A Project Report On

Study of Noise Pollution at critical location of Udaipur city

Submitted in partial fulfilment Or requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)

(Session 2012-13)

Project Advisor Dr. B.S.M. Singhvi

Project Chairman & Head Dr. B.S.M. Singhvi

PREFACE
For the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Civil Engineering) it is essential to complete a project. The project is aimed at details study of a specific field of engineering. Controlling on noise pollution is necessary for today. The project allotted was Study of Noise Pollution at critical location of Udaipur city. The aim of the project is to know and study about the noise pollution in a detailed way. The condition of noise pollution at Udaipur city and measuring it were the topics in interest to us. In this project report, complete study about noise pollution is described and description is followed by the standard processes. The report is concluded with some useful suggestion and recommendations. April,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude towards all the people who have contributed their precious time and effort to help us. Without whom it would not be possible for us to complete the project. We express our gratitude towards Agriculture Department of our college for supporting and providing access and guide to the noise pollution. We would like to thank Dr. B.S.M. Singhvi, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, our project Supervisor, for his guide, support, motivation and encouragement throughout the period in which project work carried out. His readiness for consultation at all the times, his educative comments, his concern and assistance even with practical things was invaluable. We are grateful to Dr. B.S.M. Singhvi, Head, Department of Civil Engineering for providing necessary facilities in the department. We are also thankful to all faculty members of the department for their direction and kind support and encouragement.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3

Introduction Review of Literature Type of Sound 3.1 Musical sound 3.2 Noise

1-3 4-7 8-10

CHAPTER 4

Source of Noise Pollutant 4.1 Transport noise 4.2 Occupational noise 4.3 Neighbourhood noise

11-17

CHAPTER 5

Adverse effect of Noise Pollution 5.1 Noise Pollution Effects on Humans 5.2 Noise Pollution Effects on Animals

18-21

CHAPTER 6

Measurement of Noise Pollution 6.1 Measurement Procedure 6.2 Frequency Analysis 6.3 Noise Measurement Instruments

22-27

CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10

Control of Noise Pollution Laws of Noise Pollution Study of Udaipur City Conclusion

28-35 36-41 42-55 56-57

STUDY OF NOISE POLLUTION AT CRITICAL LOCATIONS OF UDAIPUR CITY ABSTRACT

Noise is a prominent feature of the environment including noise from transport, industry and neighbours. Exposure to transport noise disturbs sleep in the laboratory, but not generally in field studies where adaptation occurs. Noise interferes in complex task performance, modifies social behaviour and causes annoyance. Studies of occupational and environmental noise exposure suggest an association with hypertension, whereas community studies show only weak relationships between noise and cardiovascular disease. Aircraft and road traffic noise exposure are associated with psychological symptoms but not with clinically defined psychiatric disorder. In both industrial studies and community studies, noise exposure is related to raised catecholamine secretion. In children, chronic aircraft noise exposure impairs reading comprehension and long-term memory and may be associated with raised blood pressure. Further research is needed examining coping strategies and the possible health consequences of adaptation to noise. The project investigates the concentration of the pollutants Transport noise, occupational noise, and neighbourhood noise from various sources like transport, industry and neighbours over the ambient noise quality of the Udaipur city. As such Udaipur is a big city and it is not possible to measure the concentration of these major pollutants in all areas, so we have restricted our study to six critical points only.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Noise is all around us. It is an unavoidable part of our daily lives and has increasingly become a major burden on the quality of lives. Noise pollution is defined as a form of air pollution that is an audible unwanted sound that poses a threat to a persons health and well being. Noise pollution can be from simple sources such as an air- conditioner, traffic, a loud radio, human conversation, traffic, a dog barking, to more complex machinery such as large trucks and airplanes. There are many vulnerable groups of people who are most affected by noise pollution such as the young, elderly, and the hospitalized. Young children are unable to protect their hearing and rely on their parents to keep them from constant exposure. Similarly, the elderly may not have the capabilities to protect their hearing if they are disabled by mental or physical illness. Patients in the hospital are not safe from the effects of noise as well. Patients who are in the

hospital especially for orthopaedic surgeries may be exposed to loud instruments during a procedure although they are not protected from it while under anaesthesia. Noise has numerous health effects making noise pollution a public health concern although it has not been well addressed. To name a few, these effects include elevated blood pressure, noise-induced hearing loss, sleep disorders, and irritability. In addition, noise pollution also creates a decrease in the performance at work and school Noise is described in terms of loudness (intensity) and pitch (frequency) and noise exposure is measured using a logarithmic decibel (dB) scale. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends hearing protection in the workplace if there is exposure to noise greater than 85 dB for eight hours or more because of the potential of permanent hearing loss[4]. As a reference, below is a chart that lists some common sources of noise taken from an article published in the American Family Physician in 2001. Noise means unpleasant sound that gives a disturbing and annoying effect to the listener. Noise pollution is any unwanted, disturbing, or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency, or causes accident. Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication. Agricultures workers are one of the highest contributors in the rate of noise pollution among all occupation. Any person who is exposed to an excessive noise pollution in long period may suffer hearing loss. The amount of damaged caused by noise depends on the total amount received over time. The degree of risk is affected by the intensity (loudness) and the frequency (pitch) of the noise, as well as the duration and pattern of exposure and the individual susceptibility to hearing impairment (CCOH, 2009).

The increased spread of hearing loss from high frequencies through low frequencies with age and noise exposure is common for this population. Hearing loss of farmers is very characteristic of a sensor neural, bilateral sloping configuration resulting from both noise and aging. When age group data were compared to the hearing sensitivity values of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), all farmer populations, age 20-60, showed more dramatically hearing loss than the comparison group. This also was true when the data were compared to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1990 data. Physical ear discomfort to noise exposure starts from sound pressure level of 80-100 decibels (dB). A continuous noise level of 85 dB can result in hearing damage as well as create other various negative effects on health (League for the Hard of hearing, 2002). Noise induced hearing loss occurs gradually and without pain. Noise is often recorded as decibels dB (A) to approximate how the human ears respond to noise.

Fig. 1.1 Inter-relationship between the elements of noise

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Noise is a word often used to mean unpleasant sound that the listener does not want to hear, although there are no physical characteristics distinguishing noise from wanted sound (Plog et. al., 2002). Noise means unpleasant sound that give a disturbing and an annoying effect to the listener. Noise pollution is any unwanted, disturbing, or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency, or causes accident). Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication (Wikipedia, 2009). Noise environments of the type and severity associated with combustion engines and other noises arising from mechanisms or animals may have the following principle effects on the person exposed. The noise may be annoying to varying degrees, from being just objectionable to being unbearable. The performance may be affected due to a lowering of concentration, fatigue caused by longer exposed, rhythm disturbance, interference with sound cues associated with the work or interference with worker-to-worker communication in a team. Damage to hearing noise may be caused by noise; the character and to a lesser extent,

the mechanism of this damage is now being understood. Both temporary and permanent components of hearing threshold shift are possible (Matthews, 1968). Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that degrades the quality of signals and data. Noise occurs in digital and analogy systems, and can affect files and communications of all types, including text, programs, images, audio, and telemetry. In a hard-wired circuit such as a telephone-line-based Internet hook-up, external noise is picked up from appliances in the vicinity, from electrical transformers, from the atmosphere, and even from outer space. Normally this noise is of little or no consequence. However, during severe thunderstorms, or in locations were many electrical appliances are in use, external noise can affect communications. In an Internet hook-up it slows down the data transfer rate, because the system must adjust its speed to match conditions on the line. In a voice telephone conversation, noise rarely sounds like anything other than a faint hissing or rushing. Noise is a more significant problem in wireless systems than in hard-wired systems. In general, noise originating from outside the system is inversely proportional to the frequency, and directly proportional to the wavelength. At a low frequency such as 300 kHz, atmospheric and electrical noises are much more severe than at a high frequency like 300 megahertz. Noise generated inside wireless receivers, known as internal noise, is less dependent on frequency. Engineers are more concerned about internal noise at high frequencies than at low frequencies, because the less external noise there is, the more significant the internal noise becomes. Communications engineers are constantly striving to develop better ways to deal with noise. The traditional method has been to minimize the signal bandwidth to the greatest possible extent. The less spectrum space a signal occupies, the less noise is passed through the receiving circuitry. However, reducing the bandwidth limits the maximum speed of the data that can be delivered. Another, more recently developed scheme for minimizing the effects of noise is called digital signal processing (digital signal processing). Using fibre optics, a technology far less susceptible to noise, is another approach (Techtarget, 2010). Noise Pollution generally refers to unwanted sound produced by human activities unwanted in that it interferes with communication, work, rest, recreation, or sleep. Unlike other forms of pollution, such as air, water, and hazardous materials, noise does not remain long in the environment. However, while its effects are immediate in terms of annoyance, they are cumulative in terms of temporary or permanent hearing loss. Society has attempted to regulate noise since the early days of the Romans, who by decree prohibited the movement of chariots in the streets at night. In the United States, communities since colonial days have enacted ordinances against excessive noise, primarily in response to complaints from residents. It was not until the late 1960s, however, that the federal government officially recognized noise as a pollutant and began to support noise research and regulation. Federal laws against noise pollution included the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969,

especially sections concerning environmental impact statements; the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970; and the Noise Control Act of 1972, which appointed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to coordinate federal research and activities in noise control. Charged with developing federal noise-emission standards, identifying major sources of noise, and determining appropriate noise levels that would not infringe on public health and welfare, the EPA produced its so-called Levels Document, now the standard reference in the field of environmental noise assessment. In the document, the EPA established an equivalent sound level (Leq) and a daynight equivalent level (Ldn) as measures and descriptors for noise exposure. Soon thereafter, most federal agencies adopted either the Leq, Ldn, or both, including levels compatible with different land uses. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses Ldn as the noise descriptor in assessing land-use compatibility with various levels of aircraft noise. In 1978 the research findings of Theodore J. Schultz provided support for Ldn as the descriptor for environmental noise. Analysing social surveys, Schultz found a correlation between Ldn and people who were highly annoyed by noise in their neighbourhoods. The Schultz curve, expressing this correlation, became a basis for noise standards. As part of its effort to identify major noise sources in the United States, the EPA set about determining the degree to which noise standards could contribute to noise reduction. During the 1970s, EPA-sponsored research on major noise sources led to regulation of the products that most affected the public, including medium and heavy trucks, portable air compressors, garbage trucks, buses, and motorcycles. Missing from the list was aircraft, which was considered the responsibility of the FAA. During the administration of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, the power of the EPA and its Office of Noise Abatement and Control was curtailed and most of its noise regulations rescinded. Even so, efforts continued to curb noise pollution. The Department of Transportation maintains standards for highways, mass transit, and railroads, as well as aircraft. The environmental review process, mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, remains the single most effective deterrent to noise pollution (Answer, 2010).

CHAPTER 3 TYPE OF SOUND

Sound having frequency within the limit of audibility is called audible sound. The frequency below 20Hz are called infrasonic while frequencies beyond 20,000 Hz are regarded us ultrasonic. Sound may be broadly divided into following two categories: 1. Musical sound and 2. Noise.

3.1 Musical Sound : The sound which is harmonically related, produced by the vibrations of regular or periodic intervals and which is pleasant to hear is called as musical sound. 3.2 Noise: The sound produced when the vibrations of the source are irregular or nonperiodic and appears unpleasant to hear is called noise. Often this is a complex mixture of various tones and varying frequencies with varied amplitudes and, therefore, appears unpleasant or disturbing. However, no clear cut line of demarcation may be drawn between a musical sound and a noise. The distinction between the two is subjective in character. The same sound, which may seen musical to one person, may appear to be noisy to the other person and even to the same person at different times. The word noise is derived from the Latin word Nauseawhich means an urge to vomit. Noise may be defined in the following ways: 1. Noise is unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes discomfort. 2. Noise is the wrong sound, in the wrong place at the wrong time. Noise pollution may be defined in the following way: 1. Any unwanted electromagnetic signal that produces a jarring or displeasing effect, and which interferes with human communication, comfort and health. 2. Noise pollution is the unwanted sound dumped into the environment without regard to the adverse effect it may have (odum).

Fig 3.1 concept mapping

CHAPTER 4 SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTANT

Noise may originate from natural sources as well as through anthropogenic activities. The natural sources are cyclone, thunder, roaring of sea, volcanic eruption, etc. The anthropogenic sources are heavy machineries used in the industry, mechanized automobiles, trains, aeroplanes, washing machine, television, etc. The anthropogenic noise can be classified into (1) Transport noise (2) Occupational noise (3) Neighbourhood noise

Sources of Emissions of Noise pollutants

road traffic 60% trams 5% railways 5.10% planes 0.90% enterprises 11.90% neighbours 12.90% recreational 1.00% others 3.00%

Fig. 4.1 source of emissions of Noise pollutants (1) Transport Noise

For simplification, transport noise is subdivided into three categories: (a) Road traffic noise (b) Rail traffic noise (c) Aircraft noise (a) Road Traffic Noise: The main causes of road traffic noise are the number of road vehicles and their high traffic speed. Heavy vehicles with faster speed create the maximum noise on the road. For example, heavy diesel engine trucks are the noisiest

vehicle. All around the world, the traffic peak hour is form 10:00 a.m. in the morning to 6:00 p.m. evening. The traffic noise level is measured on the L10 (18 hours) index. The limit of noise level prescribed in India is 80 dBA, but is never followed.

Fig. 4.2 Road traffic Noise

Fig. 4.3 Quality of urban road traffic acoustic environment (b) Rail Traffic Noise: It is not that serious like road traffic noise and aircraft noise. The noise is of lower frequency compared to road traffic noise. Introduction of diesel or electrical engines in place of stream engine, welded tracks and improve coaches has contributed a lot in reducing noise. Moreover, most railway tracks run through rural areas which are winder places surrounded by plants and tree. However, buildings located near railway tracks are exposed to noise menace. The rail traffic noise is measured on Leq scale. (c) Aircraft Noise: Aircraft noise is not created continuously but is intermittent. The noise is produced during take-off, landing and flight. The faster and larger the aircraft, the more is the noise and thus, jet engines create the most noise. Although lesser in

number, the aircrafts like fighter aircrafts which fly supersonically, become the nosiest source. The aircraft noise level is measured in Lepn scale (dBA scale +13).

(2)

Occupational Noise

This is mainly produced by industrial machines and processes like blasting operation, shipbuilding, factories and mills producing different kinds of products. Occupational noises are also due to machines used for domestic purposes such as television, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, etc. In industries, Factories or mills, the workers are exposed for five days with 8 hours per day. In their houses, they are getting exposed for a longer duration, although frequency is lower compared to industry and factories. Million and million people working in the industries are the main victims. The high degree of noise causes lowering of hearing capacity to a great extent. Industrial activities: Most of the industries contain heavy machinery which produces sounds of high intensity. Older is the machine, higher will be the friction. As a result there would be a higher noise pollution. The noise is produced by the friction of the machines, stacking or loading of the goods etc. Industrial workers are usually exposed to noise for more than 8 hours per day. This affects their health so badly that many of them retire prematurely having problems of hearing impairment and nervous disorders. Usually the industrial noise level ranges from 90-130 dB.

Domestic / Industrial source Vacuum cleaner Dish Washer

Noise level (dBA) 70 76

Washing machine Waste grinder Food blender Milling machines News paper press Farms tractor Circular saw Textile loom Boiler markers shop Pneumatic metal chipper Steel plate riveting Table 4.1. Occupational Noise levels

82 83 90 90 101 103 110 112 120 122 130

Mining activities: Mining activities are the major sources of sound pollution to the workers and to the neighbourhood people. Operation of heavy duty underground and opencast mining, crushing, screening, loading and unloading activities, etc., cause by the mining activities is shown in following table.

Noise source Front - end loader Shovel Dragline Dozer Dumper Pneumatic drill

Noise level (dB) 85 - 105 190 - 100 85 - 105 90 - 106 80 - 100 105 - 115

Table 4.2. Noise emissions from opencast mining machinery (3) Neighbourhood Noise

There are a variety of sources of noise that disturb and annoy people by interfering with their comfort. The sources are loud TV, Stereo, radio sets, barking of dogs, garaging the automobiles, starting of the two wheelers used by people, without considering the harmful effects which they might have on the nearby neighbours. The use of machines for building construction and building demolition are also sources of serious nuisance. Use of loud speakers at public functions, in disco music and dance in late evenings also causes noise nuisance to the nearby residents.

The prescribed permissible sound level for cities by Central Pollution Board of India is given below: Area Industrial Commercial Residential Educational institution, courts, hospitals (most sensitive area ) Table 4.2. Day (dBA) 75 65 50 50 Night (dBA) 65 55 45 40

Fig. 4.5 Protecting hearing

Fig. 4.6 Sound Graphic

CHAPTER 5 EFFECTS OF NOISE

Noise pollution effects on human health, such as hearing loss and cardiovascular diseases, can bring day-to-day activities to standstill. Undesirable sound is referred to as noise. In recent years, noise pollution has been a hot topic of discussion among researchers. Noise that is continuous or lasts for a short period can equally be detrimental to our health. Some music enthusiasts say that intermittent noise is not hazardous, but this isnt true, even intermittent noise can negatively impact human hearing in the long run. Common sources of noise include vehicular traffic, factories involved in the manufacturing process, and home appliances like vacuum cleaners and music systems.

5.1 Noise Pollution Effects on Humans

The impact of noise on human health is a matter of great concern. The reason being the adverse consequences that high noise levels have on human health. Noise pollution can affect us in several ways, some of which are listed below: Hearing Problems Exposure to noise can damage one of the most vital organs of the body, the ear. Hearing impairment due to noise pollution can either be temporary or permanent. When the sound

level crosses the 70 dB mark, it becomes noise for the ear. Noise levels above 80 decibels produce damaging effects to the ear. When ear is exposed to extreme loud noise (above 100 decibels) for a considerable period of time, it can cause irreparable damage and lead to permanent hearing loss. Poor Cognitive function With regular exposure to loud noise, the ability to read, learn and understand decreases significantly over time. Problem solving capabilities and the ability to recall may also decline due to frequent bombardment of noise. Noise pollution can also increase the margin os error as well as hamper your productivity at office. Research has proved that children studying in noisy environment tend to show relatively low cognitive function. For instance, the cognitive status of children sent to schools that are in the close proximity of highways is less in comparison to those learning in quieter surroundings. Cardiovascular Issues A noisy environment can be a source of heart related problems. Studies have shown that high intensity sound cause a dramatic rise in blood pressure as noise levels constrict the arteries, disrupting the blood flow. The heart rate (the number of heartbeats per minute) also increases. This was evident in one study wherein the heart rate of children staying I noisy surroundings was measured. It was found to be more than the heart rate of children living in less noisy environment. These sudden abnormal changes in the blood increase the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases in the long run. Sleep Disturbances Difficulty sleeping due to exposure to high decibel noise can deter your overall well-being. It is a known fact that noise can interrupt a good nights sleep, and when this occurs, the person feels extremely annoyed and uncomfortable. People deprived of uninterrupted sleep show a sharp dip in their energy levels which often results into extreme fatigue. This can considerably decrease a persons ability to work efficiently. Trouble Communicating A noisy environment that produces more than 50-60 decibels simply does not allow 2 people to communicate properly. Interpreting the speech of a second person becomes quite difficult and may lead to misunderstandings. Mental Health Problems Exposure to loud sound can lead to elevated stress levels as well as stimulate violent behaviour. A constant noise in the vicinity can also trigger headaches, make people tense and anxious, and disturb emotional balance.

5.2 Noise Pollution Effects on Animals

Man-made noise pollution has made the earth an uncomfortable place to stay for animals as well. Hearing loss and rapid increase in heart rate are some of the ill-effects of noise pollution on animals. High intensity sound induces fear, forcing them to abandon their habitat. Other effects of noise on animals are given below: Anxious behaviour in animals is commonly observed in the form of trembling when they are exposed to high decibels levels. Intolerable noise levels can decrease a cows capacity of milk production. These animals require a calm and relaxed environment to provide a better milk yield. Research ha proven that aircraft induced noise is responsible for a significant decrease in reproduction activity in a wide range of animals. The ill-effects of noise can also ba seen on chicken in the form of a sharp drop in egg production. Stunted growth in chickens due to intense noise has also been observed. Underwater animals such as whales and dolphins too experience discomfort due to noise pollution caused by submarines, shipping companies, and sonars. Recent studies on impact of low and high intensity sound on marine life showed that aquatic animals like cuttlefish and octopus, suffer serious damage from noise pollution. The sound produced from oil-drilling and other activities like commercial shipping can damage auditory processing function of these animals. In fact, certain incidences have shown that high frequency sound could actually kill cephalopods (species of shellfish). This was evident when offshore vessels utilized air guns that generate high intensity sound for commercial purposes. Cephalopods suffered a lifethreatening impact. The high decibels noise led to the development of lesions in their auditory processing systems, which eventually caused their death. Birds in urban areas, that use their sharp hearing abilities to hunt pray, are at loss due to intervention of man-made noise. High noise levels can also negatively affect the breeding and feeding patterns of some animals. This is one of the reasons why certain species have become extinct. Birds that make sound at lower frequencies for communication bear maximum impact of the noise pollution. The high noise levels camouflage their sound, making male birds difficult to draw attention of female birds. Some male birds tend to sing at a higher pitch during noise pollution. However, this change in vocalization is far from melodious and seldom successfully attracts a receptive mate. Sea animal produce varying sound levels among each other. However, the noise of commercial ship does not allow these animals to communicate properly, which can wreak havoc on their reproductive function. Sonar navy tests can hurt the whales ear and reduce its ability to breed and feed.

Fig. 5.1. LF Sonar Sound Waves

CHAPTER 6 MESUREMENT FOR NOISE POLLUTION 6.1 Measurement procedure

The intensity of sound is measured in sound pressure levels (SPL) and common unit of measurement is decibel, dB. The community (ambient) noise levels are measured in the A weighted SPL, abbreviated dB(A). This scale resembles the audible response of human ear. Sounds of frequencies from 800 to 3000 HZ are covered by the A - weighted scale. If the sound pressure level, L1 in dB is measured at r1 meters, then the sound pressure level, L2 in dB at r2 meters is given by, L2 = L1 - 20 log10 (r2/r1)...... (1) If the sound levels are measured in terms of pressure, then, sound pressure level, LP is given by, LP = 20 Log10 (P/Po) dB (A)...... (2) The Lp is measured against a standard reference pressure, Po = 2 x 10-5 N/m2 which is equivalent to zero decibels. The sound pressure is the pressure exerted at a point due to a sound producing source (see. Fig. 2)

o ) ) ) ) ) *)SPL
Fig. 2 Definition of sound pressure

Day-night equivalent noise levels (Ldn): The day night equivalent noise levels of a community can be expressed as Ldn, dB (A) = 10 x log10 [15/24 (10Ld/10) + 9/24 (10(Ln + 10)/10)] ... ... (3)

Where, Ld = day-equivalent noise levels (from 6AM - 9 PM), dB (A) Ln = night equivalent noise levels (from 9 PM - 6 AM), dB (A) The day hours in respect to assessment of noise levels, is fixed from 6 AM - 9 PM (i.e., 15 hrs) and night hours from 9 PM - 6 AM (i.e., 9 hrs). A sound level of 10 dB is added to Ln due to the low ambient sound levels during night for assessing the Ldn values. Addition of sound levels: The effective sound levels form two or more sources cannot be simply added algebraically. For example, the effective sound level from two air conditioners 60 dB (A) each, say is not 60 + 60 = 120 dB (A) but 60 + 3 = 63 dB (A). (See table 1). Similarly, the effective sound level of 57 dB, 63 dB, 63 dB, 66 dB and 69 dB is 72 dB. The computation is illustrated below.

Table 6.1 Addition of sound levels, L1 and L2 (L1 > L2)

6.2 Frequency analysis

The frequency analysis allows separating the main components of the signals by dividing the frequency range of interest into smaller frequency bands using a set of filters. We may

distinguish between noises that consist of regularly repeated or periodic sounds and those that consist of aperiodic sounds. The simplest periodic sound is a pure tone i.e., a pressure disturbance that fluctuates sinusoidally at a particular frequency. The lower the frequency, the longer is the wave length (wavelength = velocity of sound/frequency). The noise produced by most sources of community noise, such as automobiles or aircraft engines, are examples of aperiodic sounds. Such sounds cannot be subdivided into sets of harmonically related pure tones but can be described in terms of components extending over finite frequency bands. Such frequency analysis are often done in bands of octaves or 1/3 octaves. An octave band is a frequency band with upper and lower cut off frequencies having a ratio of 2. The cut off frequencies of 707 HZ and 1414 HZ define an octave band, whose band centre frequency is 1000 HZ and would be referred to as the 1000 HZ octave band. Frequency analysers can be divided into two groups viz. constant band width analyser and constant percentage bandwidth analyser. In the constant bandwidth analyser the filter bandwidth is kept constant throughout the frequency range while in the constant percentage bandwidth analyser, the bandwidth is proportional to the centre frequencies. The constant percentage bandwidth analyser is widely used. The nine preferred centre frequencies for noise level measurement are 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 HZ. As already mentioned, dB (A) values give emphasis to sounds in the range of about 800 to 3000 HZ. Since the sound generating frequencies are not fully covered under dB (A), for detailed evaluation and engineering design, the multiple-number descriptions provided by frequency analysis are often required.

6.3 Noise measurement instruments

Noise measurement is an important diagnostic tool in noise control technology. The objective of noise measurement is to make accurate measurement which gives us a purposeful act of comparing noises under different conditions for assessment of adverse impacts of noise and adopting suitable control techniques for noise reduction. The various equipment used for noise level measurement are summarised at Table 2. The principle and the components of noise measuring instruments is summarised below. A sound level meter consists basically of a microphone and an electronic circuit including an attenuator, amplifier, weighting networks or filters and a display unit. The microphone converts the sound signal to an equivalent electrical signal. The signal is passed through a weighting network which provides a conversion and gives the sound pressure level in dB.

Fig 6.1. Internal System of sound Level Meter The instructions laid down by the noise level meter manufacturers shall be followed while using the instruments. The time constants used for the sound level meter standards are S (Slow) = 1 second F (Fast) = 125 milli seconds Relatively steady sounds are easily measured using the "fast" response and unsteady sounds using "slow" response. When measuring long-term noise exposure, the noise level is not always steady and may vary considerably, in an irregular way over the measurement period. This uncertainty can be solved by measuring the continuous equivalent level, which is defined as, the constant sound pressure level which would have produced the same total energy as the actual level over the given time. It is denoted as Leq. The display of Leq facility is also available in certain models of sound level meters. This is the desired parameter for assessment of ambient noise levels.

Table 6.1 Equipment used in the measurement of noise levels

Fig 6.2. Sound level Meter

CHAPTER 7 CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION

Noise generation is associated with most of our daily activities. A healthy human ear responds to a very wide range of SPL from - the threshold of hearing at zero dB, uncomfortable at 100-120 dB and painful at 130-140 dB(3). Due to the various adverse impacts of noise on humans and environment (See LO-5), noise should be controlled. The technique or the combination of techniques to be employed for noise control depend upon the extent of the noise reduction required, nature of the equipment used and the economy aspects of the available techniques. The various steps involved in the noise management strategy is illustrated at Fig 4. Reduction in the noise exposure time or isolation of species from the sources form part of the noise control techniques besides providing personal ear protection, engineered control for noise reduction at source and/or diversion in the trajectory of sound waves.

Fig. 7.1 Noise Management Strategy The techniques employed for noise control can be broadly classified as Control at source Control in the transmission path Using protective equipment.

Noise Control at Source

The noise pollution can be controlled at the source of generation itself by employing techniques like Reducing the noise levels from domestic sectors: The domestic noise coming from radio, tape recorders, television sets, mixers, washing machines, cooking operations can be minimised by their selective and judicious operation. By usage of carpets or any absorbing material, the noise generated from felling of items in house can be minimised. Maintenance of automobiles: Regular servicing and tuning of vehicles will reduce the noise levels. Fixing of silencers to automobiles, two wheelers etc., will reduce the noise levels. Control over vibrations: The vibrations of materials may be controlled using proper foundations, rubber padding etc. to reduce the noise levels caused by vibrations.

 Low voice speaking: Speaking at low voices enough for communication reduces the excess noise levels. Prohibition on usage of loud speakers: By not permitting the usage of loudspeakers in the habitant zones except for important meetings / functions. Now-a-days, the urban Administration of the metro cities in India, is becoming stringent on usage of loudspeakers. Selection of machinery: Optimum selection of machinery tools or equipment reduces excess noise levels. For example selection of chairs or selection of certain machinery/equipment which generate less noise (Sound) due to its superior technology etc. is also an important factor in noise minimisation strategy. Maintenance of machines: Proper lubrication and maintenance of machines, vehicles etc. will reduce noise levels. For example, it is a common experience that, many parts of a vehicle will become loose while on a rugged path of journey. If these loose parts are not properly fitted, they will generate noise and cause annoyance to the driver/passenger. Similarly is the case of machines. Proper handling and regular maintenance is essential not only for noise control but also to improve the life of machine.

Fig 7.2. Standard data of Noise

Control in the transmission path Please recall the Fig 4 wherein the inter-relationship between elements of noise was represented. The change in the transmission path will increase the length of travel for the wave and get absorbed/refracted/radiated in the surrounding environment. The available techniques are briefly discussed below. Installation of barriers: Installation of barriers between noise source and receiver can attenuate the noise levels. For a barrier to be effective, its lateral width should extend

beyond the line-of-sight at least as much as the height (See Fig. 5). It may be noted that, the frequencies, represented on the X-axis of the graph in Fig. 5, are the centre frequencies of the octave band. The barrier may be either close to the source or receiver, subject to the condition that, R <<D or in other words, to increase the traverse length for the sound wave. It should also be noted that, the presence of the barrier itself can reflect sound back towards the source. At very large distances, the barrier becomes less effective because of the possibility of refractive atmospheric effects. Another method, based on the length of traverse path of the sound wave is given at Fig. 6

Fig 7.3. Attenuation of noise levels using barriers

Fig 7.4. Attenuation of noise levels using barriers

Design of building: The design of the building incorporating the use of suitable noise
absorbing material for wall/door/window/ceiling will reduce the noise levels. The approximate reduction of outside noise levels using typical exterior wall construction is given at Table 6. The reduction in noise levels for various frequencies and the A-weighted scale are shown. Variations in spectrum shape may change this A-weighted value by as much as +/- 3 dB. Installation of panels or enclosures: A sound source may be enclosed within a paneled structure such as room as a means of reducing the noise levels at the receiver. The actual difference between the sound pressure levels inside and outside an enclosure depends not only on the transmission loss of the enclosure panels but also on the acoustic absorption within the enclosure and the details of the panel penetrations which may include windows or doors. The product of frequency of interest and surface weight of the absorbing material is the key parameter in noise reduction through transmission loss. With conventional construction practices, the high-frequency transmission loss of a panel becomes limited to around 40 dB, owing to the transmission of sound through flanking paths other than the panel itself. Examples of such flanking are structural connections or ducts joining the two spaces on either side of the panel of interest. Procedures for detailed design examples are given at Ref.: 9. Table 7.1 Approximate reduction of outside noise provided by typical exterior wall construction

A: No wall; outside conditions. B: Any typical wall construction, with open windows covering about 5% of exterior wall area. C: Any typical wall construction, with small open air vents of about 1% of exterior wall area, all windows closed. D: Any typical wall construction, with closed but operable windows covering about 10-20% of exterior wall area. E: Sealed glass wall construction, 1/4-in glass thickness over approximately 50% of exterior wall area.

F: Approximately 20 lb/ft2 solid wall construction with no windows and no cracks or openings. G: Approximately 50 lb/ft2 solid wall construction with no windows and no cracks or openings. H: Any typical wall construction, with closed double windows (panes at least 3/32 thick, air space at least 4 in.) and solid-core gasketed exterior doors. Green belt development: Green belt development can attenuate the sound levels. The degree of attenuation varies with species of greenbelt. The typical attenuation of noise levels by shrubs and trees is presented at Fig. 7 (a) and (b).The statutory regulations direct the industry to develop greenbelt four times the built-up area for attenuation of various atmospheric pollutants, including noise. Using protection equipment Before employing the use of protective equipment, please recall the Fig. 4, wherein the various steps involved in the noise management strategy are illustrated. Protective equipment usage is the ultimate step in noise control technology, i.e. after noise reduction at source and/or after the diversion or engineered control of transmission path of noise.

Fig. 7.5 (a) & (b) Noise level attenuation by shrubs and trees The first step in the technique of using protective equipment is to gauge the intensity of the problem, identification of the sufferer and his exposure to the noise levels. For the Regulatory standards pertaining to time of exposure vs. maximum noise levels permitted in a workspace environment, please refer to LO-8. The usage of protective equipment and the worker's exposure to the high noise levels can be minimised by Job rotation: By rotating the job between the workers working at a particular noise source or isolating a person, the adverse impacts can be reduced.

Exposure reduction: Regulations prescribe that, noise level of 90 dB (A) for more than 8 hr continuous exposure is prohibited. Persons who are working under such conditions will be exposed to occupational health hazards. The schedule of the workers should be planned in such a way that, they should not be over exposed to the high noise levels. Hearing protection: Equipment like earmuffs, ear plugs etc. are the commonly used devices for hearing protection. Attenuation provided by ear-muffs vary widely in respect to their size, shape, seal material etc. Literature survey shows that, an average noise attenuation up to 32 dB can be achieved using earmuffs. Details of some of the suppliers of the protective equipment are given in Ref. 3.

CHAPTER 8 LAWS OF NOISE POLLUTION

The legislative branch, which is composed of the House of Representatives and Senate, makes laws by sponsoring and passing bill. Upon the Presidents signature, these bills become public laws. The newly enacted laws are then published annually in a chronological order in the India Statutes at Large. Rules made by the Executive branches are commonly knows as regulations. Type of law is given below:

1. The Noise Pollution (regulation and control)rules, 2000 THE NOISE POLLUTION (REGULATION AND CONTROL) RULES, 2000 [New Delhi, the14 February 2000] S.O.123(E) - Whereas the increasing ambient noise level in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well being of the people; it is considered necessary to regulate and control noise producing and generating sources with the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise; Whereas a draft of Noise Pollution (Control and Regulation) Rule, 1999 was published under the notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests vide number S.O.528 (E), dated the 28th June, 1999 inviting objections and suggestions from all the persons likely to be affected thereby, before the expiry of the period of sixty days from the date on which the copies of the Gazette containing the said notification are made available to the public;

And whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the 1st day of July, 1999; And whereas the objections and suggestions received from the public in respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central Government; Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by clause (ii) of sub-section (2) of section 3, sub-section (I) and clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 6 and section 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) read with rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules for the regulation and control of noise producing and generating sources, namely: -

1. Short-title and commencement: (1) These rules may be called the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

2. Definitions: In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires:(a) "Act" means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);

(b) "area/zone" means all areas which fall in either of the four categories given in the Schedule annexed to these rules; 1[(c)"authority" means and includes any authority or officer authorized by the Central Government, or as the case may be, the State Government in accordance with the laws in force and includes a District Magistrate, Police Commissioner, or any other officer not below the rank of the Deputy Superintendent of Police designated for the maintenance of the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise under any law for the time being in force;]

1[d)"court" means a governmental body consisting of one or more judges who sit to adjudicate disputes and administer justice and includes any court of law presided over by a judge, judges or a magistrate and acting as a tribunal in civil, taxation and criminal cases; (e)"Educational institution" means a school, seminary, college, university, professional academies, training institutes or other educational establishment, not necessarily a chartered institution and includes not only buildings, but also all grounds necessary for the accomplishment of the full scope of educational instruction, including those things essential to mental, moral and physical development. (f)"Hospital" means an institution for the reception and care of sick, wounded, infirm. Or aged persons, and includes government or private hospitals, nursing homes and clinics. 2[(g)"person" shall include any company or association or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not.] 3[(h)"State Government" in relation to a Union territory means the Administrator thereof appointed under article 239 of the Constitution ]

3. Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones: (I) The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones shall be such as specified in the Schedule annexed to these rules. (2) The State Government 1[shall categorize] the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different areas. (3) The State Government shall take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movements and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules.

(4) All development authorities, local bodies and other concerned authorities while planning developmental activity or carrying out functions relating to town and country planning shall take into consideration all aspects of noise pollution as a parameter of quality of life to avoid noise menace and to achieve the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. (5) An area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts may be declared as silence area/zone for the purpose of these rules. 4. Responsibility as to enforcement of noise pollution control measures: (1) The noise levels in any area/zone shall not exceed the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise as specified in the Schedule. (2) The authority shall be responsible for the enforcement of noise pollution control measures and the due compliance of the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. 5. Restrictions on the use of loud speakers/public address system: (1) A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority. (2) A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used at night (between 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.) except in closed premises for communication within, e.g. auditoria, conference rooms, community halls and banquet halls.

6. Consequences of any violation in silence zone/area:Whoever, in any place covered under the silence zone/area commits any of the following offence, he shall be liable for penalty under the provisions Of the Act:(i) Whoever, plays any music or uses any sound amplifiers, (ii) Whoever, beats a drum or tom-tom or blows a horn either musical or pressure, or trumpet or beats or sounds any instrument, or (iii) Whoever exhibits any mimetic, musical or other performances or a nature to attract crowds.

7. Complaints to be made to the authority:

(1) A person may, if the noise level exceeds the ambient noise standards by 10 dB (A) or more given in the corresponding columns against any area/zone, make a complaint to the authority. (2) The authority shall act on the complaint and take action against the violator in accordance with the provisions of these rules and any other law in force. 8. Power to prohibit etc. continuance of music sound or noise:If the authority is satisfied from the report of an officer in charge of a police station or other information received by him that it is necessary to do so in order to prevent annoyance, disturbance, discomfort or injury or risk of annoyance, disturbance, discomfort or injury to the public or to any person who dwell or occupy property on the vicinity, he may, by a written order issue such directions as he may consider necessary to any person for preventing, prohibiting, controlling or regulating :(a) The incidence or continuance in or upon any premises of(i) Any vocal or instrumental music, (ii) Sounds caused by playing, beating, clashing, blowing or use in any manner whatsoever of any instrument including loudspeakers, public address systems, appliance or apparatus or contrivance which is capable of producing or re-producing sound, or

(b) The carrying on in or upon, any premises of any trade, avocation or operation or process resulting in or attended with noise. (2) The authority empowered under sub-rule (I) may, either on its own motion, or on the application of any person aggrieved by an order made under sub- rule (I), either rescind, modify or alter any such order: Provided that before any such application is disposed of, the said authority shall afford to the applicant an opportunity of appearing before it either in person or by a person representing him and showing cause against the order and shall, if it rejects any such application either wholly or in part, record its reasons for such rejection. SCHEDULE Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise

Note: - 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. 2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6 .00 a.m. 1 [3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority. ] 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four abovementioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. .A "decibel" is a unit in which noise is measured. "A ", in dB (A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean office level over a specified period.

CHAPTER 9 CASE STUDY OF UDAIPUR CITY

We worked on critical places of Udaipur city and took many observation of noise quality control. These following places are given below:

C: - COURT CHOURAYA MH: - MAIN HOSPITAL (GENERAL WARD) S: - SURAJPOLE P: - PRATAPNAGAR CIRCLE D: - DELHI GATE F: - FATEH SAGAR LAKE PLACE: - COURT CHOURAYA DATE: - 16/03/2013 DAY: - SATURDAY DURATION: - 9:00-10:00 AM, 1:00-2:00 PM, 5:00-6:00 PM. INTERVAL: - 15 MIN UNIT: - DECIBEL

S.N.

9:0010:00

1:002:00

5:006:00

1.

80.5

90.6

88.1

2.

78.3

91.1

85.7

3.

75.4

89.0

86.1

4.

79.5

90.2

87.9

PLACE: - MAIN HOSPITAL (GENERAL WARD) DATE: - 18/03/2013 DAY: - MONDAY DURATION: - 9:00-10:00 AM, 1:00-2:00 PM, 5:00-6:00 PM. INTERVAL: - 15 MIN UNIT: - DECIBEL

S.N.
1.

9:00-10:00
57.3

1:00-2:00
61.0

5:00-6:00
50.5

2.

55.7

58.2

49.8

3.

56.2

56.4

50.2

4.

55.6

56.1

48.1

PLACE: - SURAJPOLE DATE: - 19/03/2013 DAY: - TUESDAY DURATION: - 9:00-10:00 AM, 1:00-2:00 PM, 5:00-6:00 PM.

INTERVAL: - 15 MIN UNIT: - DECIBEL

S.N.
1. 2. 3.

9:00-10:00
85.4 88.7 84.6

1:00-2:00
79.0 83.2 78.5

5:00-6:00
82.7 84.2 81.1

4.

81.2

80.3

82.1

PLACE: - PRATAPNAGAR CIRCLE DATE: - 20/03/2013 DAY: - WEDNESDAY DURATION: - 9:00-10:00 AM, 1:00-2:00 PM, 5:00-6:00 PM. INTERVAL: - 15 MIN UNIT: - DECIBEL

S.N.
1. 2. 3. 4.

9:00-10:00
84.1 82.8 91.2 89.4

1:00-2:00
81.3 80.7 84.5 85.1

5:00-6:00
85.1 83.5 93.2 86.7

PLACE: - DELHI GATE

DATE: - 22/03/2013 DAY: - FRIDAY DURATION: - 9:00-10:00 AM, 1:00-2:00 PM, 5:00-6:00 PM. INTERVAL: - 15 MIN UNIT: - DECIBEL

S.N.
1.

9:00-10:00
80.5

1:00-2:00
76.2

5:00-6:00
79.9

2. 3. 4.

84.4 81.5 83.2

75.8 78.3 80.1

81.2 84.3 81.7

PLACE: - FATEH SAGAR LAKE DATE: - 23/03/2013 DAY: - SATURDAY DURATION: - 9:00-10:00 AM, 1:00-2:00 PM, 5:00-6:00 PM. INTERVAL: - 15 MIN UNIT: - DECIBEL

S.N.
1. 2.

9:00-10:00
65.2 62.1

1:00-2:00
60.1 58.5

5:00-6:00
67.2 69.7

3. 4.

60.9 63.8

59.4 57.1

68.5 70.1

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION

However, we live in a society where even the most enlightened manufacturers need an incentive to invest in the extensive research, development, design and tooling that might be required to reduce noise emissions form their products. Such incentives are provided, in essence, by legislation enforced either centrally or locally. To appreciate the number of people and organizations involved in legislation for noise control and with ways in which they influence this legislation require a look at the history of governments concern with problem of noise. We have made the law relating to noise pollution but there is need to creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Particularly, in our country the people generally lack consciousness of the ill effects which noise pollution creates ad how the society including they themselves stand to beneficiary preventing generation and emission of noise pollution. The target area should be educational institutions and more particularly school. The young children of impressionable age should be motivated to desist from playing with firecrackers, use of high sound producing equipment and instruments on festivals, religious and social functions, family get-togethers and celebrations etc. which cause noise pollution. Suitable chapters can be added into textbooks, which teach civic sense to the children and teach them how to be good and responsible citizen which would include learning by heart of various fundamental duties and that would obliviously include learning not to create noise pollution and to prevent if generated by others. Holding of special talks and lectures can be organized in the schools to highlight the menace of noise pollution and the role of the children in preventing it . For these purpose the state must pay its role by the support and cooperation of non-government organizations (NGOs) can also be enlisted. These standards or "ideas" may be easily controlled of all environmental problems, but just as every other problem, do we want to change for the sake of noise pollution? If the question is answered with integrity and honesty, it is sure that not many would want to change over some small portion of noise pollution. With the exceptions of the throwing the blame at someone else makes it so much easy to control noise, since its not the life of yourself being at stake to change.