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Avgv`i AwfZv-hv _K wkv wbq Avgiv evsjv`ki mgvRZvwK `jK GKwU mwVK menviv kYxi wecex `j wnmve Mo ZzjZ
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Avgv`i `ki eveZvi AvjvK cwZwU welqi Dci msw AvjvKcvZI Kiv nqQ| menviv kYxi wecex `j MVbi wfw
cm ejZ wMq ejv nqQ| ...gbxlx Kvj gvKm I Zvi mnhvMx dWvwiK Gjm GKwU wfb Pwii I KvVvgvi `j MVbi
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hvb| mB wkvK aviY Ki ik wecei bZv KgiW jwbb me nviv kYxi wecex cvwUi bxwZMZ I cwZMZ msMvgi GKwU
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ZvQvov gvKmev`-jwbbev`i wfwi j wke`vm Nvli wPvi wfwK cwZvwcZ KivUvI hywmZ nq bv|
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wke`vm NvlK Kb wek mvgev`x Av`vjbi A_wiwU wnmve ^xKwZ `qv `iKvi Zvi c hyw wnmve 40 wU cqUmn GKwU
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wecex Av`vjbi bZZ (A_wiwU) t RvZxq I AvRvwZK

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ZvK wbR^ ecweK eveZvq weklvwqZ I weKwkZ KiZ KiZB wecex fvev`kMZ KvVvgv AvcwK A_ c~YZv jvf Ki| wecex
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mvgwiK, evwYwRK K`-DcK` hjvK wNi ivRbwZK KgKv Nbxf~Z ic jvf Ki, Zvi iZ eySB c_g YvKvi
mvsMVwbK KvVvgv ic jvf Ki, web nq Ges gvMZ Qwoq co| GBfve w`Kwb`kbvg~jK gvKmev`x Zi cv_wgK Dcjw I
evaK cvqvwMK msMvg hvPvB-euvQvB Kiv, Zvi KvhKvwiZv `LZ cvIqv, wewfb ii RbMYi ga AvKlY I AskMnYi gvv
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wnme ev A_wiwU wnme cwZwZ nb|
eyRvqv msMVb, eyRvqv kYxi Mo ^v_ ivi ZvwM` wKsev Mvxmg~ni ^v_i cfvekvjx Aski mg_b, msLvMwii gZvgZ
c Ub A_viUvwiqvb (KZZev`x) ew bZZ ev KZZ cwZwZ nq| menviv kYxi wecex `j h_ PZbv, vb I msMvgx
AwfZvi ga w`q Mo IVv mwwjZ BQvi cZxK wnmve Av`kMZ KZZ mvsMVwbK KZZic (A_wiwU) Avwef~Z nq| A_vr h_
bZZi weklxKZ ici cKvk Z_v bZv`i bZvic A_wiwU KvhKvixZv jvf Ki| jwbb hgb ejb, ....Now we have
become an organized party, and this implies the establishment of authority, the transformation of the
power of ideas into the power of authority... [Selected works, vol 6.page-291] A_vr ...GLb Avgiv GKwU
msMwVZ cvwUZ cwiYZ nqwQ Ges Gi viv `ji KZZ ^vfvweK fveB cwZwZ nqQ , Av`ki kw KZZi kwZ icvwiZ
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gvKmev`x vb fvvi gwjK mshvRb, mmviY, hyMvchvMxKiY BZvw`K K` Ki jwbb, vwjb I gvImZzs ^xKZ
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cZfve msMvg AskMnY, cuywRev`x mgvRi wbqg DNvUb I PzjPiv weklY Ki KvwcUvj M iPbv, gvbe mgvRi Awbevh
MwZ I cwiYwZ mvgev`-G aviYvi evwbK wfw wbgvY Ges c_g AvRvwZK MVb Gi ga w`q AvRvwZK A_wiwU|
Gjm-gvKm Gi mnhvMx wnme KvR Kiv Ges Zuvi AbycwwZZ Amgv KvR m~Y Kiv, wecex Kg cZ AskMnY Ges
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c_c`kK| wZxq AvRvwZK MVb Ges Zvi bZv wnme wZwb ^xKZ|
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gvev`x `kbi chvjvPbv bvg eBwU ei KiQ| Avwg cvq me KUv ceB co djwQ Ges gb gb dyumwQ| bv bv, Gme wRwbm
gvev`i bvg Pvjvbv hve bv| Avgv`i AwfZv-mgvjvPbvev`x, AwfZv-AZev`x Ges AwfZv-mZev`xiv me cPv cvuK
wMq bvgQb| KD cvVK`i evSvQb, ewnRMZi eveZvq wekvm Kiv bvwK inmev` (evRvif); KD Lye jvRbKfve KvUxq
gZev`i m eev`K wjq djQb (evRvif I evM`vbf); KD cPvi KiQb bvbv aibi Aqev` (AwfZv-mgvjvPbvev`)
Ges fveev` (AwfZv-AZev`); KD Avevi kwgK`i kLvQb agxq bvwKZv Ges gvbyli DPZi Yvewji c~Rv (jybvPvw);
KD Gjmi Z msv wkvK ejQb avuqvU gZev` (evigvb); G`i KD divwm cZev`x, Aqev`x wKsev Awawe`K
`kbi `yMhy Kyqv _K vbi mvwZK Z Zyj AvbQb (BDkKwfP)! kqZvb aiQ G`i| bv, Lye evovevwo nq hvQ|
Avgiv mvaviY gvev`xiv `kb Lye fvjv eywS bv, ZvB ej GB me fywmgvj w`q Avgv`i eje, GB nj gvxq `kb? AvgvK gi
djyb, KU djyb, Avwg GB me jvK`i m nvZ aivawi Ki PjZ cvie bv| [lenin, 1974, 393]
GB mvgwMK auvqvkvQb cwiwwZZ hLb MvKx, evi GgbwK AvBbvBbiv ch cfvweZ nq MQb, ZLb wZwb nvZ w`jb
gvUwiqvwjRg I BwwiI-wwUwmRg jLvi KvR| Pvik cvZvi GB eB-Gi mgvjvPbv I cfve mK wevwiZ ejZ Mj Avi
GKwU cvq GKB fjyqyg Gi eB jLevi cqvRb coe| Ze cfve mK GK K_vq eySZ Mj `wL- vwjbi cwiPvjbvq GKwU
Kwgkb viv iwPZ, Z`vbxb K`xq KwgwU viv Abygvw`Z I 1939 mvj c_g cKvwkZ mvwfqZ BDwbqbi KwgDwb cvwUi
(ejkwfK) BwZnvm eBZ ejv nqQ h GB eBwU jLv bv nj gvev`i `vkwbK ZMZ gwjK m`K mB mgq iv Kiv hZ
bv| Ab RvqMvq vwjb mvw`Z eBZ ejv nj, jwbb mw`b GB eBUv bv wjLj ivwkqvi gvwUZ gvev`i AMMwZ _gK hZ

GKBfve Avgiv hw` Gjmi cKwZi vwKZv eBwUZ aygv MwZ wbq AvjvPbvwUK awi, welqwUZ Gjmi me w`K e
Ki h wevwiZ AvjvPbv KiQb Zv Kvb `vkwbK ckK Kxfve nvj KiZ nq Zvi GKUv bgybv cvIqv hvq| Gjmi
RxekvB aygv evbi _K gvbyli icvi kgi f~wgKv cewU cKvwkZ nq| GB cewU m mgq wevbx I `vkwbK`i wKfve
bvov w`q wMqwQj Zv bZyb Ki ejvi AeKvk bB|
Avgiv hw` GLb KgiW Nvli wevb wbq AvjvPbv jvi w`K bRi `B, Zvi AvjvPbvi wevi, MfxiZv I `vkwbK hvMm~Zvi
wePvi-weklY BZvw` ekwKQz mxgveZv `LZ cvB| Avevi bvbvw`K w`q, bvbv D`vniY w`q welqjvi cvj Dcvcbvi
gvag Kgx`i wevbgb I wkwZ Ki Zvjvi PgrKvwiZI LyuR cvB| wZwb g~jZ wewfb cvVP welqjv mK KgiW`iK
cwiwPZ Kievi Dk eZv KiQb| GZ `ji Kgxiv wevb gb nq IVvi ciYv cqQb| wK hLb G mei wfwZ ZvK
A_wiwU NvlYv Kivi K_v ejv nj ZLb ek wKQz iZc~Y ck Gm hvq| KviY GLvb ay idvii NvUwZB bq, h_vh_
UvgwbIjwR Ges wevi I MfxiZvi NvUwZI iq MQ| wevb I `kb RMZ G AvjvPbvi cfve wK coQ mUvI iZc~Y|
mgKvjxb mgq wevbx mZb evm KjKvZvq Aevb KiZb| wevbx mZb evm KvqvUvg gKvwb-Gi Dci KvR KiwQjb|
1920 mvj wZwb Bose-Einstein statistics Ges Theory of Bose-Einstein condensate c`vb Kib| KjKvZvZ
Aevb Kiv GB wevbxmn Abvb c`v_we``i Dci wke`vm Nvli G AvjvPbvi cfve wK? Avevi Zvi mgqB DV Avmv wevbi
RMZ So Zvjv AbKjv welq, hgbAvcwKZv Z, weM evs, jvBksKv weg wbq Zvi Kvb AvjvPbv Avgv`i PvL
cowb| ZvB me wgwjq Zvi Abymwrmv, Aaemvq, GKvMZv v Zwi KijI ZvK AvRvwZK A_wiwU NvlYv Kievi Rb h_
bq ejB gb Kwi|
1) GB cqU ejv nqQ, jwbb cieZxKvj wevb I `kb hme bZzb ck, mgmv ev welq GmQ, Zvi ^ic g~jK
eev`x `wfwZ evLv Ki gvKmev`i DcjwK DbZ KiQb KgiW wke`vm Nvl|AwbqZv Z| wke`vm Nvl jwbb
cieZxKvj wevb I `kb gvKmev`i DcjwK Kxfve DbxZ KiQb Zv `LvZ wMq `v Uvbv nqQ wevbx nvBRbevM Gi
AwbqZv ZK|
AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&j wkivbvg gvKmev` I g~jK eev`i KqKwU w`K ce wke`vm Nvl wK ejQb? wZwb ejQb,
wevbi wKQz welqK K` Ki wewfb mgq wewfb gnj _K `kbMZ bvbv wevw mw Kivi Pv nqQ|...GB cm
nvBmbevMi AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&j-Gi ckwU mevM Gm co| GB AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&jUv wK? wevbi Qviv Rvbb h, gywfs
BjKUb ev gvBvcvwUK&j& Gi Aevb (position) Ges fieM (momentum) , A_vr fi I MwZeM (mass x velocity)GB `ywUK GKB m with exact precision Rvbv hvq bv| ...GUvK wfw Ki AbK ejZ i Kijb ev P~ov wmv
cuQvjb h some factors are indeterminate (A_vr wKQz Drcv`K wbaviY Kiv hvq bv) Ges GBfve AvbmviUwbwU
wcwcvjK wfw Ki GKUv AwbqZv Ges wevw mw Kijb| G Avgv`i gb ivLv `iKvi, Avgiv h wd wbq AvjvPbv
KiwQ mUv AZ mbwmwUf| KviY, ei m~vwZm~ KYv wbq Gmei Kvievi| dj h cwiwwZZ, GgbwK h hi mvnvh
GBme cixv-wbixv Kiv nq, cwiwwZi we`ygv cwieZb nj Gme Zyjbvg~jKfve GKUv weivU cwieZb NU hvq| GgbwK
Zv Rvbevi welqK (object) cfvweZ Ki| dj, GB aibi mbmwUf wd-G iKg NUbv NUv ^vfvweK| ...ZvB GK wbq Kvbv
aibi wgwwmRg mw Kivi hywmZ KviY bB| Gici wbqg Gi welqwUK Zzj aiQb GBfve h, nvBRbevMi GB
wcwc&jK gv_vgwUKvj BKzqkb-Gi mvnvh cKvk Kiv nq| myZivs GKUv welq evSv `iKvi h, Kvb wbqgB hw` KvR bv Ki,
Zvnj GB wcwc&jK gv_vgwUKj wijkb-Gi mvnvh cKvk Kiv wKfve me? dj GLvb indeterminate factor Gi A_
AvbmviUwbwUi Kvbv evcvi bB| G K_vUv ejB Avevi ejQb, ay welqUvK GBfve `LZ ne h, wevbi hZ AMMwZ
NUe, wekl Ki GB mg m~vwZm~ eKYvK Rvbevi gZ Dchy hZ m~ hi Avwevi ne, ZZ GBme welq mK gvbyl
Aviv DbZ I mg aviYv Avq Kie| GB mK Kvb m`ni AeKvk bB| [wke`vm Nvl iPbvejx, 2q L, cv-149, 150]
GLvb wke`vm Nvl m~ hcvwZi welqwU hfve GbQb Zv cvmwK bq| KviY BjKUb ev gvBvcvwUKj Gi Aevb Ges
fieMi cii cwic~iK ag _vK h GKBm G`i cwigvc Kiv hve bv, GUv GKUv eMZ wbqgi AMZ| 2005 mvj Rvcvbx
c`v_we` gvmvbvI IRvIqv Ges 2007 mvj UiUvi c`v_we` ivRgvmn wewfb mgq wewfb wevbx`i MelYv _K j Kiv hvq
h, hcvwZi DbwZ AvbmvUBwbwU wcwcvjK Aviv ewk Kbdvg (CONFIRM) Ki| ivRgv ejb, Your quantum
system still has the uncertainty in it that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle says it does. But you

don't have to add more uncertainty to the quantum system by measuring it." (A_vr GLbI Zvgvi
KvqvUvg eevq AwbqZv AvQ hgb Ki nvBRbevM Zvi AwbqZvi bxwZ evLv KiQb wK GK cwigvb KiZ wMq
KvqvUvg eevq Aviv ekx AwbqZv hvM Kivi `iKvi bB) GmBDwmAvB (KwgDwb) cvwU I KgiW wke`vm Nvli
AvjvPbvi mxeveZv aiZ ci 2006 mvj wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejx 2q L ZviKvwP w`q mskvabx Gb wjLQb,
gvBvcvwUK&j& Gi (hgb BjKUbi) MwZcKwZi wePvi `uvovq, G ei Aevb I fieM cii cwic~iK ev
complementary property- (A_vr cwic~iK mv ev ewk) h KviY GKB m G`i Aevb I MwZeMi cwigvc mywbwZ
Ki Kiv meci bq| GKB cixvq GKB m gvcZ Mj cwigvci fzji gvvi nidi Ggb ne h Kvb DcvqB ZvK GKUv
b~bZg gvb _K Kgvbv meci bq| GUvB nvBmbevMi AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&j cKvwkZ| hcvwZi DbwZi Dci G welqUv wbfi
Ki bv| [wke`vm Nvl iPbvejx, 2q L, cv-150] G cm ejv hvq h, wevbi AMMwZ I wevbx`i AvweviK wZwb 1967
mvj Kgx-bZv`i mvgb AvjvPbv KiQb| Gi viv wKfve gvKmev`x vbfvviK DbZ Kijb Zv wK evaMg njv bv|
GK`j wevbx mysticism G Avv nqwQjb KLb Kviv Ges Zvi AvjvPbvi dj Zviv wKfve Zv _K gy njb Gi Kvb
hywmsMZ `v wK AvQ? eis mskvabxZ AviI ejv nqQ gvBvcvwUK&j& - Gi wbR^ wewk MwZcKwZK Aevb I fieMi
gvvewW wfwK cii-wbic property wnmve h concept, Zv w`q aiZ MjB cwigvcbi GB AwbqZv AvmQGLvb `vkwbK wevwi wKQz bB, Kvb wgwwmRg GLvb KvR KiQ bv| welqUv Ggb bq h GLvb KvhKviY mK KvR KiQ
bv| [wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejx, 2q L, cv-150]
Avgv`i `kgvb RMZ h wbqg KvhKi, GKB wbqg AwZ z` KvqvUvg RMZ (hLvb BjKUbi fi = 9.1 x 10-31 Kg Kg
Ges Bjbi MwZ Avjvi MwZi KvQvKvwQ| Avjvi MwZ 3 x108 Kms-1) KvhKi bq| wK Ab wbqg KvhKi| hgb wbDUbi
MwZ m~ `kgvb ei MwZi KvhKi wK BjKUb -hv kwkvjx AbyexY hI `Lv hvq bv mLvb KvhKi bq| Gi A_ GB
bq h GB KvqvUvg RMZ Aq-ARvbv| Zv bv nj KvqvUvg gKvwb Gi gZv wevbi Avi GKwU kvLv Zwi nZv bv| GUvI
wbqg gb Pj| vbi weKvki mv_ mv_ G m^ wevbi aviYvI AbK GwMq hvQ|
GB AvjvPbv _K evSv hvq nvBRevMi AwbqZv Z wbq h cwqvq (weklZ hcvwZi welq) KgiW wke`vm Nvl wmv
UbQb Zv h_vh_ bq| hviv wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbvq gvKmev`i Dcjw DbZ i DwbZ nqQ ej `vwe KiQb Zv`i `vweI
wK h_v_ ?
2) GB cqU ejv nqQ, j Ae cvevwewjwU wbaviYev`K c~ewbaviYev`i wbqwZev`x aviYv _K gy KiQ|
KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejQb, j Ae cevwewjwU wbavibev`K cyewbavibev`i wbqwZev`x aviYv _K gy KiQ| divwm
evwbK gvKyBm ` jvcvm hyw w`q `wLqwQjb-gnvwek m~Y wbaviYxq (deterministic)| jvcvmi cvebv wQj, Ggb GKQ
wewa _vKv DwPZ hvi mvnvh gnvweki h Kvbv GK mgqKvi Aev hw` m~Yfve Rvbv _vK, Zvnj fwelZ gnvwek Kx NUe
m mKI fwelvYx Kiv me ne| D`vniY: m~h Ges Mnwji h Kvbv GK mgqKvi `wZ Ges Aevb hw` Rvbv hvq Ze
wbDUbi wewajvi mvnvh miZi Ab hKvb mgqKvi Aev MYbv Kiv me| c~ewbaviYev`x GB aiYvwU ckwe nq co
AvBbvBbi AvcwKZv Zi ga w`q| Avi 1927 mvj nvBRbevMi uncertainty principle GK cyivcywi LvwiR Ki
`q| 1964 mvj KgiW wke`vm Nvl GmBDwmAvB bZv-Kgx`i mvgb GB welqwU AvjvPbv KiQb|
KvwmKvj Probability Theory Mo IVvi msw BwZnvm:
Ryqv LjvZ dice (Qv) Gi Z msv mgmvi mgvavb KiZ wMq BZvjxq MwbZwe` MvwjwjI (1564-1642) Probability-i
msLvZK cwigvY ei Kivi Pv Kib| wK m`k kZvxi gafvM Probability Theoryi c_g MvwbwZK wfw c`vb Kib
`yRb d MwbZwe`- eBR cvmKj (1623-1662) Ges cxqi dvgvU (1601-1665) d Ryqvwi I mv ew Pfvwjqvi wW
gqvii cvmKji KvQ `qv wKQz mgmv mgvavb KiZ wMq|
KvwmKvj cvevwewjwUi Dci R.evbvwj (1640-1705) GKwU eB wjLb Treatise on Probability hv Zvi gZzi ci 1713
mvj cKvwkZ nq| KvwmKvj Probability-i wfwvcK cvmKj, dvgvU, nvBwRb Ges R.evbvwj GKwU iZc~Y cheY Kib|

Zviv `Lvb h, Kvb game K hw` 10 evi repeat Kiv hvq, 6 evi hw` KvwZ dj (favourable outcome) cvIqv hvq
Zvnj 11 Zg evi game K repeat Kij KvwZ dj Avmvi mvebv ne- 60%

Probability =

x 100%=

x 100%= 0.6 x 100% = 60%GfveB m`k kZvxZ

MwYZwe` I Ryqvwo`i cZ mnhvwMZvq Mo IV KvwmKvj cevwewjwU w_Iwi| 250 eQi ci 1964 mvj KgiW wke`vm Nvl
law of Probability-Gi Dci AvjvPbv Kib| GB AvovBk eQi Probability law Gi Aviv AbK development
nqQ| KqKwU kvLvq fvM nqQ Probability. wevbi mg kvLvq (MwbZ, c`v_, imvqb, Rxewevb, GgbwK mgvR wevbI)
Probability law K eenvi Ki wewfb bZzb law Zwi nqQ| Kvb GKwU welq mK AvjvPbv Kiv Avi m welq mK
bZzb aviYv wbq Avmvi cv_K eySZ bv cvivi mgmvi KviYB KgiW nvq`vi G `vwe KiwQjb|
3) GB cqU ejv nqQ cyivwjwU Ae KRm|

GKB KvRi cQb AbK KviY _vKvi aviYv v GB wkivbvg GKB ce wke`vm Nvl ejQb, wevb I `kbi
GKUv g iZc~Y welq nj KvhKviY mK, A_vr j Ae KRvwjwU mK mwVK aviYv Mo Zvjv| wZwb Awbw`ic
mvaviYfve jwRwkqvb`i wmvi K_v DjL Ki ejQb,Plurality of causes is a wrong conception A_vr GKB KvRi cQb AbK KviY _vKvi aviYv v| Zuv`i ee nj, Avgiv hjvK AbK mgq KR ejwQ,
mjv KR ev KviY bq; mjvK ejv DwPZ dvi ev Kwkb| wewfb NUbv ev cwiwwZi wgjbi cwqvq h g~Z
KviYUv cwicZv (Maturity) jvf Ki mB g~Zi Kvh ev GdUvI NU| GB w`KUv evSvZ wMqB ejv nq, what
is cause that is effect, or, cause is the immediate antecedent of effect- hvnv KviY ZvnvB dj, A_ev,
KviY nQ dji wVK AvMi g~Z| ZvB cyivwjwU Ae KR& gb bqvi ckB DVZ cvi bv| [wke`vm Nvl iPbvejx, 2q
L, gvKmev` I g~jK eev`i KqKwU w`K cm, cv-143-144]

cvPxbKvj fviZ Ges wMm `vkwbKiv gb KiZb, KviY nQ Pvi cKvi: 1) Dcv`vb KviY (material cause); 2)
wbwg KviY (efficient cause); 3) Dk KviY (purposive cause); 4) Avw`/P~ov KviY (first/final cause)|
ibkuvm DiKvj Bsj eKb Avi BZvwjZ MvwjjI wbtk c_g `ywUK wgwjq w`q (GKUvB) KviY wnmve m~wPZ
Kib, Avi cii `ywUK PzcPvc KviYi P^vi _K ei Ki `b| GB nQ e KviYi cwieZ KviYKvh aviYv Mo
IVvi msw BwZnvm|
Kvb KvRi wcQb cavb KviY h GKwU gvI m ZzsI Zvi weiva cm AvjvPbvq ejQb, GKUv RwUj ei weKvki
cwqvq AbKjv AvQ, Ges Gjvi ga GKUv ^fveZtB cavb hvi AwZ I weKvk Abvb i AwZ I weKvkK
wbavwiZ ev cfvweZ Ki| dj wke`vm Nvli c~eB G mwKZ AvjvPbv gvKmev`x `vkwbKiv KiQb| ZvB G welq wke`vm
Nvli gwjKZv `vwe Kiv hZv_ bq|
KgiW wke`vm Nvl Aviv ejQb, ay jwRwkqvbivB bb, evwbKivI AvR wevbRMZi cwZwU (field-G)GB KRGd wijkvb ev j Ad KRvwjwU, A_vr KvhKviY mKK gb wbqQb| Aek GI GKwU welqK K` Ki GKUv wevw
Avwg j KiwQ| Kvb Kvb evwbK gb KiQb h, wWUviwgwbRg ev wWUviwgwb jK, hUv j Ad KRvwjwU-iB wfb
Awfew, gb wbj cvewewjwUK gvbv hvq bv| wVK GKB fve GB mg evwbKiv ejb, cvewewjwUK gb wbj
wWUviwgwbRg gvbv hvq bv| GBfve welqwUK K` Ki ay mvaviY ii evwbK`i gaB bq, GgbwK wW-eMwji gZ cLvZ
evwbK`i I h_ wevw iq MQ| [wke`vm Nvl iPbvejx, 2q L, gvKmev` I g~jK eev`i KqKwU w`K cm,
cv-144]

1924 mvj wW-eMwji MelYvi ga w`q wave-perticle duality theory of matter Z cKvwkZ nq| GB Z Abymvi
BjKUbi KYv I Zi Dfq agB we`gvb| KLbI Gi KYvag cavb, KLbI Zi ag cavb| Ges wZwb `Lvb, h Kvb MwZkxj
ei mv_B Zvi Zi hy _vK| GB Z c`v_ wevb GK bZzb vi DbvPb Ki| GB wave-perticle duality theory of
matter Gi Rb 1929 mvj wW-eMwj c`v_ wevb bvej cyivi jvf Kib| probability K gb wbj determinism
gvbv hvq bv| wW eMwj Ggb Kvb aviYv cvlY KiZb ej Avgv`i Rvbv bB| cLvZ wevbx wW eMwj mK Ggb GKwU ge
Kivi AvM reference `Iqv cqvRb wQj|
4) GB cqU ejv nqQ, mvaviY A_ G K_v fzj ne h, AvUvMwbRg BR Uviwi, KbUvwWKkb BR cvgvbU|
(vbZ)
wke`vm Nvl vbZ, g~jK eev` I wece cm eBq jwbbK DZ KiQb GBfve,AvUvMwbRg Av KUvwWKkb Avi
bU AvU Aj Iqvb Av ` mg| Avvi mvmvwjRg ` dv DBj wWmAvwcqvi ` mK DBj wigBb| ( Ges weiva GB
`yUv KLbB GK bq| mgvRZ c_gUv AwnZ ne, wZxqUv _vKe|) [ cv-116] gvI mZzs K DZ KiQb GBfve,
AvUvMwbRg BR Iqvb dg, evU bU w` Ibwj dg Ae ` vMj Ae AcvwRUm; ` dgyjv Ae AvUvMwbRg Kvb bU we AviweUvwiwj
AvcvqW Gfwi nvqvi| (`yB weivax kwi i GKUv ic nQ weiva| wK Zv GKgv ic bq; weivai dg~jvK Lqvj
LykxgZ me cqvM Kiv hvq bv)| [ cv-116] Gici wZwb ejQb, cyuwRev`x mgvRi D`vniYK mvgb iL hw` Avgiv wePvi Kwi
Ze Zvi cwicwZ cyuwRev`K DrLvZ Kivi ga w`q c_g mgvRZvwK ee'vi cbi ga w`q hnZz& GB wekl , A_vr
Drcv`b I eUbK K` Ki h wekl weivavZK Zvi Aemvb NU- mB A_ mUvK mvgwqK ejv nq| Gfve ejvi ga
Kbv fzj bB| [ cv-117] GLvb jbxq h, AvUvMwbRg BR Uviwi KUvwWKkb BR cvgvbU- jwbb wKsev gvI mZzs
Kviv AvjvPbvq G ee GBfve cvIqv hvq bv| ZviciI G K_vwUK DjL Ki wke`vm Nvl wePvi mZK _vKvi Rb ejQb,
wK jwbb ev gvI Gi GB eeK meRbxb Kij gvivZK fzj Kiv ne| Kbbv Avgiv hLb ewj , mB Aevb KiQ
gvbB nj m AvUvMwbRg (weiva) Ges bb-AvUvMwbRg (wgjb) `yUv wbqB Aevb KiQ| myZivs mvaviY A_ GK_v ejv fyj
ne h, AvUvMwbRg BR Uvivwi KbUvwWKkb BR cvgvbU (weiva nQ mvgwqK, nQ vqx)| Avevi GK_vI Lqvj ivLZ
ne, i ga weiva Ges wgjb GB `yUvB Aevb KiQ BDwbfvmvwjwU Av cvwUKzjvwiwU Ae KUvwWKkb -Gi (i mveRbxb
I wekl ici) gaB| A_vr egq GB RMZ Ggb Kvbv emv bB hLvb bB, NvZ-cwZNvZ bB| [cv-117] gvI
mZzs ejwQjb i meRbxbZv I mywbw`ZvK Dcjw Kivi ci Avgv`i AekB i w`Kjvi AwfbZv I msMvgi (
Identity and struggle) ckK Aaqb Kivq AekB AMmi nZ ne| AwfbZv, mgvwbKZv, AvtAbycek, AvtAif`,
cii wbfikxjZv (ev AwZi Rb cviwiK wbfiZv), AvtmshvM ev cii mnhvwMZv -GB mg wfb wfb K_vi A_ GKB
Ges mjv wbwjwLZ `ywU welqi cwZ gbvhvM AvKlb Ki: c_gZ, Kvbv ei weKvki cwqvq i `ywU w`Ki ... cZKwU
wbRK Zvi wecixZwUZ icvwiZ Ki| GUvB njv AwfbZvi A_|... eve NUbv njv GB h, Kvbv gvb w`KB wewQbfve
AwZkxj nZ cvi bv| wecixZw`Ki AwZ Qvov, cZKwU w`K wbR AwZi kZB nvwiq dj| fe `Lyb Zv, Kvbv e ev
gbvRMZi Kvbv aviYvi h Kvbv GKwU w`K wK ^vaxbfve AwZkxj nZ cvi? Rxeb bv _vKj gZz _vKZ cvibv; gZz bv
_vKj Rxeb _vKZ cvibv| ... eyRvqv kYx bv _vKj menviv kYx _vKZv bv, menviv kYx bv _vKj _vKZv bv eyRvqv kYx| ...
mg wecixZjvB njv G iKgi; Kvb wbw` Ae'vq, GKw`K Zviv GK Acii weivax, Avevi Abw`K Zviv cii mshy,
cii Af`, cii-Abycwe Ges cii-wbfikxj , Avi GB ewkK ejv nq AwfbZv (identity)| Kvbv wbw` Aevq,
mKj gvb w`Kjvi _vK wfbZvi (Non-identity) ewk Avi m KviY Zv`iK ejv nq h Zviv iZ| [Abykxjbx
mK, mK; cv-45-46] GQvov gvKm-Gjm, jwbb-vwjbi g~jK eev` welqK mvweK AvjvPbvq gbvwbek
Kij KD wbR`i gbMov evLv `uvo bv Kivj AmwZ LyuR cvIqv hvebv| hv wke`vm Nvli cviwK eei gaI iqQ|
dj Z bZzb mshvRb ev wevwi nvZ _K ZK gy Kivi Kvb bRxi wK wZwb vcb Kijb? wZwb ZK evLv Ki
Zvi AvjvK mgvRi msNvZK eySevi gb Zwi Kivi Rb AvjvPbv KiQb|
5) GB cqU ejv nqQ BbwdwbwUi aviYv AvcwK|

BbwdwbwUi aviYv AvcwK| GB welq KgiW wke`vm Nvl-Gi AvjvPbv c_g ev bZzb bq| m`k kZvxZ BbwdwbwU welq
MvwbwZK aviYv weKvk jvf Ki| BbdvBbvBU KvjKzjvm bvg KvjKzjvmi GKwU kvLv cwYZ nq| cieZxZ (cKwZi vwKZviPbvKvj 1873 mvj _K 1886 mvj) Gjm BbwdwbwUi AvcwKZv mK `vkwbK evLv Dcnvcb Kib|
cKwZi vwKZvq dWvwiK Gjm BbwdwbwUi aviYv h AvcwK G welq wek` AvjvPbv KiQb| enr Gi w`Ki Amxg

(+), z`i w`Ki Amxg (-) Ges G `yqi mv_ k~Y (0) Gi mK wbqI Gjm AvjvPbv Kib|
Gjm ejQb, Kej cw_ex bq, MvUv miRMr Ges miRMZi wewfb Aski gaKvi `~iZ Acwimxg z` ej gb nq hw`
Uwjvci gvag `kgvb h RvwZgj Zvi cwigvcUv nq AvjvKel Gi viv| myZivs G Avgiv GKwU AmxgK cvwQ,
Kej c_g bq wZxq gvbi AmxgK cvB| [cKwZi vwKZv, cv-169]
hgb-cw_exi cwiwa = 40 nvRvi 70 wKjvwgUvi
ev cw_ex _K m~hi `~iZ = 14 KvwU 95 j wKjvwgUvi
wK RvwZgjxi cwigvci GKK nQ AvjvKel| GKwU RvwZ _K Ab RvwZi `~iZ KqK nvRvi KvwU
AvjvKeli `~iZi mgvb|

1 AvjvKel = 3 x 108 x 60 x 60 x 24 x 30 x 12 wgUvi

= 93312 x 1011 wgUvi
= 93312 x 108 wKjvwgUvi [A_vr 9 KvwU 33 j 12 nvRvi j]
dj miRMZi hKvb Aski `~iZ AwZ z` ej gb ne RvwZgji h Kvb `~iZi KvQ| GUv wZwb AvjvPbv KiQb
enr-Gi w`K Amxgi AvcwKZv welq|
Avevi wZwb `wLqQb z`i w`Ki AmxgI AvcwK| z`Zg AYy i evm GK wgwjwgUvii cvk wgwjqbi GKfvM| wK hw`
eng ei evm GK wgwjwgUvii cuwPk wgwjqb fvMi GK fvM Kiv nq, ZvnjI Zvi AvqZb Acwimxg z` _K hvq mB ei
Zzjbvq hv wbq ejwe`v, c`v_we`v A_ev imvqbkv AvjvPbv Ki| [cKwZi vwKZv, ct-169]
KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejQb, h wekRMZK Avgiv RvbwQ m wbRB Zv BbwdwbU (Ab)| Avevi GB Abi aviYvI GKiKg
_vKZ cvi bv| mUvI cwieZbkxj| mB cwieZbkxj aviYvi cwicwZ BbwdwbU ev Abi cyibv aviYv mxgvwqZ nq hvq| Zvi
djB `Lv hvq, GB mxgvwqZ Ab I mxgvnxb Abi ga GKUv -msNvZ gvMZ KvR KiQ| ZvB Avevi ejwQ, Rvbvi kl
bB| AvRK hme welq Avgv`i Rvbv bB, hLbB mjv Rvbv nq Mj ZLb `Lv Mj AviI AbK wKQz ARvbv wRwbm Avgv`i
mvgb fxo Ki `uvwoq AvQ| ZvB vbI kvkZ nZ cvi bv| mB KviYB mZ ay wekl mZB bq, mZ AvcwK mZ|
[wke`vm Nvl iPbvejx, 4_ L, vbZ, g~jK e'ev` I wecex Rxeb cm, cv-99]
G AvjvPbvI bZzb bq| Gjm, jwbb, vwjb, gvI mZzsmn AbK gvKmev`x `vkwbK vb-RMZi AvcwKZv welq AvjvPbv
KiQb|
gwim KYdv_ Zvi g~jK eev` eBZ ejQb, Zvnj gvbyli vbi wK Kvb mxgv-cwimxgv AvQ, bvwK Zvi Kvb mxgvcwimxgv bB? gvbeZvi weKvk h Kvb GKwU chvq vb wKQz wKQz mxgveZvi mbyLxb nq Ges cv AwfZvi AvewkK A_ mxwgZ
Pwi I vbvRbi eZgvb Dcvqmg~ni mxwgZ PwiB GB mxgveZv iPbv Ki| wK cKZ A_ GB mxgveZv AwZg KiB
gvbeZvi AMMwZ nq| bZzb AwfZv cyibv AwfZvi mxgveZvK Qzuo dj; bZzb bZzb chyw, vbvRbi bZzb bZzb Dcvq

vbvRbi cyibv me chyw I DcvqwjK AveRbv^ic wbc Ki| ZLb bqv mxgveZv cybivq AvwefzZ nq| wK cyibv
mxgveZvwjK hgb Pig I Awg ej gb Kivi Kvb KviY wQj bv, Zgwb bZzb mxgveZvwjKI Pig I Awg ej gb Kivi
Kvb e"ni KviY bB|...myZivs vb memgqB mxwgZ, Avevi GKB m mxgvnxbI| A_vr vZ e me`v AvZ e viv mxwgZ
_vKjI vbvZxZ e viv bq| D`vniYmic, mvg mgvRi gvbyli c mgvRZvwK mgvR I Zvi wbqgvejx mK Kvb wKQz
Rvbv, mgvRZ mK Ges mgvRZ _K mvgev` DiY mK cKZ mZK myvwqZ Kiv me wQj bv| GKgv cuywRev`x
mgvRi weKvki m mB GUv me nqwQj; mgvRZ mK evwbK aviYv MVbi Dchy DcKiY GKgv ZLbB nvZ
GmwQj| Abyicfve GKwV c~Y weKwkZ mvgev`x mgvR cwZwZ nevi ci wKfve Zvi Aviv DbwZ I weKvk NUe Zv AvR Avgv`i
c Rvbv Ame| wK h_vmgq Gi Divi weKvk I Zvi wbqgvejx mK mZZv wbaviY Kiv RbMYi c me ne|
[g~jK eev`, gwim KYdv_-c-433]
dj MwbZi RMZi BbwdwbwUi AvcwKZv I vb-RMZi BbwdwbwUi AvcwKZv KvbUvB bZzb Kvb AvjvPbv bq| eis KgiW
wke`vm Nvl MwYZi Amxg Avi Amxg gnvwekK GKvKvi Ki w`q wKQz ge Ki MQb| K_vwj fzj bq; wK AvjvP welq Zv
Ggb Kvb w`K wb`kbv `q bv hv AZxZ KD DjL Kibwb|
6) GB cqU ejv nqQ- weM evs Zi wei KgiW NvlB c_g Avcw Zzj ejb, GUv gvbj weki i AvQ
ejZ nq, hUv fzj|
KgiW wke`vm Nvl weM evs mK wKQy ejbwb| ZviciI KgiW gwebyj nvq`vi Payix wke`vm NvlK wek mvgev`x
Av`vjbi A_wiwU NvlYvi weM evs Z fzj GwU GKwU cqU KiQb| wKfve I Kb G ee wbq Avmjb Zv Avgv`i
evaMg bq|
Gcvws BDwbfvm (mmviYkxj wek) mK KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejQb, Avgiv Wfjvwcs BDwbfvm -Gi (weKvkkxj weki)
h K_v ewj mB aviYv ev gZUv wVKB AvQ| Gi A_ nQ, AvM e wRwbm wQj bv, wK cwieZbi cwqvq e bZzb wRwbm Gm
MQ| weKvkkxj wek ejZ GUvB evSvbv nq| Gcvws BDwbfvm (mmviYkxj wek) ejj ^vfvweKfve hUv Pj Avme, Zv
nQ, wek GLb hv AvQ, AvM Zvi Pq QvU wQj, Zvi AvM AviI QvU wQj, Gfve hZ hZ MvUv weki Mvovi ckwU Gm
hZ eva, h aviYv AevwbK Ges g~jK e'ev`i wmvi weivax| [wke`vm Nvl iPbvejx, vbZ, g~jK eev` I
wecex Rxeb cm, PZz_ L, cv-112]
Gcvws BDwbfvm GLb cgvwYZ| weM evs GLb ch G welq mePq cwZwZ nvBcvw_wmm| Avi weMevs NUjB mgM
gnvwekivwR k~b _K i Zv evSvq bv| (k~bZv gvb AvwiK A_ k~b bq, GwU GKwU mvgvev Zvi m~ i memgq bvbvb
cwqv NU PjQ|) Avevi GKwU gnvweki i ev kl _vKZB cvi ZvZ mgM gnvwekivwR i ev kl nq hvq bv| dj G
mK KgiW wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbv h_v_ bq| Gcvws BDwbfvm mK AviI GKUz AvjvPbv Kiv hZ cvi|
mmviYkxj gnvwek aviYvi welqwU AvjvPbvq Avm AvR _K cvq GKkv eQi AvM| AvBbvBbi "Theory of relativity"
cgvY KiZ wMq- c`v_wevbxiv gnvweki mmviYi mvebvi welqwU AvjvPbvq Avbb| wK ZLb Gi ^c Dchy cgvYvw`
wQj bv| cieZxZ 1929 mvj wevbx GWzBb nvej (nvej Uwjvci RbK) gnvKvk cheY `LZ cvb wewfb `~ieZx
Mvjvwwj Avgv`i wgwIq Mvjvw _K gkB `~i mi hvQ| `~ieZx Mvjvwwj _K Avmv AvjvKiwki Wcjvi miY
cwigvci gvag wZwb GB Avwevi Kib| GB Avwevi gnvweki mmviYK cwZwZ Ki Ges RvwZwevbi MelYvq GK
bZzb vi DbvPb Ki, hvi avivevwnKZvq GKmgq gnvweviY ev Big bang Z cwZwZ nq| eZgvb myBRvijvi mvb h
Avjvob mwKvix wnMm evmb KYv AvweZ nqQ, ZvI GB Big bang ZiB GKwU chvqi c cgvb Zwi KiQ Ges
wevbxiv GLbI G welq MelYv Pvwjq hvQb|
ay ZvB bq, mmviYkxj gnvweki aviYv AvRKi hyM GZUvB cwZwZ h AvRKi wevbxiv gnvweki mmviYi MwZ wbqI
MelYv KiQb| wevbxiv cixv-wbixvi gvag Avwevi KiQb h- gnvweki mmviYi MwZ ew cvQ| GB MwZewi KviY
evLv Ki 2011 mvj mj cvjgyUvi I AvWvg wim c`v_we`vq bvej cyivi cqQb| KvRB Gcvws BDwbfvm wbq m`ni
AeKvk bB| GK_v wevbgb gvbyl gvB Abyaveb KiZ cvieb|

GB AvjvPbv _K evSv hvq, KgiW wke`vm Nvl Gcvws BDwbfvm wbq h AvjvPbv KiQb Zv h_v_ bq| Kvib Kvb
cwZwZ ZK bvKP KiZ nj Avi GKwU Z jvM, Zv Qvov cyibvwU bvKP Kiv AevwbK| Avevi Kvb welqK `vkwbK fve
evLv KiZ njI evwbK `wfw Qvov Zv me bq| hgb evwbK `wfw Avq KiwQjb ejB Gjm& `vkw`K fve evLv
KiQb e RMZK|
7) GB cqU ejv nqQ, wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb-cwigvbMZ cwieZb _K bMZ cwieZb-Gi mv_ fvBwm-fvmv bv
ejj, aviYvUv m~Y nq bv|
GUvwK KgiW wke`vm Nvl c_g ejQb bvwK Gjm& e c~eB Zv ej MQb ? Gjm cKwZi vwKZv eBZ vwKZvev`
Aavq wjLQb, 1) cwigvbMZ cwieZb _K bMZ cwieZb I Z`&wecixZ (Vice versa )| Avgv`i Dk Abyhvqx, Avgiv
GUvK GBfve cKvk KiZ cvwi h, cKwZZ, cwZwU wekl mywbw` aiY , Kej e ev MwZi (Z_vKw_Z kw) cwigvbMZ
mshvRb I cwigvbMZ weqvRbi gvagB bMZ cwieZb NUZ cvi|...Awawe`vi wecixZfve vwKZvev`i mvaviY Pwi Mo
ZzjZ ne GKwU AvmKmg~ni (inter-connection) wevb wnmve| myZivs cKwZ I gvbe mgvRi BwZnvm _KB vwKZvi
wbqgwj wbvwkZ| [cKwZi vwKZv, Gjm; cv-37] wke`vm Nvl cwigvbMZ cwieZb _K bMZ cwieZb I fvBwm-fvimv
wkivbvg ejQb, ...GLb ck AvmZ cvi, GLvb h, fvBwm-fvimv K_vUv DjL KiQ Zvi A_ wK? ...evcviUv Ggb bq h,
fvBwm-fvimv ejZ bMZ cwieZb _K Avevi cwigvbMZ cwieZb wdi Avmv evSvq, A_vr wVK Dv cwqv evSvq| welqUv
gvUB m iKg bq| GLvb hw`I cvwb, eid I ev BZvw`i D`vniY GK Aevb _K m~Y wfb AevZI Avbv-bIqv Kiv
hvq| wK mKj bMZ icvii Zv nqbv| Avi cwigvbMZ _K bMZ icvii h `v Gjm DjL KiwQjb Zvi
cybijL Ki wke`vm Nvl ejQb , Rj _K ev cwibZ nIqvi h D`vniY `Iqv nqQ ZvK mvgb iLB GB fviwmfvimv welqwU AvjvPbv Kiv hZ cvi| wevbi Qviv Rvbb h, 100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvvq bv cuQvj cyiv RjUv ev
cwibZ nZ cvi bv| wK welqUv Ggb bq h, cyiv RjUv ev cwiYZ nZ bv cvijI Rji Kvb AYy (molecule) Zvi AvM
evxf~Z nq bv, ev nZ cvi bv| ...A_vr Rji wekl wekl AYy mgM Rj 100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvvq cuQvevi AvMB
evxf~Z nZ cvi- hLvb 100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvv mw ne| myZivs Rji Zvcgvv hgb hgb ew cvq, hvK cwigvbMZ
cwieZb ejv nq-mB cwigvYMZ cwieZbi cwqvi gaB Avevi Rji wKQz wKQz AYyi mgMRj 100 wWwM mwUMW
Zvcgvvq cuQvbvi AvMB bMZ cwieZb mvwaZ nq| GUv wevb ^xKZ| Avevi wekl wekl AYyjv GBfve hgb hgb
evxf~Z nq mUv Avevi Rji Zvcgvv ew Z_v cwigvYMZ cwieZbK `Z KiZ mvnvh Ki| GUvKB fvBwm-fvimv ejv nq|
[wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejx, 2q L, gvKmev` I g~jK eev`i KqKwU w`K, cv-159-160] GB evLvq Gjm ewYZ
cwigvY I bMZ cwieZbi fvBwm-fvimvi aviYvi Zgb Kvb gwjK cwieZb NUbv|
Avevi h D`vniY GLvb DjL Kiv nqQ mLvb `yUv fzj j Kiv hvq| Rji wekl wekl AYy evxf~Z nIqvi Rb 100 wWwM
mwUMW Zvcgvvi `iKvi nq bv, ^vfvweK ZvcgvvZB Rj (ev Ab Zij c`v_) evxf~Z nZ cvi hw` Avkcvki evqy Am
Aevq _vK| Rji wekl wekl Aby evxf~Z nj Zv evwK Rji Zvcgvv e wZ mvnvh Ki bv, Kb bv Zviv Rj _K ev
nIqvi mgq cqvRbxq jxb Zvc (latent heat) msMn Ki Avkcvki Rji AYy _KB, hvi dj evwK Rji Zvcgvv nvm cvq
(GB KviYB MxKvj gvwUi KuyRvi Rj Vvv nq)| gvMZ Zvc w`q hvIqv nq ejB Zv mI Rj dvU| dj, cyiv Rj dzUZ
i Kivi AvM `yPvi KYv Ki Rj evxf~Z nIqvi viv Rj dvUvi NUbvwU Zivw^Z nq bv, eis g`xf~Z nq| GKUv Lvjv evwUZ
Ges GKUv XvKv evwUZ Rj wbq Nwo ai Mig Kij Kvb evwUi Rj AvM dzUZ i Ki, GUv mnRB cixv Ki `Lv hvq|
Avevi GKB welq Avgiv Gjm cKwZi vwKZv eB Gi jLvq `LZ cvB, GKwU wmv Avmvi Rb wZwb KZ wevi KZ
w`KK cwie Ki AvjvPbv KiQb| wZwb `wLqQb cwigvYMZ cwieZb _K bMZ cwieZb I vice versa GB wbqgwU
kwi ici cwieZb, imvqb, c`v_we`vq, ejwe`vq I Rxewe`vq wKfe wqvkxj| GB mg AvjvPbvi ga _KB wZwb wmv
UbQb|
8) GB cqU ejv nqQ, wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb hywkvi Aeivn I Avivn cwqvi ga Avivn nQ cvqi, Zvi
weKvki avivq GmQ Aeivn|

dgvj Ges WvqvjKwUKvj jwRKi cv_K wkivbvg vbZ, g~jK eev` I wecex Rxeb cm ce wke`vm Nvl ejQb,
Avevi GK_vI wVK, Avivni ga Aeivn AvQ Ges Aeivni ga Avivn AvQ| G ch meB wVK AvQ| mg hywwe`B
Gjv gvbb| wK hywwe``i KvQ Avgvi ck nQ, GB Avivn Ges Aeivni cwqvi ga cvqwiwUi aviYv ej wKQz AvQ wK?
A_vr GB `yUv cwqvi ga Kvb cwqvq gvbyl wPv KiQ c_g? A_vr iUv KvbUv-Avivn bv Aeivn? K_vUv GLvb mfveB
eySZ ne| cvqwiwUi GB ckUv gvKmev`x `kb I Z AvjvPbvi KD Gi AvM ZzjQb ej Avgvi bRi cowb| wK Avwg
ZzjZ PvBwQ| c_gZ Avgiv Rvwb, bvbv NUbvi NvZ-cwZNvZi ga w`q gvbyli gw wPvi wewfb Dcv`vb Mo DVQ Ges wPvi
GB wewfb Dcv`vbi ga h -msNvZ NU m msNvZi cwqvZB wPvi weKvk nq| gvbyl Avmvi ci wPv cwqv i nIqvi
GKevi c_g Aevq Zvi mvgb KvbI wKQzB Rvbv wQj bv| Ges ^vfvweKfveB wPv cwqv i nIqvi mB c_g Aevq gvbyli
mvgb Ggb KvbI mvaviY mZ aviYv Mo IVwb hvi mvnvh ev AvjvK m wekl wekl NUbvK wePvi KiZ cvi| dj,
mfZvi iZ, Avgvi gZ, gvbyli wPvcwqvZ jwRKi h wePvicwZ c_g KvR KiQ mUv cavbZ Avivn| [wke`vm Nvl
wbevwPZ iPbvejx, 4_ L, cv-60] gvbyl Zvi cBw`qi mvnvh Pvwicvki RMZ Z_v emvgMx I NUbvcevni mv_ gw bvgK
e'i wqv-cwZwqvi ga w`q fvebv ev wmv cuQvq| iZ GKUv wekl e ev NUbv gbhvMi K`we`yZ AvmZ cvi wK
GB wekl e ev NUbv P~ov bq, Zv em~ Acivci emvgMxi mv_ mwKZ| mRb Avgiv hw` ai bB AvivnB i Zv wK
mvaviY ev Aeivni _K m~Y hvMm~nxb _vK bv| mRb GB wewQbZvi wU DjL KiZ Ges Avivni gvag wmvi
mxgveZv `LvZ Gjm Avivnev`x msnwZIqvjv`i cwZ wkivbvg wjLQb, `ywbqvi me Avivn w`qI Avgiv Avivn cwqvi
m^ cwivi aviYvi avi KvQ (to the point) cuQZ cvie bv| GB cwqvi weklYB Kej GUv mv`b KiZ cvi- Avivn
I Aeivn cwZ AvewkKfve mg^q (synthesis) Ges weklY (analysis) wnmve GK weivR Ki| G`i ga GKwUK
AbwU Rjvjx w`q, GKckfve evnev w`q AvKvk Zvjvi Pq, Avgv`i DwPZ cZKwUK h_vvb cqvM Kiv Ges mUv Kiv
hvq Kej GB K_v gb ivLj h `ywU GK-Mw_Z, Dfq Dfqi cwic~iK| [cKwZi vwKZv, Gjm, cv-144] Avivn i
wKbv wVK GBfve bv njI Avivn AeivnK K` Ki GKUv weZK h Gjm-Gi AvMI wQj Zv eySv hvq hLb wZwb ejb,
Avivnev`x`i gZ, Avivn cwZ GKwU Av cwZ| GUv GZ Kg Av h Gi AvcvZ mwVK Avweviwj cwZw`bB bZzb
Avwevii viv evwZj nq hvQ| Avjvi KwYKv (corpustles) I Kvjix (calorie) wQj Avivn cwZ viv j| mwj

GLb Kv_vq Mj? Avivnx cwZ Avgv`i wkwLqQ h me gi`x cvYxiB GKwU K`xq vqzZ AvQ hv gw I
gi`i ga c_KxKZ Ges gi`wU big nvoIqvjv (cartelaginous) ev nvoIqvjv KkiKvi (Vertebrata)
ga AewwZ-h fviwUev k _K Avmj fviwUeU bvgwU GmQ| Zvici GvgwdIvm (amphioxas) bvgi GKwU
gi`x cvIqv Mj hvi Ac_KxKZ vqyZ iqQ I KkiKv (Vertebrae) bB| Avivn cwZZ `Lvbv njv h
gvQiv nQ mBiKg gi`x cvYx hviv mvivRxeb Kej dyjKvi (gills) mvnvh wbtkvm bq| Zvici Ggb cvYx`i
mvb wgjj hwji grm Pwi meRb ^xKZ| wK hwji dzjKv Qvov myMwVZ dymdzmI AvQ Ges `Lv hvq h cZK
gvQi mvZvii _wjZ (swim bladder) GKwU AcwiYZ (potential) dzmdym _vK| Kej weeZb Zi `ytmvnmx
cqvMi viv wnKj Avivnev`x`i DviKvh KiwQjb, huviv GBme ^weiva wbq ek ^Q`B wQjb| hw` Avivn
cwZ GZB Av ne, Zvnj RxeRMZi kYxwefvMi cii GZ `Z GZ Avg~j cwieZb (revolution) Kv_v
_K Gjv? mwj nQ Avivnx cwZi me _K ewkc~Y Ae`vb Ges ZeyI mwj ciiK asm Ki| [cKwZi vwKZvGjm c:144-145]
KgiW wke`vm Nvl hw`I AvivnK GKgv cwZ ejZ Pvbwb, wK Avivn cwZK cvqi ejQb| GZ Avivn-Aeivni
AvtmK, cviwiK mswkZvi welqwU DcwZ nq wevwI mw nZ cvi|
Avgiv Rvwb, cwigvYMZ cwieZb _K YMZ cwieZb I fvBm-fvimv| gvbyli wPv cwqvi weKvkI GB cwqvq NUQ| dj
wPv cwqvq YMZ cwieZbi KqKwU avc cwiqB AvaywbK gvbyl -Homo sapiens| gvbyli wPv cwqv i nIqvi GKevi
c_g Aevq Zvi mvgb Kvb wKQzB Rvbv wQj bv, GB gei ga w`q cw_exZ gvbyli Avwefve wbq GK aibi AvKwKZvi
aviYv Zwi nIqvi mvebv _vK| gvbyli Avwefve ev wPv cwZi i KvbUvB cw_exZ Kvb AvKwK NUbv bq| GUv avivevwnK
cwieZb Ges Djbi dj| dj G aibi gei ga w`q cvwYi wPv cwqv I gwi MVb Ges weKvkI h weeZbi djvdj

GB welqwU Avovj nq hZ cvi| gb nZ cvi Kvb wekl g~ZB gvbyl wPv KiZ wkLjv| AvgvBbv GwmW _K gvbyli
weeZb GB `xN cwqv _K wewQb Ki gvbyl Kvb w`b fvebv KiZ wkLQ GBfve ejvi ga w`q myfve fveev`x wPvi Rb
nZ cvi| AvRKi h AvaywbK gvbyl (Homo sapiens) mB gvbyli Avwefve j j eQii weeZbi djvdj| GK Kvlx
cvY _K i Ki h weeZb cwqvq gv^q bcvqx cvYxi De, mB weeZbi ga w`q gw, wPv cwqv MwVZ I weKwkZ
nqQ| AvaywbK gvbyli Avwefvei c~e gvbyli wbKUeZx h cRvwZwj wQj Zv`i gaI gwi weKvk Abyhvqx wPv kwi
DcKiYi cwZdjb NUQ| hgbgvbyli Avw` c~e c~il Homo habilis (24 j eQi AvM) nvZ w`q Kvb wRwbm eenvi
KiZ cviZv Ges gyL w`q k Zwi KiZ cviZv| gvby li mekl c~ecyil Homo erectus (AvVvi j eQi AvM) Avbi
eenvi wkLwQj Ges wkKvi KiZ cviZ| Gi cieZxZ gwi AviI weKvki ga w`q De nq wbqvbWv_vj cRvwZi (Homo
neandertalemis-1.5 j _K 35 nvRvi eQi c~e)| GB cRvwZ wkKvii cvkvcvwk hy_e emevmI i Ki| Gici GB
weeZbi avivevwnKZvq AvaywbK gvbyli (Homo sapiens) De NU| KvRB gvbyli Awefve hgb Kvb AvKwK evcvi bq,
wVK ZgbB wPv cwqvi iI Kvb AvKwKZvi ga w`q nqwb| gwi gweKvki mv_ wPv cwqvI weKwkZ nqQ| G
KviYB wPv cwqv hgb ewnRMZi ei Dci wbfikxj wVK Zgwb gwwU mB ewU wbq KZLvwb wePvi weePbv KiZ mg
mB gZvi DciI wbfikxj| Avi GB KviYB Avivn ev AeivnK m~iK wnme `LvUvB kq|
9) GB cqU ejv nqQ, mvaviY mZ m^ KvbI GKwU wekl aviYv ev Dcjwi KvUvMwiB kvkZ ev meKvji Rb
bq|
GB K_vwU Avgiv AbK eev`x `vkwbK, evwbK I BwZnvmwe`i KvQI cvB| hgb 1954 mvj cKvwkZ g~jK eev`
eBZ gwim& KY&dv_ ejQb, Avgiv h mg ge Kwi Zv`i AwaKvskB, h GB A_ cig mZ m K_v ejv hvq bv| Kbbv
Avgiv mvaviYfve mZtwm mZ Ges mycwZwZ NUbvi bxim NvlYvi ga Avgv`i gewjK mxgve ivwL bv| Avgiv h
gewj Kwi, Zv m wekl wekl NUbv mKB nvK ev mvaviY wmv mKB nvK, mwji AwaKvskB nqZ wKQz wbw`
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wecixZc bZzb AwfZv I bZzb vbi AvjvK Zv`i mskvab Kiv, DbZ Kiv Ges bZzb Ki ejv cqvRb| wK mB KviYB
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mZi GB ewk h AwaKvsk B Zv Pig bq, AvswkK; mwVK bq, cvq mwVK; Pzov bq, mvgwqK I kZvaxbwevbi KvQ LyeB
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eve MwZ I AvhvMvhvMmg~n eZgvb mwj Zv`iB Abyic| ZeyI wevb Ggb weavb Lye KgB cwZv KiQ hv cig mZi `vwe
KiZ cvi|
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cK hv`i cwZwbqZ wbfq cqvM Kiv nq, mwj h Dc-cvigvYweK i ei MwZi m mwZc~Y bq Zv GLb Rvbv MQ|
Nywiq K_vUv ejj GB `uvovq h, mwj cig mZ bq| wK mB KviYB Avgiv GK_v ewj bv h wPivqZ ejwe`v GLb fzj cgvwYZ
nqQ| G welq wPivqZ ejwe`vi Zzjbvq msLvZ welqK Kvqvb&Uvg& ejwe`v AbK ewk mZi KvQvKvwQ, KviY Gi weavbwj
ay h Dc-cvigvYweK i ei MwZi m mwZ eRvq ivL Zv-B bq, wPivqZ ejwe`vi weavbwjKI Zv mxgveZvi D`vniY
wnme Afy Ki; wK ZvnjI KvbI evwbKB Ggb `vwe Kieb bv h, AZGe Kvqvb&Uvg& ejwe`vB nj cig mZ|
mvaviYfve, cig mZi cwZ wevbi KvbB AvMn bB| evweKc, GKevi hw` Kvb cwZvK cig mZ ej `pfve NvlYv
Kiv nq Zvnj mLvb hveZxq bZzb Abymvbi Aemvb NU, KviY cig mZKB hw` Rvbv nq hvq Zvnj AwZwi Abymvbi Avi
Kvb myhvM _vK bv| AZGe, cKZc cig mZ cwZv Kivi `vwe wevb-weivax, KviY IiKg `vwe Avgv`i AekB AviI DbZ
aiYi Abymvb Kiv _K, Avgv`i vbK AviI GwMq wbq hvIqv _K, mZi Kg mwbKUeZx Aev _K ewk mwbKUeZx
Aevq Gbv _K, GK K_vq wevbi c_ AbymiY Kiv _K weiZ Kie| [`g~jK eev`, gwim KY&dv_; `kg Aavq, cv394-395]

G cm Gjm wjLwQjb, myZivs cKZ A_ hwj evwbK MelYv Kg mwj mvaviYZt fzj I mZ, Gic gZv bwZK
kwjK Gwoq Pj, wK GB kwji `Lv meB Avgiv cvB mB mg M... hLvb Amvi evMvo^i wbRK mvefg wPvi
mvefg dmjic Avgv`i Ici Rvwni KiZ P Ki| ...m~Y wecixZ giZ AevbKvix mg aviYvi gZ mZ I g
GB `ywU aviYviI Kejgv AZ mxwgZ B Pig wmZv we`gvb|...Avgiv h gyn~ Z mZ I gi weivaK H msKxY Mxi
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mZ| [GwU-Wzwis (1873-1886 mgqKvj iwPZ), c_g ce, beg Aavq]
G cm vwjb ejwQjb, Z Avgv`i GB K_vB ej h RMZi Kvb wKQzB kvkZ bq, RMZi cwZwU eB Yvqx I
cwieZbxq; cKwZ e`jvq, mgvR e`jvq, Afvm I c_v e`jvq, bvqi aviYv e`jvq, mZ wbRI e`jvq-GB KviYB Z cwZwU
eB I NUbvKB hyw w`q wePvi Ki; GB KviYB Zv gv GKevi cwZwZ mZi AwZK A^xKvi Ki| [bivRev` bv
mgvRZ?, c_g Aavq]| KgiW wke`vm Nvl 1967 mvj G ee ivLb (vbZ, g~jK eev` I wecex Rxeb cm)| G
ee gvKmev`x vbfvvi bZzb mshvRb bq| cwieZbkxj RMZ mZ mg evwbK aviYvKB wZwb Dcvcb KiQb|
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gb wbZ cvwiwb|

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h HwZnvwmK wPK mvgb iL nMji AvBbi `kbi chvjvPbvq c` iPbvZ Kvj gvK m wjLwQjb| ag nj wbcxwoZ
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RbMbi Rb Avwdg|...gvbyl ag Zwi Ki, ag gvbylK Zwi Kibv| h-gvbyl nq GLbI wbRK LyuR cvqwb wKsev wbRK Avevi
nvwiq djQ BZvga, ag nj Zvi AvZPZbv Ges AvZmvb| wK gvbyl Zv RMZi evBi Zuvey LvwUq _vKv Kvb weg~Z mv
bq| gvbyl nj gvbyli RMr, iv mgvR GB iv GB mgvR cq`v Ki ag... [ag cm, gvKm -Gjm; cv-40] Religious
suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real
suffering. [Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right-Marx ] A_vr-agxq hbv ev K, GKwU wbw` Ges GKB
mgq mwZKvii hbvi ewntcKvk Ges cKZ hbv ev Ki wei cw Zev`|
Gjm AvwU Wzwis (KqKUv Ask) Z wjLQb, ...Lag Kej GKUv welq mg gvbyli mgZv ^xKZ wQj; mUv nj GB h,
mgvbfveB mevi Rb Avw` cvc-GUv `vm Avi DrcxwoZ`i ag wnme GK cKwZi m h_vh_fveB gvbvbmB wQj| ZvQvov GB ag
gvbZ eoRvi evQvB Kiv jvK`i mgZv, mUvi Dci Rvi `Iqv nZ wK ay GKevi iZ| GB bZzb agi Mvovi w`KKvi
cewjZ h-mvaviYi gvwjKvbvi wKQz wKQz jYI `Lv hvq mUvK mwZKvii mg-AwaKvii aviYvi Pq eis mgvRPzZ`i ga
msnwZi m mswk ej aiv hvq| AwZ ^Kvji gaB hvRK Avi AhvRK`i ga cv_K vwcZ nevi dj GB RvqMvq Lvbxq
mgZviI Aemvb NU| Ab ebv evDqi Ges Mvovi LagZ Gjm jLb, h ag ivgK wek mvgvRUvK Aaxb KiwQj
Ges 1800 eQi ai mf wekRbi GKUv eo Aski Dci AvwacZ PvwjqwQj mUvK Kej cZviK`i Rov Kiv A_nxb wRwbmi
c ej PzwKq `Iqv hvq bv| h HwZnvwmK cwiek mUv `Lv w`qwQj Ges AvwacZkvjx Aevq cuQ wQj Zvi _K mUvi
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cQ` Kij hvZ DPvwejvkx KmbvwUb kl ch weePbv Kijb A_nxb wRwbmi GB agUv MnY KivB ivgK `ywbqvi

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mw nZ cvi|
11) GB cqU ejv nQ, gvKmev`K ejv nZ kwgKkYxi wek`wfw| KgiW wke`vm Nvl `Lvjb, mZvbymvbi
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DwPZ wevbmZ wek `wfw|
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wekl Ki Av`k kZvxi kli w`K, dv, hLb meiKgi gahyMxq Rvji wei, cwZvb I avb-aviYvq wbwnZ mvgZi
wei P~ov msMvg Rj DVwQj, ZLb _K eev`B `Lv w`qQ GKgv mwZcivqY `kb wnmve, hv cvKwZK wevbi mg
wmvi cwZ wek Ges Kzmsvi, fvwg cfwZi k| MYZi kiv ZvB eev`K Lb Kivi Rb, ZvK a~wjmvr I wbw`Z
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iYveY A_ev mg_b|
gvKm I Gjm& AwZ `pZvi m `vkwbK eev`i mg_b KiQb Ges GB wfw _K cZKwU wePywZB h Kx `viY fzj Zv
evievi evLv Ki `wLqQb| Zuv`i GB gZvgZ mePq cwivi Ki Ges wek` e nqQ Gjmi iPbv jy`wfM dqievL
Ges AvwU-Wzwis eBZ| KwgDwb BkZnvi-Gi gZ G eB `yLvwbI cZKwU mPZb kwgKi KvQ wbZcvV|
Av`k kZvxi eev`B wK gvKm _g hvbwb, `kbK wZwb AMmi Ki MQb| G `kbK wZwb mg KiQb Rvgvb wPivqZ
`kbi m` w`q, wekl Ki nMjxq Z w`q, hv Avevi cuwQqQ dqi&evLi e ev`| GB me m`i ga cavb nj vwK
Z, A_vr MfxiZg, c~YZg, GK`k`wkZvewRZ weKvki Z, h gbyl vb Avgiv cvB wbii weKvkgvb c`v_i cwZdjb Zvi
AvcwKZvi Z| RivRxY cyibv fveev` be be cZveZbmn mg eyRvqv `vkwbK gZev` mI, iwWqvg, BjKUb, gwjK
c`v_i icvi cfwZ cvKwZK wevbi AvaywbKZg Avwevi _K gvKmi g~jK eev` PgrKvi mgw_Z nqQ|
`vkwbK eev`K MfxiZi I cwiweKwkZ Ki gvKm ZvK m~YZv `vb Kib, cKwZ-welqK vbK cmvwiZ Kib gvbemgvRi
vb| evwbK wPvi mek KxwZ njv gvKmi HwZnvwmK eev`| BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ-welqK gZvgZ h wekjv I LvgLqvjx
Ghver Pj AvmwQj Zvi mgvw NwUq GwMq Gj GK Avh iKgi mevxY I mymgm evwbK Z, hv `Lvj Kx Ki Drcv`b
kwwji weKvki dj mgvRRxeb GKwU eev _K De nq DPZi eevi -`v^ic, Kx Ki mvgZ _K weKwkZ nq
cyuwRev`|
gvbyli vb hgb gvbyli AwZ-wbic cvKwZK RMZi, A_vr weKvkgvb c`v_i cwZdjb, Zgwb mgvRi A_bwZK eevi
cwZdjbB njv gvbyli mvgvwRK vb (A_vr wewfb `vkwbK, agxq, ivRbwZK cfwZ gZvgZ I Z)| ivRbwZK cwZvbwj njv
A_bwZK ewbqv`i DcwiKvVvgv| `v^ic `Lv hve h AvaywbK BDivcxq ivwji ivRbwZK ic hvB nvK, Zvi KvR njv
cjZvwiqZi Ici eyRvqv cfzZ msnZ Kiv|
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vbvbkjvKv wK mZvbymvbi `kb bq? jwbb hLb Aviv ejb, ...G gZev` mym~Y I mymgm| Gi KvQ _K h mvgwMK
wek`w jvf Kiv hvq... Mvxev` ejZ hw` evSvq GKUv AvZe wkjxf~Z gZev`, hvi D`q nqQ wekmfZv weKvki ivRc_
_K e`~i, Ze `kb I mvgvwRK wevbi BwZnvm _K AwZ cwivi Ki `Lv hvq h, gvKmev`i ga Zgb Kvb wKQzB bB|
eis, gvKmi mgM cwZfvUvB GBLvb h, gvbe mgvRi AMYx fvebvq h me wRvmv AvMB `Lv w`qwQj gvKm ZviB Reve
w`qQb| mvgwMK wek`wfw jvf Kivi evwbK fvev`k njI Kb kwgKkYxi fvev`k wnmve ZvK Mnb Kiv nq Zv ejZ
wMq jwbb ejb, mf `ywbqvi me eyRvqv wevbi (miKvwi Ges D`vibxwZK Dfq cKvi) c _K gvKmi gZev`i cwZ

P~ov kZv I Avvk `Lv hvq| gvKmev`K Zviv `L GK aibi welv Mvx wnmve| AekB Ab gbvfve Avkv Kiv e_v,
Kbbv kYxmsMvgi Ici Mo IVv mgvR wbic mgvRwevbi AwZ Ame| me iKgi miKvwi I D`vibxwZK wevbB
Kvb bv Kvbfve `vmZi wei gvnxb msMvg NvlYv KiQ gvKmev`| cuywRi gybvdv Kwgq kwgK`i gRywi evovbv DwPZ bq
wK-GB cki wgj gvwjK`i KvQ _K wbicZv Avkv Kiv mgvb evZzjZv| [gRywi `vg gybvdv gRywi I cyuwR gvKmev`i wZbwU Drm
I wZbwU A-wf AvB jwbb, c:121, 122, 123]| gvKmev` mK Gjm ejb, The science of the general laws
of motion & development of nature, human society and thought (cKwZ, gvbemgvR Ges wPvi MwZ I
weKvki mvaviY wbqgmg~ni wevb)|
Gi ciI wK GK_v bZzb Ki ejvi AvQ h gvKmev` GKwU wevb mZ wek`fx ? AvRKi hyM kwgK kYx G `wfwK
nvwZqvi Ki mgvR cwieZbi msMvg KiQ| KviY ZvivB Zv mgvRi wecex Ask| Gi ciI wK GK_v ejv hvq h, wke`vm NvlB
GKgv ejwQjb h gvKmev` GKwU wevb mZ wek `wfw ? AvRKi hyM kwgK kYx G `w fwK nvwZqvi Ki mgvR
cwieZbi msMvg KiQ| Kvib ZvivBZv mgvRi wecex Ask|
12) GB cqU ejv nqQ , mvi GKwRmUbwkqvwjRg|
hw`I mvi bvg GKwRmUwkqvwjRg Gi mv_ hy ZeyI wKqKMvWK mvaviYfve GKwRkUbwkqvwj wdjvmdvi ejv nq| Zvi
gZ cwZwU gvbyl Zvi Rxebi Rb `vqx (Each individual-not society or religion is solely responsible for
giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely) A_vr, cwZwU ewB mgvR ev ag bq hv Rxebi
gvb LyR cZ Ges GKwU `vwqZkxj I DcfvM Rxeb avib fwgKv ivL|
wZxq wekhyi ci G aviYv AviI Rbwcq nq IV| wKqKMvW, `qfw, wbrm Ges mvK GKwRmUbwkqvwj aviYvi DMvZv
gb Kiv nq| eyRvqv mgvRi wewQbZv, nZvkv, kvlYRwbZ ebv, Rxebi j m^ w`kvnxbZvi mgq G aviYvi Rb| KgiW
wke`vm Nvl G welqwU Zvi `ywU eZvq AvjvKcvZ KiQb| G mgmvi MfxiZv Ges Zvi djvdj wbq AviI wek` AvjvPbvi
AeKvk AvQ| mgvR Kb wewQbZv `Lv `q, wecei gvag gvbyl wKfve Zv _K gy nZ cvi G `vkwbK AvjvPbv GLbI
PjQ AviI Pje|
13) GB cqU ejv nqQ dvwmev`| A_vr wke`vm Nvl Gi dvwmev` mwKZ eeK eySvZ PqQb|
mswZi msKU I dvwmev` ce wZwb ejb, cyuwRev`x A_bwZK eevi Drcvw`Kv I mvgwiK kw ewi eve ZvwM` GKw`K
wevbi UKwbKvj (KvwiMwi) w`Ki PPv nBZQ, Aciw`K fveevPi wewfb hywwevbweivax w_Iix Ae wewjd-Gi wfw
Kwiqv AwZcvKZev`, Ckiev`, Zev` cfwZ bvbv cKvi fveev`x `kbi PPv PwjZQ| GKB mv_ UKbvjwRKvj (chywMZ)
DbwZi wevbi PPv Ges wk, mvwnZ I g~jeva cfwZ gvbyli fveivRi cwZwU AvavZev`i PPv `k cyivcywi
dvwmev` Mwoqv DVvi BwZB enb KwiZQ| Avgvi gZ `kb I mswZi dvwmev` nBZQ AvaywbK wevb I AavZev`i
GK AzZ mswgkY| (1949 mvji ee _K DZ) H cei Ab ejv nqQ, MvxBRg BR G mvewjgwUK Uvdigkb Ae
eyRvqv Kvm BwUs, AwiRbUW _y ` cmm Ae wdDkb weUzBb ` m Ae eyRvqv wnDgvwb givj fvjyR Av AvwU-IqvwKs
Kvm wdqvi Kgc Ae ifwjDkb Ae MvxwR| (H)
dvwmev` ki Drcw BZvjxi ewbZv gymvwjwb KZK c_g 1919 mvj dvmwm hvi AvwiK A_ Kzovji djvi Zjvq AvUKvbv
GKMvQv jvwV hv GKZv I kwi cZxK| GZ GKUv ivRbwZK MvxI eySvbv nq| ci 1921 mvj dvwm cvwU MVb Kiv nq| hvi
_K dvwmev` GmQ| hw`I GB dvwmev` kwUi mv_ GWj&d wnUjvii bZZ bvkbvj mvkvwj IqvKvm cvwU-Rvgvb
msc bvrwm cvwU (GbGmwWwc) Gi bvgwUI RwoZ| wekcuywRev` GKPwUqv cyuwRev` A_vr mvvRev`i i DV h A_bwZK
msKUK Mfxi _K MfxiZi KiZ _vK Zvi nvZ _K iv cvIqv Avi Abw`K kwgK kYxi wecex kw I msMvg weKvki
AcwZnZ MwZ wKsev gZv `Lji mvebv iLZB g~jZt dvwmev`i Avwefve NUwQj| BZvjx I Rvgvbxi dvwmev` wekbRi Avm
wZxq wekhyKvjxb mgq| AvRI dvwmev`i Pnviv H `yB `kK K` Ki eo AvKvi `uvwoq _vKjI ay H `yB `kB
dvwmev` Kvqg nqwb| Awqv, nvixmn AbK `kB Zv `Lv w`qwQj| AbK vbB Zv Y'vqx wQj ej Zgb MY nq bv|

Avevi dvwmev`i BZvjx-Rvgvwb-Rvcvbi mv_ icMZ cv_K _vKjI AvRKi `ywbqvq eyRvqv kvmbi ici gvS dvwmev` cavb
ceYZv wnmve weivR KiQ| Avevi `k `k dvwmev`i ic cKwZi wfbZvI iqQ| hgb BZvjx Ges Rvgvbxi dvwmev` Zv`i
Drm Ges cKwZi cv_K wbqB Mo DVQ hw`I GKPwUqv cyuwRev`i Rxeb iv I kwgK kYxi RvMiY I wece cPv asm Kivi
w`K _K Dki wgj iqQ| 1932 mvj BZvwjqvb GbmvBKvwcwWqvi dvwmev`i Z (Doctrine of facism) Qvcv nqwQj|
`vkwbK wRIfvwb RwUji gymvweav P~ov Ki gymvwjwb Zvi P~ov ic `b| BZvjxZ BZvga wdqvU, Awjfw, wciwji gZv
GPwUqv abKzei Mvxi wk cwZvb Avw_K g`vi myLxb Abw`K kwgKi Afvebxq `vwi` eKviZmn weviYgyL Aev mvgvj
w`Z dvwmev`x Z Avi ivgmn ga BZvjxi cvq cyiv Ask cvc Ges fvwUKvb`i agxq fvev`kMZ cfve wevi cqvRbxq nq
DVwQj| RvgvbxZI c_g wekhy civRqi Mvwb, Avw_K wZ I RvZxq AQ` BZvw`i cvkvcvwk GKPwUqv Kvievwi`i `Z DV
`vovbvi mv_ kwgK wecei mvebvK asm Kivi cqvRb Rvgvb RvZi kZ I B`x agvej^x`i cwZ Zxe agv mv`vwqK
NYv mw Kiv nqwQj| BZvjx I Rvgvbxi dvwmev`i `vkwbK Drm divmx `kb wPvi ga LuyR cvIqv hve| BZvjx AbymiY KiQ
divmx ivwWKvj wmwKvwj RR mviji fveev`x mgvRZ Ges widKkb Ab fvqvj (Reflection on Violence) K
Abw`K Rvgvb bvrwm gZv`ki Drm AvQ divmx RvZxqZvev`x Av_vi Mvweb, wfjdWv cviUv, gwim evim Ges AvKkb dv
Av`vjb BZvw`Z| Ze Dfq `ki B wbrmi cfve wQj Mfxi| wbrmi AwZgvbe (Ubermensch) Ges gZvi BQv
(The will power), A_vr kYxi cwieZ AmvaviY gvbyl`i wbaviK f~wgKvi K_vB Gi cwZcv`| G cm wbv
AvjvPbvwj weePbvq AvmZ cvi:
"Facism is the open, terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinist and most
imperialist elements of finance capital. Facism tries to secure a mass basis for monopolist
capital among the petty bourgeoisie,...also trying to penetrate the working class." [Theses on
Facism, the War Danger and the Tasks of the Communist Parties; 13th Plenum ECCI; In
J.Degras (Ed): "The Communist International: 1919-1943; Documents", Volume 3; Oxford,
1965; p.296].
"Facism means the destruction of all the democratic rights won by the people, the
establishment of a kingdom of darkness and ignorance and the destruction of culture; it means
nonsensical race theories and the preaching of hatred of man for man, for the purpose of
kindling wars of conquest." [G.Dimitroff,...Spain and the People's Front]
The Program of the Communist International. Comintern Sixth Congress 1929: Side by side
with social democracy, with whose aid the bourgeoisie suppresses the workers or lulls their
class vigilance, stands Facism. The epoch of imperialism war-led to the bankruptcy of
parliamentarism. Hence, the adoption of `new' methods and forms of administration (for
example, the system of inner cabinets, the formation of oligarchical groups, acting behind the
scenes, the deteration and falsification of the function of 'popular representation', the restriction
and annulment of 'democratic liberties', etc.).
Under certain special historical conditions, the progress of this bourgeois, imperialist,
reactionary offensive assume the form of Facism. of considerable de-classed social elements,
the pauperisation of broad strata of the urban petty bourgeoisie and of the intellegentsia;
discontent among the rural petty-bourgeoisie and, finally, the constant menace of mass
proletarian action. A_vr, dvwmev`x eev jMx cuywRi mePq cwZwqvkxj, A I mePq ekx mvgvRev`x Pwi avib Ki
Ges GKbvqKZvwK fveavivi ewntcKvk| G evev z` eyRvqv`i ga Zvi GKPwUqv cuwRi cwic~iK Mbwfw Zix Ki Ges
GgbwK kwgKkYxKI cfvweZ Kivi Pv Ki|

mivPvix evevq RbMbi AwRZ mKj MYZvwK AwaKvii Kei iwPZ nq| Gi ga w`q AKvi I mPvPvi ivRZ cwZwZ nq
Ges mswZi webvk NU| dvwmev` eei RvwZMZ Z Zzj ai, weRqx Aski c hy Pvwjq hvIqvi Rb Ges gvbyli cwZ
gvbyli NYv Rb `q|
14) GB cqU ejv nqQ, MYZvwK Kw`KZv evLv Ki jwbb ejb, GUv nQ menviv MYZ I Kw`KZvi wgkY|
wK menviv mswZ ARb Qvov h `j menviv MYZ h_vh_fve KvR KiZ cvi bv Ges menviv mswZ ejZ wK evSvq Zv
jwbb `wLq hvbwb, hUv KgiW wke`vm Nvl jwbbi wPvK weZ I DbZ Ki `wLqQb|
hyejxMi KZe AvjvPbv KiZ wMq jwbb ejQb, GB K_vwU Avgv`i AekB gb ivLv DwPZ, D`vniY^ic, hLb Avgiv menviv
mswZ mK K_v ewj**, G mgmvwU mgvavb KiZ Avgiv mg ne bv hw`-bv Avgiv myfve GUv `qg Kwi h, gvbeRvwZi
mgM weKvki viv m mswZ mK GKUv h_vh_ vb Ges Zvi icvi mvabB GKgv GKUv menviv mswZ mw Kivq Avgv`i
mg_ Ki Zzje| menviv mswZ AvKvk _K co bv| hviv wbR`i menviv mswZ mK wekl ej AwfwnZ Ki _vK
Zv`i Kvb ^KwZ DvebI Zv bq| Zv GKevi evR K_v| cyuwRev`x, Rwg`vix I AvgjvZvwK mgvRi Rvqvji Aaxb
gvbeRvwZ h vb fvvi mwZ KiQ menviv mswZK nZ ne ZviB hwK weKvk| GB mg c_B cwiPvwjZ nqQ Ges
AevnZfveB cwiPvwjZ ne menviv mswZi w`K, wVK hgb gvKm KZK Xj mvRvbv ivRbwZK A_kv Avgv`i `wLq w`qQ
gvbe mgvRK Kv_vq cuQvZ ne| hgb `wLq w`qQ kYx-msMvg AwfgyLx, menviv wece AwfgyLx c_|... h vbi bq-`kgvsk
njv AcqvRbxq Avi GK-`kgvsk njv weKZ, mB cf~Z cwigvb vbi viv Zib`i gwK fvivv Ki `qvi cwZwU
Avgiv AekB MnY Kie bv| wK Zvi A_ GB bq h, Avgiv KwgDwb wmvB mxgve _vKZ cvwi Ges KwgDwb kvMvbB
Kej wkLZ cvwi| m cvq KwgDwbRg Mov hvq bv| GKgv ZLbB Zvgiv KwgDwb nZ cvi hLb gvbeRvwZ KZK m mg
vb fvvi w`q Zvgv`i gwK Zvgiv mg Kie| Avgv`i gyL -we`vi Kvb `iKvi bB, wK gwjK Z_i (fundamental
facts) vb w`q cwZwU wkv_xi gbi weKvk I c~YZv mvab Avgv`i KiZ ne| wkv_x h mg vb ARb Ki Zv hw` m Zvi
gbvRMZ nRg KiZ bv cvi Zv nj KwgDwbRg nq `uvove GK duvKv K_v, wbQK GK mvBbevW, Avi KwgDwbiv nq `uvove
wbZv `vwK| menviv mswZ I bwZKZv evaK jwbb AvPiYevw`Zv _K gy ivLvi evaKI kvwbZ KiQb| Avgiv Rvwb
mgvR Afi A_vr mgvRi ecweK eveZvi gvS h wbqgbxwZ wqvkxj _vK Zvi mv_ mwZc~Y RxebvPiY I msMvgi ga
w`q menviv bwZKZvi cKvk NU| jwbb ejQb, Avgiv ewj Avgv`i bwZKZv cyivcywifveB menviv kYxi kYx msMvgi
^v_i Aaxb| Avgv`i bwZKZvi Drm njv menviv kYxi kYx msMvgi ^v_|...m KvibB Avgiv ewj gvbemgvRi evBi
AewZ bwZKZv ej Kvbv wKQz Avgv`i bB, Zv njv ZvK cZviYv| Avgv`i KvQ bwZKZv njv menvivi kYx msMvgi ^v_i
Aaxb| mw Ges mwi aviYvgy bv nq menviv mswZ Avq Kiv KwVb, m welq DjL Ki jwbb ejb, RviK Zvwoq
`qv KwVb wQj bv Zvi Rb gv KqK w`bB jMwQj| Rwg`viK weZvwoZ KivI Lye GKUv KwVb wQj bv- gv KqK gvmB Zv
mb nqwQj| cuywRcwZ`i Zvovbv Lye GKUv `yin wQj bv| wK k Yxi wejvcmvab AZzjbxq icB AwaK KwVb, kwgK I KlKi
wefwUv GLbI Avgv`i AvQ| KlK hw` Zvi RwgZ AwawZ nq em Ges Zvi D kl AvZmvr Ki, A_vr Zvi wbRi Rb ev
Zvi Mi evQzii Rb jvMQbv Ggb km m hw` AvZmvr Ki A_P evwK jvKiv QzwU Qvov w`b KvUvq Zvnj KlK nq `uvovq
kvlK|... kYx msMvg AevnZ iqQ Ges Avgv`i KZe njv mg ^v_K m-msMvgi Aaxb Kiv| Avgv`i KgDwb
bwZKZvI mB KZei Aaxb|... jvK hLb Avgv`i mvgb bwZKZv mK K_v Zvj, ZLb Avgiv ewj: GKRb KwgDwbi
KvQ mg bwZKZvB wbwnZ iqQ kvlK`i wei GB HKe kjv I mPZb MY-msMvgi ga| kvkZ bwZKZvq Avgv`i
wekvm bB Ges bwZKZv wbq mg Avlvp Mi cZviYvi gyLvk Avgiv DbvPb Ki w`B| DPZi i gvbemgvRK DbxZ Kivi
jiB mev Ki bwZKZv|
(jwbb GLvb cjZKvjZ (proletcult) bvgK GKwU ^vaxb kwgK msMVb hvi De NUwQj 1917 mvji m^i gvm Zv`i
Dk Ki ejQb| Gi msMVbi bZZ wQj eM`vbf I Zvi mg_KMvxi nvZ hviv Avei wecei ci wbR`i ^vaxb mfv
Rvwni Ki Ges GK chvq menviv ivi wei `uvovq| GB msMVb eyRvqv eywRxexiv kYx wbic we mswZ PPvi bvg hy
nq| Giv g~jZ cKZc AZxZi mg mvswZK DivwaKviKI A^xKvi Ki em| RbMYi ga mvsZwK I wkvg~jK KvRi
cwZ Aenjv c`kb Ki| eve Rxeb msMvg _K wbR`i weweQb ivLv cQ` Ki Ges wekl aiYi ^KwZ menviv mswZ
cwZv Kivi j NvlYv Ki| cjZKvjZ Gi cavb bZv eM`vbf gyL gvKmev`i eywj AvIovZb, wK cKZc AvZgyLx

fveev`i cPvi PvjvZb| cjZKvjZ Gi ga eyRvqv eywRxexiv hgb wQj Zgwb Zib kwgKivI evcKfve AvK nqwQj hviv
mvwfqZ iv I mgvR mvswZK weKvk Kvgbv KiZv| cjZKvjZ 1919 mvji w`K evcK cmvi jvf KijI 1932 mvj Zvi
mvsMVwbK `yejZvi KviY wejyw NU|)
jwbbi Aviv wek` evLv QvovI gvKmev`x `vkwbK`i bvbv w`K h_ evLv weklY iqQ hv _K eySv hve h menviv mswZ
I bwZKZv welq wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbv I Dcjwi h_ g~j _vKjI gvKmev`x Av`vjb h_v_ vb I Dcjwi Zgb NvUwZ
wQj bv|
15) GB cqU ejv nqQ, KgiW wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb wecex Z ejZ jwbb ay ivRbwZK I A_bwZK Z
evSvbwb| Rxebi me gvKmev`x wevbK cqvM Ki msMvgi viv m GKwU mvgwMK vbi cwigjK eywSqQb| hviv
w_Iix ejZ ay cwjwUKvj G BKvbwgK w_Iix gb KiZv Zv`i wevw `wLq wke`vm Nvl ejjb, gvKmev`K Rxeb msMvg
wnmve MnY bv Kij h_v_ KwgDwb Pwi ARb Kiv hve bv|
GLvb wevw `~i Kivi Rb jwbbi DZ eeUvB h_ wQj| jwbb ejb, Avgiv Avgv`i Kgx`i ivRbwZK bZv wnmve
wkwZ Ki Zzje hvZ Zviv mevxb msMvgi cwZwU AwfewK c_ c`kb KiZ mg nq| [wK KwiZ nBe- jwbb] Gjm
hLb ejb, Our doctrin...is not a dogma, but a guide to action. A_vr, Avgv`i wPv ev g~jbxwZ mg~n A
Abymibxq wKQz bq eis mKj Kvhejx w`K wb`kbvKvix
Gi viv wK mevxb Rxeb msMvgi w`K wb`kbv cvIqv hvq bv? menviv bwZKZv mK hyejxMi KZe cywKvq jwbb AviI
AvjvPbv KiQb| gvKmev`x `wfxK MnY KiB KgiW Nvl KwgDwb Pwi ARbi msMvg Kgx`i Dy KiQb|
16) GB cqU ejv nqQ, GKwU `k wecex `j MVbi AvM, wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb, Rxebi me ev Ki
gvKmev`i mwVK cqvMi ga w`q Av`kMZ Av`vjb Mo Zzj ZviB wfwZ Av`kMZ Kw`KZv A_vr mgwPv -cwZ, mgwPv,
mg-wePvi aviv, mg-DkgyLxbZv Mo ZzjZ ne| wZwb AviI `wLqQb, mKj bZv Ges Kgxi h_vbi hLb `ji mevP
ii GKRb bZvi ga w`q mekic ewKiY NU, ZLbB ejv hve, h_ bZZi Afyvb NUQ|
GKUv `j Movi cwZce, MVbKvj Ges kYx I `ji AejywKvj Z_v cyuwRev` _K mvgev`i MvUv chvq Ryo wfb cwiwwZZ
wfb gvvq wecex Pvwn`v I cqvRbi wbwiL GB msMvg Pvwjq hZ ne| menvivi MYZ I vwK Kw`KZv wgj MYZvwK
Kw`KZvi PPv I gvb Pjgvb msMvg I msMvg weKvki gvSB DbxZ nZ _vK| G cm jwbb ejb, The Party is the
vanguard detachment of the proletariat and to direct the struggle of working class effectively, it
must be armed with Marxist Theory, and the knowledge of the laws of social development and
the laws of class struggle. An organized detachment, the party is the highest of all forms of
organisation of the proletariat. It can and should guide all the other organization of working
class. It must maintain close contact with the broad masses and win their confidence. Its
organization must be organized on the principle of centralism." [One step forward, two step
back] A_vr, `j kwgK kYx Ges Gi msMvgK mwVKfve cwiPvjbv Kivi mePq AMMvgx/bZZ`vbKvix Ask, GKwU kwgK
kYxi `jK AekB gvKmev`x Z, mgvR weKvki wbqg msv vb I kYx msMvgi wbqg viv mymwZ nZ ne| GKwU msMwVZ
Ask wnme `jB menvivi mdj msMVbi mevP Ask| GB kwgK kYxi Ab mKj msMVb mg~nK w`K wb`kbv `q Ges `Iqv
DwPZ| `jK AekB MYgvbyli mv_ mivmwi hvMvhvM vcb I Zv`i Avv ARb KiZ nq Ges Gi msMVb cwiPvwjZ nq
K`xKZvi bxwZmg~ni Dci wfw Ki|
`ji bZZ ev A_wiwU A_vr `ji h_ vbi weklxKZ ici cKvk| GK mekic bv ej `ji cwiPvjbv I wecex msMvg
weKvki cqvRb meAMMY Aevb bZZ `vb mg ewZK eySj meb, mevb bv^xZ GKK ewK gwngvw^Z Kivi ev
iev`x SuvK AePZbfve njI Avmvi ceYZv iva Kiv hZ cvi|

17) GB cqU ejv nqQ, Constant common association, constant common discussion and
constant common activity
A_vr wke`vm Nvl h_Zv wbgvYi Rb G welqjv ejQb| Avgiv MYZvwK K`xKiY wkivbvg KwgDwb cvwU msMVbi
g~jbxwZ eBZ jwbbi ee `LZ cvB, KwgDwb cvwU msMVb MYZvwK Kw`KZv AekB ne Kw`KZv I menviv MYZi
mswgkY (wdDkb)-Dfqi wgjbi cKZ wbhvm| GB mswgkY, mgM cvwUi ga me`v GK KvR, me`v GK msMvgi ga w`qB
GKgv ARb Kiv hvq| KwgDwb cvwU msMVb MYZvwK Kw`KZv AvbyvwbK ev hvwK Kw`KZv bq; GB Kw`KZv nj mvgev`x
KgKvi Kw`KZv, hvi A_ nj, Ggb GKwU my`p kwkvjx bZZ Mo Zvjv hv wecex hyi Rb me`v cZ, Avevi GKB mv_
h KvbI cwiwwZi gvKvejvq cvi`kx| h_ m K_vwU Qvov evwK meB GLvb AvQ| GB h_ m hw` nq kwgK kYx, kvwlZ
kYx, wbcxwoZ kYxmg~ni mv_ Zv`i msMvg wbZ m Ges ZviB GKUv Ask wnmve msMvgx gvbyl`i wbR^ m; Zvnj Zvi
GKUv gvb `uvovq| Zv bv nj Gi GKUv hvwK aviYv Zwi nZ cvi hv MYwewQb AvPiYev`x mwqvi Rb w`Z cvi|
18) GB cqU ejv nqQ, wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb, A_wiwU ev bZZ mK gvKmev`x aviYvi mv_ iev`i Kvb
wgj bB|
MYZvwK Kw`KiY wkivbvg KwgDwb cvwU msMVbi g~jbxwZZ jwbb ejb, KwgDwb cvwU msMVb MYZvwK Kw`KZv
AekB ne Kw`KZv I menviv MYZi mswgkY (wdDkb)-Dfqi wgjbi cKZ wbhvm| GB mswgkY, mgM cvwUi ga me`v
GK KvR, me`v GK msMvgi ga w`qB GKgv ARb Kiv hvq| KwgDwb cvwU msMVb Kw`KZv AvbyvwbK ev hvwK
Kw`KZv bq; GB Kw`KZv nj mvgev`x KgKvi Kw`KZv, hvi A_ nj, Ggb GKwU my`p kwkvjx bZZ Mo Zvjv hv wecex
hyi Rb me`v cZ, Avevi GKB mv_ h Kvb cwiwwZ gvKvejvq cvi`kx| AvbyvwbK ev hvwK Kw`KZv nj cyuwRev`x
AvgjvMvxi nvZ gZvi (cvIqvi) Kw`f~Z KiQ h KwgDwb cvwU, Zv wecex menvivi Dci Zvi kvmb Kvqg Kivi Pv
KiQ-GK_v GKgv KwgDwb`i kivB Rvi Mjvq cPvi KiZ cvi| GwU GKwU wg_v cPvi| cvwUi Afi KvbI cKvi
gZvi ev AvwacZ wbq KvbI cKvi cwZhvwMZv-Gme KwgDwb AvRvwZK KZK MnxZ MYZvwK Kw`KZvi gj
bxwZwji m~Y weivax|...GKwU mgvRZvwK MYcvwUK KwgDwb cvwUZ icvwiZ Kivi KvR KLbI cyibv KgixwZK
AcwiewZZ iL Kejgv mB cvwUi K`xq bZZi nvZ gZvi (A_wiwUi) K`xfebi ga mxgve nZ cvi bv| K`xKZv
Kejgv KvMR-Kjg _vKj Pjebv, eve ZvK cqvM KiZ ne| Ges Zv GKgv ZLbB Kiv me hLb evcKfve m`miv
Abyfe KiZ cvieb h GB A_wiwU Zv`i mwwjZ KgKv I msMvg mevg hvMZvmb GKwU nvwZqvi| Ab_vq RbZvi
KvQ GB weK`xf~Z bZZ cvwUi Afii GKwU AvgjvZicB `Lv `e Ges Gi dj Zv mKj cKvi, Kw`KZv, mKj aiYi
bZZ I mg iKg KVvi wbqgvbyewZZvi weiZv Kivi gvbwmKZv RvwMq ZzjZ cvi| AvgjvZvwKZvi wecixZ giZB
bivRevw`Zvi Aevb| GQvovI Ab bZZ mwKZ AvjvPbvq Avgiv `LZ cve h menviv kYx `ji bZZ -Kw_Z iev`x
aviYvi mv_ Kvb AevZB GK mv_ hvqbv|
19) GB cqU ejv nqQ, cyuwRev`x `k AvRKi hyM KwgDwb Pwii DbZ gvb ARbi Rb Ges wec ei ci
mgvRZK GwMq wbq hvIqvi Rb ay ewMZ mw cwiZvM KivB bq Rxebi me ewMZ mwRvZ gvbwmKZv _K
gy nq kYx, `j I wecei mv_ GKvZ nZ ne|
GLvb mgvRZ cuywRev`i wec` mK vwjbi uwkqvwi eBZ 25 bs cvq Avgiv `LZ cvB vwjb ejQb, Avgv`i
`k mgvRZvwK Av`kiB cvavb iqQ, hvi AcivRq wfw nj gvKmev`-jwbbev`| wK eyRvqv fvev`ki Aekl
(vestiges) AvRI Avgv`i `k AvQ| ew mwK wfw Ki Mo IVv bwZKZveva I gvbwmKZvi asmvekl (relies of
private-property mentality and morality) AvRI wUK AvQ| GwU KLbI Avcbv AvcwbB kl nq hve bv; Gwji
wei `pZvi mv_ msMvg cwiPvjbv KiZ ne| KwgDwb cvwUi KZe cm fvlY eyjMixq IqvKvm cvwUi bZv RR wWwgUd
ejwQjb, Avgv`i cvwUK Zvnvi HwZnvwmK KZ e cvjb KwiZ nBj GBfve mKj mg_b I wbqg gvwbqv Pjvi Afvm Qvov
Dcvq bvB| mB RbB eywSZ nBe h cvwUi Dk I KZei Dci ewMZ Kvb BQv AwbQv, wekl Kvb ^v_ ev aviYvK
vb `qv Pwje bv| cvwUi ga h c`B Avgiv AwawZ _vwK bv Kb, Avgv`i ga ewMZ hvnv wKQz AvQ, Zvnvi meUvKB cvwUi
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MYZvwKB nvK bv Kb, Ggb Kvbv ivi mvvr wgjebv hvi msweavb, Z_vKw_Z Rbkjv jNbi , Avi evweK c
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mb ciY, mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kiv, BZvw` BZvw` myhvMi wbqZv c`vbKvix duvK-dvKi ev ivKeP c`vb Kiv nqwb| KvDUw
wbji gZvB eyRvqv MYZK Ajvi f~wlZ KiQb Ges D`vnib ^ic AvgwiKv I myBRvijvi mePq MYZvwK I
cRvZvwK eyRvqviv agNUx kwgK`i mv_ wKic AvPiY Ki Zv DjL KivUv ev` w`Qb| ...menviv MYZ h Kvb eyRvqv MYZ
_K j b AwaK MYZvwK; mvwfqZ gZv mePq MYZvwK eyRvqv cRvZi PqI j b AwaK MYZvwK|...hviv GUv
`LZ e_ nq Zviv wbcxwoZ kYxi `wKvb _K welqwUK DcwZ KiZ Ag: `ywbqvq Ggb GKwU `kI wK AvQ, hLvb
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RbmvaviYi wecyj msLvwaK Aski cwZwbwaiv) Ggb Kvb ^vaxbZvi KvQvKvwQI cuuQvZ ciQ hvZ Zviv mevg
AvwjKvjvZ mfv-mwgwZ KiZ cvi, Ggb Kvb ^vaxbZv wK cqQ hLvb wbR`i fvev`k cPvii I wbR`i ^v_ iv Kivi
Rb mePq eo QvcvLvbvjv I KvMRi gRyZjv eenvi KiZ cvi, Ggb Kvb ^vaxbZv Kx cqQ hLvb ^ -kYxi bvix
cyilK kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv I ivK Mo wcU ic`vb Kivi KvR DbxZ KiZ ciQ, hgb nqQ mvwfqZ ivwkqvq?...eyRvqv
msev`cmg~ni UzKiv cwigvb ^xKvivw _K hZUyKz bQ ZvZB MvUv weki kwgKiv, mnRvZ gbvfve _KB mvwfqZ
cRvZi cwZ h mnvbyf~wZ `Lvq h_vh_ Zvi KviY nj Zviv GUvK menviv MYZ, Mixei Rb MYZ ejB gb Ki-abx`i
MYZ bq| hgbwU nj eveZ cwZwU eyRvqv MYZB, GgbwK mek eyRvqv MYZI|
wZwb AviI ejb,iv AvQ ^vaxbZv Ges mKji ^v_K iv KivB Zvi cwe Dk-GB eyRvqv wg_vPviwU Kej h vbcvcx,
wevbx I cyivwnZivB Zzj ai I mg_b Ki Zv bq, eis hviv cyivbv KzmsviK gb-cvY AuvKo _vK I hviv cuywRev`x mgvR
_K mgvRZ DiYK eySZ cvi bv, mB me e jvKI Zv Ki _vK|
mvwfqZ cRvZ hLb cwZwZ nq ZLbB m Gme eyRvqv wg_vPviK cZvLvb Ki Ges cKvkB NvlYv Ki; Zvgiv ejQ
Zvgv`i iv ^vaxbZv AvQ, wK eve, h ch ewMZ mw _vKe m ch, MYZvwK cRvZ njI, Zvgv`i iv
kwgK`i `gb Kivi Rb cuywRev`x`i nvZi h Qvov Avi wKQzB bq...|
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wgj I dvixi Dci ew-gvwjKvbv eRvq ivL, Avi ewMZ cuywR hw` MvUv mgvRK gRywi `vmZ Ave ivL,...Zvnj GB iv
njv GK `j jvKK `gb Kivi Rb Ab `ji nvZi h| jwbb-Gi weklY _K wK GUv nq bv h, eyRvqv I menviv
MYZi cv_K Zzj ai Ges G mK wZwb aviYv iL MQb ? G aviYvK Aej^b Ki AbKB mmvwiZ evLv weklY
nvwRi KiQb| wke`vm Nvl Zuvi ga AbZg| Zv Qvov ZZxq AvRvwZKi wZxq Awaekb h `ywU `wjj MnxZ nq, Gi c_gwU
njv jwbbi jLv menviv GK bvqKZ I eyRvqv GK bvqKZi cv_K|

21) GB cqU ejv nqQ, KwgDwb Av`vjbi Afi AvRvwZK bZZi m Acivci `ki cvwUwji ga
vwK mKi cwieZ h hvwK mK Zvi wkqvwiI wke`vm Nvl w`qwQjb (1948)|
wke`vm Nvli GB eewU h_v_| KviY RvZxq wKsev AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjb mvaviYfve hvwKZvi GKUv aviYvi cvkvcvwk
mywbw`fve Kvb cwiwwZZ wKfve GB gbvfvei cKvk cqwQj, wK Zvi Av`wkK-mvsMVwbK wfw ev wK wQj eveZvi mxgveZv
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BZvw` AbK wKQzB Aviv LuywUq LuywUq BwZnvmi Kvjcei wePvi Avgv`i `LZ ne| hvZ AvgivI AvRvwZK m^ mKi
hvwK `wfwi wkKvi bv nB| G cm AZxZi wZ AwfZvi K_v Avgiv iY KiZ cvwi| hvwKfve gvcx,
wcwKscx nIqv, Zvgvi evwo Avgvi evwo bvjevwo ev Pxbi Pqvigvb Avgv`i Pqvigvb ej kvMvb `qvi cwiYwZZ evg cx
Av`vjb wKfve A AbyKiYi PvivMwjZ wbw nqwQj|
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h, GB weskwZ KsMm DvwcZ Z I vwjb weivax c`c mvgev`x Av`vjb mskvabev`i `iRv Lyj `e, mgvRZK
wecb Kie| KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejjb, eyRvqv cvjvgUi icvii ga w`q mgvRZ Avmebv|
6 m^i 1963 mvj wccjm WBwj I iW dvM cwKvi mv`Kxq wbe Avgv`i m mvwfqZ BDwbqbi KwgDwb
cvwUi bZZi gZ cv_Ki m~Pbv I weKvk wmwcGmBDi K`xq KwgwUi Lvjv wPwV cm geZ Pxbi KwgDwb cvwU GKwU
cev` evKGKw`bB b`xZ wZbdzUi ewk Rj Rg eid nZ cvi bv DjL Ki `vwe KiQb h, mZwU nQ GB h
AvRvwZK KwgDwb Av`vjb wbq mvgwMK gZcv_K i nqwQj mvZ eQiiI ewk mgq AvM _K| AviI wbw` Ki ejZ
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wmwcGmBD bZZi c_g c`c|
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jLv nqQ, 1957 mvji bf^i gvZ AbywZ mgvRZvwK `kmg~ni KwgDwb I IqvKvm cvwUwji cwZwbwa`i NvlYvq
`wLq `Iqv nqwQj h, mskvabev`i AvfixY Drm nQ ey Rvqv cfvei Aw Avi Gi ewnt Drm nQ mvvRev`x Pvci
KvQ AvZmgcb| hLvb cyivZb mskvabev` Pv KiwQj gvKmev`K APj cgvY KiZ, mLvb AvaywbK mskvabev` Pv KiQ
jwbbev`K AKRv cgvY KiZ| hyMvkvwfqvi gvkvj wUUvi kvabev`K K` Ki Aviv ejv nq, weMZ eQii kl w`K
wUUvi GKwU eZvq evi evi DjL Kiv nqQ hvK AvaywbK mskvabev`xiv ej _vK bZzb hyM Gi K_v| wZwb ejQb, AvR wek
Ggb GK bZzb hyM cek KiQ hLvb RvwZmg~n Abvqvm weivg KiZ cvi Ges AvfixY wbgvY Kgi KZe wbR`i ^wZ
wbqvwRZ KiZ cvi| [wUUv, RvMif c` eZv, 12 wWm^i 1959] wZwb AviI ejQb, Avgiv GK bZzb hyM cek KiwQ
hLb mvgb iqQ bZzb ck, hy I kvwi ck bq, eis, A_bwZK I Abvb cvq, mnhvwMZvi ck, Avi hLb A_bwZK
cwZhvwMZvi K_vI iqQ|
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DbvPbi Pv KiQb| Zv mI wZwb cwic~Y wmvi RvqMvq cuQvZ cvibwb| 20 RyjvB 1956 mvj wZwb ejb, Avgv`i
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wK Avgv`i GB mgvjvPbv _K Ggb wmv wVK bq, h eZgvb bZZ BwZgaB gvKmev`jwbbev`i g~jbxwZ nZ wePzZ
nqQ| m wPv v| ZvB hviv ck KiQb h, wm wc Gm BD-i eZgvb wUK j Kij mwZKvii KwgDwb cvwU Mo Zvjvi
^v_ wm wc Gm BD-K fvOvi cqvRb AvQ wKbv, Zviv fzj KiQb| G wPv gvKmev` weivax UUwev` viv cfvweZ|
c_gZ, AvMB ejwQ h, G`i gvKmev`-jwbbev`i g~jbxwZ nZ gwjK wePzwZ NUwb| wZxqZ, mvwfqU KwgDwb cvwUK
gwjK wePzwZ _K iv Kivi mvwfqU RbMYi f~wgKvK A^xKvi KiZ cvwi bv| RbMYi f~wgKvi aviYv Avgv`i `ki

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wU mskvab Ki ZvK kwkvjx Kiv|
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cwikl Avwg eje h, weskwZ KsMm AvjvwPZ kvwc~Y mnvevb bxwZ, hyi AwbevhZvi wbqg Ges AvRvwZK kvw Av`vjK
gvKmev`x `wKvb _K cwiPvjbv Kivi G`i evLv cavbZ mwVK Ges ZvB mg_bhvM| Gw`K _K wePvi Kij eZgvb
bZZi gvKmev`-jwbbev` _K Kvb gwjK wePzwZ NUwb| ZeyI Avgiv ejZ eva h, Zv`i evLvi wKQz wKQz w`K AZ
iZi wUc~Y| myZivs mg welqK AveMgy gb axifve LuywUq wePvi Kiv `iKvi| iZB ejwQ h, Avgv`i mgvjvPbv hb
ezZc~Y mgvjvPbv wnmveB mKj MnY Kib| eZgvb bZZi `yejZvK `~i Ki ZvK kwkvjx KivB Avgv`i GB AvjvPbvi
GKgv Dk|
G ee _K wK evSv Mj h KgiW wke`vm Nvl mskvabev`i wmsnvi DbvPb welq wKQz ejQb? eis Avgiv bRi w`Z
cvwi Pxbi cvwUi eei w`K| 1957 mvji bf^i gvZ AbywZ mgvRZvwK `kmg~ni KwgDwb I IqvKvm cvwUwji
cwZwbwa`i eVKi NvlYvq `wLq `Iqv nqwQj h, mskvabev`i AfixY Drm nQ eyRvqv cfvei AwZ, Avi Gi ewnt
Drm nQ mvvRev`x Pvci KvQ AvZmgcY|
hLvb cyivZb mskvabev` Pv KiwQj gvKmev`K APj cgvY KiZ, mLvb AvaywbK mskvabev` Pv KiQ jwbbev`K APj
cgvY KiZ| gv eVKi NvlYvq ejv nqQ, AvaywbK mskvabev` Pvq gvKmev`-jwbbev`i gnvb wkvK cjc w`q XK
w`Z, NvlYv Ki h Zv nj APj Ges AwfhvM Ki h mvgvwRK cMwZi Rb Zv ^xq Zvrch nvwiq djQ| mskvabev`xiv
gvKmev`i ecweK AvZvK gi djZ Pvq, kwgK-kYxi Avi mvaviYfve gnbwZ RbMYi ga mgvRZi cwZ wekvmK
wZM KiZ Pvq|
G ee wK h_ iZen bq? Avgiv Rvwb 1963 mvj ch KgiW wke`vm Nvl mvwfqZ cvwUi cwZ Avv iLwQjb| KvRB
KgiW Nvl c_g mskvabev`i wei K_v ejQb Gfve `vwe Kiv BwZnvm mZ wK ?
23) GB cqU ejv nqQ, mskvabev`x wePywZi KviY wnmve wZwbB (wke`vm Nvl) c_g eyRvqv ewev` I PZbvi
wbPz gvbK `vqx Kib|
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DwPZ, mgvR weKvki c_ A_bwZK AMMwZi Zzjbvq gvbyli PZbvi i AvcwK A_ wcwQq _vK| h_ Lvgvii m`m`i
A_bwZK AevbwU wK? AvR Avi Zviv GK GKRb ew-KlK bb, Zviv AvR h_-Lvgvi Av`vjbi mwq Kgx| wK Zv`i
PZbv mB cyibv iB gvb ew gvwjKvbvi wfwZ Pvl Ki h Pvlx Zvi iB AvRI co AvQ| dj, GiB myhvM wbq,
gZvPzZ kvlKkYxi h me cwZf~iv AvRI iqQ, Zviv h_ Lvgvii Pvlx`i ewgvwjKvbvi Afvm Bb RywMq RbMbi m`
jyb I mvwfqZ ivi wfwg~j AvNvZ Kivi KvR jvMvQ|...hw` `ji cPvii KvR Kvb bv Kvb KviY Lyuwoq Lyuywoq
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31) GB cqU ejv nqQ, KwgDwb`i AvPiYwewa|
kYxwef mgvR wecixZgyLx `yB kYx `yB wfb eveZv Zwi Ki| GKwU AewZ ev wwZi eveZv AviKwU icvii Z_v ecweK
eveZv| h kYx AMmigvb, mB kYx ecweK eveZv Z_v cMwZi c_ wqv Ki| eZgvb hyM kwgK kYx AMmi kYx cyuwRev`
_K mvgev` icvii ecweK eveZvq KvR Ki hve| m Rb mgvRi Afi h ecweK eveZv weivR Ki Ges cwZwU
wbw` gynZ Zvi cqvRbxq KZe Kg wb`k Ki, Zvi mv_ mwZ weavb Ki msMvg I msMvgi cwic~iKB KwgDwb`i
AvPiYwewa nZ cvi| Ab_vq Zv agevYx ev bwZK Dc`k evYxi gZ AvPiYev`xZvi Rb w`Z cvi| m Rb hvivB GKwU `k
wece KiZ PvBeb Zv`iB cwZ gynZi wecex KgKvi cwic~iK RxebvPiYK Xj mvRvZ ne Ges Gfve mvgwMK
RxebevaKI gvMZ DbZ i Zvjv me ne| hgb Ki ik, Pxb, wfqZbvg, Kvwiqv, wKDevi cvwU Ges bZZ mme `ki
wecex`i gvMZ wkwZ Ki Ki GwMq wbq MQb wecex weRqi vicv|
dj KwgDwb`i AvPiYwewa Kvb AvPiYev`xZv bq| Kvb cuywRev`x `k wecex eveZvi wbwiLB wbavwiZ nq wecex Kgx`i
AvPiYwewa| KwgDwb Kgx`i AvPiYwewa Kvb kvkZ welq bq| GgbwK GKB cvwUi AfiI cvwU Kgx`i KvRi Aevbi Dci
wfw KiB mB Kgxi AvPiYi mwVKZv wbavwiZ nq|
hgb, gvI m Zzs ejQb, AvZgyLxbZvi wei Awfhvb Pvjvevi KvR Dciv `yB aiYi jvK`i eva KiZ ne Zv`i
wUwePzwZ kvaivZ; Zv`i ga Nwb HK Avgv`i Mo ZzjZ ne| eB-cov vb hv`i, Zviv eenvwiK vb Avq Kieb;
KviY, GKgv GfveB Zviv A Muvovwgi Pviv MZ Gwoq PjZ cvieb| Avi hv`i eenvwiK KvR AwfZv AvQ, Zviv
GKvMZvi m Z wePvi Kieb hvZ Zv`i AwfZvi ga Ggb kjv I mg^q vwcZ nZ cvi h Zviv m AwfZv _K Z

AvniY KiZ mg nb| ay ZLbB Zviv AvswkK AwfZvK mvweK mZ ej fzj Kieb bv Avi ZvB nvZzowMwii Pviv MZ Zviv
Gwoq PjZ cvieb| A Muvovwg I nvZzowMwi- GB Dfq Pig ceYZvB AvZgyLxbZvi Awfew| myZivs AvZgyLxbZv Avgv`i
cvwUZ cKvk cvq `yB ic-A Muvovwg I nvZzowMwi ic| Avgiv ay AskKB `wL, mgMK `wL bv; Ges Avgiv hw` mZK bv nB,
Avgv`i vb DbZ Ki ZzjZ hw` mvMn Pv bv Kwi, Zv nj wbR`i KvR iZi fzj Kivi `vq Avgv`i _vKe|
KgiWMY! Rji evwni ev Rji ga hLvbB Avgiv _vwK bv Kb, msMvgi MwZc_ cwZ c` me`vB Avgv`i wkv jvf Kiv
cqvRb; wkwLZ nBe, jovB KwiZ nBe; jovB KwiZ nBe; wkwLZ nBe| [cvwU I cvwU Kgx`i Aaqb I wPvaviv- gvI m
Zzs, cv-61]
KgiW Nvli AvjvPbv fviZi gvwUZ menviv kYxi `j MVbi cvmwK njI Gi mveRbxbZv AvQ wK bv Zv weePbv
mvc| dj G `vwe Kiv mZ Kiv ne bv h wZwb KwgDwb AvPiYwewa meRbxb ic wbaviY Ki wMqQb|
32) GB cqU ejv nqQ, eo gvKmev`x wPvbvqK`iI Kb mvwnZ cvV KiZ nq m welq Zuvi wPv I evLvK g~jevb
wkv wnme MnY KiZ ne|
cw_exi eo mvgvwRK cwieZb ev wece mvgvwRK gbb mw Kiv Qvov me bq| mgvRi kvlKkYx hgb Zv`i fvev`k viv mgvRK
wbqb Ki kvwlZ kYxKI Zgwb HKe nevi Rb DbZ mvswZK gvb ARb Kivi msMvg KiZ nq| m KviYB jwbbK
hgb gvI m Zzs KI Zgwb mvwnZ wk-mswZ mK g~jvqb `uvo KivZ nqQ| KgiW gvI m Zzs -Gi mvwnZ I wkKjv
mK Bqbvbi mfv:
1) c_g mgmv nQ; Kv`i Rb Avgv`i mvwnZ I wk? AbK AvMB gvKmev`xiv-wekl Ki jwbb G mgmvi mgvavb
KiwQjb| 1905 mvj jwbb iZ mnKvi DjL KiwQjb h, Avgv`i mvwnZ I wkKjvi DwPZ j KvwU kgRxex gvby li
mev Kiv|... GUv mZ h kvlK Avi AZvPvix`i RbI mvwnZ I wkKjv iqQ|...eyRvqvkYxi Rb iwPZ wk-mvwnZ n"Q
eyRvqv wk-mvwnZ| jy myb hvi mgvjvPbv KiwQjb mB wjqvs wk-wQDqi gZ jvKiv kYx- Ea wk mvwnZi K_v jvK ej
_vK, wK eve Zviv eyRvqvkYxi wk-mvwnZi cZvKvB enb Ki Ges menvivkYxi wk-mvwnZi weivaxZv Ki|
2) AvRKi w`b hv wKQy mwZKvifve RbmvaviYi, Zv meB ne Acwinvhfve menvivkYxi bZZvaxb| Avi eyRvqvkYxi bZZ
hv wKQz NUe Zv KLbB RbmvaviYi nZ cvi bv| GB be-mswZi AweQ` A Avgv`i bZzb mvwnZ Ges bZzb wkKjvI
^fveZtB Gi ewZg bq| Pxbi I we`ki AZxZi wk-mvwnZi mg fvvi Ges PgrKvi HwZnK Avgv`i DivwaKvi m~
MnY Kiv DwPZ, wK m I j AekB nZ ne RbMYi KjvY mvab| AZxZi wk-mvwnZi ic-ixwZ eenvi KiZI
Avgiv MiivRx bB, wK GB me cyivbv ic-ixwZ Avgv`i nvZ bZzb AvKvi, bZzb A_ aviY Ki RbMYi mevq wbqvwRZ wecex
wRwbm nq `uvovq|
GLb ck nQ RbMY Kviv? gvU RbmsLvi eng Ask-kZKiv 90 fvMiI ewk-nQb kwgK, KlK mwbK I ki cvwZ eyRvqv|
myZivs Avgv`i wk-mvwnZ nQ c_gZ: kwgK`i Rb, hviv weceK cwiPvjbv KiQb; wZxqZ: Zv KlK`i Rb, wece
AskMnYKvix`i ga msLvq hviv mevwaK Ges hviv wece Avgv`i mePvBZ `p wg-evwnbx; ZZxqZ: Zv mk kwgK-KlK`i
Rb, A_vr Ag iU evwnbx I bZzb PZz_ evwnbx Ges RbMYi Abvb mk `ji Rb, hviv wecex hyi cavb kw; Ges PZz_Z: Zv
ki cvwZ eyRvqvkYxi kgRxex-mvaviY I cvwZ eyRvqv eywRxex`i Rb, ZvivI wece Avgv`i wg Ges Zviv Avgv`i m `xNgqv`x mnhvwMZv KiZ mg| GB Pvi aiYi jvKB nQb Pxbv RvwZi eng Ask, evcKZg RbmvaviY|Avgv`i wk-mvwnZ
GB Pvi aiYi jvKi RbB nIqv DwPZ|
3) P~ov weklY, me iKgi mvwnZ I wkKg mw Kiv nq Zv njv gvbe gw GKUv wbw` mgvRi cwZdjbi dmj| ecweK
jLK I wkx`i gw RbMYi Rxebavivi cwZdjbi dmj nQ ecweK mvwnZ I wkKjv| RbMYi Rxeb nQ mvwnZ I
wkKjvi KuvPv Dcv`vbi Adzi Drm; GB me Dcv`vb AKwgic weivR Ki; hw`I mjv AgvwRZic _vK ZeyI mjvB
n"Q mePq mRxe, mg Ges gwjK Dcv`vb, mjvi m Zzjbvq me wk-mvwnZB vb nq hvq| mjvB nQ wk-mvwnZi
Adzi Ges GKgv Drm|

4) hw`I gvbyli mvgvwRK RxebB mvwnZ I wkKjvi GKgv Drm Ges welqei w`K _K AZzjbxqfve mg I cvYe, ZeyI
gvbyl Kej RxebK wbqB m bq, gvbyl mvwnZ I wkKjvi cqvRbI Abyfe Ki| Gi KviY wK? KviY, hw`I Rxeb Ges mvwnZ
I wkKjv DfqB my`i ZeyI mvwnZ I wkKjvq Rxebi h ic cwZdwjZ nq Zv nZ cvi Ges nIqv DwPZ mvaviY eve `bw`b
Rxebi Pq Aviv DPZi, Aviv Zxe, Aviv K`xf~Z, Aviv ewkg~jK I Av`ki Aviv KvQvKvwQ Ges mB RbB Xi ewk
wekRbxb| wecex wk-mvwnZi DwPZ eve Rxeb _K wewfb aiYi Pwi mw Kiv Ges BwZnvmK GwMq wbq hvIqvi KvR
RbMYK mvnvh Kiv|...menvivkYxi mvwnZ I wkKjv mgM wecex KgKvi GKUv Ask; mwj nQ, jwbb hgb ejQb, mgM
wecex hi PvKv I z| myZivs, cvwUi mvgwMK ecweK KvRi ga cvwUi wk-mvwnZ mwKZ KvRi mywbw` I mywbavwiZ vb
iqQ;
5) wk-mvwnZi iZK AwZwi eov Ki `LZ Avgiv ivwR bB, wK Avevi Gjvi iZK LvUv Ki `LZI Avgiv ivwR
bB| wk-mvwnZ njv ivRbxwZi Aaxb, wK mwj Avevi ivRbxwZi Dci weivU cfveI wevi Ki _vK|
6) mvwnZ I wkKjvi mgvjvPbvi `ywU gvb` AvQ-GKUv ivRbwZK gvb`, AbUv wkMZ gvb`| ivRbwZK gvb` Abymvi...
hv wKQzB RbZvK GKcvY GKgb nZ Dy Ki, cvwZZvi weivaxZv Ki Avi AMMwZK `ZZi Ki mUvB fvjv;
Acic,...hv wKQzB RbMYi ga weiva I wbirmvni mw Ki, AMMwZK evav `q Avi RbZvK wcQb Uvb mUvB Lvivc|
...m~Y AKviY fvjevmv wKsev AKviY NYv ejZ cw _exZ wKQz bB| Z_vKw_Z gvbeRvwZi cwZ fvjevmv mK ejv hvq h,
hw`b _K gvbeRvwZ kYxwef nqQ mw`b _KB mevZK fvjevmv ej wKQzB bB| AZxZi mKj kvmK kYxB GB aiYi
fvjevmvi evYx cPvi KiQ Avi AbK Z_vKw_Z Fwl I vbx ewivI GKB K_v ej MQb, wK cKZ c Zv`i KDB eve
Rxeb Zvi Abykxjb Kib wb, KviY kYx-wef mgvR mUv Ame| gvbeRvwZi cwZ cKZ fvjevmv ZLbB me ne hLb mgM
wekRyo kYxi AwZ wejy ne| [mvwnZ I wkKjv mK Bqbvbi AvjvPbv mfvq c` fvlY; g,1942, gvI m Zzs]
mg wecex bZv`i gZ KgiW wke`vm NvlI ZvB fviZeli gbb I mswZ eySevi I cvvevi Rb mvwnZ cvVi
cqvRbxqZvK iZ w`q ejQb|
33) GB cqU ejv nqQ, hydU ivRbxwZ I hydU miKvi cwiPvjbvi ck|
hydU ivRbxwZ I miKvi cwiPvjbvi ck RR w`wgf wek` wevi hgb AvjvPbv iLQb Zgwb wke`vm NvlI iZc~Y e
welq `Lvevi Pv KiQb| GmBDwmAvB 1967 mvj cwge ivR hydU miKvii kixK `j wnmve wQj| Zviv Zv`i bxwZ
KkjI AwfZvK Zzj aiQb| wK MZ 40/42 eQi ai evgc'x kwmg~ni mv_ mefviZxq g Ges ivR chvq Kb
HKe Av`vjb _vKZ cviQb bv Zvi bxwZ KkjMZ w`K KZUv Avi ivRbwZK eveZv KZUv Zvi g~jvqb eZgvb mgqi Rb
AbK wkbxq nZv| KviY Avgiv Avgv`i 32 eQii BwZnvm cvq 29 eQi aiB bvbv kwi mg^q HKe Av`vjb AvwQ|
34) GB cqU ejv nqQ, MYAv`vjb msMvg KwgwU MVb|
A_vr MYAv`vjb RbMYi weRq wbwZ KiZ nj ay mZt~ZZ
v w`q wKsev ZvrwYK kw mgveki wecyjZv w`q Zv AwRZ
nq bv| Avgv`i `k cvwKvbx DcwbewkKZv weivax Av`vjb 1969 mvji MYAfzvb mdj nIqvq cvZ mei msMvg
KwgwU MVbi wekl Zvrch iqQ| GB MYmsMvg KwgwU Mo Zvjvi iZ evgcx kwi f~wgKv _vKjI kl ch
eyRvqvkYxi `j AvIqvgxjxM Gi bZZ Zv Pj hvq Ges bq gvmi mk msMvg `ki Afi hy cwiPvjbv, gywevwnbxi Avkq,
im` msMn _K i Ki mKj cqvRbxq welq GK iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| 1917 mvj ik mgvRZvwK wece mdj
nIqvi cQbI msMvg KwgwU Z_v mvwfqZ Gi wbaviK f~wgKv Ab^xKvh| dj BwZnvm I HwZnvwmK msMvgi AwfZv G wkvB
`q MYAv`vjb Mo Zvjv I mdj Kivi msMvg KwgwU MVbi iZ KZ| fviZi cwZ wke`vm Nvl m K_vB ejQb|
35) GB cqU ejv nqQ, BKbwgK cejg&m Ae mvmvwjRg Bb w` BD GmGm Avi -Gi mgvjvPbvi Reve mvwfqZ
BDwbqb DzZ KqKwU A_bwZK mgmv cm|

mvwfqZ BDwbqb DzZ KqKwU A_bwZK mgmv cm AvjvPbvq KgiW wke`vm Nvl vwjbi ee I weklYi h_v_Zv
Zzj aiQb| G Zvi eei wKQz Ask DjL Kiv njvH ce jLKiv cyuwRev`x I mgvRZvwK A_bxwZi g~j wbqgwj mKI AvjvPbv KiQb Ges ejQb h, vwjb Zuvi
BKbwgK cejgm Ae mvmvwjRg Bb w` BD Gm Gm Avi eBZ cyuwRev`i g~j A_bwZK wbqg mK cyivcywi fzj aviYv cPvi
KiQb|...Ze Zvi PqI eo K_v nj, h vwjb `xNw`b ai wek mvgev`x Av`vjbi mvgb A_wiwU wnmve iqQb, Zuvi
A_wiwUK Le Kivi Dk _K wjwLZ GB cei ga w`q jLKiv wVK Kx Dk mvab KiZ PqQb-...|...Giv wK GKwUI
Ggb D`vniY w`Z cvieb hv _K cgvY nq h Zviv mgvRZi gwjK A_bwZK Pwi mK vwjbi eeK DbZi
KiQb Ges Zvi _K GZ ciQb?...Zviv vwjbi eeK Lb Ki Ges Zvi _K Avi GK avc GwMq mgvRZvwK
A_bxwZi GKUv iZc~Y ewk-Pvwn`v Drcv`bK Qvwcq hvq-GB ee LvwiR KiQb Ges Zvi viv mgvRZvwK A_bxwZ,
weklZ, Zvi Kwl A_bxwZK wecb Ki ZzjQb| zf I GBme Z_vKw_Z ZvwKiv Ab hme Kgm~Px wbq GQb, weklZt
hme cY PjvPji cwiwaK gkt mxwgZ Ki GKBm Drcb mvgMx wewbgqi cwiwa evwoq Zvjvi e`j c_gwUK evcKZi I
wZxqwUK mzwPZ Kivi Kgm~Pxi ga wbwnZ iqQ mskvabev`i Rb `Iqvi gvivZK iKg wecbK mvebv Ges cyuwRev`K
wdwiq Avbvi ceYZvK evwoq Zvjvi ivv Zix Kivi wec`|
vwjbK h_v_ g~jvqbi ccvZ`y wePvi hb Zvi Kvjv Qvqv wevi bv Ki| Zuvi iPbvwjK evievi cvV Kiv nvK,
`yejZv I vw hw` wKQy _vK Zv`i wVKfve Ges wbw` I my Ki Zzj aiv nvK Ges gvKmev`-jwbbev`i HkhfvviK
AviI mg Ki Zvjv nvK|
Avgiv KgiW wke`vm Nvli G weklY Ges evLvK h_v_ gb Kwi| GLvb DjL Kiv hZ cvi vwjb iwPZ mvwfqZ
BDwbqb mgvRZi A_bwZK mgmvejx eBwU wQj mgvRZvwK mgvRi A_bwZK wbqgvejxi ^ic DNvUbi GK gnr cPv|

36) GB cqU ejv nqQ, bqv ^vaxbZvcv eyRvqv RvZxqZvev`x `kwji GKw`K mvvRev`i mv_ Ges Aciw`K
mgvRZvwK wkweii m i NUbvK cg wnmve iZ `qvi K_v ejb|
m` ^vaxb `kwji AwaKvski welqwU wgjvbv MjI Pxbi mv_ wgj fviZ, B`vbwkqv BZvw` ivi RvU wbic
Av`vjbi hgb wgje bv, Zgwb mvvRev` ev mgvRZvwK wkwei wekl Ki mvvRev`i Dci egvwK wbfikxj
`kmg~ni `ywU Aevb _K mg-`~iZ memgq Zv`i cvIqvI KwVb ne| ZviciI h cg i K_v ejv nqQ Zv GLb
wqvkxj bB; hv SUCI(C)I wmv UbQ |
37) GB cqU ejv nqQ, mv`vwqK mgmv cm|
1964 mvj GKwU RvZxq WgvwUK Kbfbkbi cwZwbwa wnmve wke`vm Nvli wjwLZ fvlYi cwZB meZ BwZ Kiv nqQ
1947 mvj fviZ-cvwKvb nIqvi ci wn`y agxq cybixebev`i cfve fviZxq mgvR iv hfve wQj Ges Zv mv`vwqK
mxwZ web Kiv Ges mv`vwqK `vv nvvgvi ic Avwef~Z nq RbMYi MYZvwK PZbv I Av`vjbK wZM KiwQj,
m MYZvwK Av`vjbi Kgm~PxZ mvswZK wecei Kgm~Px Af~ Kivi cqvRbxqZvi DjLmn mv`vwqK mxwZ iv I
mv`vwqKZv cwZivai Rb wKQz cvebviI DjL iqQ| Ave`bagx GB AvjvPbvwU Kvkxi _K h mv`vwqK `vvi m~cvZ
mB mgq nqwQj Zv fviZeli mxgvbv Qvwoq cvwKvb I AvRKi evsjv`k ch Qwoq cowQj Zvi cwZ KZUv cvmwK wQj
Ges KZUv Amv`vwqK MYZvwK PZbv weKvk mnvqK wQj Zv mywbw`fve ejv nqwb| Abw`K wRvwZZvwK gymwjg mv`vwqK
DbZvi gvS m cvwKvb 52i fvlv Av`vjb _K i Ki AbK `yejZv mI mv`vwqKZv weivax `xN msMvgi ga w`q
Avgv`i ^vaxbZv msMvg cwicy nqwQj Ges `k ^vaxbZv jvf KiwQj| h Kvib ^vaxb evsjv`ki m~PbvZB msweavb
agwbicZv vb jvf KiwQj, hv fviZ ^vaxbZvi 30 eQi ci msweavb ^xKZ nq| fviZi gZv evsjv`ki eyRvqv kYxi
bZZ ^vaxbZv msMvg cwiPvwjZ njI fviZ-cvwKvbi gZ evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv Avcvli gvag AwRZ nq wb| h KviY
^vaxbZvviKvjI mv`vwqKZv I gjev`weivax, mv`vwqK mwnsmZvweivax Av`vjb AevnZ MwZZ bvbv Dvb-cZbi c_

eq GwMq PjQ, hv 1971 Gi ^vaxbZvweivax hyvcivai wePvii ic bZyb gvv cqQ| mv`vwqKZv weivax msMvgi bvbv
ic-ewP Avgv`i f~L wekvj wkv wbq `uvwoq AvQ GLb hv Pjgvb iqQ Zv _K wkv bqvi KvRwU AviI AMmi Ki bqv
GLb AbK ekx Riix|
38) GB cqU ejv nqQ, wkv-mswZ mgmv mK GKwU evwbK `wfw|
1968 mvj eZgvb wkv ee'vt GKwU weklY eBqi gyLe KgiW wke`vm Nvl wjLQb, GKwU wekl mgvRi AMMwZi
GKUv wekl i h A_bwZK eev Mo IV mwUB nQ mB mgvRi wfZ| Avi DcwiKvVvgv nQ, mB wekl A_bwZK
eevi cwic~iK ivRbxwZMZ, AvBbMZ, `kbMZ, iwPMZ I wkMZ `wfw Ges mB Abyhvqx Mo IVv cwZvbjv| ZvQvovI GB
DcwiKvVvgvwU Kejgv civ, wbic ev wfZi Dci cfve ewRZ GKwU wbwq kw bq| eis wecixZ c GUv GKUv AZ
wqvkxj kw hv mgvRi wfZK Mo ZzjZ, msnZ KiZ I kwkvjx KiZ cwZwbqZ mvnvh Ki PjQ|
wkveev hnZz GKwU wekl A_bwZK wfwi DcwiKvVvgv mnZz GKwU kYxwef mgvR Gi f~w gKv KLbvB kYxwbic ev
kYxEa nZ cvi bv| gZvq AwawZ h kYx cKZc mgvRi eMZ I fveMZ Drcv`b wbqY Ki, A_bwZK wfZi
DcwiKvVvgv wnmve wkveev gZvmxb mB kYxi ^v_KB cwic~iY bv Ki cvi bv|
Avgv`i mgvR GKwU kYxwef mgvR| KviI fvj jvK Avi bv jvK, GUv GKUv wbgg eve mZ hv Avgv`i cQ`-AcQ`
wbicfve Aevb Ki| AZGe `ywU kYx hLvb HwZnvwmKfve ciiweivax f~wgKvq Aevb KiQ mLvb wkv mK
KLbvB Ggb GKwUgv `wfw KviI _vKZ cvi bv hv GKB m DfqkYxi ^v_K iv Ki| GgZvevq wkveev I
wkvcwZ mK `ywU `wfw, `ywU j, `ywU Dk ev `ywU cqvRb mgvR _vKZ eva| Gi ga GKwU cyuwRcwZkYx Z_v
kvmK eyRvqvMvxi ivRbxwZ, Av`k I ^v_K iv Ki, AciwU iv Ki kgRxex gvbyli ivRbxwZ, Av`k I wecex msMvgi
^v_K| dj hw` KD kgRxex gvbyli ^v_i c `uvovb Ges Zv`i K_v wPv -fvebv Kib ej `vwe Kib Zvnj wkv mK
Ggb GKwU `wfw ZvK AekB MnY KiZ ne hv menvivkYxi ^v_, Av`k I ivRbxwZi cwic~iK|
G cm gvI m Zzs Gi ee DZ Ki ejv nqQ,
" Education is 'the tool' and 'the forceful weapon for revolution and classes struggle'. It is one of
the key 'gear wheels and screws' of the enterprises cultivating and building the society with
nature of class. Mao said, 'In the current world cultures or the literature and arts are all of class
belongings and under one certain political line.' In 1957, Mao outlined education as that 'Both
schooling education and literature and arts are all ideology superstructure, and they all are of
class nature.' Accordingly, education is an important means in promoting political revolution and
economic construction." (wkv wece I kYx msMvgi kwkvjx gvag Ges nvwZqvi| kYx ewki cwic~iK mgvR mfZv
Mo Zvjvi I wqvkxj ivLvi g~j PvwjKv kwjvi GKwU wkv| gvI ejQb, eZgvb cw_exZ mswZ A_ev mvwnZ Ges
wk meB GKUv kYxi Aaxb I wbw` ivRbwZK wPvi Aaxb| 1957 mvj wkv mK wZwb ejQb,cvwZvwbK wkv Ges
mvwnZ Ges wk meB Av`wkK DcwiKvVvgv Ges DfqiB kYx Pwi AvQ| ivRbwZK wece I A_bwZK cybMVbK Zivw^Z Kivi
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