Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

L DO CHN TI
Tht l thc n cn thit, nhu cu khng th thiu ca con ngi, b sung cc yu t cn thit cho c th, ng thi c s dng l loi hng ha trao i trn th trng. Ngnh cng nghip ch bin tht ng vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn, gi vai tr thit yu trong vic duy tr, bo v v chm sc sc khe cho con ngi. Hin nay cng ngh ch bin tht m bo cht lng ang c thc hin trn qui m ln. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh x l v ch bin tht thi ra mt lng nc thi kh ln nu khng qua x l s gy nhim mi trng. Trong quy chun quc gia v cht lng nc thi cng nghip a ra nhng quy nh v thng s nc thi cho php khi thi ra mi trng nhng hin nay cc nh sn xut kinh doanh tht vn cha c h thng x l nc thi mt cch trit . iu gy nhiu tc ng xu ln mi trng v nh hng ln n sc khe con ngi. l s lan truyn ca cc mm bnh mt phn do cc vi khun, vi rt gy nn; mt phn khc do c t c trong nc thi. Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi ngy cng c nng cao. V vy, vic s dng cc thc phm tht qua ch bin hin nay i hi cn phi p ng y c v cht v lng. Do , vic nghin cu cc phng php x l nc thi trong cng nghip ch bin tht l v cng cn thit. Chnh v nhng l do trn nhm chn ti Phng php x l nc thi trong cng nghip ch bin tht.

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Chng I: TNG QUAN 1.1. Khi nim nc thi Nc thi l nc c thi ra sau qu trnh s dng ca con ngi v lm thay i tnh cht ban u ca chng. Ph thuc vo iu kin hnh thnh, nc thi c chia thnh: nc thi sinh hot, nc cng nghip, nc thi t nhin v nc thi th. 1.2. Khi nim nc thi cng nghip Nc thi cng nghip l nc thi t cc nh my ang hot ng sn xut. Trong qu trnh cng ngh cc ngun nc thi c th phn thnh: - Nc hnh thnh do phn ng ha hc (chng b nhim bi cc tc cht v cc sn phm phn ng). - Nc dng m t do v lin kt trong nguyn liu v cht ban u, c tch ra trong qu trnh ch bin. - Nc ra nguyn liu, sn phm, thit b. - Nc hp th, nc lm ngui. 1.3. Thnh phn l ha ca nc thi 1.3.1. Tnh cht vt l Tnh cht vt l ca nc thi c xc nh da trn cc ch tiu: mu sc, mi, nhit v lu lng. - Mu sc: nc thi mi c mu nu hi sng, tuy nhin thng l c mu xm c vn c. Mu sc ca nc thi s thay i ng k nu nh b nhim khun, khi s c mu en ti. - Mi: c trong nc thi l do cc kh sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c hay do mt s cht c a thm vo. - Nhit : nhit ca nc thi thng cao hn so vi ngun nc sch ban u, do c s gia nhit vo nc t cc dng trong gia nh v cc my mc sn xut.
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

- Lu lng: th tch thc ca nc thi cng c xem l mt c tnh vt l ca nc thi, c n v m 3/ngi.ngy. Vn tc dng chy lun thay i theo ngy. 1.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc Cc thng s th hin tch cht ha hc thng l: s lng cc cht hu c, v c v kh. Hay n gin ha, ngi ta xc nh cc thng s nh: kim, BOD, COD, cc cht kh ha tan, cc hp cht N, P, cc cht rn (hu c, v c, huyn ph v khng tan) v nc. - kim: thc cht kim l mi trng m gi pH trung tnh ca nc thi trong sut qu trnh x l sinh ha. - Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD): dng xc nh lng cht b phn hy sinh ha trong nc thi, thng c xc nh sau 5 ngy nhit 20 0C. BOD trong nc thi thng nm trong khong 100 300 mg/l. - Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD): dng xc nh lng cht b oxy ha trong nc thi. COD thng nm trong khong 200 500 mg/l. Tuy nhin, c mt s loi nc thi cng nghip BOD c th tng rt nhiu ln. - Cc cht kh ha tan: y l nhng cht kh c th ha tan trong nc thi. Nc thi cng nghip thng c lng oxy ha tan tng i thp. - Hp cht cha N: s lng v loi hp cht cha N s thay i i vi mi loi nc thi khc nhau. - pH: y l cch nhanh nht xc nh tnh axit ca nc thi. Nng pH khong 1 14. x l nc thi c hiu qu pH thng trong khong 6 9,5 (hay ti u l 6,5 8). - Phospho: y l nhn t cn thit cho hot ng sinh ha. P thng trong khong 6 20 mg/l. - Cc cht rn: hu ht cc cht nhim trong nc thi c th xem l cht rn. - Nc: lun l thnh phn cu to chnh ca nc thi. Trong mt s trng hp, nc c th chim t 99,5% - 99,9% trong nc thi (thm ch ngay c trong

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

nhng loi nc thi nhim nng nht cc cht nhim cng chim 0,5%, cn i ngun nc thi c xem l sch nht th nng ny l 0,1%). 1.4. Cc thng s nh gi nhim v yu cu x l 1.4.1. Cc thng s nh gi nhim nh gi cht lng nc thi cn da vo mt s thng s c bn, so snh vi cc ch tiu cho php v thnh phn ha hc v sinh hc i vi tng loi nc s dng cho mc ch khc nhau. Cc thng s c bn nh gi cht lng nc l: pH, mu sc, c, hm lng cht rn, cc cht l lng, cc kim loi nng, oxy ha tan... v c bit l BOD v COD. Ngoi cc ch tiu ha hc cn quan tm ti ch tiu sinh hc, c bit l E.coli. - pH: l mt trong nhng ch tiu xc nh i vi nc cp v nc thi. Ch s ny cho ta bit cn thit phi trung ha hay khng v tnh lng ha cht cn thit trong qu trnh x l ng keo t, kh khun... - Hm lng cc cht rn: tng cht rn l thnh phn quan trng ca nc thi. Tng cht rn (TS) c xc nh bng trng lng kh phn cn li sau khi cho bay hi 1lt mu nc trn bp cch thy ri sy kh 103 0C cho n khi trng lng kh khng i. n v tnh bng mg hoc g/l. - Mu: nc c th c mu, c bit l nc thi thng c mu nu en hoc nu. - c: c lm gim kh nng truyn nh sng trong nc. Vi sinh vt c th b hp th bi cc ht rn l lng s gy kh khn khi kh khun. c cng cao nhim bn cng ln. - Oxy ha tan (DO Dissolved oxygen): l mt ch tiu quan trng ca nc, v cc sinh vt trn cn v c di nc sng c l nh vo oxy. ha tan ca n ph thuc vo nhit , p sut v cc c tnh ca nc. Phn tch ch s oxi ha tan (DO) l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi s nhim ca nc v gip ta ra bin php x l thch hp. - Ch s BOD (Nhu cu oxy sinh ha Biochemical Oxygen Demand): nhu cu oxy sinh ha hay nhu cu oxy sinh hc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha cc cht hu c c trong nc bng vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun) hoi sinh, hiu kh.
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

BOD l ch tiu thng dng nht xc nh mc nhim ca nc thi. Phng trnh tng qut oxy ha sinh hc: Cht hu c + O2 H2O
Vi sinh vt

CO2

Qu trnh ny i hi thi gian di ngy, v phi ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht hu c, vo cc chng loi vi sinh vt, nhit ngun nc, cng nh mt s cht c c tnh xy ra trong nc. Bnh thng 70% nhu cu oxy c s dng trong 5 ngy u, 20% trong 5 ngy tip theo, 99% ngy th 20 v 100% ngy th 21. Xc nh BOD c s dng rng ri trong mi trng: 1. Xc nh gn ng lng oxy cn thit n nh sinh hc cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. 2. Lm c s tnh ton thit b x l. 3. Xc nh hiu sut x l ca mt qu trnh. 4. nh gi cht lng nc thi sau x l c php x vo ngun nc. Trong thc t, ngi ta khng th xc nh lng oxy cn thit phn hy hon ton cht hu c v nh th tn qu nhiu thi gian m ch xc nh lng oxy cn thit trong 5 ngy u nhit 200C, k hiu BOD5. Ch s ny c dng hu ht trn th gii. - Ch s COD (Nhu cu oxy ha hc Chemical Oxygen Demand): Ch s ny c dng rng ri c trng cho hm lng cht hu c ca nc thi v s nhim ca nc t nhin. COD c nh ngha l lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh oxy ha ha hc cc cht hu c trong nc thnh CO2 v H2O. Lng oxy ny tng ng vi hm lng cht hu c c th b oxy ha c xc nh khi s dng mt tc nhn oxy ha ha hc mnh trong mi trng axit. Ch s COD biu th c lng cc cht hu c khng th b oxy ha bng vi sinh vt do n c gi tr cao hn BOD. i vi nhiu loi nc thi, gia
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

BOD v COD c mi tng quan nht nh vi nhau. - Cc cht dinh dng: ch yu l N v P, chng l nhng nguyn t cn thit cho cc thc vt pht trin hay chng c v nh l nhng cht dinh dng hoc kch thch sinh hc. + Nit (N): nu thiu N c th b sung thm N nc thi c th x l bng sinh hc. + Phospho (P): c ngha quan trng trong x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. - Ch th v vi sinh ca nc (E.coli): Trong nc thi, c bit l nc thi sinh hot, bnh vin, vng du lch, khu chn nui... nhim nhiu loi vi sinh vt. Trong c nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh, c bit l bnh v ng tiu ha, t l, thng hn, ng c thc phm. 1.4.2. Yu cu x l Do xu th pht trin ca x hi cng vi qu trnh th ha din ra, cc ngnh cng nng nghip, cc nh my, x nghip, khu cng nghip lin tc mc ln nn i hi cn nhiu nc sch. 1m3 nc thi c th lm nhim bn 10m3 nc sch. Do , ngun nc ngy cng cn kit v thiu ht nghim trng. iu khin cho vic cung cp nc cho con ngi tr thnh vn ht sc kh khn. Th gii a ra nhng tiu chun v cp thot nc, mi quc gia cng c lut ring. Nhng hu ht cht lng nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php. Chnh v vy, x l nc thi c th quay vng cho nc tr li l mt vn ang c ch trng v nghin cu. Gp phn bo v mi trng, mang li cuc sng tt p cho con ngi. Chng ta hy hy vng vo mt tng lai tt p hn cho nhn loi. Bng 1: Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip (TCVN 5945 2005) TT 1 2 Thng s Nhit pH n v oC Gi tr gii hn A B C 40 40 45 6 n 9 5,5 n 9 5 n 9
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GVHD: Nguyn Th

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Mi Mu sc, Co Pt pH = 7 BOD5 (20oC) COD Cht rn l lng Asen Thy ngn Ch Cadimi Crom (IV) Crom (III) ng Km Niken Mangan St Thic Xianua Phenol Du m khong Du ng thc vt Clo d PCBs Ha cht bo v thc vt: Ln hu c Ha cht bo v thc vt: Clo hu c Sunfua Florua Clorua -

Khng kh chu 20 30 50 50 0,05 0,005 0,1 0,005 0,05 0 ,2 3 0 0 , ,1 0 0,07, 0 5, 10 1 0,003 0,3

Khng kh chu 50 50 80 100 0 0,01 , 0 0,01 , 0 ,1 2 3 0 ,1 5 1 0 0 , 5, 20 2 0,01 1

100 400 200 0,5 0,01 1 0,5 0,5 2 5 5 2 5 10 5 0,2 1 10 30 0,05 -

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

27 28 29 30

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

0,1 0,2 5 500

0,1 0,5 10 600

1 15 1000
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

31 32

Amoni(tnh theo Nit) Tng nit

mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml

5 15 4 3000

10 3 0 6 5000

15 60 8 -

33 Tng phtpho 34 Coliform Xt nghim sinh hc (Bioassay) Tng hot phng x Tng hot phng x

90% c sng st sau 96 gi trong Bq/l Bq/l 0,1 1,0 100% nc thi 0,1 1,0 -

35 36 37

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Chng II: CNG NGHIP CH BIN THT 2.1. Thc trng v cng nghip ch bin tht 2.1.1. Trn th gii n ng hng u v s lng gia sc v ng vt . Cng nghip ch bin tht ngy cng pht trin. C mt nhu cu cp thit mt khung chin lc ng n cho s pht trin ca sn xut tht v gia cm trong nc ny chc chn s mang li thnh vng cho hng triu ngi dn nng thn ca chng ti v to ra vic lm nng thn n . ngnh cng nghip ch bin tht pht trin mnh cn c cc nh my ch bin tht hin i, mt dy chuyn lnh, mnh m v ng tin cy. Vic m rng mnh m ca sn xut chn nui cng nghip M c i km vi vic cng c nhanh chng ca ngnh cng nghip tht. Ngnh cng nghip ny ang b chi phi bi mt s t tp on ln, qu trnh hu ht tht ca t nc ti cc c s ln, v hp nht tip tc tng. 2.1.2. Vit Nam Vit Nam trong nhng thp nin 90 tr li y, trong cng cuc i mi, mc sng ca ngi dn ngy cng cao, nhng nhu cu thit yu ca ngi dn cng c quan tm. Ba n hng ngy ca mi ngi cng c ci thin ng k. Ngun thc phm ch yu cung cp cho cng ng l ng vt, c bt l gia sc, gia cm, cc sn phm ch bin t gia sc. Cng ty c phn C.P.Vit Nam l thnh vin ca C.P.Thi Lan , c cp giy php u t s 545A/GP vo nm 1993 vi hnh thc 100% vn u t nc ngoi. Cc lnh vc u t sn xut kinh doanh ti Vit Nam ch yu l ch bin thc phm. Trong lnh vc ch bin tht ti Vit Nam, tp on C.P xy dng 2 nh my ch bin tht ti min nam thuc cng ty C.P v mt nh my ti min bc thuc cng ty Charoen Pokphand.

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Nm 2006, Cng ty VISSAN c chuyn i thnh Cng ty TNHH Mt Thnh Vin Vit Nam K Ngh Sc Sn. Hot ng ca cng ty chuyn v sn xut kinh doanh tht gia sc ti sng, ng lnh v thc phm ch bin t tht. Sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng trong nc v xut khu cc sn phm tht vi cng sut 30.000 tn/nm gm tht ng lnh v cc sn phm ch bin, sn phm ng hp t tht heo, tru, b gia cm. C s ch bin tht vt cp ng ca Cng ty c phn cng nghip nng thy sn Ph Yn c tr s ti x Ha Thnh, huyn ng Ha (Ph Yn) gy ra mi hi thi, nhim mi trng.

Tht vt sau khi m di sn nh, lng rut nm ln vi vt trng rt mt v sinh. 2.2. Quy trnh ch bin tht

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Nguyn liu

X l v lm sch

Tht

Da

Gan

Nguyn liu ph

Ct

Chn

Lm sch

Hnh

Nguyn liu khc

Xay

Xay

Xay

Xay

p mui Bm nhuyn

Vo hp

Hp s b

Ghp np

Thanh trng

Sn phm

Thuyt minh cng ngh

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

- X l Lm sch gan: gan phi c lc ht gn trng, cung gan v ng ng dn mt, mu ng. Loi b nhng phn b thm en hay thm dch mt mu xanh vng. Sau gan c ra bng nc sch. Yu cu sau khi lm sch mu gan phi ng nht. - Chn b (da): B c tch khi khi tht trong qu trnh phn loi tht, sau em i chn. Nhm mc ch to iu kin cho qu trnh xay v bm nhuyn d dng. B c chn trong nc si thi gian 15 20 pht. Yu sau khi chn b phi chn 70 80%. - Xay: Nguyn liu tht, gan, b, hnh kh u c qua qu trnh xay. Thng tin hnh xay ring tng loi nhng yu cu cng ngh nh nhau. Xay nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh bm nhuyn v trn gia v c d dng. Yu cu sau khi xay tht, b, gan, hnh u ng nht. - Mui gan: Gan sau khi xay c em i p mui. Qu trnh p gan c trn u vi gia v. Mc ch p mui l to mu, mi, v cho sn phm sau ny. Qu trnh p mui c tc dng quan trng n cht lng ca pat. Nu nhit thng, thi gian p mui khong 1 gi. - Bm nhuyn: Tht, b, hnh sau khi xay, gan sau khi p mui v cc nguyn liu ph khc c phi trn v bm nhuyn nhm mc ch tng mn ca pat, tng ng u v kh nng lin kt ca cc cu t. Yu cu sau khi bm nhuyn khi sn phm phi mn, ng u. - Vo hp: Cho khi sn phm sau khi bm nhuyn vo hp ng yu cu v trng lng, khi tht phi nm trn trong hp khng dnh ln thnh hp. - Hp s b: Nhm mc ch l bi kh trong khi tht bm nhuyn chun b ghp m. Nu hp khng c bi kh m em ghp m s gy phng hp khi
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

thanh trng, lm h hng sn phm. Oxy tn ti trong sn phm lm qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp, cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v v mu sc ca thc phm trong hp. ng thi bi kh cn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trong hp, hn ch s n mn st ty. - Ghp np v thanh trng: Khi tht sau khi c bi kh xong phi c ghp m ngay. Sau a i thanh trng 121 0C. Thanh trng nhit p dng cho sn phm ny c li v: va tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt, va gi c cht lng sn phm. 2.3. Ngun gc pht sinh nc thi Nc thi ca x nghip bao gm: nc thi sn xut, nc thi v sinh cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn. Nc thi sn xut l loi nc thi sau khi ra tht trong sn xut. Theo s liu thng k nh gi th lu lng nc ny nc s dng v thi ra t 30 70m2/tn thnh phm ty theo cng ngh v loi sn phm m tng nh my sn xut ra. Nc thi v sinh cng nghip l loi nc dng v sinh tay chn cng nhn trc khi vo ca sn xut, nc dng ra dng c ch bin, thit b, my mc v sn nh phn xng mi ngy. Nc thi sinh hot t hot ng sinh hot ca cn b, cng nhn vin trong cc x nghip. Trong cc khu ch bin c bn: ngun nc thi chnh l t khu x l v bo qun nguyn liu trc khi ch bin, khu x ng, lm v sinh thit b nh xng. 2.4. Cng ngh x l nc thi 2.4.1. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi - Nc thi git m cha hm lng SS, BOD5, COD v cht bo cao.

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

- Trong nc thi cn cha nhiu Protein v cc cht dinh dng bao gm cc hp cht ca Cacbon, Nito, Photpho vi hm lng kh cao. Cc cht ny d b phn hy sinh hc gy mi hi thi v lm nhim ngun nc. Nhn chung hm lng cht dinh dng trong nc thi git m gia sc cao, y l iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh x l sinh hc. 2.4.2. Quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi Da vo thnh phn tnh cht nc thi nu trn, cng ngh x l nc thi c xut nh sau: S dy chuyn cng ngh x l

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th Nc thi git m

Rc

H thu

X l nh k

B tch du Kt hp bng lng ct

Ct

B iu ha

Ha cht

B UASB Ct Nc tun hon B Anoxic

Kh

B Aerotank Bn tun hon B lng Bn d X l nh k B trung gian

B cha bn

B p lc

B kh trng SVTH: Nhm 7 Lp 08CHP Ngun tip nhn Trang 15

Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Thuyt minh cng ngh Nc thi t cc ngun pht sinh theo mng li thu gom nc thi chy vo h thu ca trm x l. Ti y, bo v thit b, h thng ng ng cng ngh, song chn rc th c lp t loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln ra khi nc thi. Nc thi sau khi qua SCR s t chy qua b tch du kt hp b lng ct. Ct, t, du m c xem l cc tc nhn gy nh hng cho h thng x l sinh hc, v cc cht ny hn ch kh nng s dng cht hu c ca vi sinh vt. Nc sau khi qua b tch du kt hp b lng ct s t chy vo b iu ha. Ti b iu ha, my khuy trn chm s ha trn ng u nc thi trn ton din tch b, ngn nga hin tng lng cn b sinh ra mi kh chu. B iu ha c chc nng iu ha lu lng v nng nc thi u vo trm x l. Nc sau b iu ha c bm ln b UASB. y l cng trnh sinh hc hot ng trong iu kin k kh, x l cc loi nc thi c nng nhim cao. u im ni bt ca b UASB sau: Ba qu trnh (phn hy - lng bn - tch kh) din ra trong cng mt cng trnh; Tit kim din tch s dng; Hiu sut lng cao do cc loi bn ht c mt vi sinh vt rt cao; Thit b s dng t, nng lng vn hnh h thng thp; Lng bn sau qu trnh x l thp, nn chi ph x l bn gim; Bn sinh ra d tch nc; Nhu cu dinh dng ca vi sinh vt thp nn chi ph b sung cht dinh dng cho h thng gim; Kh CH 4 c th c s dng nh mt ngun nng lng xanh; V bn k kh c th hi phc v hot ng c sau mt thi gian ngng khng hot ng nn b c kh nng hot ng theo ma.
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Nc thi sau khi qua b UASB s t chy vo cm b anoxic v b aerotank. B anoxic kt hp aerotank c la chn x l tng hp: kh BOD, nitrat ha, kh NH4+ v kh NO3- thnh N2, kh Phospho. Vi vic la chn b bn hot tnh x l kt hp an xen gia qu trnh x l thiu kh, hiu kh s tn dng c lng cacbon khi kh BOD, do khng phi cp thm lng cacbon t ngoi vo khi cn kh NO3-, tit kim c 50% lng oxy khi nitrat ha kh NH 4+ do tn dng c lng oxy t qu trnh kh NO3-. Nc sau cm b anoxic aeroten t chy vo b lng. Nc c phn phi vo ng trung tm ca b lng v c hng dng t trn xung. Cc bng cn vi sinh s va chm, tng kch thc v khi lng trong qu trnh chuyn ng trong ng trung tm. Bn lng xung y b. Mt phn c tun hon li b anoxic, mt phn c a n b cha bn. Nc trong chy trn qua mng rng ca ca b lng v t chy vo b trung gian. B trung gian lu gi nc trong khong thi gian nht nh. Sau , nc c bm vo b lc p lc loi b trit cc cn cn st li trong nc trc khi i vo b kh trng. Nc t b lc p lc t chy vo b kh trng. Ti b kh trng, nc thi c c kh trng trc khi x thi vo ngun tip nhn, x l trit cc vi trng gy bnh trong nc nh E.Coli, Coliform .Qu trnh kh trng nc xy ra qua hai giai on. u tin cht kh trng khuch tn xuyn qua v t bo vi sinh vt, sau phn ng vi men bn trong t bo v ph hoi qu trnh trao i cht dn n vi sinh vt b tiu dit. Nc sau b kh trng t tiu chun x thi vo ngun tip nhn theo quy nh ca php lut Phn bn d trong b lng c a ti b cha bn lu tr trong khong thi gian nht nh, sau c cc c quan chc nng thu gom v x l theo quy nh. Ti b cha bn, khng kh c cp vo b trnh mi hi do s phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c.

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi Hng

GVHD: Nguyn Th

Tuy nhin vi tnh cht ca ngun nc thi git m gia sc, cn c nhng phng php x l hiu qu hn, tit kim din tch xy dng, chi ph xy dng v vn hnh so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng... Hiu qu x l BOD, COD, SS,... rt cao.

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

2.5. Mt s bin php gim thiu lng nc thi trong cng nghip ch bin tht * Nc sch v nc thi trong ch bin tht:

Vic s dng nhiu nc khng ch lm tng chi ph sn xut, m cng l mt vn nan gii i vi cc doanh nghip (DN) nm cc a bn c kh khn v cp nc. Theo mt s tnh ton, gii php gim thiu ti ngun c th tit kim hn 50% (nhiu trng hp cn ln hn) tng chi ph s dng nc v x l nc thi S dng nc sch l khu quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin. Hot ng ca cc thit b ch bin ph thuc vo cc vi phun nc lm trn dao, mng rc thi di chuyn cc mnh vn v gip lm sch lin tc. Nc sch cng quan trng cho nhiu cng on ch bin tip theo nh mui v nu chn cc loi tht. Nc thng c dng vi mt lng ln r ng trc khi ch bin. Qua nh gi cho thy phn ln nhim thc t khng ng xy ra. Nguyn nhn l do khng tch cht thi rn t hot ng ch bin v thng c trc tip vo cng; do cht thi ri vi trn sn v sau trong khi lm v sinh thng c xi ra vo cng; do ngm tht v cht thi trong nc hoc di vi nc chy, v do vic s dng phng php ch bin t trong khi c nhng gii php chn la cho php ch bin kh. * Gim thiu lng nc s dng: Mc d vic s dng nc sch l rt cn thit nhng theo nh gi cho thy mt lng ln nc b lng ph do vi chy v m van khi khng dng. Vic s dng nc khng hiu qu cn do lu lng nc mc ln khng cn thit. khc phc tnh trng ny, vic sa cha ng ng, van, vi nc v gio dc thc ca cng nhn l iu nn lu tm. Ch bin t thng c s dng ngay c khi c nhng phng php kh tiu th nc t hn. V d, mt lng nc ln dng r ng nguyn liu cp ng
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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

mc d c nhng cng ngh r ng bng khng kh; hoc vn dng vi phun nc dng ra sn trong khi c th dng chi cao su; hoc mng dn nc s dng vn chuyn c v cht thi thay cho vic dng thng ng rc hoc bng ti Gim thiu s dng nc khng ch gim chi ph cung cp nc m cn gim chi ph x l nhim thng qua vic gim lng nc thi. * Gim thiu nc thi v ti s dng nc: Vic tch ring cht thi rn ra khi nc thi cng sm cng tt l vn ct yu gim thiu s vn chuyn cht nhim ny, c bit l cc cht hu c d ha tan. C th gim ng k nng nc thi bng cch lc rc vo cc mng ra ca thit b ch bin. Tun th nhng quy nh v an ton thc phm cng gip gim thiu s r r nhim. Gim thiu nc v cht thi l hng tip cn chin lc ca sn xut sch hn cho cc DN ch bin tht trong nc, nhm bo v mi trng, pht trin theo hng bn vng. V vy, cn khuyn khch vic hn ch pht sinh nhim ngay t ngun, thng qua vic ci tin qu trnh, ci thin iu kin v cc trang thit b sn xut, nhm lm gim hoc loi tr hon ton cc cht thi. T s gim bt chi ph cho vic x l cht thi t ti c hai mc tiu: sn xut hiu qu v bo v mi trng.

Chng III:

KT LUN

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Trc nhu cu i hi ca x hi, nhiu l git m gia sc quy m va v nh hnh thnh. Tuy nhin, qu trnh git m gia sc gia tng s dn n tnh trng mi trng ngy cng nhim, nu khng kim sot cht ch v x l ng n s gy nhim nghim trng cho cc thnh phn mi trng khng kh, t, nc v v sinh an ton thc phm cng nh gy nh hng xu n sc kho con ngi. Do , cc l git m gia sc cn c qun l v c bin php gin thiu nhim mi trng ngay t u nu khng hu qu gy nhim ca cc l git m l v cng to ln, vic x l tn km, phc tp v lu di. V vy, vic khuyn khch, h tr cc c s git m cn phi xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn l vic lm cn thit. Vic tnh ton, thit k l git m va tn ti, va x l nc thi t tiu chun l rt quan trng.

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Bi tiu lun X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

TI LIU KHAM KHO 1. Th.S. Nguyn Th Hng. Gio trnh X l nc thi. i hc S phm HN. 2. Th.S. Lm Vinh Sn. K thut x l nc thi. NXB Xy dng. 3. PGS.TS. Lng c Phm. Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc. NXB Gio Dc. 4. Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga. Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi. NXB Khoa hc K thut, 2005. 5. TS. L Quc Tun. Bi ging X l sinh hc cht thi. i hc Nng Lm TP. HCM. 6. PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Phc. Gio Trnh X L Nc Thi Sinh Hot V Cng Nghip Bng Phng Php Sinh Hc. NXB Xy dng. 7. Trang wed tham kho: http://khoasinh.com http://dantri.com.vn http://www.shtp.hochiminhcity.gov.vn http://www.ngoinhachung.net http://xulymoitruong.com

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