23 horses, Equine Vet J 37:495, 2005. 60. Becker CK, Savelberg HHCM, Barneveld A: In vitro mechanical properties of the accessory ligaments of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses in relationship to age, Equine Vet J 26:454, 1994. 61. Dyson SJ, Dik KJ: Conditions of tendons, tendon sheaths and ligaments, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:315, 1995. 62. Barr ARS, Dyson SJ, Barr FJ, et al: Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in the distal metacarpal/metatarsal region associated with tenosynovitis of the digital sheath in the horse, Equine Vet J 27:348, 1995. 63. Smith MRW, Wright IM: Noninfected tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath: a retrospective analysis of 76 cases, Equine Vet J 38:134, 2006. 64. Dyson SJ, Dik KJ: Tendon, tendon sheaths and ligament injuries in the Pastern, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:217, 1995. 65. Dik KJ, Dyson SJ, Vail TB: Aseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath, fetlock and pastern annular ligament constriction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 11:151, 1995. 66. Owen R, Dyson S, Parkin T, et al: A retrospective study of palmar/plantar annular ligament injury in 71 horses: 2001-2006, Equine Vet J 40:237, 2008. 67. Wilmink JM, Stolk PWT, Van Weeren PR, et al: Differences in second intention wound healing between horses and ponies: macroscopic aspects, Equine Vet J 31:53, 1999. 68. Wilmink JM, Van Weeren PR: Second intention repair in the horse and pony and management of exuberant granulation tissue, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:15, 2005. 69. Miller CB, Wilson DA, Keegan KG: Growth characteristics of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horse and ponies, Vet Surg 29:1, 2000. 70. Ehrlich PJ, Seeherman HJ, OCallaghan MW, et al: Results of bone scintigraphy in horse used for showjumping, hunting or eventing: 141 cases (1988-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1460, 1998. 71. Jeffcott L: Personal communication, 2001. 72. Harris PA: The equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome in the United Kingdom: epidemiological and clinical descriptive information, Br Vet J 147:373, 1991. 73. Valentine BA, McDonough SP, Chang YF, et al: Polysaccharide storage myopathy in Morgan, Arabian and Standardbred related horses and Welsh-cross ponies, Vet Pathol 37:193, 2000. 74. Bjorck G, Everz KE, Hansen HJ, et al: Congenital cerebellar ataxia in the Gotland pony breed, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 20:341, 1993. 75. Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, Mackay RJ: Diseases of vestibular and cerebellar structures. In Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merritt AM, et al, eds: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St Louis, 1999, Mosby.

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CHAPTER 127 Lameness in Breeding Stallions and Broodmares

1. McDonnell SM: Normal and abnormal sexual behavior, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:71, 1982. 2. Martin BB, McDonnell SM, Love CC: Effects of musculoskeletal and neurologic diseases on breeding performance in stallions, Comp Clin Educ Pract Vet 20:1159, 1998. 3. Varner DD, Schumacher J, Blanchard TL, et al: Disease and management of breeding stallions, Goleta, Calif, 1991, American Veterinary Publications. 4. Kenney RM, Hurtgen JP, Pierson R, et al: Clinical fertility evaluation of the stallion, Hastings, Neb, 1983, Society for Theriogenology. 5. Martin BB, Klide AM: Diagnosis and treatment of chronic back pain in horses, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:310, 1997. 6. Martin BB, Klide AM: Acupuncture for treatment of chronic back pain in horses. In Schoen AM, ed: Veterinary acupuncture: ancient art to modern medicine, Goleta, Calif, 1994, American Veterinary Publications. 7. Robinson NE: Appendix. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1992, Saunders. 8. McDonnell SM, Love CC, Pozor MA, et al: Phenylbutazone treatment in breeding stallions: preliminary evidence for no effect on semen or testicular size, Theriogenology 37:1225, 1992. 9. Mitten LA, Hinchcliff KW: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In Robinson N, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 10. Oristaglio-Turner RM, McDonnell SM, Hawkins JF: Use of pharmacologically induced ejaculation to obtain semen in a stallion with fractured radius, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1906, 1995. 11. Wagner PC, Grant BD, Reed SN: Congenital vertebral malformation, Vet Clin North Am 3:385, 1987. 12. Fengar CK: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 19:513, 1997. 13. Bedford SJ, McDonnell SM: Measurements of reproductive function in stallions treated with trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1317, 1999. 14. Allen D: Acute laminitis: In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 15. Hunt RJ: Chronic laminitis. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders. 16. Goetz TM: Treatment of chronic laminitis in horses, Vet Clin North Am 5:73, 1989.

17. Beech J: Rhabdomyolysis (tying up) in standardbred and thoroughbred racehorses. Proceedings of the International Equine Neurology Conference, Ithaca, NY, 1997. 18. McDonnell SM, Love CC, Martin BB, et al: Ejaculatory failure associated with aortic-iliac thrombosis in 2 stallions, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:954, 1992. 19. Doucet MY, Bertone AL, Hendrickson D, et al: Comparison of efficacy and safety of paste formulations of firocoxib and phenylbutazone in horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:91, 2008. 20. McConnell SM, Turner R: Unpublished observations, 2009. 21. Terry RL, McDonnell SM, Soma LS, et al: Pharmacokinetic profile, cardiovascular and behavioural changes following intravenous and oral gabapentin administration in the horse. Proceedings of the 48th British Equine Veterinary Association Congress, September 2009, Birmingham, UK, p 103. 22. McDonnell SM: Stallion behavior and endocrinology and behavior: what do we really know? Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:18, 1995. 23. McDonnell SM: Ejaculation physiology and dysfunction, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8:57, 1992. 24. McDonnell SM, Kenney RM, Meckley PE, et al: Conditioned suppression of sexual behavior in stallions and reversal with diazepam, Physiol Behav 34:951, 1985. 25. McDonnell SM, Kenney RM, Meckley PE, et al: Novel environment suppression of stallion sexual behavior and effects of diazepam, Physiol Behav 37:503, 1986. 26. McDonnell SM, Turner RM, Diehl NK: Modifying unruly breeding behavior in stallions, Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 17:411, 1995. 27. Shideler RK: The mare examination: history. In McKinnon AO, Voss JL, eds: Equine reproduction, Philadelphia, 1993, Lea & Febiger. 28. Baird AN: Equine distal phalangeal sequestration, Vet Radiol 31:210, 1990. 29. Perkins NR, Frazer GS: Reproductive emergencies in the broodmare, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:643, 1994. 30. Brendemuehl JR, Waldridge BM, Bridges ER: Effects of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine and concurrent folic acid supplementation on pregnancy and embryonic loss rates in broodmares, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:142, 1998. 31. McDonnell SM, Garcia MC, Kenney RM: Imipramine-induced erection, masturbation, and ejaculation in male horses, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27:187, 1987. 32. Oristaglio-Turner RM, Love CC, McDonnell SM, et al: Use of imipramine hydrochloride for treatment of urospermia in a stallion with a dysfunctional bladder, J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1602, 1995. 33. Johnston PF, DeLuca JL: Chemical eja culation of stallions after the admini stration of oral imipramine followed by intravenous xylazine, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 44:12, 1998. 34. McDonnell SM: Pharmacologically induced ex-copula ejaculation in stallions using imipramine and xylazine, Anim Reprod Sci 68:153, 2001.

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8. Pool R: Pathologic manifestations of osteochondrosis. Proceedings of the Developmental Orthopedic Disease Symposium, Dallas, April 1986. 9. Dik KJ, Enzerink E, van Weeren PR: Radiographic development of osteochondral abnormalities in the hock and stifle of Dutch Warmblood foals, from age 1 to 11 months, Equine Vet J Suppl 31:9, 1999. 10. Tull T, Woodie J, Ruggles A, et al: Management and assessment of prognosis after gastrocnemius disruption in Thoroughbred foals: 28 cases (1993-2007), Equine Vet J 41:541, 2009. 11. Madison JB: Infectious orthopedic disease in foals. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1997, Saunders. 12. Vatistas NJ, Wilson WD, Pascoe JR, et al: Septic arthritis in foals: bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility, and factors influencing survival, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:259, 1993. 13. Firth EC: Infectious arthritis in foals. In White NA, Moore JN, eds: Current practice of equine surgery, Philadelphia, 1990, JB Lippincott. 14. Madison JB, Sommer M, Spencer PA: Relations among synovial membrane histopathologic findings, synovial fluid cytologic findings, and bacterial culture results in horses with suspected infectious arthritis: 64 cases (1979-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1655, 1991. 15. Martens RJ, Auer JA: Haematogenous septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in the foal, Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 26:47, 1980. 16. Schneider RK, Bramlage LR, Moore RM, et al: A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis, Equine Vet J 24:436, 1992. 17. McIlwraith CW: Treatment of septic arthritis. In Turner A, ed: The veterinary clinics of North American large animal practice: equine orthopedic surgery, Philadelphia, 1983, Saunders. 18. Bertone AL: Infectious arthritis in adult horses, Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 9:409, 1991. 19. Wagner PC, Watrous BJ, Darien BJ: Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. In Robinson NE, ed: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1992, Saunders. 20. Steele CM, Hunt AR, Adams PLE, et al: Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis (1987-1994), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:973, 1999. 21. Madison JB, Scarratt WK: Immune- mediated polysynovitis in four foals, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1581, 1988.

CHAPTER 128 Lameness in Foals

1. Stashak TS: Diagnosis of lameness. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 2. Bohanon TC: Developmental musculoskeletal disease. In Kobluk CN, Ames TR, Geor RJ, eds: The horse: diseases & clinical management, vol 2, Philadelphia, 1995, Saunders. 3. Douglas J: The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of equine osteochondrosis, Vet Med 87:826, 1992. 4. Stashak TS: Diseases of joints, tendons, ligaments, and related structures. In Stashak TS, ed: Adams lameness in horses, ed 4, Philadelphia, 1987, Lea & Febiger. 5. Dutton DM, Watkins JP, Honnas CM, et al: Treatment response and athletic outcome of foals with tarsal valgus deformities: 39 cases (1988-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1481, 1999. 6. Dutton DM, Watkins JP, Walker MA, et al: Incomplete ossification of the tarsal bones in foals: 22 cases (1988-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1590, 1998. 7. Embertson RM, Bramlage LR, Herring DS, et al: Physeal fractures in the horse: classification and incidence, Vet Surg 15:223, 1986.