Find the detail meaning of the words. 1.

Science

Science come from a Latin word scientia that mean knowledge. Science is any systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiments, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanation of phenomena, with a reference to the materials and physical world (The Dictionary of Science). Activities such as healing, star watching, and engineering have been practised in many societies since ancient times. Pure science, especially physics (formerly called natural philosophy), had traditionally been the main area of study for philosophers. The European Scientifics revolution between about 1650 and 1800 replaced speculative philosophy with a new combination of observation, experimentation and rationality. Today, scientific research involve an interaction among tradition, experiments and observation, and deduction. Science is divided into separates area of study, such as astronomy, biology, geology, chemistry, physics and mathematics although more recently attempts have been made to combine traditionally separates disciplines under such headings as life science and earth sciences. These areas are usually jointly referred to as the natural science. The physical sciences comprise mathematics, physics and chemistry. The application of science for practical purposes is called technology. Social science is the systematic study of human behaviour and includes such areas as anthropology, economics, psychology and sociology. The American heritage dictionary of science stated that science is a systematized body of knowledge based on observation and experimentation: biological science, physical science and pure science. A physical or natural science refer to a branch of such knowledge dealing with the phenomena of the universe and their laws. The science of climatology is a particular branch of knowledge or study, especially as distinguish from art.

Science is a way to think about and understanding our surrounding. Science is concerned with making sense out of environment (Tillery B.W). The early stage of science is search for sense. It usually involved objects in the environment, things that can be seen or touched. For example, a glass of water or a running horse. As we grow up, we learned to form a generalized mental image of object called a concept. Our concept of an object is an idea of what it is, in general or according to our idea. We usually have a word stored in our mind that represents a concept. For example, the word chair probably erokes an idea of something to sit on. By the time we reach adulthood, we will have a thousands of words to represent thousands of concepts.

2.

Technology

Technology is the use of tools, power and materials generally for the purposes of production (The Dictionaries of Science,). Almost every human process for getting food and shelter depends on complex technological systems, which have been developed over a 3-million-year period. Significant milestone include the advent of the steam engine 1712, the introduction of electricity and the internalcombustion engine in the mid 1800s, and recently the nuclear and space industries. Intermediate technologies refer to an attempt to adapt scientifically advanced inventions to less developed areas by using local materials and methods of manufacture. The advanced technologies (highly automated and specialized) on which modern industrialized society depends is frequently contrasted with the low technologies (labour-intensive and unspecialized) that characterizes some developing countries.

3.

Society Society is the totality of social relationships among humans. It also refer to a

group of humans broadly distinguished from other groups by mutual interests,

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participation in characteristic relationships, shared institutions, and a common culture. Society is also the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations (Oxford Dictionary). Society is a long-standing group of people sharing cultural aspects such as language, dress, norms of behaviour and artistic forms ( Wiktionary). A society a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations (Wikipedia). Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships or social relations between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups. Society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of human behaviour and of liberties (Maclver and Page) Society is a complex of forms or processes each of which is living and growing by interaction with the other, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest. (Cooley) Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound together. (Giddings) A Society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or modes of behaviour which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behaviour. (Ginsberg) The term Society refers not to group of people, hut to the complex pattern of the norms of interaction, which arise among and between them. (Lapiere) Society is the complex of organised associations and institutions within the community. If we analyse these definitions it will appear that all these fall under two types: (i) The functional definition which views a society as a process and (ii) The structural definition which views Society as a structure . (G.D.H. Cole) From the functional point of view, Society is defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationship, interacting upon one another, enabling human organism to
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carry on their life -activities structural point of view, society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions, of habits, sentiments and ideals.

4.

Basic Science A basic knowledge for the discovery of unknown laws based on well

controlled experiments and deductions from demonstrated facts or truths. (Biology online). The study of basic science branches into study of living things (life science) and nonliving things (physical science). The life science branch into areas such as biology, zoology and botany. The physical science branch into ares such as geology, astronomy, chemistry and physics. . Physics is about the nature of basic things such as motion, forces, energy, matter, heat, sound, light and the composition of atoms. Chemistry is about how matter is put together, how atoms combine to form molecules and how molecules combine to make up the many kinds of matter around. Biology is more complex and involves matter that is alive. So physics supports chemistry, which in turn support biology. Therefore, physics is the most basic of all the science.

5.

Applied Science Applied is used in actual practice or to work out practical problems, as applied

science; distinguished from pure, abstract or theoretical. Applied science is a discipline that applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, such as technology or interventions. Within natural science, disciplines that are basic science, also called pure science, develop information to predict and perhaps explainthus somehow understandphenomena in the natural world. Applied science applies the basic science toward practical endeavors. Applied science is typically engineering, which develops technology, although there might be
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feedback

between

basic

science

and

applied

science: research

and

development (R&D). (wikipedia) Applied or translational science refers to our ability to take the basic knowledge and apply it to real life problems such as designing aeroplane, developing a vaccine or surgical technique. Engineering is an applied science. Engineering utilizes laws, physical relationships, and other exacting knowledge developed within the pure sciences as its cornerstones. It then builds upon these with corollaries, hypotheses, principles, observed laws, and observations of physical relationships to change the forms of nature to those desired by man. Each time such a change is accomplished, the original order of nature is affected. Examples of applied science are aeronautical engineering, civil engineering, computer science, material science, nanotechnology, biotechnology and food technology.

6.

The old and new paradigms for learning science In 1962, the historian and philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn, put forward

the concept of "paradigm", to make it possible to understand how scientists work and why, at different times in history, they have chosen a specific way to describe a phenomenon that would otherwise be difficult to understand, why they have chosen observations of certain aspects of the phenomenon and certain types of models to describe it, when other observations and models might have been just as good. The concept is a summarizing term for those factors that direct and put a limit to how you are permitted to work within a group of researchers and what is understood as "science" and "not-science" within that group. (Nordwall P.) Within the theory of science in Sweden you today find a distinction being made between at least six such factors. They are: a definite picture of the world, a specific concept of what science is, a special ideal of science, a number of aesthetic ideals, a certain ethic and also a certain "self perspective"; an opinion of the role of the researcher in research. As will become more clear later, a definite concept of matter also plays a very
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definite

role

as

paradigmatic

factor.

At first glance the concept of paradigm may seem somewhat bewildering (Mastermann in 1970 pointed to 21 senses in which Kuhn used the term), but it becomes clearer if you look at it as a way to describe how every question, problem and hypothesis that you formulate during the daily experimental research, independently of if you are conscious of it or not, is connected with a more or less explicit position in relation to basic philosophical problems. With the paradigm concept the basic philosophical problems have become visible again in science, but now related to empirical scientific research. It makes it possible to characterize different groups of paradigms in a broader perspective, based on how they are related to the questions that have been discussed by philosophers for a number of centuries, the basic questions concerning the nature of reality (ontology), the nature of knowledge (epistemology) and the questions of the nature of values ("practical philosophy"). It also makes it possible to start to try to understand and characterize the relation between the more natural-scientifically oriented medicine of today and the more spiritual-scientifically oriented art of healing that exists today as anthroposophical medicine (Howard A. B). Old paradigm in teaching Science is teacher centred while new paradigm is student centred. Old paradigm is an instruction paradigm. Educational institutions exist to provide instruction. New paradigm is a learning paradigm. Educational institutions exist to produce learning (Barr. R). Instruction paradigm is a mistake the means for an end-take the means or method called instruction or teaching and makes it the end purpose. Most common teaching method used is lecture. Teacher play role as disciplinary experts who impart knowledge through lecture and delivering lecture. Teacher act as an actor on stage. Learning paradigm uses student centred or active learning technique to get students involved in learning process. It focuses on the students needs, abilities, interest and learning styles. The example of student centred learning theory is constructivism. Teacher play role as designer of learning environments applying best
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teaching methods and coach interacting with a team. Teachers are designing and playing a team game. Student moves from the role of note taker to active participant in the learning process. Learning paradigm allows students to take control over their learning and therefore forces them to take more responsibility in the classroom (McCombs B.). 7. Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize is an annual international prize. It was first awarded under the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist, who invented dynamite. The interest on the Nobel endowment fund is divided annually among the persons who have made the greatest contributions in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and world peace. The Nobel foundation has given award to scientist whose stories have assimilated themselves into public consciousness along with their discoveries and invention. The attribution of the Nobel Prize also brings to light a social effect that cannot be neglected, the advent of teamwork. A sixt prize for economics, financed by the Swedish National Bank, was first awarded in 1969. The prizes have a large crash award and are given to organizations such as the United Nations peace keeping forces, which received the Nobel Prize in 1988(A century of Nobel Prize Recipients).

8.

Two trees theory Roy R. has made the case that many applied sciences, such as materials

research, do not lie in the same hierarchical plane as the basic sciences like physics and mathematics. In other words, materials research cannot be sandwiched in The integration of several subject matters or between physics and chemistry.

disciplines, including engineering disciplines, combined with the purposive nature of the work, puts applied sciences and engineering into higher hierarchical plane than
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the scientific discipline. In analogous vein, technology is not a subject alongside physics and chemistry. It includes science as one among many inputs The idea that learning science is the necessary pre-cursor to learning technology is absurd. All of human history is proof. Indeed the U.S. Department of Defense has shown that specific, even "high tech" tasks can be taught well, without any science. The entry points into the system of learning about technology are manifold.

9.

Science, technology and society (STS)

STS emphasized science and technology as a major forces that affect changes at all level of Society from individuals to the entire global arena. STS is concerned with the interactions among science, technology and society. The relationship between science and technology is mutualistics, both depend on one another to continue growing and expanding. Science seek to understand how the world function while technology exploits the newfound scientific. In turn, it can lead to more fascinating discoveries STS creates a common ground from which to explore the relationship between Science, technology and society. It is between ideas, machine and values. It serve as a focal point for a wide range of study of the nature of science and of technology, as well as analyze the social and personal implication. For example, society need portable device to talk to other people. Mobile phone is invented. Societys need for being able to call on people and be available everywhere resulted in the research and development of mobile phone. It gives great influence to society and the way people live their lives. The benefits of STS pedagogic strategy are society will be much more informed and aware of the most significant current issues and they will have been exposed to a method of critically analyzing such issues. Society will also aware of how technology affects their lives and how they may interact with technology. A
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higher percentage of present student may choose to enter engineering, some because they perceive it as a means of controlling their own futures.

10.

Innovation Innovation is the development of new values through solutions that meet new

requirements, inarticulate needs, or old customer and market needs in value adding new ways. This is accomplished through more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are readily available to markets, governments, and society. Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different rather than doing the same thing better. One definition of innovation taken from dictionary that fits the idea and concept in STS is making changes to something establish by introducing something new. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English). Innovation, on the other hand, can be described as creativity implemented. Innovation is putting the idea into practice. While creativity is a thinking process, innovation is a productive process. Innovation adds value to the idea, which otherwise remains as a mere idea. If the idea is likened to a seed, then innovation is the plant that results from planting and nurturing the seed. Innovation is a process that transforms ideas into outputs, which increase customer value. The process can be fed by both good and bad ideas. In management of the innovation process, destroying poor ideas often is as important as nurturing good ones; in this way, scarce resources can be released and good ideas spotlighted. Every good idea usually replaces an older established one. The goal of every organization is the successful development of good ideas.

O Sullivan further the extend the definition of innovation as a process of making changes, large and small, radical and incremental, to products, processes, and services that results in the introduction of something new for the organization results in the introduction of something new for the organization that adds value to customers and contributes to the knowledge store of the organization Innovation is the result of a shock (a major failure) to the system. It is problematic searches that use random variability in experimentation to deliberate decision to invest in learning. Innovations match between a need and ideas which already exist. It is a formal vehicle for stimulating innovation such as research and development. Innovation involves managerial risk seeking or risk adverse behaviour with availability of slack resources to fulfil management philosophy and organizational climate, and customer needs. Reference

1.The American heritage dictionary of science ( 1986). Boston. Hammond Barnhart,

2.The dictionary of science (1994). New York. Simon and Schuster.

3.Tillery B.W., Enger E.D. and Ross F.C. (2007) Integrated Science 3rd Edition. Boston. MacGraw Hill Publisher.

4. A century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics and Medicine. 2003, Marcel Dekker Inc.

5. Verma B. (2010). Science, Technology and Society. New York. MD Publication, ,

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6. Cullen, Katherine E. Science, Technology and society: The people Behind the Scene, Chelsea House Publisher, 2006, New York.

7. Barr, R. and Tagg, J. (1995). From Teaching to Learning: A New Paradigm for Undergraduate Education, Change. November/December, pp. 13-25

8. McCombs, B. and Whistler, J.S. (1997). The Learner-Centered Classroom and School: Strategies for Increasing Student motivation and Achievement . San Francisco: Josey-Bass Publishers

9. Howard B. Allan (2003). New paradigm for teaching and learning. International Conference on New Directions in the Humanities . Greece

10. Nordwall S.(1980) What is science? Some viewpoints from theperspective of the philosophy of science. The Nordic Journal for Anthroposophic Medicine nr 1 .

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