FAKULTI SAINS SUKAN DAN KEJURULATIHAN QSU3063 BIOMECHANICS SEMESTER 1 2012/2013

LABORATORY REPORT PROJECT LAB: A GROUP: 2 TITLE: Comparison in Striding between Expert, Novice and non-athlete
NAME AZMAN BIN ROSELY MUHAMMAD FAISAL BIN ZAINAL MOHAMAD RIDUWAN BIN ALIAS MATRIC NO. D20111047428 D20111047430 D20111047446

LECTURER: DR ONG KUAN BOON

CONTENTS
Chapter 1
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1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PHASE IN STRIDING 1.3 WHAT IS STRIDING Chapter 2 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter 3 3.1 SUBJECTS 3.2 EQUIPMENTS Chapter 4 4.1 DATA COLLECTION AND RESULT Chapter 5 5.1 DISCUSSION Chapter 6 6.1 CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS 6.2 PROTOTYPE REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Some would say that striding

is easy, you just go out and do it right?

Unfortunately, much of what the vast majority of distance runners know about striding technique is wrong. Paying attention to striding biomechanics is serious and is a major player in how effective and efficiently is a tough task for most runners. There are a blessed few who run efficiently, but most of the running population ( including elite athletes) has to work on it. Changing running form is a long process that includes training muscles in a whole new way than most runners are used to. This time spent has been very convincing that a persons running technique is gradually attained over a long period of time and that it is difficult to change such a habit. However, it has also been convincing that with effort, striding technique can be changed with very beneficial results. Several members of the community report decreased fatigue and less pain due to positive modifications of their form. The author used himself during the 2006 study and was very successful in implementing changes (most notably shortening stride and increasing frequency) that more than likely resulted in increased performance and definitely made the effort feel easier. In our study, proper technic are require to increase the running velocity and the experience are that running form can make a big difference in both the performance of the runners and their ability to stave off injury. However, changing technique in adults requires concerted effort, repeat coaching, and even a change in what muscles are being emphasized during the activity.

Phase of Striding

The Sprints (100m-400m)

Sprinting is the art of running as fast as possible. Power and coordination are the essential ingredients in the production of speed. Coordination can be improved through practicing good running mechanics. Speed is mostly an inherent factor; however, both coordination and speed can be improved through proper training. Mechanics of running is explained in the Running Basics section. Sprinting can be broken down into four phases: the start, acceleration, maintaining momentum and the finish. The two main components that increase speed are how long steps are (stride length) and how quickly they are made (stride frequency). Starts Starts are explained in the section titled Starts. Accelerating Phase The accelerating phase is achieved by driving or pushing with the drive leg. This requires a forward lean, which is directly proportional to amount of acceleration. Remember that acceleration does not mean speed, or fast; it means the rate of increasing speed. 1. As drive leg is driving or pushing, free leg is also driving low and fast to place the foot under the body's center of gravity. 2. Heel recovery of drive leg is low coming out of the blocks. 3. With each step, speed increases until top speed is reached. 4. Each leg is driven powerfully until it is fully extended. 5. Vigorous arm action is maintaining balance, rhythm and relaxation.

Maintaining Momentum Phase The maintaining momentum phase is achieved by combining basic mechanics with the speed attained in the accelerating phase. 1. Drive knees up so thigh is parallel (horizontal) to track.
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2. High heel recovery is maintained as drive foot leaves ground. 3. Maintain tall posture, with slight forward body lean from ground, not from waist. 4. Swing arms forward and back vigorously, without rotating shoulders. 5. Keep feet flexed, toes up. Sprinting on a Curve 1. Lean inward around the curve. 2. Keep feet parallel to the curve (the same direction as the lines). Finish Phase 1. While sprinting down the track, the athlete maintains good posture with normal stride action through finish line. 2. Taking the last stride, the athlete lunges forward and leans through finish line. Athlete should pretend that the finish is beyond where it really is to continue momentum.

Sprint Striding Techniques At-a-Glance 1. Foot moves backward under body upon landing. 2. Heel moves back and high as drive foot leaves ground. 3. Foot touches down as close as possible to a point under the center of body. 4. Each leg is driven powerfully until it is fully extended. 5. Thigh of leading leg is lifted to horizontal position, parallel to the ground. 6. Hips remain at the same height throughout. 7. Stand in a tall posture with a slight forward body lean (from ground, not from waist). 8. Shoulders are relaxed with little or no side-to-side rotation. 9. Arms swing backward, reaching for hip. 10. Arms are bent at elbow, at a 90-degree angle. 11. Hands are relaxed, extended or closed, with no tension or strain.
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12. Arms swing forward chin-high into midline of torso in direction of the run, yet do not cross midline. 13. Head is straight with eyes focused ahead. 14. Face, jaw, neck and shoulders are relaxed. 15. Ankle joint is flexed (toe up) just prior to foot landing.

Faults & Fixes Chart Error Arms and shoulders twist and rotate. Correction Keep torso parallel to the direction athlete is running. Make sure drive leg is being fully extended (push off). Practice running relaxed; emphasize proper breathing. Drill/Test Reference Practice while running on the spot. Sit on ground, legs stretched in front, and do arm movement. Bounding and strides.

Athlete is not running in upright position. Athlete is very tense with fists clenched, facial muscles scrunched, shoulders up high. Athlete weaves in lane.

Practice relaxation and breathing techniques.

Feet should be Run on lane lines and parallel to lane lines. between pylons.

Coaches' Tips For Sprinters At-a-Glance Tips for Practice 1. Stand in front of the athlete and have him/her hit your hands with his/her hands while working on the proper arm action. 2. Stand in front of the athlete and have the athlete run in place hitting your hands with his/her knees, to demonstrate correct knee lift. 3. Constantly change each athlete's designated lane. 4. Emphasize that all athletes must stay in their designated lanes during sprint races. 5. Practice sprinting form on straight-aways and curves. 6. Have athlete focus on finish line.

What is striding At one point in most of our lives we have engaged in a stride; it may have been while chasing down a soccer ball, it could have been while trying to catch the last bus of the evening, or perhaps while navigating across a busy street. Children appear to stride tirelessly from one playground apparatus to the next. The speed of the stride will vary depending on the situation and the dexterity of the individual. One person's stride might even be another's sprint. As valuable as a stride may be for everyday activities, striding is even more valuable to the sport of running. Whether your goal is to train for your first track race or train for your tenth marathon, including strides in your training program will enhance your performance. When humans walk, one foot is always touching the ground. Race- walkers will be redflagged during competitions if both feet leave the track surface at once. Only once you begin jogging are both feet expected to leave the ground at the same time. Next in the phase of increased movement is running. The increase in tempo is often debated to which point a jog becomes a run. In general, a jogger never runs, but runners often jog. There is little doubt when one has reached the cadence of a stride. We stride with our arms swinging in sync with our opposing leg as our feet push-off the surface that is left behind. A striding individual is clearly raising her knees and elongating her gait. No matter how quickly a proper stride is performed, it should never reach the maximum effort required in sprinting. The velocity at which a sprinter runs down a track leaves no doubt that he is engaged in a full sprint. The increase in stride length that occurs when performing a stride assists a runner in improving his running efficiency and power. By placing more demand on the body to move more quickly and push off harder, you will use more muscle fibers. More muscle fiber use equals more strength gains. Along with strength gains a runner can prepare himself for higher quality workouts or races. By repeating strides prior to workouts and competitions, an individual gradually warms up the body for the high intensity demands of training and racing. Interval workouts are important for first time track racers. Being adequately prepared to perform interval workouts is a must. Proper pre-workout and pre-race striding assures that a runner can achieve her maximum effort during workouts and races. Once the gun goes off on race day, a runner will be prepared to fight for a preferred position on the track. Even a competitive marathoner can benefit from the efficiency gains of regular striding. In general, if you can stride easily at a quicker pace, it will be less stressful on the body to run at a slower pace. A long distance runner is benefited by occasional quick strides, which teach the muscles to move fluidly through short bursts of quick
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running. If the final 100 meters of a marathon comes down to a head-to-head competition, the runner with an efficient stride will most likely win. Track Runners Track runners should precede each track workout with four to five 60-meter strides. Allow the designated workout of the day to determine how fast to do your strides. A mile repeat workout only needs striding of a few seconds faster than your 5K race pace. A repeat 200-meter workout will mandate that a runner strides at their 800M or mile race pace. After warming-up, stretching, and running drills, perform each stride with increased intensity; your fifth stride should be the fastest. Striding prior to a track workout prepares your body to achieve the desired workout pace. Without properly striding during your warm-up, you will not be able to reach optimum speed during the first few intervals of your workout. In addition, you risk injury to your muscles by asking your body to reach peak speed before being adequately prepared. Distance Runners Long-distance and cross-country runners should practice striding after their workouts. A long slow distance run can be complemented by four to five 60-meter strides. Focus on achieving a pace that is just a few seconds quicker than your long-run pace. Do not sprint. Do not go above an 8 on the scale of 1 to 10, 10 being a sprint. Sprinting after a distance run can cause injury. Be careful to find an even surface. You want to have the ability to run carefree of hidden potholes, rocks, sticks, etc. Running long can make legs weary of hard surfaces. Try to find an impact-friendly surface to perform strides on; grass, dirt, wood chips, etc. Making your way to a track is always safe and recommended for striding.

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Biomechanics and Analysis of Running Gait

Sheila A. Dugan, MD*, Krishna P. Bhat, MD
Running biomechanics are dictated by lower limb anatomy, particularly the joints of the foot and ankle. The axis of rotation with each joint allows for joints to have a predominant plane of motion, perpendicular to that axis. For example, the talocrural joints anatomy allows for an axis of rotation that mostly is in the frontal plane. The subtalar joint (STJ), between the talus and calcaneus, consists of three articular facets anterior, middle, and posterior. These separate articulations function as a single joint and allow the complex triplanar motions of pronation and supination. The axis of this joint runs downward, posteriorly in the sagittal plane and laterally in the transverse plane. STJ or calcaneal eversion, caused by ground reaction forces after foot strike, precipitates a cascade of events in the rest of the foot. The midfoot joints, namely the calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints, allow eversion/abduction and inversion/adduction of the forefoot. The anatomic uniqueness of the plantar fascia also helps to create the solid structural platform that is needed for propulsion. It originates from the medial tubercle of the calcaneus and inserts around the metatarsal heads to the base of the proximal phalanges. It crosses the transverse tarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints and serves as a passive restraint. The ligaments within the foot also provide passive stability. Ligaments, along with muscular support and the unique bone architecture of the foot, form two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral) and a transverse arch. The medial foot ligaments are thicker than the lateral ligaments. This design prevents hyperpronation during ambulation. The arches of the foot create weight-bearing points, primarily on the calcaneus and the metatarsal heads. The sesamoid bones decrease force on the plantar surface of the first metatarsal head just before toe-off. The unique configuration of these arches allows the foot to be mobile to adjust to the ground surface and rigid in preparation to push off the ground for the sake of propulsion.

As running velocity increases, the point of initial contact can change. During submaximal running, the lateral heel typically contacts the ground first, whereas in
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sprinting, the midfoot makes initial contact. This places the foot in slight plantarflexion at impact . Dorsiflexion still occurs directly after initial contact as during submaximal running, but the heel does not touch the ground during sprinting. The remainder of stance phase mimics submaximal running, except for increased joint range of motion. During the terminal portion of swing phase, the foot begins to plantarflex during sprinting so that the midfoot can contact the ground .

The gait cycle is the period from initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of the same foot. In normal walking, there are two phases of gait stance and swing. During one gait cycle in walking, stance phase represents 60% of the cycle while swing phase represents the remaining 40%. Double support, when two limbs are in contact with ground, occurs during the first and last 10% of a particular stance phase. Single limb support is equal to the swing time of the opposite limb. Physical activity, including running, is important to general health by way of prevention of chronic illnesses and their precursors. To keep runners healthy, it is paramount that one has sound knowledge of the biomechanics of running and assessment of running gait. More so, improving performance in competitive runners is based in sound training and rehabilitation practices that are rooted firmly in biomechanical principles. This article summarized the biomechanics of running and the means with which one can evaluate running gait. The gait assessment techniques for collecting and analyzing kinetic and kinematic data can provide insights into injury prevention and treatment and performance enhancement.

3.1 EQUIPMENTS
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Calibration stick

Flyshee t

Camer a

Marker s

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Kinovea software

Dartfish Software

3.2 SUBJECTS

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SUBJECT 1 Name : Mohd Farhan B. Baharuddin Experience : Expert Athlete

SUBJECT 2 Name : Omar Mukhtar Bin Rahman Experience : Novice Athlete

SUBJECT 3 Name : Davey Tioh Experience : Non-Athlete

DATA COLLECTION AND RESULT

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RESULT Kinovea

Subject 1

Subject 1 (trial 1)

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Subject 2

Subject 2 (trial 2)

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Subject 3

Subject 3 (trial 2)

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3

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Stride length (m)

0.79

0.70

0.66

Stride frequencies (per second)

3.5

Angle of knee (degree)

103

99

96

Speed (m/s)

1.3

1.0

0.8

Dartfish

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Subject 1

Subject 1 (trial 1)

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Subject 2

Subject 2 (trial 2)

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Subject 3

Subject 3 (trial 2)

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Subject Subject Subject 1 2 3

Stride length (m)

0.79

0.70

0.66

Stride frequencies (per second)

3.5

Angle of knee (degree)

103.0

99.4

96.5

Speed (m/s)

1.3

1.0

0.8

DISCUSSION

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We had study all of the factors that effect the speed of running that are, the stride length during striding, the stride frequencies per second and the angle of knee during striding. We used two types of software to study the trial by the three subject. Both of the software helped us when we see the snapshots. The software are: Kinovea Dartfish

From the result, when can see the different between that three subjects. KINOVEA SOFTWARE Firstly, by using Kinovea, the stride length of Subject 1 is 0.79 meter, while for Subject 2 is 0.70 meter. As the decrease, Subject 3 only able to stride with 0.66 meter. Other than that, the stride frequencies per second by all of the subjects also different. For Subject 1, he can stride 4 times per second. Subject 2 able to stride 3 & a half times while the result for Subject 3 decreased by half stride compared to Subject 2. Although, the knee angle for Subject 1 & Subject 2 are different, that is 103 degrees for Subject 1 & 99 degrees for Subject 2. A little bit decreased can be seen from the result of Subject 3 that is 96 degrees. DARTFISH SOFTWARE The result are still decreased from Subject 1 to Subject 3 as same as KINOVEA. By using DARTFISH, we can see that Subject 1 able to stride with 0.79 meter. For Subject 2, the result is 0.70 meter while Subject 3 is 0.66 meter. Moreover, there are no different for all of the subjects in their stride frequencies per second. Lastly, the knee angle for Subject 1 is 103 degrees. Subject 2 with 99.4 degrees while Subject 3 with 96.5 degrees.

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS

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The effectiveness in the striding technique used by Subject 1 is the best among the three subjects. It can be seen at his speed. But he can improve the technique with the smart training periodization. Other than that, Subject 2 also must training hard to improve his striding technique. He can use the maximum stride length. By using the technique, he are able to travel in longer distance with one stride. Same goes to Subject 3. He must train harder to put himself as same as Subject 1. From the results, when can see Subject 1 s knee angle are greater than Subject 2 & Subject 3. So, he are able to built a greater momentum for striding.

PROTOTYPE
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The effective running shoe

Shoe Materials: A running shoe is made up of three parts: the upper, the midsole and the outsole. 1. Upper: Holds the foot in place, protects the foot from rocks and dirt, has synthetic leather for durability, mesh for breathability and reflective material for safety. 2. Midsole: The most important part of shoe. There are three materials that make up the midsole: EVA: Lightweight, foam-based cushioning. Dual-Density EVA: When you double the density of something it gets stronger, firmer and heavier (twice the mass in the same amount of space). The dual-density EVA is called a "medial post". 'Medial' because it is on the inside of the shoe and 'post' because it has a beginning and an end. The length of the post determines the amount of control. Polyurethane: Very durable cushioning. More durable/stable than EVA and weighs more than EVA. *New forms of EVA or combinations of EVA and rubber midsoles are being developed at increasingly faster rates. These new foams are lighter and provide you with more durability. Look for brand name foams like Mogo, Solyte, Acteeva and others. 3) Outsole: Has tread for traction, flex grooves for flexibility and protects from dirt/rocks. The outsole is made of two materials: Carbon Rubber: The most durable (same material as tires).
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Blown Rubber: Lighter, more flexible and more cushioned, but not as durable.

References
Biomechanics and Analysis of Running Gait, Sheila A. Dugan, MD*, Krishna P. Bhat, MD, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison, Suite 970, Chicago, IL 60614, USA Modeling the Stance Leg in Two-Dimensional Analyses of Sprinting: Inclusion of the MTP Joint Affects Joint Kinetics, Neil E. Bezodis,1,2 Aki I.T. Salo,2 and Grant Trewartha, 21St. Marys University College; 2University of Bath The Science of Speed: Determinants of Performance in the 100 m Sprint, Aditi S. Majumdar1 and Robert A. Robergs, 21Exercise Science Program, Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA, E-mail: aditi@unm.edu2, School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst 2795, NSW, Australia, E-mail: rrobergs@csu.edu.au Performance: A Technical Analysis of a 180Ground-Based Turn and Sprint Task, Jennifer K. Hewit1, John B. Cronin1,2, and Patria A. Hume, 11Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1020, New Zealand E-mail: jkhewit@gmail.com, 2School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 100 Joondalup Drive Joondalup, W.A., 6027, Australia

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DARTFISH

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KINOVEA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are very grateful and thank you to our Biomechanics Lecturer Dr. Ong Kuan Boon for his kindness, caring, support and always give us positive comments also clear guidelines to ensure our group can prepare and produce quality work in our lab project. At the early stage of this study, we have faced so many challenges that come out but with the encouragement and support given by Dr. Ong Kuan Boon, we can overcome all the problems we had. Other than that, our fellow friends, lab mates, laboratory technician, Mr. Jamili. Last but not least, special thanks to all our subjects that are Farhan, Umar and Davey for their full commitment and support to complete and support to complete this task. All your kindness always been remembered. Thank you.

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