** anatomy ** human anatomy ** systematic anatomy, descriptive anatomy ** topographic anatomy, regional anatomy ** applied anatomy ** clinical anatomy

** surgical anatomy ** anatomical position * sagittal plane * median(or midsagittal) plane * coronal(or frontal) plane * transverse(or horizontal) plane anterior(or ventral) surface posterior(or dorsal) surface superior(or cranial) end inferior(or caudal) end medial(ulnar or tibial)border lateral(radial or fibular)border proximal(or upper) end distal(or lower) end

internal(or interior)surface external(or exterior)surface superficial layer deep layer

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head cranium, skull front occipit

temples

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ear face eye nose mouth lip neck, cervix, collum trunk back thorax, chest abdomen umbilicus pelvis limbs, extremities upper limb shoulder axilla arm elbow forearm

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hand wrist palm thenar hypothenar finger thumb index finger lower limb hip thigh knee leg ankle, malleolus foot tarsus sole toe

bone and joint * ** osteology skeleton

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skeletal system bone axial skeleton appendicular skeleton long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone compact bony substance spongy bony substance periosteum endosteum yellow bony marrow red bony marrow epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis epiphysial cartilage epiphysial line nutrient foramen medullary cavity process

spine eminence tuberosity tuber, tubercle crest line concavity, fossa fovea foveola impression cavity autrum, sinus canal, duct foramen,opening mouth, apertura, aditus, ostium hiatus condyle epicondyle margin notch, incisura fibrous joint syndesmosis

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suture cartilaginous joint articulation, joint articular surface articular cartilage articular capsul fibrous layer synovial membrane articular cavity ligament articular disk articular meniscus articular labrum synovial joint plane joint ball and socket joint ellipsoid joint pivot joint saddle joint flexion extension adduction

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abduction rotation circumduction pronation supination eversion inversion dorsiflexion plantarflexion vertebrae vertebral column vertebral canal vertebral body vertebral arch intervertebral foramen vertebral foramen spinous process transverse process superior articular process cervical vertebrae transverse foramen atlas

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lateral mass axis dens thoracic vertebrae superior costal fovea lumbar vertebrae sacrum, sacral bone sacral promontory sacral hiatus sacral horn coccyx intervertebral disc anulus fibrosus pulpiform nucleus ligaments flava atlanto-occipital joint ribs, costae costal cartilage costal groove costal arch sternum sternal manubrium

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sternal body xiphoid process sternal angle thoracic cage costovertebral joints sternocostal joints occipital bone occipital condyle hypoglossal canal foramen magnum external occipital protuberance sphenoid bone sella turcica hypophysial fossa optic canal dorsum sellae foramen lacerum foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum superior orbital fissure greater wings

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pterygoid process temporal bone petrous portion mastoid process facial canal musculo-tubal canal internal acoustic port styloid process stylomastoid foramen external acoustic meatus mandibular fossa parietal bone frontal bone ethmoid bone inferior nasal concha lacrimal bone nasal bone vomer maxilla infraorbital foramen alveolar process incisive canal palatine bone

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zygomatic bone mandible mental foramen coronoid process mandibular incisure hyoid bone calvaria outer plate inner plate diploe anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa temporal fossa zygomatic arch infratemporal fossa pterygopalatine fossa pterion carotid canal jugular foramen greater palatine foramen orbit

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supraorbital foramen infraorbital foramen bony nasal cavity nasal cavity paranasal sinus maxillary sinus sphenoidal sinus frontal sinus ethmoidal sinus nasal septum superior(middle, inferior) nasal meatus cranial fontanelle anterior fontanelle coronary suture sagital suture lambdoid suture temporomandibular joint scapula acromion glenoid cavity coracoid process clavicle

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humerus greater tubercle lesser tubercle anatomical neck surgical neck olecranon fossa medial epicondyle radius articular circumference ulna olecranon trochlear notch carpal bones, carpus scaphoid bone triquetral bone pisiform bone trapezium bone trapezoid bone capitate bone hamate bone metacarpal bones phalanges of fingers

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sternoclavicular joint shoulder joint glenoid labrum elbow joint annular ligament of radius proximal radioulnar joint distal radioulnar joint wrist joint carpometacarpal joint metacarpophalangeal joint interphalangeal joint hip bone acetabulum obturater foramen ilium iliac crest ischium pubis pelvis femur greater trochanter intercondylar fossa

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patella tibia intercondylar eminence medial malleolus fibula lateral malleolus tarsal bone, tarsus talus calcaneus navicular bone medial cuneiform bone cuboid bone metatarsal bones phalanges of toes pubic symphysis sacroiliac joint sacrotuberous ligament sacrospinous ligament hip joint knee joint meniscus cruciate ligaments

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ankle joint intertarsal joint talocalcaneal joint transverse tarsal joint tarsometatarsal joints metatarsophalangeal joints

( ) muscles ** ** ** ** ** * * * myology muscular system muscle skeletal muscle muscle belly head of muscle aponeurosis origin insertion fascia superficial fascia deep fascia synovial bursa tendinous sheath

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trapezius latissimus dorsi erector spinae thoracolumbar fascia platysma sternocleidomastoid scalenus pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior diaphragm central tendon rectus abdominis sheath of rectus abdominis linea alba obliquus externus abdominis obliquus internus abdominis transversus abdominis psoas major iliopsoas inguinal ligament inguinal canal

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superficial inguinal ring facial muscles occipitofrontal muscle gelea aponeurotica masticatory muscles masseter temporalis deltoid teres major teres minor biceps brachii triceps brachii brachioradialis pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus pronator quadratus extensor carpi radialis longus

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extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor digitorum supinator lumbricales interossei gluteus maximus piriformis quadriceps femoris patellar ligament sartorius biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus peroneus longus peroneus brevis tibialis anterior triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus tendo calcaneus

 splanchnology

digestive system ** ** ** ** ** * ** splanchnology viscera digestive system mouth cavity lip cheek palatine tooth, teeth dental pulp incisor teeth canine teeth premolar teeth molar teeth permanent teeth deciduous teeth salivary gland sublingual gland submandibular gland parotid gland

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tongue taste bud, gustatory bud papillae of tongue pharynx isthmus of fauces cavity of pharynx tonsil esophagus stomach greater curvature of stomach lesser curvature of stomach angular incisure cardial part pyloric part pylorus small intestine duodenum jejunum ileum large intestine caecum vermiform appendix

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colon ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus anal canal liver common hepatic duct ** cystic duct common bile duct pancreas pancreatic duct gallbladder

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respiratory system external nose larynx thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage

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conus elasticus laryngeal muscles epiglottis epiglottic cartilage laryngeal cavity glottis vocal fold trachea bronchus lung hilum of lung bronchopulmonary segment thoracic cavity pleura mediastinum

( ) urogenital system * ** ** * urogenital system urinary system kidney renal pelvis

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renal calices renal sinus ureter urinary bladder trigone of bladder urethra male genital organs testis tunica albuginea epididymis ductus deferens ampulla of ductus deferens ejaculatory duct spermatic cord sheath of testicle seminal vesicle prostate penis glans of penis prepuce external urethral orifice scrotum

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female genital organs ovary uterine tube fimbriae of uterine tube uterus isthmus of uterus cervix of uterus ostium of uterus broad ligament of uterus vagina hymen fornix of vagina labia majora vaginal orifice clitoris mamma, breast mammary gland perineum ischioanal fossa

( ) peritoneum ** peritoneum

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peritoneal cavity parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum omentum greater omentum omental bursa omental foramen hepatogastric ligament hepatoduodenal ligament falciform ligament of liver coronary ligament of liver gastrosplenic ligament splenorenal ligament mesentery mesocolon mesoappendix gastrocolic ligament ileocaecal fold hepatorenal recess rectouterine pouch vesicouterine pouch rectovesical pouch

 vascular system

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vascular system angiology

cardiovascular system ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** cardiovascular system heart artery vein capillary anastomosis cardiac base cardiac apex coronary sinus right atrium right auricle right ventricle right atrioventricular orifice tricuspid valve left atrium

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left auricle left ventricle mitral valve trabeculae carneae papillary muscles tendinous cords oval fossa supraventricular crest conus arteriosus pulmonary valve aortic valve endocardium myocardium epicardium interatrial septum interventricular septum sinuatrial node atrioventricular node atrioventricular bundle right bundle branch left bundle branch pericardium

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pulmonary trunk arterial ligament aorta ascending aorta coronary arteries aortic arch brachiocephalic trunk common carotid artery carotid glomus carotid sinus external carotid artery thyrocervical trunk superior thyroid artery lingual artery facial artery superficial temporal artery maxillary artery internal carotid artery subclavian artery internal thoracic artery axillary artery brachial artery

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radial artery ulnar artery superficial palmar arch descending aorta thoracic aorta abdominal aorta coeliac trunk left gastric artery common hepatic artery splenic artery superior mesenteric artery inferior mensenteric artery renal artery testicular artery ovarian artery common iliac artery internal iliac artery superior gluteal artery inferior gluteal artery obturator artery internal pudendal artery uterus artery

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external iliac artery femoral artery profunda femoris artery popliteal artery anterior tibial artery posterior tibial artery dorsal pedal artery pulmonary vein superior vena cava brachiocephalic vein, innominate vein internal jugular vein pterygoid plexus external jugular vein subclavian vein venous angle brachial vein cephalic vein basilic vein median cubital vein azygos vein hemiazygos vein vertebral venous plexus

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inferior vena cava common iliac vein internal iliac vein external iliac vein femoral vein small saphenous vein great saphenous vein popliteal vein portal vein paraumbilical vein superior mesenteric vein splenic vein inferior mensenteric vein rectal venous plexus

( ) lymphatic system ** * ** lymphatic system lymphatic capillary lymphatic vessels lymphatic trunks lymphatic ducts lymph nodes

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thoracic duct cisterna chyli lumbar trunks intestinal trunk right lymphatic duct submandibular lymph nodes lateral cervical lymph nodes supraclavicular lymph nodes axillary lymph nodes bronchopulmonary hilar lymph nodes lumbar lymph nodes coeliac lymph nodes mesenteric lymph nodes common iliac lymph nodes external iliac lymph nodes internal iliac lymph nodes inguinal lymph nodes spleen thymus

sensory organs

** visual organ ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** * * ( ) * ** ** * ** **

sensory organs

visual organ eye eyeball sclera cornea choroid ciliary body iris pupil retina optic disc macula lutea iridocorneal angle aqueouse humor vitreous body lens accessory organs of eye eyelids conjunctiva lacrimal gland

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lacrimal punctum lacrimal ductule lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct ocular muscles ophthalmic artery

( ) vestibulocochlear organ ** ** ` vestibulocochlear organ ear external ear auricle external acoustic meatus

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middle ear tympanic cavity tympanic membrane fenestra vestibuli fenestra cochleae auditory ossicles auditory tube mastoid antrum mastoid cells

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internal ear bony labyrinth bony semicircular canals vestibule cochlea membranous labyrinth membranous semicircular ducts utricle saccule cochlear duct spiral organ

( ) olfactory organ gustatory organ skin epidermis dermis, corium hairs hair follicle arrectores pilorum nail of finger

 nervous system

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nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system neuron neuroglia dendrite axon unipolar neuron pseudounipolar neuron bipolar neuron multipolar neuron sensory neuron motor neuron associate neuron Nissl bodies neurofibril nerve fiber neurolemma myelin sheath

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synapse presynaptic part postsynaptic part synaptic cleft synaptic vesicles gray matter white matter cortex medulla nucleus tract ganglion nerve endoneurium perineurium epineurium astrocyte oligodendrocyte microglia ependyma

 peripheral nervous system ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** spinal nerves ventral root spinal ganglion cervical nerve thoracic nerve lumbar nerve sacral nerve coccygeal nerve cervical plexus phrenic nerve brachial plexus long thoracic nerve thoracodorsal nerve musculocutaneous nerve axillary nerve median nerve radial nerve ulnar nerve thoracic nerves intercostal nerve lumbar plexus

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lumbosacral trunk femoral nerve obturator nerve sacral plexus sciatic nerve tibial nerve common peroneal nerve superficial peroneal nerve deep peroneal nerve pudendal nerve cranial nerves olfactory nerve optic nerve oculomotor nerve ciliary ganglion trochlear nerve trigeminal nerve

* ( ) semilunar ganglion * * * * ophthalmic nerve maxillary nerve mandibular nerve infraorbital nerve auriculotemporal nerve lingual nerve inferior alveolar nerve

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abducent nerve facial nerve chorda tympani pterygopalatine ganglion submandibular ganglion vestibulocochlear nerve vestibular nerve cochlear nerve glossopharyngeal nerve otic ganglion vagus nerve recurrent laryngeal nerve superior laryngeal nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve autonomic nervous system visceral nervous system vegetative nervous system sympathetic nerve parasympathetic nerve sympathetic trunk ganglia of sympathetic trunk

communicating branches greater splanchnic nerve lesser splanchnic nerve

* ( )

cardiac plexus coeliac plexus coeliac ganglion inferior hypogastric plexus pelvic splanchnic nerves

central nervous system ** * * * spinal cord conus medullaris filum terminal cauda equina cervical enlargement lumbosacral enlargement anterior horn posterior horn intermediate zone lateral horn anterior funiculus lateral funiculus

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posterior funiculus reticular formation substantia gelatinosa thoracic nucleus fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus spinothalamic tract spinocerebellar tract corticospinal tract brain brain stem medulla oblongata pyramid pyramidal decussation olive gracilis tubercule cuneate tubercule inferior cerebellar peduncle pons middle cerebellar peduncle superior cerebellar peduncle fourth ventricle

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rhomboid fossa striae medullares medial eminence facial colliculus hypoglossal trigone vagal trigone vestibular area acoustic tubercle midbrain, mesencephalon inferior colliculus superior colliculus crus cerebri hypoglossal nucleus dorsal nucleus of vagus decussation of medial lemniscus medial lemniscus spinal trigeminal tract spinal trigeminal nucleus solitary nucleus ambiguous nucleus pontine nuclei pyramidal tract

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trapezoid body lateral lemniscus nucleus of abducent nerve nucleus of facial nerve locus ceruleus cerebral aqueduct substantia nigra red nucleus nucleus of trochlear nerve nucleus of oculomotor nerve raphe nuclei cerebellum vermis of cerebellum cerebellar hemisphere archicerebellum flocculonodular lobe primary fissure paleocerebellum neocerebellum cerebellar cortex dentate nucleus diencephalon

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dorsal thalamus ventral anterior nucleus ventral intermediate nucleus ventral posterolateral nucleus ventral posteromedial nucleus pulvinar metathalamus medial geniculate body lateral geniculate body epithalamus subthalamus hypothalamus optic chiasma mammillary body third ventricle telencephalon cerebrum cerebral hemispheres lateral sulcus central sulcus frontal lobe precentral sulcus

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precentral gyrus inferior frontal gyrus parietal lobe postcentral sulcus postcentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus angular gyrus occipital lobe temporal lobe transverse temporal gyrus superior temporal gyrus insula paracentral lobule parieto-occipital sulcus calcarine sulcus hippocampal sulcus lingual gyrus cuneus limbic lobe limbic system cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus

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uncus hippocampal formation hippocampus dentate gyrus lateral ventricle basal nuclei caudate nucleus lenticular nucleus putamen globus pallidus corpus striatum claustrum amygdaloid body association fibers commisural fibers projection fibers corpus callosum fornix internal capsule rhinencephalon olfactory bulb olfactory tract

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olfactory trigone cerebral cortex archicortex paleocortex neocortex dura mater falx cerebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli tentorial notch dural sinus arachnoid subarachnoid space cerebellomedullary cistern arachnoid granulation terminal cistern pia mater denticulate ligament cavernous sinus anterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery posterior cerebral artery

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basilar artery cerebral arterial circle great cerebral vein cerebrospinal fluid choroid plexus

endocrine glands

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endocrine glands thyroid gland parathyroid gland hypophysis pineal body suprarenal gland pancreatic insula