sphalerite

ZnS 67.1% 30
10

3.54.0 3.94.2

Smithsonite

::

ZnCO3ZnO64.90%CO235.10%

(Masua,Sardinia)

Laurium
Zambia South-WestAfrica Colorado Utah
Smithsonian James Smithson 1754::
ef v m
::
D63dR-3c
arh=5.67Å=4826
2.75(1)3.55(0.5)1.703(0.45)
::

4-5
4-4.5g/cm3

HCl
::
(-),Ne=1.625,No=1.85,bire=0.2250

hydrozincite
Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
2.5 4

galena

galena

 PbS 86.6

,, 2.5, 7.5

,
,
3000
,

anglesite

PbSO4

2.53 6.16.4

Cerussite

PbCO3PbO 83.53%CO2 16.47%CaSr Zn


PbSO4 ,

(Phoenixville,Pennsylvania) Bohemia
Mies Nerchinsk Sardina Tunis Tsumeb
NewSouthWales BrokenHill Hessen-Nassau Ems

Cerussite cerussa(Whitelead)

a=515pm;b=847pmc=611pm
3.593(1)3.498(0.5)2.487(0.32)

3.0-3.5
6.4-6.6g/cm3

-Np=1.804Nm=2.0782V=9

r>v.



9095 105

150

(1)

5


(2)
46 4.44.7

(3)

34 4.24.3

(4)
5.5 4.84

(5)

6 4.75.0
(6)
3.54.5 3.63.7

(7)
3.54 3.94.1

40
50

 36 40 6 8.5 0.002 0.0036 33

40 3.87.8 0.0020.005 2935 3.3
7.5 0.00160.0048 30 27 0.005


50( 3.3.3) 3
30.50.1 554

0.010.030.020.02
0.12mm

45007000

1774 ..

1875
1530 80 1890 1898
1939
1837

1884 4 t 1892
1928 20

1886

1890
1897 1907
1910

1913 1918 1937



1950
50
1996 6.8 190 m
6.48 t
1890
1908
1913 1914
1917 3 t
19161927 12
14.3 t 45
1949
1912
1945 33 140 t

3.3.5 4.2 t

7.43 t1927 6
135.8 t 96.8 65.4


Huebnerite
::
MnWO4,MnO 23.42%WO3 76.58%

(DragoonDistrict)
AdolphHuebner
::
ac nk
::
L2PC P2/c
a0=4.829 b0=5.759 c0=4.997 ,=9110
2.996(1)2.954(0.95)4.84(0.65)
::

4-4.5
7.12g/cm3

::
(+),Np=2.17-2.2,Nm=2.22,Ng=2.3-2.32,

=0.1200-0.1300,2V()=50-80,2V(

)=73

manganese dioxide

 63.19

MnO 2
86.94

535 C
390 C
5.026 =1

, HCl
: MnO 2 +4HCl=MnCl 2 +C1 2 +2H 2 O

(K2MnO4) MnO
2


MnO2

Psilomelane massive
::

BaMn2+Mn94+O203H2O, ;70%BaO CaO+K2O+Na2O+SrO

; ;

Saxony Schneeberg Romanechc

TekraSai

Psilomelane (Smooth)(Black)

::

::
C2/m
a0=9.56 b0=2.88 c0=13.85
::

4-6
4.71g/cm3

Manganite
::


MnOOH,MnO 40.4% MnO2 49.4% H2O 10.2% SiO2 Fe2O3
Al2O3CaO

4



Cornwall Cumbria ColoradoHarz IIfeldThuringia
Iimenau Cornwall NovaScOtia Michigan Negaunee

Manganite ;

::
c cd m
::
B21/d
a0=8.88 b0=5.25 c0=5.71 =90
3.4(1)2.64(0.6)2.28(0.5)
::

3.5-4
4.2-4.33g/cm3

::
(+),Np=2.25,Nm=2.25,Ng=2.53,

=0.2800
Manganite MnOOH
[] (wB%)

MnO 40.4MnO2 49.4H2O 10.2 SiO2Fe2O3Al2O3CaO

[ ] Z=8 O2- OH - Mn3
a0=0.888nmb0=0.525nmc0=0.571nm=90 [Mn(O,OH)6]
c (100)

C2h-2/m(L2PC) c
cd m

[

]
3.5~4 4.2~4.33
( )2V Ng=2.53Nm=2.25Np=2.25(2.33)
[

[]
[]

Hausmannite

 MnMn2O4, Mn2+ Mn3+

zn2+ Mn2+
8.6 Fe3+ Mn3+ 43

Mn2+

Hausmannite J.F.L.Hausmann

psef a

ao=5.76,co=9.44 ;z=4;
2.49(1)2.77(0.9)1.544(0.8)

6
4.8

No=2.46Ne=2.15

20 16.613

Rhodochrosite/Rodocrosita )
,

Mn[CO3]

[]

[]
(wB%) MnO 61.71CO2 38.29FeCO3CaCO3ZnCO3
Fe( 26.18%)Ca( 8%)Zn( 14.88 %)Mg( 12.98%)

CdCo

[]

arh=0.584nm =47 46' Z=2 ah=0.473nm ch=1.549nm

Z=6
D3d-3m(L33L23PC)
r e

[
]
Ca
Fe Mn 3.5~4.5
3.6~3.7
(-)No=1.816Ne=1.597 Ca
Fe

[]

[]
Mn

[]

Molybdenite

MoS2Mo 59.94%S 40.06%

Arizona(Mohaveco.)ColoradoUtah (King

Sgate)QuebecLyndoch Twp.,Ontario,

Molybdenite

c(0001) c(0001)

m(10-10)

s(10-15)

2H D46hP63/mmc3R C5R3m
a0=3.15 co=12.30 2H z=2,a0=3.16 ,c0=18.33 3R

1-1.5,
5.05g/cm3
(0001)

Ro 36.0 31.530.5Re 15.51815

Ro-

Re-

(C.W.Scheele)

1781 ( )
tung( )
sten() tungsten

1783 (Fde Elhuyar)

3400 5555( )19.3

(1)

1.310-6

1.510-6
0.6810-10mW6+
WO42-Fe2+Mn2+Ca2+

320
240 300200

WO3

(2)

WO4 2-
Ca2+Fe2+Mn2+Pb2+ Cu2+Zn2+Al3+Fe3+Y3+

20 ()

(

)
20
(FeMn)WO4WO3 76% CaWO4WO3 80.6%

(3)
60%
376 t 71%
90%

( )

(WO3%)

(WO3%)(m) (m)

GB2825-81

1783 200
1907
1915 1916 ( 1996 )

1
1916
() 20 ()

(1943)


1935 1938

5 t1937

3040
1943
( ) (

1943.)1947



(19531957 )

6080


5070 20
80 870 t

45 t(WO3
)

252

(WO3)637.5

tA+B+C
232 t36.4%

1996

529.08 tA+B+C 228.11 t43.1%

A+B+C
1 2 (

49.3 t) 3 (

35.5 t)

21

20 t 8 179.89 t
110.09 t 62.85 t 34.92 t 30.67 t 23.02 t
22.29 t 21.66 t

485.39 t 91.7%( 1996 )

58.2% 28%
4.3% 4.1% 3.2% 2.2%
17.1% 75.1%
7.8% 3.12.1 3.12.4

Wolframite
(Mn,Fe)WO4
FeMnWO4

7.2-7.5 4-4.5

[]

(FeWO4) (MnWO4) (wB%) FeO

23.65 WO3 76.35 MnO 23.42 WO3 76.58 FeWO4>80mol%
MnWO4>80mol%

MgCaNbTaScYSn

NbTaSc
[ ] Z=2 a0=0.4829nmb0=0.5759 nmc0=0.4997nm=9110'

a0=0.479nm b0=0.574nm c0=0.499nm =

90 26'

a0=0.4753nmb0=0.5709nmc0=0.4964nm=90[(Mn,Fe)O6] c
[WO6] 4

[(Mn,Fe)O6](100)

C2h-2/m(L2PC)100
c

a b d c

n w k( 4-2-9)

(100)(023)

] FeMn Fe

 4~5.5 7.18~7.51

Fe Fe

36'(
) Ng=(
) Ng=2.42~2.46Nm=2.32Np=2.26~2.312V=78
Ng=2.30~2.32Nm=2.22Np=2.17~2.202V73 2.414Nm=2.305Np=2.2552V=68
[

[]

[]

Scheelite

Ca[WO4]WO380.6

4.5 5 6.1

1781


CaWO4,CaO19.47%WO380.53%



Saxony Bohemia Cornwall
NewSouthWales Queensland Nevada Arizona California
BritishColumbiaYukon NorthwestTerritories
18 K.W.Scheele(1742-1786)

e p

e 110

4/m
a0=5.25Åc=11.40Å
3.1(1)4.76(0.55)3.072(0.3)

4.5
6.1g/cm3

,UV .

(+),No=1.918-1.92,Ne=1.934-1.937,

=0.0160-0.0170

Ferberite xled Monoclinic

::
FeWO4,FeO 23.65%WO3 76.35%


Bouldercounty
Gera RudolphFerber
::
a(100)(010)c(001) n(110)k(hko)

::

::
L2PC P2/c
a0=4.733 b0=5.709 c0=4.964 =90
2.941(1)4.75(0.45)3.752(0.35)
::

4~4.5
7.51g/cm3
(010)

::
(+),Np=2.255,Nm=2.305,Ng=2.414,

=0.1590,2V()=72,2V(

)=68.

H2WO4
1-2 5.5

Bismuthinite

::
Bi2S3Bi 81.3%S18.7%; PbCuSbFe Pb2+ Bi3+

Cu+

KOH ()

;
;
()( )

::
c(010)a(100)
m(110)h(310)n(021)l(101)z(301)p(501) s(111)w(121)
::
Pbnm
a0=11.13 b0=11.27 c0=3.97
3.569(1)3.118(0.8)3.53(0.6)
::

2-2.5
6.8g/cm3
(010)

::
Rp 41.46 40.8639.60

Rm 48.548.1740.86Rg 54.5153.0049.18c
a

Stibnite
::

Sb2S3,Sb 71.4%28.6%;

AsPbAgCuFe;
KOH

stimmistibi

,;
::
c m(110) b(010)
s(111)
::
Pbnm
a0=11.20 b0=11.28 c0=3.83
2.764(1)3.053(0.95)3.556(0.7)
::

2
4.6g/cm3
(010)

::
Rp 44 3633.5Rg 30.52524.5
=3.194=4.046=4.303

 Argentite
::
Ag2S,Ag 87.06%S 12.94%;

PbFeCu
;
;
;
179
British ColumbiaOntario CornwallSaxony
Attica Ilimaussaq GuanajustoCalifornia

Afgentite Argentum(Silver);
::
a(110) o(111) d(110)
n(211)
::
Im3m
a0=48.9
1.819(1)2.24(1)3.17(1)
::

2-2.5
7.2-7.4g/cm3
(100)(110)

::
,

R:30.43(),27.20(),24.48().

Skutterudite
::



CoAs2-3
;

SouthLorrain

::
a(100)o(111)d(110)n(211)
::
; 4L33L23PC; Im3
a0=8.19
::

5.5-6.0
6.8g/cm3
(100)(111)

::

53.8470m 53.4546m 53.0589m 52.9650m

Perovskite CaTiO3


: CaO 41.24%TiO2 58.76% NaCeFe Nb
:

m3m, Pm3m;600

mmm, Pcmm
: ao=3.85 ,Z=1;600 ao=5.37 bo=7.64 ,co=5.44 ,Z=4
:

12 -
12 6 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite

: 5.5-6

: 3.97-4.04
:
:
:
:
:

: N=2.34-2.38

[] FeAgAuHgBiSbVGe Fe 2.5% Ag
Au

2~3%
[ ] Oh5-Fm3ma0=0.361nmZ=4

Oh-m3m (3L44L36L29PC)
a

d o h 111


CuFeS2( ) 4O2 ; CuSO4 FeSO4
2CuSO4 2FeSO4 H2O ; Cu2O( ) Fe2(SO4)3 H2SO4
Cu2O H2SO4 ; CuSO4 H2O Cu()

(Cu2O) (CuO)

[] 2.5~3
8.4~8.95

R 61()83()89()
[]

Cu
[]
0.2

2567ZnPbNiAlTi
1083.4

( ) Chalcopyrite(Sperrylite bearing)
::
CuFeS2,Cu 34.56%Fe30.52%S34.92%
;
6-6.5 2.5-3
(Fool's Gold);
;



Cornwall Falun Schemnitz
Saxony Freiberg RioTintoMontana ButteUtah BinghamTennessee
Ducktown

s,(brass)
::
c(001) m(110)

::
I4-2m

a0=5.24 c0=10.32 Z=4

3.03(1)1.854(0.8)1.591(0.6)
::

3-4
4.1-4.3g/cm3
(112)(101)

::
41.5 40.540

 [covellite] CuS 66.48

1.52 4.67
()

N. Covelli
Cu 66.48%S 33.52% FeAgSe
- -
P63/mmc
:a0=3.792c0=16.344

1.5-2

4.67g/cm3

Montana ButteBaden-Baden Uranlagerstatte Mullenbach Pforzheim

Kafersteige Saxony Cornwall

Azurite
Cu3[CO3]2(OH)2

[] (wB%)

CuO 69.24CO2 25.53H2O 5.23

[ ] 20'Z=2a0=0.500nmb0=0.585nmc0=1.035nm=92
C2h-2/m(L2PC) abc
v mlfphx
[

3.5~4 3.7~3.9

Ng=1.838Nm=1.758Np= 1.730(+)2V=68

[] HCl

bornite
Bornite bearing Palladium and Platinum
::
Cu5FeS4 63.3

3 4.95.0



Cu5FeS4,Cu63.33%,Fe11.12%,S25.55%
;

>400
;
;

;
;

 Cornwall Alaska SaltChuokmine Arizona

Bagdad
1845 Haidinger IgnatiusvonBorn(1742-1791)

::


::
, D42dP421c
a0=1.095
1.937(1)3.18(0.6)2.74(0.5)
::

3
4.9-5.3g/cm3
111

::
18.5 1921

[] (wB%)

Cu 63.33Fe 11.12S 25.55

Cu 52~65Fe 8~18S 20~27>475

[ ] a0=1.093nmZ=8
8
6
24

Cu Fe 3/4
Oh-m3m(3L44L36L29PC)
[

]
3 4.9~5.3
[

] Cu-Ni



[]
[]

3,

Chalcocite ,massive Orthorhombic

::
Cu2SCu79.86%S20.14%

Ag

;

BristolConnecticutButteMontanaMorenciandBisbeeArizonaBinghamCanyonUtahDuckt
ownTennesseeCornwal Tsumeb Tuscany RioTinto
RioTinto Nevada Ely Arizone MorenciMiami Clifton Montana
Butte

chalkos

CopperGlance;

::

c(001)b(010) m(110)g(011)d(021)e(023)
p(111)v(112)
::
Abm2
a0=11.92 b0=27.33 c0=13.44
1.88(1)1.9746(0.7)2.403(0.7)
::

2.5-3
7.2-7.4g/cm3
(110)

Tetrahedrite

18

Cu12Sb4S13 (tetrahedron),

Cu12As4S13


34 4.6 5.0

3.5 4

Cu2[CO3](OH)2 CuO 71.9% CO2 19.9% H2O
8.15%

1.661.91

0.25 3.54.5 3.54

4.1g/cm3
4000


CuCO3Cu(OH)2
473K(200)
CuCO3Cu(OH)2=2CuO+CO2+H2O

CuCO3Cu(OH)2+4H=2Cu2+CO2+3H2O

Malachite Mallache

Cu2[CO3](OH)2CuO71.9%CO219.9% H2O8.15%

1.661.91

0.25 3.54.5 3.544.1g/cm3

5-6 2.62.9g/cm3 1.62 2-4 2-2.4g/cm3

1.57







4000



( )

Turquoise

CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)85H2O

5~6 2.6~2.9

1.62

turquoise

5-6
276(+014-036)gcm3

1610-1650 161

420nm432nm460nm

; ;
;

()
: 5.5~6

: 4.5~5.5

 : 4.5

""
:
" "

2
3

1
A-

B
C

2
A

B
C

4 ,,

0.6

1200 82
29 66

""
" " " " "

"""
1927

:"( )

"
""
""
"

"" "





65004400 28 5000
Zer 1900

; ; ""

" "

()
1

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)
(6)
2
(1)
(2)

(3)
3
4

(1)
(2)
()
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
(1)
(2)

cuprite
Cu2O

88.82
8 12


3.54.0 6.14

88.8%

Crocoite



PbCrO4 1797

*

*

2.5-3
6.0

Hematite
Fe2O3

50

2530

70%

1961
19

5.5-6.55.0-5.3

[] TiAlMnFe2 CaMg GaCo

SiO2Al2O3

 [ ] arh=0.5421nm =55 17' Z=2 ah=0.5039 nm ch=1.3760nm Z=6

Ti Al
D3d-3m(L33L23PC) c

r
u e

n
(0001)

[

5~6 5.0~5.3

(-)No=2.988Ne=2.759
[

[]
[]
TiGaCo

Fe2O3nH2O

siderite

Fe[CO3]

4 3.74.0
Mn Mg

0.04

Hematite var.Specularite and Quartz

::
Fe2O3Fe 69.94%TiO2SiO2Al2O3

()

E1ba St.Gotthard
Cumberland MinasGexais
Hematite haimatites(Bl00d);
::

::
R3-c
a0=5.029 c0=13.73
2.69(1)1.69(0.6)2.51(0.5)
::

5.5-6
5.0-5.3g/cm3

::
-No=3.22Ne=2.94

No-

Ne-
28.70 26.1525.03Ro=27.8Re=24.9
Ro= Re-

goethite

hematite-Fe2O3 J.W. von Goethe1749-1832 1806

[lepidocrocite-FeO(OH)]





Bog Iron Ore

1806

limonite

X

1.

Negaunee ,MichiganU.S.
-FeOOH
c b


Pbnm a4.64b=10.0c0=3.03 4.18(1) 2.69(0.3)
2.452(0.25)

55.5
4.38
[010]

/
/

:

-Np=2.260Nm=2.393Ng=2.398Na2V Np- Nm-
Ng- r>vNp//bBm//cNg//a

17.5 14
13

Chromite massive Isometric

80%

 (Mg,Fe)Cr2O4 Cr2O3Al2O3Fe2O3FeOMgO





NewCaledonia Rhodesia

Chromitim Chroma

magnetite
Fe3O4

5.5-6 4.8-5.3
""

[] (wB%)

FeO 31.03Fe2O3 68.96Fe3 Al3 Ti4 Cr3 V3

Fe2 Mg2 Mn2 Zn2 Ni2 Co2 Cu2 Ge2

Ti4 Fe3

Fe2 Fe3 Mg2 Fe2 V3 Fe3 Ti

>600 FeFe2O4Fe2TiO4
Fe3 [Fe2 1-xFe3 1-2xTi4 x]O4(0x0.2) Fe3 1.2-xFe2 x-0.2[Fe2 1.2Fe3
0.8-xTi4 x]O4(0.2x0.8)Fe3 2-2xFe2 2x-1[Fe2 2-xTi4 x]O4(0.8x1)
>500 FeFe2O4FeTiO3
Ti4 Fe3 25%

Fe2>25%

 TiO2<TiO2 Mg2
[ ] a0=0.8396nmZ=8 1/2 Fe3 Fe2

1/2 Fe3 a0 Al3 Cr3 Mg2 Ti4 Mn2

Oh-m3m(3L44L36L29PC)

]
111 5.5~6
4.9~5.2 Tc578

[

]
; ;;
[]

[]

TiVNiCo

46.67%53.33%

FeS2 NaCl

6-6.5 4.95.2

15.618.3 4.95.2

18371901


(wB%)

Fe 46.55S 53.45CoNi FeFeS2CoS2 FeS2NiS2

Co Ni Fe As Se Te S
SbCuAuAg GeIn Au

[ ] a0=0.5417nmZ=4 Fe
S [S2]2- [S2]2- 1/8
S-S 0.210nm
0.35nm
Th-m3(3L24L33PC)
a e o
(110)(111)(110)

6~6.5 4.9~5.2
Co3 Ni3 Fe2 [As]3 [AsS]3
[S2]2- n p

(jarositeKFe3[SO4]2(OH)6)

AuCoNi

( )

Pyrrhotite
phrrhotes

40%

FeS

SS

39-40%

Ni Co
Fe.
- -
320 P63/mmc320
C2/c
: a0=0.343nm c0=0.569nm
a0=0.686nmb0=1.190nmc0=1.285nm

4.6-4.7g/cm3

Pyrrhotite

Fe1-XS
[] (wB%)

Fe 63.53S 36.47 39~40%Fe2 Fe3

Fe2 Fe1-XS x Fe
x=0~0.223

NiCoMnCu FeZnAgInBiGa

[ ] a0=0.349nmc0=0.569nmZ=2
D6h-6/mmm(L66L27PC)

r u s
[

3.5~4.5
4.60~4.70
[

] Cu-Ni

[]
[]
CuNi

, ,
3940

Marcasite




FeS2,Fe 46.55%S 53.45%

; FeS2

350
OklahomaMissouriWisconsin Illinois
Bohemia Caisbad Saxony
Doyer
Folkestone

Marcasite

010 b010
m110e101

:
D122hPmnn
a0=4.0445 b0=5.425 c0=3.388
2.71(1)1.76(0.63)3.44(0.4)

6-6.5
4.85-4.9g/cm3
101

52 45.544.5 a
b c

Ilmenite
FeTiO3

[]


FeTiO3TiO2 52.66

56 4.74.78

[]
(wB%) FeO 47.36TiO 52.64Fe2 Mg2 Mn2
FeTiO3-MgTiO3 FeTiO3-MnTiO3 FeO MgO MnO
NbTa
>960FeTiO3-Fe2O3 600FeTiO3Fe2O3 (0001)

 MgO

NbTa
MnO

NbTa FeOMnO

NbTa

[]

49'Z=2 ah=0.509arh=0.553nm=54 nmch=1.407nmZ=6

Al3

Fe2 Ti4 c R3c

R3
FeTi FeTiO3-Fe2O3
Fe3 2-xFex2 Tix4 O3(x ) R3c

R3

1100x=0.65 600x=0.45 0.6>R3 x0.5

R3 x=0.5 R3c
C3i--3(L3C) c r
s n

[]

5~ 5.5 4.0~5.0

(-)

N=2.7

[]

[]

[]

anataseoctahedrite

( )
FeSnNbTa Y

UTh

a0=0.379nm c0=0.951nm Z=4 915 D4h4/mmm(L44L25PC) c ma

pnqve

5.5~6.5
3.82~ 3.97
(-) 2V
No=2.561~2.562Ne=2.488~2.489

(-)
a0=0.918nmb0=0.545nmc0=0.515nm

strontianite

:
(SrCO3)

SrCO3,SrO 70.19%CO2 29.81%

(Celestite)

Westphalia
Strrontianite Argyllshire Strontian

bc m 110

D162hPmcn
a0=5.128&Aring;b0=8.421&Aring;c0=6.094&Aring;z=4
3.535(1) 3.45(0.7) 2.053(0.5)

 3.5-4
3.6-3.8g/cm3

(-), Np=1.516-1.52, Nm=1.664-1.667, Ng=1.666-1.668,

=0.1480-0.1500, 2V()=12-8,
2V(

)=7. , r < v.

native gold


200
10

Au 10

2.53 15.619.3

Au 20
10
1872 214.318 1986
4804 2.53 19.3

1062 1 2

10

AuCuHg
- -
Fm3m
:a0=0.4077nm

2.5

10.5g/cm3

aerositedark red silver ore

proustite
Ag3AsS3

J.L. (J.-L.Proust)

22.5 5.575.64

Apatite
Ca5[PO4]3(F,OH)

[] (%) CaO 54.58P2O5 41.36F 1.23Cl 2.27H2O 0.56

TR Sr

Ca

ClOH F

5%
fluorapatite Ca5[PO4]3F
chlorapatite Ca5[PO4]3Cl
hydroxylapatite Ca5[PO4]3(OH)
carbonate-apatiteCa5[PO4,CO3(OH)]3(F,OH)
[CO3]2- [PO4]3-

[CO3]2- OH- F-

1 [CO3]2- 1 [PO4]3-

0.4
[CO3]2-OH- F- Ca2- K+Na+
[ ] a0=0.943~0.938nm c0=0.688~0.686nm Z=2

Ca-O
c [PO4] c
Cl-F-OH- -

FCa
Ca

4 [PO4]6 O2-
C6h-6/m(L6PC) m h

x s u

c
[

]
5 3.18~3.21
(-) No=1.633Ne=1.629

OHCl
No=1.667Ne=1.665 No=1.651Ne=1.647
[

[]
[]

xenotime
Y[PO4]
61.40
45 4.4
5.1g/cm3

0.050.1 50
70 /

1.
2.
3.

SnO2 Fe Ta Nb ,

Nb5+Ta5+ Sn4+ ,

67 6.87.1
78.6




Cassiterite
SnO2
[] FeNbTa

MnScTiZrW InGaGe

Nb5 Ta5

Sn4

[ ] a0=0.4737nmc0=0.3185nmZ=2 Zr Sn

D4h-4/mmm(L44L25PC)
se ma r z (011)
wood-tin



[

] Fe NbTa

6~7 6.8~7.0

( )

No=1.9836~2.0475Ne=2.0818~2.1397(

)2V=0~38
[

]
SnF4SnCl4
SnF4 2H2O2SnO2 4HF

LiRbCsBe

[]

[]
wB% Sn 0.1~0.2

Sn 0.2~0.4 Sn 0.2

Sn 0.4

SnO2

6.0-7.0
6.8-7.1




()

( )

67
6.87.1

Cu2FeSnS4 27.5
34 4.34.5

90%

r-Al2O3 3%5%Al2O3

1995 3.29kg

60%

258

43

AlO(OH) Al2O3H2O

TiO2 SiO2 Fe2O3 Ga2O3 Nb2O5 Ta2O5 TR2O3

AlO(OH) Al2O3H2O

Fe2O3TiO2Cr2OGa2O3


Al(OH) Al2O33H2O

TiO2SiO2Fe2O3Nb2O5Ta2O5Ga2O3
1002h

Al2O3SiO2Fe2O3TiO2H2O 95%
98% S CaO MgO K2O Na2O CO2 MnO2
GaGeNbTaTRCoZrVPCrNi
Al2O3

( )

Al2O3 SiO2
1 Al2O340%Al/Si1.82.6

() ( ) -

- -- ( )-

()
(

CO2

KNaCaMg SiO2 AlFeTi -

()

CO2MgOP2O5

1994
(YS/T78-94)

LK12-70 LK8-65 LK5-60 LK3-53 LK15-60 LK11-55 LK850LK7-50LK3-40
7% 8%
150mm

1)

Al2O3/SiO2 35( 3.5 )Fe2O310%

2) Al2O3 SiO2

Al2O365%Al2O3/SiO27

3)

Al2O360%Al2O3/SiO2 57Fe2O310%

Al2O3

Al2O370%Fe2O35%TiO24.5%CaO+MgO1.0%Al2O3/SiO212
Fe2O3 2.5%,TiO2 3.5%,R2O( ) 1.0%,MgO
1.0%

1825

H.C. (H.C.Oersted)

1854 H. (H.Sainte Claire Diwill)
1865 H.H. (..) 1855

(1821 )
1873 1894
1t

1900 9 t
1950
151 t1996 2092 t
1924

1940
19421945

19531955
(
)

(
)
19601962
1958

1911

19251941 AG
19411943

1954

1958

501502503

80 1983
1954

2000t

187 t



Al2[SiO4](FOH)2

Topaz""
TOPUS ""

Al2[SiO4](FOH)2 F (OH)

1.619-1.627

0.008-0.010

0.014 8 3.49-3.57 /

Co60

3.49 2.65
""""

""

1
2
3

calcite

calcite

 Ca CO3

3 2.6
2.9

Calcite

.






::
CaCO3CaO56.03%CO243.97%
3 HCl

29-5

LakeSuperior
SaxonyHarz Ardreasberg CumberlandDerbyshireDurhamCornwall Lancaster
Guanajuato

Calx Calcite Calx

(BurntLime)
::
[0001]
ef

::
R3c
a0=6.37&Aring;
3.035(1)2.095(0.18)2.285(0.18)
::

3
2.715g/cm3

::
- 2V=5-10No=1.658Ne=1.486MnFe
N
:




:
1.

"".
2. ().
3.

.
4. .
5. , .

 11 3.40
142A

, 687.11

639.93

.
12 35
1923 3000
Si02A1203Fe0CaOP2O5Cu0

CO2H2CH4N2

1
01

60
65 8098

23 10025

3
1

6080 90

1 385050

4250
2000
2

3
4
5
6

graphein

A. G. Werner 1789

- -P63/mmm
:a0=0.246nmc0=0.670nm

1-2

2.21-2.26g/cm3

Ticonderoga Ceylon

Diamond

X
1000
1977

3100 1 =200

106.55

50

c

54 44 8

1905

3106.3 9
1

2 8 C
620 (124 )
10 (Cullinan) 3106 (621.35 )56.510

1905
158.786 1977

1971 50 100

[1]1971 9 25 5271
[2]1977 12 21 1 158.786

[3]1981 8 15 12427
[4]1982 9

9694
[5]1983 5

9286
[6]1983 11 14 11901

1987


4

40

() 4



98%
28mg

10.915mg22%60%

1

10

2


3


4
100

.
c

13
13

13
3

1

2

3

10 15

10000kg/mm2 1000 150

(Mohs hardness scale) 10 ( ) 10

5.5 3.5 4 2 3 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calamine

::

 Zn4(H2O)[Si2O7](OH)2ZnO67.49SiO225.01H2O7.50 PbFeCa
500&ordm;C



250C Zn2[SiO4]
(England)

::
bmc
::
C202vImm2
a0=8.38&Aring;b0=10.70&Aring;c0=5.11&Aring;
3.104(1)6.6(0.86)3.288(0.75)
::

5
3.40-3.50g/cm3
110 101

001

001


::
(+),Np=1.614,Nm=1.617,Ng=1.636,

=0.0220,2V()=44,2V(

)=46..

Y3[Z4O10](OH)2Y3(OH)6
Y Mg2+Fe2+Al3+ Fe3+Z Si Al

Fe3+ B3+
2-

2.5 2.6-3.3

epidote

epidote

Ca2FeAl2[SIO4][SI2O7]O(OH )

...

epidote

Ca2FeAl2[SIO4][SI2O7]O(OH )

66.5 3.38

3.49

1967

Epidote Ca2(Fe3+,Al)3[SiO4][Si2O7]O(OH)

: Al3+

Fe3+

: (epidote)
epidosis

:
2/m P21/m
:
ao=8.98 bo=5.64 co=10.22 Z=2b=115.25
:
b
[SiO4]4-[[[Si]]2O7]6

Fe3+
Ca2+

b 100001
/

: 66.5
: 3.383.49
: (001)
:
:
:
:
:

montmorillonite

montmorillonite (NaCa) 0.33

( AlMg)2[Si4O10](OH)2nH2O 0.21
...

montmorillonite
(NaCa) 0.33 ( AlMg)2[Si4O10](OH)2nH2O
0.21

22.5 22.7

kaolinite

kaoliniteAl4Si4O10OH )8

11 ...

kaolinite
Al4Si4O10OH )8

11

22.5 2.602.63

Zoisite
60
1
Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)
2
c
3

5

6

7
1.691~1.7000.0050.009~0.010 0.021
8


9
10 6~7
11 3.35
12

pyroxene
:

: W1-p(X,Y)1+pZ2O6 W=Ca2+

Na+
X=Mg2+Fe2+Mn2+Ni2+Li+Y=Al3+Fe3+Cr3+Ti3+Z=Si4+Al3+
p1 Al3+Fe3+
Z Si4+
p 0 1X Y W XY
Si4+ Al3+
Mg2[Si2O6]
Fe2[Si2O6]
Fe2[Si2O6]10% 10%~30%
30%~50% 50%
:

: enstatite enstates

 hedenbergite Hedenberg 19
augite auge
rhodonite rhodon

: 3L23PC Pbca
: ao=18.228 bo=8.805 co=5.185
ao=18.433 bo=9.060 co=5.258

c (100)210010001110211



: 56
: Fe 3.15
3.33.6

3.9
: 210
: Fe

:

Diopside
CaMg[Si2O6]

(diopside)

,dis opsis

: 2/mC2/c
: 16622'

: 5.5~6.5
: 3.3-3.5
: (110) 87
:
:
:
:
:

OH

gedrite); enigmatite) rhoenite)
OH

5~ 6 124 56 3.0~3.5

A0-1B2C5T8O22(OH,F,Cl)2

A=Na K

B(M4)=NaLiCaMnFe2+MgC(M1-3)=MgFe2+MnAlFe3+CrTiLiT=SiAlFe3+Ti

: 2/m; C2/m

: 5~6
: 3.0~3.4
: 56 124
:
:
: - -
:
:

 (Amphibole var. Tremolite)

Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH),CaO13.8%,MgO24.6%,SiO258.8,H2O2.8%,FeO
3% NaKMn CaFCl (OH)




Ticino
Tyroi Piedmont Tyrol Zillerthal
Appalachian NewZealandMexico

m(110)
r(011) b(010)

C2/m
a0=9.84 b0=10.05 c0=5.275 z=2;
3.12(1)8.38(1)2.71(0.9)

5-6
3.02-3.44g/cm3
100 56 100

UV= UV=
HCl

- Np=1.599-1.612,Nm=1.613-1.626,Ng=1.625-1.637, =0.0250-0.0260,2V
=82-84,2V=88-80.

r<v.

Actinolite

Tremolite
2%

kyanite
Al2[SIO4]O

4.5 63.533.65
1300


(Kyanite) Al2[SiO4]O
kyanite kyanos,

: 1 P1

(100)

: 5.5~7
: 3.53~3.64
: (100)(010)
:
:
:
:
:

Al 2 SiO 5 Cr Fe Ca Mg Ti






C 4 5 C 6 7

 3.68 (+0.01 0.12) g/cm 3

1.716 1.731 0.004
0.012 0.017

435nm 445nm



:
: Al2O3 63.1%, SiO2 36.9%
:

1
1.5

1670-

1770 1790 1850

2

, ,

Cross Stone


Fe2Al9[SiO4]4O7(OH)2

a=0.781nmb=0.1662nmc=0.565nmZ=2
010
100010

7.5
3.743.83 3.74~3.83

Sillimanite Al[AlSiO4]O

: Fe3+ Ca KNa
:

: ; Pbnm
: ao=7.43 ,bo=7.58 ,co=5.74 ,Z=4
: [SiO4][AlO4] c [AlSiO5]
[AlO6]
[AlO6]

001

Al Al-O(4)=1.77 ,Si-O(4)=1.61
c (010)

a(100)b(010)m(110)h(230)
[001]

()

: 7
: 3.23~3.27
: 010
:
:
: Ng=1.673-1.683,Nm=1.658-1.662,Np=1.654-1.661

1545

sillimanite cats eye

synthetic sillimanite
1

900

(iolite)

(2MgO2Al2O35SiO2)

:7.5-8
:2.57-2.61
:1.542-1.551
:0.009
:
water
sapphire

:
1. :

2. :

3.
:



? ()
()

Lapis Lazuli Lapis Lazuli

NaCa4-8AlSiO46 (SO4SCl)12

1.5 0.010 56 2.38-2.45g/cm3
2.72.9g/cm3

5.56 2.152.35 1.4831.487
2.442.5g/cm3 1.491.504 3.5
4 1.731.83

6.5 7 1.541.55
8 1.711.72
2.54
1.561.57


5.5 2.7- 2.9




1520mm
6?/FONT>40 1520mm
550-8500 100-55
3-40 1520mm 8-70
6000

5 6




the moon
god sin

,
badakshan

 Andalusite
::
Al2[SiO4]OAl2O363.1%SiO236.9% Fe3+ NaK







Andalusia Tyrol MinasGerais

Andalucia Andalusite
Andalusia
::
mn c
::
D122hPnnm;
a0=7.78&Aring;b0=7.92&Aring;c0=5.57&Aring;z=4
5.54(1)2.77(0.9)4.53(0.9)
::
6.5-7.5
3.13-3.16g/cm3

::
- Np=1.629-1.640 Nm=1.6331.644 Np=1.639-1.651 2V=-86 Np- Nm Ng- //
010Np//cNm//bNg//a

 Rutile in Amphibole

95


::
TiO2,Ti60% FeNbTaCrSn
(cassitoritc)

Binnental
Campolungo
Kfagero Limoges Yrieix Tyr01
GeorgiaNorthCarolifonia Arkansas

NewSouthWales Queensland
Florida
Rutlle Rutilus (Red) ;
::
ma s

::
P42/mmm
a0=4.59 c0=2.96
3.245(1)1.687(0.5)2.489(0.41)
::
6
4.2-4.3g/cm3

::
(+),No=2.621,Ne=2.908,=0.2870

PeridotOlivine

1500

8

---

 65-7 1.6541.690(0.020)
0.0350.038 3.34(+0.14-0.07)g/cm3
6 7

(Fluorite)

CaF2

4 8






4
3.18( 0.07 0.18)g/cm 3

1.434( 0.001)





300

(Silica)

(Barium)(Lanthanum)

1300

30

1986

35%.

CaF2
250
CaF2 + H2SO4 2 HF + CaSO4

H2SO4

1 CN99114389


10.512 0.51.5kgt

2


3

%%
%%

4

5



6

zeolite

AmBpO2pnH2O A(x/q) [ (AlO2)x (SiO2)y ] n(H2O) A

CaNaKBaSr B Al Sip

m n

x Al y Si (y/x)15
(x+y)
30




2.02.3 2.52.8

36

1756 Cronstedt
zeolitzeolithos

1932 McBain

NaCa SrBaKMg


1
100

5%


Be3Al2(SiO3)6 BeO 14.1%
Al2O319% SiO266.9%

5 18
7.5-8 2.63-2.80


beryllos
20

5.5 1.2 18

A3B2[SiO4]3
A B

6.5-7.5
3.32-4.19

-
Tourmaline
Na(Li,Al)3Al6(BO)3Si6O18(OH)4

7.5
3.06
1.62-1.64

Tourmaline() Turmali
1703

1768

36 8
5092g

75

C

GIAGemological Institute of American
(Rubellite) (Verdelite)
(Indicolite)

(Schorl)

(Siberite)
(Achroite)(Bi-Colored)

(Watermelon)

(Cats eye)

(Dravite)
(Color-change)

(Liddicoatite) (Chrome)
(Paraiba)

1768



15


^^

1989 Paraiba
Sao Jose de Batalha
2
40 Parelhas











,

B Ca K Na
(AlFeLiMgMn)3AlCrFeV
6BO33Si6O18 OHF4


--

1
27-8
3 3.060.20-0.60


1-


2

3
0.018
0.039
4

5

1

2

1.( )
(1).
(2).
(3).
2. ( )

(1).
(2).
3. ( )

(1).
(2).
(3).

(4).

4.

( )

(1).

(2).

(3).

(4).
5.

()


(1).
(2).

(3).

1703
Tufamall
1. Achroite
2. Rubellite

3.

Dravite
4. Verdelite

5. Indigolite

lndicolite
6.

Siberite
7.

Schorl
Uni-colored

water-melon tourmaline


Chatoyancy

Buergerite Dravite

Elbaite Schorl Tsilaisite Uvite

C
Piezoelectricity

aschentrekker
pegmatites alluvial deposits

Paraiba









C
C C C
842- 1202/450-650

amethys andalusite
chrysoberyl citrine demantoid hiddenite
peridotsmoky quartz ruby emerald
synthetic green spinelpink topazidocrase zircon
double refraction
pleochroism

1.
2.



3.



7-7.5 2.9-3.2 1.6241.644

---
---

3000

Zircon
Zr[SiO4]

7.5-8 4.4-4.8

(wB%)

ZrO2

67.1

SiO2

32.9

MnOCaOMgOFe2O3Al2O3TR2O3ThO2U3O8TiO2P2O5Nb2O5Ta2O5H2O

H2OTR2O3U3O8(Nb,Ta)2O5P2O5HfO2 ZrO2SiO2
TR2O3
10.93%P2O5 17.7%TR2O3 5.3%P2O5 7.6%TR2O3 9.12%(Nb,Ta)2O5 7.69%
U Th TR2O3 U3O8

H2O 3~10% BeO

14.37%HfO2 6.0% HfO2
24.0%

a0=0.662nmc0=0.602nmZ=4 Zr Si c

[SiO4][ZrO8] [ZrO8] b

D4h-4/mmmL44L25PC
ma pu x

7.5~8 4.4~4.8
X

No=1.91~1.96Ne=1.957~2.04
N=1.60~1.83
2340~2550 1300~1500 1550~1750 ZrO2 106/200~1000 CaOSiO2CAl2O3
SiO2 5.0

[]

[] ZrHf

;;;

UTh

Sphene

CaTi[SIO4]O

53.453.55

1 CaTiSiO5
2
3
4
5
6 5.5
7 3.53
8 1.89-2.02
9 0.13010
10
11
12
13 0.051

14
15
16

1 RI1.89-2.02,
2 0.051
3 DR 0.130
4

plagioclase

NaAlSi3O8Ab-CaAl2Si2O8An 6
An0-10Ab100-90 An10-30Ab90-70 An30-50Ab70-50
An50-70Ab50-30 An70-90Ab30-10 An90-100Ab10-0


8624 6-6.52.6-2.76

KAlSi3O8


90 62.56-2.58900

Albite

(NaAlSi3O8)

(

)
( 1,1002,000)
Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2

Na2O 8% ,K2O 5-6% Al2O3 16 % ,SiO2 70 % ,

2.605g/cm 3, 6, , 1100 o C
SiO2 Al2O3
K2O Na2O CaO 50%
60% 30% 10%

SiO2 Al2O3 K2O Na2O CaO 50%
60% 30% 10%

 Amazonite

K[AlSi3O862.532.561.521.57

Realgar
Rabiagar

As2S3

As70.1%
1.52, 3.5
3.6g/cm3
As4S4






REALGAR

As2S3

D





1 10mg 2ml,
2ml,
2 0.2g



0.1g 250ml 1g 2g 8ml,
50ml 35 2 40100

0.25mol/L 5g
0.1mol/L 2ml, 1ml
0.1mol/L 5.348mg As2S3
As2S3 90.0

: As2S3
: Orpimentum
:
:
:

 :


1.523.43.5 .
:

FeAsS


5.5-6.06.2

46%

Cinnabar

22.5
8.098.2

[

]

[]


[ ]
(HgS) 95

HgS

1972



HgS

Fe

23.5 2.73.5



112


1952
1958


80


20 50 70

1978
1 7002 500t1978


1



5070% 10%
2

()

KAl2AlSi3O10OH2 SiO2 45.2%Al2O3 38.5%K2O 11.8%H2O
4.5% NaCaMgTiCrMnFe F
KMg3AlSi3O10FOH2 K2O 710.3%MgO 21.429.4%Al2O3
10.817%SiO2 38.745%H2O 0.34.5%FeTiMnNa F
a

b
10 5 10

c


71.787.5% 025.2%
d
22.5 2.78 2.85 (1475.9 2092.710
Pa(1505021340kg/cm )(1394.51874.05)106Pa(1422019110kg/cm2)

20
184 88 67% 27 11.4%
15 8.6% 54 13%

1



(1)


60100cm



(2)
K (Fe Mg)(Fe3+Al)Si AlO (OH)


(3)

- -

(4) -
-
1
56m



(1)

1.6m 5668% 10mm 5mm
(2)

(3)
1416%

4cm
kg/m3
1(1)

4cm2

10
510
22.5 2.37
2.782.85

1534621760bar 1450019480bar
(2)

0.015mm 2.0
5.7kV 133407kV/mm (3) 100600
700800 1050
700 (4)
166700

 353039 1700 3600 156906 205939(1600 2100) 813951 1225831 8300

12500 294199 588399(3000 6000) kPa 210843 296063 2150 3019 82768
135332(844 1380) ,g/cm 3 2.7 2.88 2.7 2.9 kg/cm 2 2

1
4cm2

(kg/m3)


4cm2
4cm2

(1)
a


b

1350mm 1000mm




C





(2)
a

 14

B




2
(1)
9.1kg/m3 44% 1
100mm+100mm
XB602
20mm;2020mm 3 20mm
4cm2 20mm 20mm
4cm2 20mm

10t/h 100% 92%
(2)
5668% 10%
2

800
30.25mm

0.81.0t/h 99.06% 82.27%

(3)
1416%


3 ()



pH 10


98% 85%

1
(1)
30

(2)

 40%
b
10 100
6 30
(3)

2



4.6%
1.5%
----



(1) 1987

920 10 5 460
1000
500 2500 1987 1
2030%


(2) 1.5 14 2000

Muscovite
KAl2[Si3AlO10](OH,F)2, Al Fe 3+
Mg Fe 2+ Mn Cr V

2-3, 4
2.76-3.10g/cm 3
, 110 010

[]
Biotite
K(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)Si3O10(OH,F)2,

, FeO MgO
MgO FeO MgO Fe2O3

233.023.12




[]

2-3

3.02-3.12g/cm 3

SiO2 Al2O3 K2O MgO Na2O S P

(%) 45.02 10.46 10.18 16.88 0.46 2.43 0.34 1.93

nepheline; nephelite

KNa3[AlSiO4]4

 5.5-62.55-2.66

Monazite

Ce,Y,La,ThPO4
-232 -233-233 1940 239-239

(Ce,La,Y,Th)[PO4] 5068
YThCa[SiO4][SO4] H3PO4HClO4H2SO4

(EPMA)
La Ce , SmGdYTh
LaCe GdThY
(0.18mm) La Ce Nd P Th Si Ca U 8 10

5.05.5 4.95.5 X

/ Brucite Mg(OH)2

: MgO 69.12%, H2O 30.88%.

:

: 3m, R3m
: ao=3.125 co=4.72 Z=1

nemalite


: 2.5
: 2.3-2.6
: (0001)
:

:

:
:
:
60

(0001)
[] (wB%) MgO 69.12H2O 30.88 FeMnZnNi MnO
18% FeO 10% ZnO 4% (FeO10%) (MnO18%)
(ZnO4%) MnO 18.11%ZnO 3.67% NiO4%
[ ] a0=0.313nmc0=0.474nmZ=1
(OH)- Mg2 Mg 6 OH
OH 3 Mg[Mg(OH)6]
Mg-OH c 0.247nm 0.211nm

D3d-3mL33L33PC c
m rq

[] FeMn
2.5 2.3~2.6
95%
(
Ne=1.5705~1.5861No=1.5612 ~1.570 Ne No 25<)
2V
902MPa 13800MPa
50.4~260.5 2.39
10-6cm3/g 300500600
700 106
4.7~5.41MHz 50Hz
0.105 54% 2.7

9.815~15.779cm 3.6~4.5106g/cm2 5.9106

8.82
400 0.46W/mK
0.131~0.213W/mK( 0.47 g/cm3) 16.7*10-7/ 8.8*107/
450

Al(OH)3
CO2H2O
0.54~0.86m 0.086m

36.3mV pH 12.5

[ ]

20cm


30~40%
1~9%

[]

[]
Mg MgO Mg MgO MgO
Mg MgO
MgO
1/2 >3.55 g/cm3(>2800)

MgO

2~3
MgCl2MgSO4Mg(NO3)2

8~10%


[]
[ ]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[

]
Gypsum
Ca[SO4]2H2O
[]

(wB%) CaO 32.5SO3 46.6H2O+ 20.9

SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3MgONa2OCO2Cl
[]

23'Z=4 [SO4]2-Ca2+ (010) H2O

Ca2+ 8 4 [SO4] 6 O2- 2 H2O H2O
[SO4]

O2-

a0=0.568nmb0=1.518nmc0=0.629nm=118

C2h-2/mL2PC bp
ml 100
101

[]

66 114 1.5~2 2.3
(+)2V=58Ng=1.530Nm=1.523Np=1.521 2V
90 2V
3 105~180 1
Ca[SO4]0.5H2O200~220
Ca[SO4]H2O(0.06<<0.11) 350 Ca[SO4] 1120
1450

 []

CaSO4+2H2O CaSO42H2O 30%
[]

[]

100200C

600
800C
9001000C



925 750850 /3

812


10

60100 3040 600600 60100

1947

1

2~2.5 1~2.2g/cm3

(Si) (Mg) Mg8(H2O)4[Si6O16]2(OH)48H2O SiO2

54~60%MgO 21~25%

1500~1700

2
(1)
(2)2-2.5
(3)1-2.3
(4) 350 1500-1700
(5) 150

3
130

1 48mm 21g/cm3 385%43% 5930

950

180% 2200 (

)3800-850 41.5%