America Becomes a World Power

American Imperialism 1872-1912

Developed by Brittany Burns Algonquin Regional High School Northborough, MA

Post-It Opinions
On your Post-It:
1) Write whether you STRONGLY AGREE, AGREE, DISAGREE, or STRONGLY DISAGREE with the statements around the room

2) Explain why you feel this way

Foreign Policy Spectrum

Step 1 (Start)= Isolationism Step 2= Trade Partnership Step 3= Collective Security Step 4= Globalism Step 5= Internationalism Step 6 (End)= Imperialism

Building Support for Imperialism

1) A Desire for New Markets
Imperialism economic and political domination of a strong country over a weaker one Countries expanded for raw materials, overseas markets, & new investment opportunities Countries had to protect investments
Set up Protectorates imperial power allows locals to rule

2. Feelings of Cultural Superiority

Social Darwinism meant that only strongest nations will survive Anglo-Saxonism was an extension of Manifest Destiny
Said that English-speaking countries had superior ideas, character, & governments and were destined to rule the planet

Spreading Christianity The White Mans Burden

Expanding American Influence

Expansion in the Pacific

Opening Japan
In 1852, Cmdre. Matthew C. Perry goes to Japan & forces Japanese to begin trading with U.S. Convinced Japanese to industrialize & build a modern navy

Northwest Expansion
In March 1867, the U.S purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in gold
Alaska remained a territory of the United States until 1959 when it became the 49th state

 Annexing Hawaii
Early American interest
Great Pacific port halfway to China/Japan Sugarcane Plantations

Native Hawaiians felt their monarchy was controlled by American planters In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani became ruler
Disliked power of American planters Tried to reassert the power of Hawaiian monarchy

 In 1893, U.S. sent marines to help a group of planters force the queen off her throne
Queen lost her power In 1898, Hawaii was annexed & became an official U.S. territory Became a state in 1959 (50th) 3 3

Pause to Process
Lets place these events on our Foreign Policy Spectrum
Opening Japan Purchase of Alaska Annexation of Hawaii

Trade & Diplomacy in Latin America

U.S. wanted to increase business w/ Latin America & wanted Europe to see U.S. as the dominant American country James G. Blaine, Secretary of State in 1880s
Promoted idea of Pan-Americanism where American countries would work together to promote peace & trade Created the Organization of American States to reduce tariffs & settle disputes

Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge= increase navy

Pause to Process
What motivated the U.S. to expand in the Pacific & Latin America? What methods did the U.S. use to expand?

The Spanish-American War

The Coming of War
Cuba was one of Spains oldest sugar colonies Cubans work as slaves to Spanish until 1886
In 1868, Cubans rebel, but it was squashed quickly

Many Cubans fled to the U.S. to plan a new revolution

Jose Marti moved to New York City to plan & raise money for Cuban independence

By 1890, U.S. & Cuba were closely linked economically

Cuba exported sugar to U.S.; U.S. invested >$50

 In 1895, Marti returned to Cuba & launched a rebellion

Rebels seized control of eastern Cuba & declared independence

Spanish send General Valeriano Weyler to control rebels The Butcher Reconcentration Camps

 At first, U.S. was neutral about Cuban rebellion, but pretty soon Americans support it
Yellow Journalism~ Journalists told exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities
William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World

Hearst supposedly told a photographer for his paper, You furnish the pictures, Ill furnish the war.

McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine to evacuate Americans from Cuba

On February 15, 1898, the Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor

Yellow journalists blamed Spanish & cause hysteria

Remember the Maine Congress authorized $50 million for war but McKinley wouldnt do it Theodore Roosevelt wanted war, felt McKinley had no more backbone than an clair.

Pause to Process: Becoming a yellow journalist

-Read the excerpt of yellow journalism on the next slide. -On the following slide look at the yellow political cartoon. Answer the following questions for EACH in your notes

1) What did the reporter try to make you feel or think? What was his bias or angle? 2) What methods did he use? (Specific descriptions, images, etc.) 3) Is this a reliable primary source? Why or why not?

Hearst wrote the following about a hotel fire in the Examiner:

HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They leap madly upon the splendid palace by the Bay of Monterey, encircling del Monte in their ravenous embrace from pinnacle to foundation. Leaping higher, higher, higher, with desperate desire. Running madly riotous through cornice, archway and facade. Rushing in upon the trembling guests with savage fury. Appalled and panic-stricken the breathless fugitives gaze upon the scene of Terror. The magnificent hotel and its rich adornments are now a smoldering heap of ashes. Arrival of the unfortunate victims on the morning's train -- A History of Hotel del Monte -- The plans for rebuilding the celebrated hostelry -- Particulars and supposed origin of the fire unknown. 6

The Editors to Blame

Now wars are never started by those who eventually fight them. And profit is often gained by those who plot and intrigue to ignite them. Now take the recent struggle twixt America and Spain. When all is said and all is done, theres only one man to blame. Chorus Editor, Editor, we all know your name. Editor, Editor, youre the man to blame. (Repeat) He saw his circulation, sinking mighty low, So he says we need a yarn to put us on the go. Then he looked at Cuba, and then he looked at Spain, He says Ill tell the world and God, of Cubas tragic shame. Chorus

And so he wrote of pain and tear, of anguish and despair, Taxes made and orphans made, and print both bold and bare. He wrote of bleeding Cuba, he wrote of cruel Spain, He says that we should intervene in Christianitys name. Chorus And when the country was aroused, as much as we could be, He scribbled off his masterpiece, enthusiastically. He took his yellow-quilted pen, and then with great disdain He wrote editorial, and sunk the goodship, Maine. Chorus This fellow made a lot of money from the Little war, And after it was over, boys, he made a whole lot more. Newspapers all around the land, bear his famous name, But it all began the day this man, sunk the goodship, Maine Chorus

Become a Yellow Journalist!

Find a partner You & your partner will each be given an entry from the local town police blotter in the newspaper Together, write a 1 page yellow news article or draw a cartoon based on your blotterthink about the tools and methods used by the yellow journalists you read

War on two fronts

April 19, 1898 Congress declared Cuba independent5 days later, Spain declared war on U.S. Pacific War Guam & Philippines
Enlisted help of Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo

Caribbean WarCuba

Rough Riders
Volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt Play a key role in defeating the Spanish in Cuba at the Battles of San Juan and Santiago 9th & 10th Cavalry Regiments were all-Black & crucial to U.S. victory

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Pause to Process
What were American motives for taking control of Cuba and the Philippines? What are some reasons to remain in control of these countries after the Spanish- American War is over?

What are some reasons to give these countries their independence after the war?

What is giving

control of the Philippines back to Spain being compared to here?

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An American Empire is Born

What to do with new American territories?
Cuba= granted independence Puerto Rico & Guam= annexed
Annexation: Become an official territory under complete control of U.S.

Philippines=??????
Should the U.S. remain true to republican ideals & let the Filipinos rule an independent country, OR should the U.S. become an imperial power & annex the Philippines?

SUPPORT Annexation Military benefits= Gave U.S. a naval base in Asia Economic benefits= Easier access to Chinese markets Cultural benefits= Chance for AngloSaxonism & to civilize

The Debate Over the Philippines

AGAINST Annexation Cost of empire outweighed benefits Cheap Filipino labor would drive down American wages Violated Americas republican principles Included Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, & Samuel Gompers

In the end, it was President McKinleys decisionhe decided to annex the Philippines His reasoning: Couldnt give them back to Spain b/c it would be cowardly & dishonorable Couldnt turn them over to France or Germany b/c it would be bad for business Couldnt leave them to themselves b/c they were unfit for self-government Sothe only choice was to take them and educate, uplift, civilize, & Christianize them U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines

Rebellion in the Philippines

Aguinaldo led Filipino rebel troops in uprising against the U.S.
General Arthur MacArthur used many of Weylers techniques on Filipinos (including reconcentration camps) Governor William Howard Taft tried to win over the Filipinos w/ social improvements Aguinaldo captured in 1901 & rebellion ends

Philippines become independent country in 1946

U.S. in the Caribbean

Governing Puerto Rico
Foraker Act makes P.R. an unincorporated territory
Not U.S. citizens No constitutional rights Congress could pass any laws they liked

Today, Puerto Rico is still considered an unincorporated territory

 U.S. & Cuba

Platt Amendment
Cuba could not make treaties that would weaken independence or allow a foreign nation to gain Cuban territory U.S. could buy or lease naval stations
Guantanamo Bay

Cubas debts had to be kept low U.S. had the right to intervene

Pause to Process: Primary Sources

Follow the directions on your source:
RAM-QC your quotes Later, you will join people with the same position & share with the class

Primary Source Questions

What did supporters of American expansion argue? How did anti-imperialists respond to their arguments? How did economic interest, ideology, and strategic interest encourage American imperialism? What principles should govern American foreign policy? When should the United States interfere in the internal affairs of a foreign country?

New American Diplomacy

The Election of 1900
Democrats= William Jennings Bryan (again)
Anti-imperialist

Republicans= President William McKinley (2nd term)

Four more years of a full dinner pail VP= Theodore Roosevelt (T.R. from now on)

McKinley winsassassinated in 1901 & T.R. becomes President

Roosevelts Presidency
Overcame a sickly childhood Strong proponent of increasing American power Accepted some Anglo-Saxonism ideals

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Duty to shape less-civilized

Big Stick Diplomacy

T.R.s philosophy on foreign relations came from an old African proverb:

Speak softly, and carry a big stick.

Believed in a strong global military presence & involvement to show Americas power

 The Open Door Policy

American Diplomacy in Asia

Sino-Japanese War= China vs. Japan over Korea

Japan seize Manchuria, but forced to give it back to China by Russia Russia then rents Manchuria

European countries set up spheres of influence in China

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 Worried that U.S. would lose its influence in China, McKinley pushed nations to accept the Open Door Policy
All nations would be allowed to freely trade with China Everyone accepted it, but no one accepted it

The Boxer Rebellion

1900- Chinese wanted to kick out foreigners Over 200 people killed U.S. tried to convince European countries NOT to use rebellion as a reason to shut Chinas doors

Balancing Power in East Asia

T.R. worked to prevent countries from monopolizing China
Negotiated a treaty between Russia and Japan in 1905 Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906

Relationship between the U.S. and Japan goes downhill The Great White Fleet

Pause to Process
Foreign Policy Spectrum
Where should the Open Door Policy & situation in China go? Why?

A Growing Presence in Central America

The Panama Canal
In 1901, U.S. & Britain sign Hay-Paunceforth Treaty giving U.S. rights to build a canal in Central America Panama under control of Colombia
French company tried to build canal but ran out of $$ & workers died from disease In 1903, U.S. agrees to buy building rights

U.S. offers Colombia $10 million + $250,000 per year (rent)

Colombia refuses

Revolt in Panama
Panamanians wanted to protect commercial interests November 3, 1903= Panama claims independence
U.S. recognizes independence Panama and U.S. sign treaty to build canal T.R. sends military to intimidate Colombians & prevent them from controlling Panamanian rebels

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Many rejected T.R.s actions in Panama

Too aggressive

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Pause to Process
Were U.S. actions in Panama right? Why or why not? (Think about both sides--Colombias side & Panamas side) Foreign Policy Spectrum
Where should the situation with Panama & Colombia go?

Expanding Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine
Said the U.S. would interfere in Latin America affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability Keep Europeans out of Latin America First used in the Dominican Republic

Dollar Diplomacy was President Tafts version (used in Nicaragua)

U.S. business would invest $$$ into overseas business to improve conditions & increase U.S. influence Substituting dollars for bullets.

Pause to Process: Sum it Up

Fill in the following chart:
Open Door Policy Who came up with it? Where was it used? What did it say? What was its purpose? Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt Corollary Dollar Diplomacy

Open Door Policy

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt Corollary

Dollar Diplomacy

Who came up with it?

William McKinley

Teddy Roosevelt

Teddy Roosevelt

William H. Taft

Where was it used?

What did it say? What was its purpose?

China

Panama, etc.
Use military presence to keep power Speak softly & carry a big stick

Dominican Republic
U.S. could intervene in Latin American affairskeep Europeans out of Americas

Nicaragua

Keep China open to all nations for trade maintain U.S. influence in China

U.S. businesses would invest in other nations industry increase U.S. economic influence

Simile activity
You and your group will be assigned one of the foreign policy incidents we have studied in this unit
Gather your notes & resources about this event

Together, you will create a simile for the event and draw a cartoon depicting your comparison on your poster paper
Explain WHY this simile is applicable Remember, similes use LIKE or AS Example= U.S. intervention in Iraq was like a schoolyard bully stealing lunch money from another kid.

Bibliography
Matthew Perry in Japan. Yokoso Japan! Japan National Tourism Organization. 18 July 2009 <http://www.japantravelinfo.com/uploads/Image/MatthewPerry_aj(5).jpg>. 2) Alaskan Bears. Cleveland Travel Blog. 16 Mar. 2008. The Plain Dealer. 18 July 2009 <http://blog.cleveland.com/travel/2008/03/alaska_breathtaking_wildlife_s.html>. 3) Queen Lydia Kamakaeha Lili'uokalani. Hawaii's Last Queen. University of San Diego History Department. 18 July 2009 <http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/filmnotes/hawaiis.html>. 4) Maui "Ceded" Lands Demonstration. 26 Aug. 1995. Lanai, Maui, Hawaii. Maui "Ceded" Lands Demonstration. Hawaiian Independence Party. 18 July 2009 <http://www.hawaiination.org/mauidemo.html>. 5) "U.S.S. Maine." Cartoon. Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. United States Naval Historical Center. 18 July 2009 <http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/spanam/events/maineskg.htm>. 6) Hearst, William R. "Hungry, Frantic Flames." The Examiner [San Francisco] 1887: 1. 7) Hearst, William R. "Weyler the Butcher." Cartoon. Crucible of Empire: The SpanishAmerican War. PBS. 18 July 2009 <http://www.pbs.org/crucible/cartoon4.html>. 8) Emilio Aguinaldo. Philippine History. 18 July 2009 <http://www.philippinehistory.org/images/Emilio-Aguinaldo-c1898.jpg>. 9) Roosevelt and his Rough Riders atop San Juan Hill. 1898. Cuba. Prologue Magazine. 1998. The National Archives. 18 July 2009 <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/images/roughriders.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/spring/rooseveltand-medal-of-honor-2.html&usg=__29t585Ucvd76cpDgs53uXcuR1M=&h=322&w=309&sz=32&hl=en&start=4&sig2=3wD3wiGL1iy7tyVZXnQ5zQ&um =1&tbnid=fysItGkK6ZD2BM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drough%2Brid ers%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*:IESearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GZAZ_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1&ei=jG5iSt3oBYujmQeFnfy 9Dw>. 10) Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. 1898. UVS. The United States Volunteers - Joint Services Command. 18
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11) "What Will He Do?" Cartoon. Minneapolis Tribune 1898. 12) Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt High School. 18 July 2009

<http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://roosevelt.mpls.k12.mn.us/s ites/d0016280-1901-43f9-8178-9b3c85664eed/uploads/theodore-rooseveltpicture_4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://roosevelt.mpls.k12.mn.us/Teacher_Web_Pag es.html&usg=__417IW0W55EWI0bkqn4Phw7q3iAo=&h=297&w=330&sz=1 4&hl=en&start=22&sig2=RqLkqqBakgxAQXJQTg7Z0w&um=1&tbnid=Pyj3 Whl9TWSdaM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtheodore%2 Broosevelt%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*:IESearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GZAZ_en%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um% 3D1&ei=F3JiSu3-F5SpmQek-I3FCg>.

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