Đề tài ' Tìm hiểu thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp 'thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp '

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip
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Gio vin hng dn H tn sinh vin
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Li m u
T khi chic my tnh u tin ra i cho n nay my tnh vn khng nh vai tr ln ca n trong s pht trin kinh t_ x hi. Cng ngh thng tin ngy nay pht trin vt bc, tin hc c ng dng rng ri trong tt c cc ngnh, cc lnh vc ca i sng, c bit l trong lnh vc qun l.. Mng LAN c s dng rng ri v ph bin, cc s, ban ngnh, c quan, x nghip u lp t h thng qun tr mng ny. To iu kin cho cng vic qun l thun tin nhanh chng , chnh xc hn, hiu qu cng vic cao hn. Trong khun kh n tt nghip em trnh by v: tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng Lan trong c quan x nghip n c b cc lm 2 phn: Phn 1: Tng quan v mng. Chng 1 Tng quan v mng my tnh , trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v mng, phn loi mng my tnh theo phm vi a l (LAN, WAN, GAN, MAN), theo TOPO v theo tng chc nng. Chng 2 M hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI v b qun thc m hnh TCP/IP, trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v mng chy trn b giao thc TCP/IP, m hnh OSI. Chng 3 Mng Lan v thit k mng Lan , trong chng ny trnh by cc kin thc c bn v LAN, cc phng php iu khin truy cp trong LAN, cc cng ngh v cc chun cp, cc phng php i cp. Phn 2: Thit k mng LAN. 1. Yu cu thit k. 2. Phn tch thit k h thng. 3. Ci t cu hnh h thng. Mc ch nghin cu n tm hi u thit k v xy dng mng LAN cho c quan x nghip em c th thit k v xy dng cc mng LAN, WAN, v cc mng khc phc v theo yu cu ca thc t. Do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn bi vit cn nhiu hn ch, rt mong s ng gp kin ca cc thy c v cc bn. Em chn thnh cm n!
Cc t ting Anh vit tt trong n

T vit tt CPU DNS FTP GAN HTTP ICMP IGMP IP ISO LAN MAC MAN NIC NLSP OS - IS OSI OSPF RIP SMTP STP TCP TCP/IP UDP UTP WAN WWW Dng y Center Processor Unit Domain Name System File Transfer Protocol Global Area Network Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Group Messages Protocol Internet Protocol International Standard Oranization Local Area Network Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Network Information Center Netware Link Servise Protocol Open System Interconnection Intermediate System To Intermediate System Open Systems Interconnect Open Shortest Path First Routing Information Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Shield Twisted Pair Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol User Datagram Protocol Unshield Twisted Pair Wide Area Network World Wide Web
MC LC
Li ni u...........................................................................................2 Cc t vit tt trong n..................................................................3 Phn 1: Tng quan v mng Chng 1: Tng quan mng my tnh......................................................6

1.1.Khi nim mng my tnh............................................................6 1.2.Phn loi mng my tnh..............................................................6 1.2.1. Phn loi theo phm vi a l............................................6 1.2.2. Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch.................................8 1.2.2.1. Mng chuyn mch knh.........................................8 1.2.2.2. Mng chuyn mch bn tin......................................8 1.2.2.3. Mng chuyn mch gi...........................................9 1.2.3. Phn loi theo TOPO........................................................9 1.2.3.1.Mng hnh sao...........................................................9 1.2.3.2.Mng dng vng......................................................10 1.2.3.3.Mng dng tuyn(Bus topolory)11 . 1.2.3.4 Mng kt hp .........................................................11 1.2.4.Phn loi theo chc nng.................................................12 1.2.4.1.Mng theo m hnh Client- Server.........................12 1.2.4.2.Mng ngang hng...................................................12 Chng 2: M hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI v b giao thc TCP/IP....................................................12 2.1. M hnh OSI.............................................................................12 2.1.1. Mc ch, ngha ca OSI.....................13 2.1.2. Cc giao thc trong OSI.....................................................15 2.1.3. Chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI...........15 2.2. B giao thc TCP/IP.................................................................18 2.2.1. Tng quan v TCP/IP......................................................18 2.2.2. So snh OSI v TCP/IP...................................................21 2.2.3. Cc giao thc c bn trong b giao thc TCP/IP.............22 2.2.3.1. Giao thc hiu nng IP..........................................22 2.2.3.2. Giao thc hiu nng UDP.......................................24 2.2.3.3. Giao thc hiu nngTC.............................................25 Chng 3: Mng LAN v thit k mng LAN........................................26 3.1. Cc thit b LAN c bn..............................................................26 3.1.1. Cc thit b chnh ca LAN.............................................26 3.1.1.1. Card mng- NIC....................................................26 3.1.1.2. Repeater- B lp....................................................27 3.1.1.3. Hub........................................................................27 3.1.1.4. Lin mng..............................................................28 3.1.1.5. Cu ni (bridge).....................................................28 3.1.1.6. B dn ng (router)...........................................32 3.1.1.7. B chuyn mch(switch).......................................34 3.1.2. H thng cp dng cho LAN..........................................35

3.1.2.1. Cp xon................................................................35 3.1.2.2. Cp ng trc........................................................35 3.1.2.3. Cp si quang........................................................36 3.2. Thit k mng LAN..................................................................37 3.2.1. M hnh phn cp.............................................................37 3.2.2. M hnh an ninh an ton...................................................38 3.2.3. Cc bc thit k..............................................................42 3.2.3.1. Phn tch yu cu s dng.......................................42 3.2.3.2. La chn cc thit b phn cng............................42 3.2.3.3. Cc phn mm mng.............................................43 3.2.3.4. Cng c qun l qun tr.......................................43 3.2.4. Xy dng mng LAN quy m mt to nh.....................43 3.2.4.1. Cc thit b cn thit..............................................44 3.2.4.2. Phn tch yu cu...................................44 3.2.4.3. Thit k h thng...................................................45 phn 2: thit k mng..............................................................47 1.yu cu thit k................................................................................47 2Phn tch thit k h thng..............................................................47 2.1 H thng chuyn mch..............................................................50 2.2 H thng cp..............................................................................50 3.ci t cu hinh h thng..................................................................50 3.1 ci t dch v cho server..............................................................50 3.2 thit lp cu hnh TC/IP.................................................................50 3.3 thc hin kim tra cc hot ng ca mang..................................54 3.3.1 qu tr nh kim tra dng m hnh OS.........................................55 3.3.2 kim tra lp mng vi lnh ping................................................55 3.3.3 kim tra thng s cu hnh mng...............................................55 Kt lun................................................................................................ 57 Hng pht trin.............................................................................58 Danh mc ti liu tham kho ....................................................... 59 Ph lc 1:_1.1 Phng php bm u RJ- 45....................................60 1 1.2 Phng php lp t Outlet cho cc nt mng...........65 Ph lc 2 Hng dn cu hnh dch v..............................................65 Ph lc 3: Hng dn cu hnh chia s kt ni.................................70

PHN 1: TNG QUAN V MNG ************************ CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH. Vo nhng nm 50 , nhng h thng my tnh u tin ra i s dng cc bng n in t nn kch thc rt cng knh tiu tn nhiu nng lng. Vic nhp d liu my tnh c thc hin thng qua cc ba c l v kt qu c a ra my in, iu ny lm mt rt nhiu thi gian v bt tin cho ngi s dng. n nhng nm 60 cng vi s pht trin ca my tnh v nhu cu trao i d liu vi nhau, mt s nh sn xut my tnh nghin cu ch to thnh cng cc thit b truy cp t xa ti cc my tnh ca h, v y chnh l nhng dng s khai ca h thng my tnh . V cho n nhng nm 70, h thng thit b u cui 3270 ca IBM ra i cho php m rng kh nng tnh ton ca Trung tm my tnh n cc vng xa. Vo nm 1977 cng ty Datapoint Corporation tung ra th trng mng ca mnh cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc thit b u cui bng dy cp mng, v chnh l h iu hnh u tin. 1.1. Khi nim v mng my tnh : Ni mt cch c bn, mng my tnh l hai hay nhiu my tnh c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cch no . Khc vi cc trm truyn hnh gi thng tin i, cc mng my tnh lun hai chiu, sao cho khi my tnh A gi thng tin ti my tnh B th B c th tr li li A. Ni mt cch khc, mt s my tnh c kt ni vi nhau v c th trao i thng tin cho nhau gi l mng my tnh. PC1 PC2
Hnh 1-1: M hnh mng cn bn.
Mng my tnh ra i xut pht t nhu cu mun chia s v dng chung d liu. Khng c h thng mng th d liu trn cc my tnh c lp mun chia s vi nhau phi thng qua vic in n hay sao chp trn a mn, CD Romiu ny gy nhiu bt tin cho ngi dng. T cc my tnh ring r, c lp vi nhau, nu ta kt ni chng li thnh mng my tnh th chng c thm nhng u im sau: - Nhiu ngi c th dng chung mt phn mm tin ch.

Mt nhm ngi cng thc hin mt n nu ni mng h s dng chung d liu ca n, dng chung tp tin chnh (master file ) ca n, h trao i thng tin vi nhau d dng. - D liu c qun l tp trung nn an ton hn , trao i gia nhng ngi s dng thun li hn, nhanh chng hn. - C th dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi him, t tin (my in, my v). - Ngi s dng trao i vi nhau th tn d dng (Email ) v c th s dng mng nh l mt cng c ph bin tin tc, thng bo v mt chnh sch mi, v ni dung bui hp, v cc thng tin kinh t khc nh gi c th trng, tin rao vt (mun bn hoc mun mua mt ci g ), hoc sp xp thi kho biu ca mnh chen ln vi thi kho biu ca cc ngi khc - Mt s ngi s dng khng cn phi trang b my tnh t tin (chi ph thp m cc chc nng li mnh ). - Mng my tnh cho php ngi lp trnh mt trung tm my tnh ny c th s dng cc chng trnh tin ch ca cc trung tm my tnh khc cong ri, s lm tng hiu qu kinh t ca h thng. - Rt an ton cho d liu v phn mm v phn mm mng s kho cc tp (files ) khi c nhng ngi khng quyn truy xut cc tp tin v th mc . 1.2. Phn loi mng my tnh : 1.2.1. Phn loi theo phm vi a l: Mng my tnh c th phn b trn mt vng lnh th nht nh v c th phn b trong phm vi mt quc gia hay quc t. Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng ngi ta c th phn ra cc loi mng nh sau: Mng cc b LAN ( Local Area Network ) : l mng c lp t trong phm vi hp, khong cch gia cc nt mng nh hn 10 Km. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao v d cp ng trc thay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b c quan, x nghip Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh WAN. Mng th MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th hoc mt trung tm kinh t - x hi c bn knh khong 100 Km tr li.Cc kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50- 100 Mbit/s ). Mng din rng WAN ( Wide Area Network ) : Phm vi ca mng c th vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c chu lc.Thng -

thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l GAN. Mng ton cu GAN (Global Area Network ) : L mng c thit lp trn phm vi tri rng khp cc chu lc trn tri t.Thng thng kt ni thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. Trong cc khi nim trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim c s dng nhiu nht. 1.2.2. Phn bit theo phng php chuyn mch ( truyn d liu ) 1.2.2.1. Mng chuyn mch knh ( circuit - switched network ) Trong trong trng hp ny khi c hai trm cn trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng s c thit lp mt knh (circuit) c nh v duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch c truyn theo con ng c nh ( hnh 1).
Data2 Data1 S2 S4 S6 S3 S5 Data3
S1
Hnh 1-2. Mng chuyn mch knh

Mng chuyn mch knh c tc truyn cao v an ton nhng hiu xut x dng ng truyn thp v c lc knh b b khng do c hai bn u ht thng tin cn truyn trong khi cc trm khc khng c php s dng knh truyn ny v phi tiu tn thi gian thit lp con ng (knh) c nh gia 2 trm. Mng in thoi l v d in hnh ca mng chuyn mch knh. 1.2.2.2 Mng chuyn mch bn tin ( Message switched network) Thng tin cn truyn c cu trc theo mt phn dng c bit gi l bn tin. Trn bn tin c ghi a ch ni nhn, cc nt mng cn c vo a ch ni nhn chuyn bn tin ti ch . Tu thuc vo iu khin v mng, cc thng tin khc nhau c th c gi i theo cc con ng khc nhau u im : Hiu xut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c phn chia gia cc trm.

Mi nt mng (hay nt chuyn mch bn tin) c th lu d thng bo cho n khi knh truyn ri mi gi thng bo i, do gim c tnh trng tc nghn mng. C iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo. C th tng hiu xut s dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch qung b gi thng bo ng thi n nhiu ch. Nhc im : Phng php chuyn mch bn tin l khng hn ch kch thc ca cc thng bo, lm cho ph tn lu tr tm thi cao v nh hng n thi gian p ng v cht lng truyn i. Mng chuyn mch bn tin thch hp vi cc dch v thng tin kiu th in t hn l vi cc p dng c tnh thi gian thc v tn ti tr nht nh do lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt. 1.2.2.3 Mng chuyn mch gi Phng php ny mi thng bo c chia thnh nhiu phn nh hn gi l cc gi tin (pachet) c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v ch ( ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin v mt thng bo no c th c gi i qua mng n ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Cn c vo s th t cc gi tin c ti to thnh thng tin ban u. Phng php chuyn mach bn tin v phng php chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau. im khc bit l cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng c th x l ton b thng tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn a. Nn mng chuyn mch gi truyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh hn v hiu qu hn so vi chuyn mch bn tin. 1.2.3. Phn loi my tnh theo TOPO: Topology ca mng l cu trc hnh hc khng gian m thc cht l cch b tr phn t ca mng cng nh cch ni gia chng vi nhau. Thng thng mng c ba dng cu trc l: Mng dng hnh sao (Star topology ), mng dng vng (Ring Topology ) v mng dng tuyn (Linear Bus Topology ). Ngoi ba dng cu hnh k trn cn c mt s dng khc bin tng t ba dng ny nh mng dng cy, mng dng hnh sao - vng, mng hnh hn hp, 1.2.3.1. Mng hnh sao (Star topology) Mng sao bao gm mt b kt ni trung tm v cc nt. Cc nt ny l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. B kt ni trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng ( hnh 2).
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Hnh 1-3. Cu trc mng sao

Mng dng sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp trung bng cp, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi b tp trung khng cn thng qua trc bus, nn trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng. M hnh kt ni dng sao ny tr ln ht sc ph bin. Vi vic s dng cc b tp trung hoc chuyn mch, cu trc sao c th c m rng bng cch t chc nhiu mc phn cp, do d dng trong vic qun l v vn hnh. u im : Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit b no mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng. Cu trc mng n gin v cc gii thut ton n nh. Mng c th d dng m rng hoc thu hp. D dng kim sot ni, khc phc s c. c bit do s dng kt ni im - im nn tn dng c ti a tc ca ng truyn vt l. Nhc im : Kh nng m rng ca ton mng phc thuc vo kh nng ca trung tm. Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng. Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n trung tm. di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100m vi cng ngh hin tai). 1.2.3.2. Mng dng vng (Ring topology) Mng dng ny b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng trn khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt vng no . Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. u im: Mng dng vng c thun li c th m rng ra xa, tng n dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. Mi trm c th t c tc ti a khi truy nhp. Nhc im : ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng.
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Hnh 1-4. Cu hnh mng vng

1.2.3.3. Mng dng tuyn (Bus topology) Thc hin theo cch b tr ngang hng, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc. Cc nt u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v d liu khi truyn i u mang theo a ch ni n.
terminator
Hnh1-5. Cu trc mng hnh tuyn

u im : Loi cu trc mng ny dng dy cp t nht. Lp t n gin v gi thnh r. Nhc im : S n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln. Khi c s c hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, li trn ng dy cng lm cho ton b h thng ngng hot ng. Cu trc ny ngy nay t c s dng. 1.2.3.4. Mng dng kt hp L mng kt hp dng sao v tuyn ( star/bus topology) : Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus
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Topology. u im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt k to nh no. Kt hp cu hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology). Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt th bi lin lc c chuyn vng quanh mt ci b tp trung. 1.2.4. Phn loi theo chc nng: 1.2.4.1. Mng theo m hnh Client- Server: Mt hay mt s my tnh c thit lp cung cp cc dch v nh file server, mail server, web server, printer server.Cc my tnh c thit lp cung cp cc dch v c gi l server, cn cc my tnh truy cp v s dng dch v th c gi l Client. u im: do cc d liu c lu tr tp trung nn d bo mt, backup v ng b vi nhau. Ti nguyn v dch v c tp trung nn d chia s v qun l, c th phc v cho nhiu ngi dng. Nhc im: cc server chuyn dng rt t tin, phi c nh qun tr cho h thng. 1.2.4.2.Mng ngang hng (Peer- to- Peer): Cc my tnh trong mng c th hot ng va nh mt Client va nh mt Server. CHNG 2 M HNH THAM CHIU H THNG M OSI V B GIAO THC TCP/IP 2.1.M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnect): thi k u ca cng ngh ni mng, vic gi v nhn d liu ngang qua mng thng gy nhm ln do cc cng ty ln nh IBM, HoneyWell v Digital Equipment Corporation t ra tiu chun ring cho hot ng kt ni my tnh . Nm 1984 t chc tiu chun ho Quc t ISO(International Standard Oranization) chnh thc a ra m hnh OSI(Open Systems Interconnect) l tp hp cc c im k thut m t kin trc mng dnh cho vic kt ni cc thit b khng cng chng loi. M hnh OSI c chia thnh 7 tng, mi tng bao gm cc hot ng thit b v giao thc mng khc nhau.
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Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Hnh 2-1:M hnh OSI by tng

2.1.1.Mc ch v ngha ca m hnh OSI: M hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection ): l m hnh tng kt nhng h thng m, l m hnh c t chc ISO c xut nm 1977 v cng b nm 1984. cc my tnh v cc thit bi mng c th truyn thng vi nhau phi c nhng quy tc giao tip c cc bn chp nhn. M hnh OSI l m khun mu gip chng ta hiu c cc chc nng mng din ra ti mi lp. Trong m hnh OSI c by lp, mi lp m t mt phn chc nng c lp. S tch ri ca m hnh nay mang li li ch sau: - Chia hot ng thng tin mng thnh nhng phn nh hn, n gin hn gip chng ta d kho st v tm hiu hn. -Chun ho cc thnh phn mng cho php pht trin mng t nhiu nh cung cp sn phm. -Ngn chn c tnh trng s thay i ca mt lp lm nh hng n cc lp khc, nh vy gip mi lp c th pht trin c lp v nhanh chng hn, -M hnh tham chiu OSI nh ngha cc quy tc cho cc ni dung sau: Cch thc cc thit b giao tip v chuyn thng c vi nhau. Cc phng php cc thit b trn mng khi no th c truyn d liu, khi no th khng c. Cc phng php m bo truyn ng bn nhn. Cch thc vn ti, truyn, sp xp v kt ni vi nhau. Cch thc m bo cc thit b mng duy tr tc truyn d liu thch hp Cch biu din mt bit thit b truyn dn.
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M hnh tham chiu OSI c chia thnh 7 lp vi cc chc nng sau: Application Layer ( lp ng dng ): giao din gia ng dng v mng. Presentation Layer (lp trnh by ): tho thun khun dng trao i dc liu. Session Layer (lp phin ): cho php ngi dng thit lp cc kt ni. Transport Layer (lp vn chuyn ): m bo truyn thng gia hai h thng. Network Layer (lp mng ): nh hng d liu truyn trong mi trng lin mng Data link Layer (lp lin kt d liu ): xc nh truy xut n cc thit b. Physical Layer (lp vt l ): chuyn i d liu thnh cc bit v truyn i. 2.1.2.Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI: Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng : Giao thc lin kt ( Connection- Oriented )v giao thc khng lin kt (Connection Less). - Giao thc lin kt: Trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao s an ton trong truyn d liu. - Giao thc khng lin kt : Trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic m mi gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n. Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt , qu trnh truyn thng phi gm ba giai on phn bit: - Thit lp lin kt (logic): Hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on sau(truyn d liu). - Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo ( nh kim soat li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/ hp d liu ) tng cng tin cy v hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu . - Hu b lin kt (logic): gii phng ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho lin kt khc. i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu m thi . -
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Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet ) c hiu nh l mt n v thng tin dng trong vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh .Nhng thng ip (message) trao i gia cc my tnh trong mng, c to thnh cc gi tin cc gi ngun. V nhng gi tin ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh cc thng ip ban u. Mi gi tin c th cha ng cc yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.
Application
ata hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr Data Data Data Data Data trl
Application
Data hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr hdr Data Data Data Data Data trl
Presentation Session Transport Network

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Presentation Session Transport Network

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Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Hdr: phn u gi tin. Trl: phn kim li (tng lin kt d liu ) Data: phn d liu ca gi tin Hnh 2-2:Phng thc xc lp gi tin trong m hnh OSI
Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng , mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc nng ny thc cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn u(header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn. Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no. 2.1.3. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng trong m hnh OSI: Tng ng dng (Application Layer): L tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia cc chng trnh ng dng ca ngi dng v mng. Gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng. Tng ng dng x l truy cp mng chung, kim sot lung v phc hi li. Tng ny khng cung cp dch v cho tng no m n cung cp dch v cho cc ng dng nh: truyn file, gi nhn mail, Telnet, HTTP, FTP,SMTP
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Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer): Lp ny chu trch nhim thng lng v xc lp dng thc d liu c trao i n m bo thng tin m lp ng dng ca h thng u cui gi i, lp ng dng ca mt h thng khc c th c c. Lp trnh by thng dch gia nhiu dng d liu khc nhau thng qua mt dng chung, ng thi n cng nn v gii nn d liu . Th t byte, bit bn gi v bn nhn quy c quy tc gi nhn mt chui byte v bit t tri qua phi hay t phi qua tri nu hai bn khng thng nht th s c s chuyn i th t cc byte, bit vo trc hoc sau khi truyn. Lp trnh by cng qun l cc cp nn d liu lm gim s bt cn truyn. Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau . Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau. Tng phin(Session Layer) Lp ny c tc dng thit lp qun l v kt thc cc phin thng tin gia hai thit b truyn nhn. N t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh x gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. Lp phin cung cp cc dch v cho lp trnh by, cung cp s ng b ho gia cc tc v ngi dng bng cch t nhng im kim tra vo lung d liu. Bng cch ny nu mng khng hot ng th ch c d liu truyn sau im kim tra cui cng mi phi truyn li. Lp ny cng thi hnh kim sot hi thoi gia cc qu trnh giao tip, iu chnh bn no truyn, khi no, trong bao lu. Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn hai ngi s dng lun phin phi ly lt truyn d liu. mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht nh ca tng phin. Vic phn b tng ny thng qua vic trao i th bi. Tng vn chuyn(Transport Layer): Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn, n phn on d liu t h thng my truyn v ti thit d liu vo mt lung d liu ti h thng my nhn m bo rng vic bn giao cc thng ip gia cc thit b ng tin cy. Tng ny thit lp duy tr v kt thc cc mch o m bo cung cp cc dch v sau: - Xp th t cc phn on: Khi mt thng ip ln c tch thnh nhiu phn on nh bn giao , tng vn chuyn s sp xp th t trc khi gip ni cc phn on thnh thng ip ban u. - Kim sot li: Khi c phn on b tht bi , sai hoc trng lp, tng vn chuyn s yu cu truyn li.
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Kim sot lung : Tng vn chuyn dng cc tn hiu bo nhn xc nhn. Bn gi s khng truyn i phn on d liu k tip nu bn nhn cha gi tn hiu xc nhn rng nhn c phn on d liu trc y . Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Tng mng (Network Layer): Chu trch nhim lp a ch cc thng ip, din dch a ch v tn logic thnh a ch vt l ng thi n cng chu trch nhim gi packet t mng ngun n mng ch. Tng ny quyt nh hng i t my ngun n my ch N cng qun l lu lng trn mng chng hn nh chuyn i gi, nh tuyn va kim sot tc nghn d liu. Nu b thch ng mng trn b nh tuyn (router) khng th truyn d liu m my tnh ngun gi i, tng mng trn b nh tuyn s chia s d liu thnh nhng n v nh hn. Tng mng quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t my ny sang my khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet- switched network) gm cc tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu.Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu . Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp trung v x l ti ch: - Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc vi trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng. - Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic chn ng c thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im , mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt. -
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Tng lin kt d liu (Data Link): L tng m ngha c gn cho cc bit c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc , a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c c ch truy cp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh , l phng thc im- im v phng thc im- nhiu im. Vi phng thc im - im cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc im- nhiu im tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l. Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm hai loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m no ( nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn( xu bt ) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu , cc th tc), v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. Tng vt l (Physical): L tng cui cng ca m hinh OSI, n m t cc c trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp ni cc thit b, cc loi u ni c dng, cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu.Mt khc cc tng vt l cung cp cc c trng in ca cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n mt my khc ca mng, k thut ni mch in tc cp truyn dn. Tng vt l khng quy nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn l 0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI nghi ca cc bit tng vt l s c xc nh. Mt s c im ca tng vt l: - Mc in th. - Khong thi gian thay i in th. - Tc d liu vt l. - Khong ng truyn ti a. 2.2. B giao thc TCP/IP: TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. 2.2.1. Tng quan v b giao thc TCP/IP:
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TCP/IP l b giao thc cho php kt ni cc h thng mng khng ng nht vi nhau. Ngy nay,TCP/IP c s dng rng ri trong cc mng cc b cng nh trn mng Internet ton cu. TCP/IP c xem l gin lc ca m hnh tham chiu OSI vi bn tng nh sau: -Tng lin kt mng (Network Access Layer). - Tng Internet (Internet Layer). - Tng giao vn (Host- to Host Transport Layer). - Tng ng dng (Application Layer).
Applications Transport Internetwork Network Interface And Hardware Applications TCP/UDP
ICMP
IP ARP/RARP Network Interface And Hardware
Hnh 2-3: Kin trc TCP/IP Tng lin kt: Tng lin kt ( cn c gi l tng lin kt d liu hay l tng giao tip mng) l tng thp nht trong m hnh TCP/IP , bao gm cc thit b mng v chng trnh cung cp cc thng tin cn thit c th hot ng, truy nhp ng truyn vt l qua thit b giao tip mng . Tng Internet: Tng Internet (cn gi l tng mng) x l qu trnh gi tin trn mng. Cc giao thc ca tng ny bao gm : IP(Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group Messages Protocol). Tng giao vn: Tng giao vn ph trch lung d liu gia hai trm thc hin cc ng dng ca tng mng. Tng ny c hai giao thc chnh: TCP (Transmission Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP cung cp mt lung d liu tin cy gia hai trm, n s dng cc c ch nh chia nh cc gi tin ca tng trn thnh cc gi tin c kch thc thch hp cho tng mng bn di, bo nhn gi tin, t hn ch thi gian time- out m bo bn nhn bit c cc gi tin gi i. Do tng ny m bo tnh tin cy, tng trn s khng cn quan tm n na.
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UDP cung cp mt dch v n gin hn cho tng ng dng . N ch gi cc gi d liu t trm ny n trm kia m khng m bo cc gi tin n c ti ch. Cc c ch m bo tin cy cn c thc hin bi tng trn. Tng ng dng: Tng ng dng l tng trn cng ca m hnh TCP/IP bao gm cc tin trnh v cc ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng truy cp mng. C rt nhiu ng dng c cung cp trong tng ny m ph bin l: Telnet: s dng trong vic truy cp mng t xa, FTP (File Transfer Protocol): dch v truyn tp, Email: dch v th tn in t, www (World Wide Web).
User Data Application
Appl Header
User Data TCP
TCP header
Application data TCP segment IP
IP header
TCP header
Application data
IP datagram
Ethernet header IP header TCP header
Application data
Ethernet trailer
Ethernet driver
Ethernet
Ethernet frame 46 to 1500 bytes
Hnh 2-4:Qu trnh ng / m gi d liu trong TCP/IP

Cng tng t nh m hnh OSI khi truyn d liu qu trnh tin hnh t tng trn xung tng di, qua mi tng d liu c thm vo mt thng tin iu khin c gi l phn header. Khi nhn d liu th qu trnh ny xy ra ngc li, d liu c truyn t tng di ln v qua mi tng th phn header tng ng c ly i v khi n tng trn cng th d liu khng cn phn header na. Hnh v 0-10 cho ta thy lc d liu qua cc tng . Trong hnh v ny ta thy ti cc tng khc nhau d liu c mang nhng thut ng khc nhau: - Trong tng ng dng d liu l cc lung c gi l stream.
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Trong tng giao vn, n v d liu m TCP gi xung tng di gi l TCP segment. Trong tng mng, d liu m IP gi ti tng di c gi l IP datagram. Trong tng lin kt , d liu c truyn i gi l frame.
Application Layer -
TCP stream
UDP message
Transport Layer Segment Internet Layer datagram Network Access Layer datagram
packet
frame
frame
Hnh2-5: Cu trc d liu trong TCP/IP

2.2.2. So snh TCP/IP vi OSI: TCP/IP vi OSI: mi tng trong TCP/IP c th l mt hay nhiu tng ca OSI.Bng sau ch r mi tng quan gia cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP vi OSI: OSI TCP/IP Physical Layer va Data link Layer Data link Layer Network Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Transport layer Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer Application Layer S khc nhau gia TCP/IP vi OSI ch l: - Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP bao gm lun c 3tng trn ca m hnh OSI.
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Tng giao vn trong m hnh TCP/IP khng phi lun m bo tin cy ca vic truyn tin nh trong tng giao vn ca m hnh OSI m cho php thm mt la chn khc l UDP. 2.2.3. Mt s giao thc trong b giao thc TCP/IP : 2.2.3.1. Giao thc hiu nng IP (Internet Protocol): Gii thiu chung: Giao thc lin mng IP l mt trong nhng giao thc quan trng nht ca b giao thc TCP/IP . Mc ch ca giao thc lin mng IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni ca mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu . IP l giao thc cung cp dch v phn pht datagram theo kiu khng lin kt v khng tin cy ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu , khng m bo rng datagram s ti ch v khng duy tr thng tin no v nhng datagram gi i. Khun dng n v d liu dng trong IP c th hin nh hnh v: -
1 2 Type of Service
Bits
1 6
2 0
2 4
2 8
3 1
1 Version IHL 2 Words
Total Length Flags Fragment Offset Header
Identification Protocol
3 Time to live 4 5 6
Header Checksum
Source Address Destination Address Options Data begins here Padding
Hnh 2-6: Khun dng d liu trong OSI

ngha cc tham s trong IP header: - Version (4 bit) : ch phin bn hin hnh ca IP c ci t. - IHL (4 bit): ch di phn header tnh theo n v t (word-32 bit). - Type of Service (8 bit): c t tham s v yu cu dch v . - Total length (16 bit): ch di ton b IP datagram tnh theo byte. - Indentification (16 bit) : l trng nh danh.
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-Flags (3 bit) : cc c s dng trong khi phn on cc datagram. - Flagment Offset (13 bit): ch v tr ca on phn mnh trong datagram tnh theo n v 64 bit. - TTL(Time to Live ) : thit lp thi gian tn ti ca datagram. - Protocol (8 bit): ch giao thc tng trn k tip. - Header checksum (16 bit): kim sot li cho vng IP header. - Source address (32 bit) : a ch IP trm ch. - Option: Khai bo cc tu chn do ngi gi yu cu. Kin trc a ch IP (IPv4): a ch IP (IPv4): C di 32 bits v c tch thnh 4 vng , mi vng 1 byte thng c biu din di dng thp phn v cch nhau bi du chm (.). VD: 203.162.7.92. a ch IPv4 c chia thnh 5 lp A, B, C, D, E, trong 3 lp a ch A, B, C c dng cp pht. Lp A (0) cho php nh danh ti 126 mng vi ti a 16 triu trm trn mi mng. Lp B (10): cho php inh danh ti 16384 mng vi ti a 65534 trm trn mi mng. Lp C (110) : cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng vi ti a 254 trm trn mi mng
7- bits Class A 0 netid 14- bits 24- bits hostid 16- bits hostid 21- bits Class C 1 1 0 netid 28- bits Class D 1 1 1 0 Multicast group ID 27- bits Class E 1 1 1 1 0 Reserved for future use 8- bits hostid
Class B
netid
Hnh 2-7: Phn lp a ch IPv4
Lp D (1110) dung gi gi tin IP n mt nhm cc trm trn mng (cn gi l lp a ch multicast).
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Lp E (11110) dng d phng. Lp A B C D E Khong a ch 0.0.0.0 n 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 n 247.255.255.255
Hnh 2-8: Bng cc lp a ch Internet a ch mng con: i vi cc a ch lp A, B s trm trong mt mng l qu ln v trong thc t thng khng c mt s lng trm ln nh vy kt ni vo mt mng n l. a ch mng con cho php chia mt mng ln thnh cc mng con nh hn. Ta c th dng mt s bit u tin ca trng hostid trong a ch IP t a ch mng con. Chng hn i vi mt a ch thuc lp A, vic chia a ch mng con c th c thc hin nh sau:
01 Class A Subnet 0 Net ID 8 1 6 2 4 Host ID 3 1
Subnet number
Hnh2-9 : Chia mng con
Mt n a ch mng con: Bn cnh a ch IP, mt trm cng cn c bit vic nh dng a ch mng con: bao nhiu bit trong trng hostid c dng cho phn a ch mng con(subnetid). Thng tin ny c ch ra trong mt n a ch mng con (subnet mask).Subnet mask cng l mt s 32 bit vi cc bit tng ng vi phn netid v subnetid c t bng 1 cn cc bit cn li c t bng 0. 2.2.3.2. Giao thc hiu nng UDP(User Datagram Protocol): UDP l giao thc khng lin kt , cung cp dch v giao vn khng tin cy c, s dng thay th cho TCP trong tng giao vn. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c chc nng thit lp v gii phng lin kt, khng c c ch bo nhn (ACK), khng sp xp tun t cc n v d liu (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng h c thng bo cho ngi gi. Khun dng ca UDP datagram c m t nh sau:
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0 Source Port Length
Bits 16 Destination Port Checksum
31
Data begins here
S hiu cng ngun (Source Port -16 bit): s hiu cng ni gi datagram. - S hiu cng ch (Destination Port 16 bit): s hiu cng ni datagram chuyn ti. - di UDP (Length 16 bit): di tng cng k c phn header ca UDP datagram. - UDP Checksum(16 bit): dng kim sot li, nu pht hin li th UDP datagram s b loi b m khng c mt thng bo no tr li cho trm gi. UDP c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. 2.2.3.3. Giao thc TCP(Tranmission Control Protocol): TCP v UDP l hai giao thc tng giao vn v cng s dng giao thc IP trong tng mng. Nhng khng ging nh UDP, TCP cung cp dch v lin kt tin cy v c lin kt . C lin kt y c ngha l hai ng dng s dng TCP phi thit lp lin kt vi nhau trc khi trao i d liu. S tin cy trong dch v c cung cp bi TCP c th hin nh sau: - D liu t tng ng dng gi n c TCP chia thnh cc segment c kch thc ph hp nht truyn i. - Khi TCP gi 1 segment , n duy tr mt thi lng ch phc p t trm nhn. Nu trong khong thi gian phc p khng gi ti c trm gi th segment c truyn li. - Khi TCP trn trm nhn d liu t trm gi ti trm gi 1 phc p tuy nhim phc p khng c gi li ngay lp tc m thng tr mt khong thi gian .
Port
Hnh 2-10: Khun dng UDP datagram
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TCP duy tr gi tr tng kim tra (checksum) trong phn Header ca d liu nhn ra bt k s thay i no trong qu trnh truyn dn. Nu 1 segment b li th TCP pha trm nhn s loi b v khng phc p li trm gi truyn li segment b li . TCP cung cp kh nng iu khin lung. Mi ca lin kt TCP c vng m (buffer) gii hn do TCP ti trm nhn ch cho php trm gi truyn mt lng d liu nht nh (nh hn khn gian buffer cn li). iu ny trnh sy ra trng hp trm c tc cao chim ton b vng m ca trm c tc chm hn. CHNG 3 MNG LAN V THIT K MNG LAN 3.1 Cc thit b LAN c bn: Mng cc b LAN lad h chuyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc nhau cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca to nh, hoc trong mt to nh. Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic. Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng dng chung nhng tI nguyn quan trng nh my in mu, a CDROM, cc phn mm ng dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN cc my tnh l c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi ni mng LAN r rng hiu qu ca chng tng ln gp bi. 3.1.1.Cc thit b ni chnh ca LAN: 3.1.1.1.Card mng NIC(Network Interface Card) Card mng _ NIC l mt thit b c cm vo trong my tnh cung cp cng kt ni vo mng.Card mng c coi l thit b hot ng lp 2 ca m hnh OSI. Mi card mng c cha mt a ch duy nht l a ch MAC- Media Access Control. Card mng iu khin vic kt ni ca my tnh vo cc phng tin truyn dn trn mng. Card thc hin cc chc nng quan trng: - iu khin lin kt lun l: lin lc vi cc lp trn trong my tnh. - Danh nh: cung cp mt danh nh l a ch ca MAC. - ng Frame: nh dng, ng gi cc bit truyn ti. - iu khin truy xut mi trng: cung cp truy xut c t chc chia s mi trng. -
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Bo hiu: to cc tn hiu v giao tip vi mi trng bng cch dng cc b thu pht tch hp sn. Card mng quyt nh phn ln cc c tnh ca LAN nh: - Kiu cp. - Topo. - Phng php truy nhp mng. - Tc truyn thng tin. Thit b host khng phi l mt phn ca bt c lp no ca m hnh OSI, chng hot ng ti tt c 7 lp ca m hnh OSI: kt ni vt l vi -
card mng vi cc lp OSI khc c thc hin bng phn mm bn trong host. 3.1.1.2. Repeater B lp: Repeater l mt thit b hot ng mc 1 ca m hnh OSI khuych i v nh thi li tn hiu. Thit b ny hot ng mc 1 (Physical. repeater khuych i v gi mi tn hiu m n nhn c t mt port ra tt c cc port cn li. Mc ch ca repeater l phc hi li cc tn hiu trn ng truyn m khng sa i g. 3.1.1.3. Hub:
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L mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca LAN, y l im kt ni dy trung tm ca mng, tt c cc trm trn mng LAN c kt ni thng qua hub. Mt hub thng thng c nhiu cng ni vi ngi s dng gn my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Mi cng h tr mt b kt ni dy xon 10 BASET t mi trm ca mng. Khi c tn hiu Ethernet c truyn t mt trm ti hub, n c lp I lp li trn khp cc cng ca hub. Cc hub thng minh c th nh dng, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi iu hnh mng t trung tm qun l hub. C ba loi hub: - Hub n (stand alone hub ). - Hub phn tng (stackable hub, c ti liu gi l hub sp xp ). - Hub modun (modular hub ) Modular hub rt ph bin cho cc h thng mng v n c th d dng m rng v lun c chc nng qun l, modular c t 4 n 14 khe cm, c th lp thm cc modun 10 BASET. Stackable hub l mt tng cho nhng c quan mun u t ti thiu ban u cho nhng k hoch pht trin LAN sau ny. Nu phn loi theo kh nng ta c 2 loi: - Hub b ng (Passive hub): Hub b ng khng cha nhng linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. - Hub ch ng (Active hub ): Hub ch ng c nhng linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qu trnh x l d liu c gi l tI sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm v li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi hub b ng. V c bn, trong mch Ethernet, hub hot ng nh mt repeater c nhiu cng.
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Dy cp ng trc si t (thick coax ) th gi l 10 BASET5 (Tc 10 Mbps, tn s c s, khong cp ti a 500m ). Dy cp ng trc si nh (thin coax ) gi l 10 BASET2 (Tc 10 Mbps, tn s c s, khong cp ti a 200m ). Dy cp xon khng v bc (twisted pair ) gi l 10 BASET (Tc 10 Mbps, tn s c s, s dng cp si xon ). Dy cp quang (Fiber Optic Inter- Repeater Link ) gi l FOIRL.
3.1.1.4.Lin mng (Iternetworking ) Vic kt ni cc LAN ring l thnh mt lin mng chung gi l Iternetworking. Iternetworking s dng 3 cng c chnh: bridge, router v switch. 3.1.1.5.Cu ni (bridge ): L mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau n c th c dng vi cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c truyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch truyn i nhng gi m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do.
A B C D E F
Bridge A B C D E F
Hnh 3-3: Hot ng ca cu ni.
thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca nI gi v nhn v da trn a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng gi v
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b sung bng a ch.Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng gi gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi huyn gi tin d i sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Datalink Datalink
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink
chuyn. -
Physic
nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta thng a ra khi nim: lc v vn Physic Physic Physic

Hnh 3-4: Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI.
Qua trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca Bridge. - Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/ giy trong th hin kh nng ca Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng kh. Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua.
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V d: Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring . Khi cu ni thc hin nt token ring v mt nt Enthernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token ring. Tuy nhien ch y cu ni khng th chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phait hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a ca cc gi tin trn mangh Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng Token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng bytes d s b cht b.
Ethernet
Bridge
Token ring
Hnh 3-5: Bridge bin dch.
Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau: - M rng mng hin nay khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi x l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc. - Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c cho php qua phn mng khc ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh.
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V d: Cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.
Ethernet Bridge Bridge
Token ring
Hnh 3-6 : Lin kt mng s dng 2 Bridge.
Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn c dy v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng ca Bridge. Bridge l thit b lin kt mng c dng gim bt cc min ng ln, tng bng thng cho mt host nh chia mng thnh nhng segment nh hn v gim s lng ti phi chuyn qua gia cc segment. Bridge tng lng ph trn mng 10-30% do mt thi gian a ra cc quyt nh.
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Bridge c khuynh hng lm vic tt nht vi nhng ni ti thp. Khi ti gia cc segment tr nn nng n, cc bridge c th tr nn tht c chai v truyn thng s chm li. Vi gi tin qung b th bridge lun lun phi chuyn chng v nu c qu nhiu cuc qung b din ra trn mng s gy ra cc time out, lm chm ti v mng hot ng km cht lng. 3.1.1.6.B dn ng (router ): Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng I tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni I t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhnthuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th I theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch. Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router ( Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n ) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l cc gi tin Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin no c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table ) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol dependent Routers ) v Router khng ph thuc giao thc (The protocol independent Routers) da vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router. Router c th ph thuc giao thc. Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Routers khng ph thuc vo giao thc c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang giao thc ca gi tin kia. Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng ).
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physic Network Datalink Physic Network Datalink Physic Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physic 34
Hnh 3-7: Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI
ngn chn vic mt mt d liu Router cn nhn bit c ng i no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc. Cc l do s dng Router: - Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. V thng c s dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua c ng day thu bao t tin do n khng truyng d liu ln ng truyn. - Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v t nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m bo hn. Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun phin chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c th c ci t c phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn. Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router : l phng thc m mt Router c th ni vi Router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin c. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc. - Phng thc vct khong cch: mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch ng ca ring mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng ch ng ca mnh/ - Phng thc trng thi tnh: Router ch truyn c thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay di trong mng v ch khi cc Router khc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn. Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router - RIP (Routing Information Protocol ) c pht trin bi Xerox Network system v s dng SPX/ IPX v TCP/ IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch. - NLSP (Netware Link Servise Protocol ) c pht trin bi Novell, dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi Router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc bng ch ng gim i. - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First ) l mt phn ca TCP/ IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt ng truyn thng
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OS - IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System ) l mt phn ca TCP/ IP vi nhng phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng 3.1.1.7.B chuyn mch (switch ): Chc nng chnh cua switch l cng mt lc duy tr nhiu cu ni gia cc thit b mng bng cch da vo mt loi ng truyn xng sng (backbone ) ni ti tc cao. Switch c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h tr ton b Ethernet LAN hoc Token Ring. B chuyn mch kt ni mt s LAN ring bit v cung cp kh nng lc gi d liu gia chng. Cc switch l loi thit b mng mi, nhiu ngi cho rng, n s tr nn ph bin nht v n l bc u tin trn con ng chuyn sang ch truyn khng ng b ATM. -
Hnh 3-8: M hnh b chuyn mch
3.1.2. H thng cp dng cho LAN: 3.1.2.1.Cp xon: y l loi cp gm 2 ng dy bng ng c xon vo nhau lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c 2 loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi (STP-Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP-Unshield Twisted Pair). Cp c bc kim loi (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc dng chng nhiu in t, c loi c mt i dy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i dy xon vo nhau. Cp khng bc kim loi (UTP) : tnh tng t nh STP nhng km hn v kh nng chng nhim t v suy hao v khng c v bc. STP v UTP c 2 loi (Category-Cat) thng dng:
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Loi 1 v 2 (Cat1 & Cat2) : thng ding cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc thp (nh hn 4Mb/s). Loi 3 (Cat3) : Tc truyn d liu khong 16Mb/s, n l chun hu ht cho cc mng in thoi. Loi 4 (Cat4) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s. Loi 5 (Cat5) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s. Loi 6 (Cat6) : Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s. y l loi cp r , d lp t tuy nhin n d b nh hng ca mi trng. 3.1.2.2. Cp ng trc: Cp ng trc c 2 ng dy dn v chng c cng 1 trc chung , 1 dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy dn trung tm ( dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhim t nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia 2 dy dn trn c 1 lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc ( nh cp xon i) do t b nh hng ca mI trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c th c kch thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s dng l cp ng trc mng v cp ng trc dy. ng knh cp ng trc mng l 0,25 inch v dy l 0,5 inch. C hai loi cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn. Hin nay c cp ng trc sau : RG -58,50 m: dng cho mng Ethernet RG - 59,75 m: dng cho truyn hnh cp Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10Mbps, cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus. 3.1.2.3. Cp si quang Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thu tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Cp si quang khng truyn dn c cc tin hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li chuyn i tr li thnh cc tn hiu in. Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, do ng knh li thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao v chi ph cao.
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Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng b pht hin v thu trn bng cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Nhc im ca cp quang l kh lp t v gi thanh cao, nhng nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny. Cc loi cp Cp ng trc mng Chi tit Bng ng, Bng ng, 2 co 4 cp dy dy, ng (loi 3,4,5) knh 5mm Chiu di 100m 185m on ti a S u ni ti a trn mt on Chy 10Mbps Chy 100 Mbps Chng nhiu Bo mt tin cy 2 c c Tt Trung bnh Tt 30 c c Tt Trung bnh Trung bnh Khng tt Kh Thp Cp xon cp Cp ng trc dy Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 10mm 500m Cp quang Thu tinh 2 si 1000m
100 c c Tt Trung bnh Kh Khng tt Kh Trung bnh
2 c c Tt Hon ton Kh Tt Trung bnh Cao
Khc phc li Tt Qun l D dng
Chi ph cho Rt thp mt trm Access
Hnh 3-9: Bng cc loi cp
3.2.Thit k mng LAN: Distribution 3.2.1. M hnh phn cp (Hierarchical models):
Core
38 Hnh 3-10: M hnh phn cp
Cu trc:
Lp li (Core Layer ): y l trc sng sng ca mng (backbone) thng dng cc b chuyn mch c tc cao(Hight- Speed Switching) thng c cc c tnh nh tin cy cao, cng sut d tha, kh nng t khc phc li, kh nng thch nghi cao, p ng nhanh, d qun l, kh nng lc gi, hay lc cc tin trnh trong mng. Lp phn tn(Distribution Layer): L danh gii gia lp truy nhp v lp li ca mng. Lp phn tn m bo chc nng nh m bo gi d liu n tng phn on, m bo an ninh an ton, on mng theo tng nhm cng tc, chia min Broadcast/multicast, nh tuyn gia cc LAN o (VLAN), chuyn mi trng chuyn dn, nh tuyn gia cc min, to bin gii gia cc min trong nh tuyn tnh v ng, thc hin cc b lc gi ( theo a ch theo s hiu cng), thc hin cc c ch m bo cht lng dch v QOS. Lp truy nhp (Access Layer): cung cp cc kh nng truy nhp cho ngi dng cc b hay t xa truy nhp vo mng. Thng c thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch (switch) trong mi trng campus, hay cng ngh WAN. - nh gi m hnh: Gi thnh thp. D ci t. D m rng. D c lp li. 3.2.2. M hnh an ninh an ton: An ton v bo mt lun l l do khin chng ta chn gii php lp t kiu mng da trn my phc v. Trong mi trng da trn my phc v, ch bo mt do ngi qun tr mng qun l, bng cch t ra cc chnh sch v p t cc chnh sch y cho tng ngi dng trn mng. Khi nim:
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Theo mi nh ngha rng th an ninh an ton mng dng ring, hay mng ni b l gi khng cho ai lm ci m mng ni b khng mun cho lm. Vy khi kt ni LAN phi trin khai c ch no thc hin yu cu an ninh an ton. Chng ta gi l an ninh an ton mng. Ti nguyn m chng ta mun bo v l g? L cc dinhcj v m mng ang trin khai L cc thng tin quan trng m mng ang lu gi, hay cn lu chuyn . L cc ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm m h thng mng c cung ng cho nhng ngi dng m n cho php. Nhn t mt kha cnh khc th vn an ninh an ton khi thc hin kt ni LAN cn c th hin qua tnh bo mt (confidentiality ), tnh ton vn (integrity) v tnh sn dng (availability) ca cc ta nguyn v phn cng, phn mm, d liu v cc dch v ca h thng mng. Vn an ninh - an ton cn th hin qua mi quan h gia ngi dng vi h thng mng v ti nguyn trn mng. Cc quan h ny c xc nh , c m bo qua cc phng thc xc thc (authentication ), xc nh c php (authorization ) dng v b t chi (repudiation ). Chng ta s xt chi tit: Tnh bo mt: Bo m ti nguyn mng khng b tip xc, b s dng bi ngi khng c thm quyn. Chng hn d liu truyn i trn mng c m bo khng b ly trm cn c m ho trc khi truyn. Cc ti nguyn u c ch v c bo v bng cc cng c v cc c ch an ninh an ton. Tnh ton vn: m bo khng c vic s dng, v sa i nu khng c cho php, v d nh ly hay sa i d liu, cng nh thay i cu hnh h thng bi nhng ngi khng c php hoc khng c quyn. Thng tin lu hay truyn trn mng v cc tp cu hnh h thng lun c m bo gi ton vn. Chng ch c s dng v c sa i bi nhng ngi ch ca n hay c cho php. Tnh sn dng: Ti nguyn trn mng lun c m bo khng th b chim gi bi ngi khng c quyn. Cc ti nguyn lun sn sng phc v nhng ngi c php s dng. Nhng ngi c quyn c th c dng bt c khi no. Thuc tnh ny rt quan trng, nht l trong cc dch v mng phc v cng cng (ngn hng, t vn, chnh ph in t,). Vic xc thc: Thc hin xc nh ngi dng c quyn dng mt ti nguyn no ng thng tin hay ti nguyn phn mm v phn cng trn mng. Vic xc thc thng kt hp vi s cho php, hay t chi phc v. Xc thc thng c dng l mt khu (password), hay
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cn cc ca ngi dng nh vn tay hay cc du hiu c dng. S cho php xc nh ngi dng c quyn thc hin mt hnh ng no nh c ghi mt tp (ly thng tin ), hay chy chng trnh (dng ti nguyn phn mm), truy nhp vo mt on mng (dng ti nguyn phn cng), gi hay nhn th in t, tra cu c s d liu, dch v mng Ngi dng thng phi qua giai on xc thc bng mt khu (password, RADIUS ) trc khi c php khai thc thng tin hay mt ti nguyn no trn mng.
Xy dng an ninh an ton mng khi kt ni LAN Cc bc xy dung: Xc nh cn bo v ci g? Xc nh bo v khi nhng loi tn cng no ? Xc nh nhng mi e do an ninh c th ? Xc nh cc cng c m bo an ninh ? Xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton. Thng kim tra cc bc trn, nng cp, cp nht v h thng khi c mt l hng an ninh - an ton c cnh bo. Mc ch ca vic xy dng m hnh an ninh an ton khi kt ni LAN l xy dng cc phng n trin khai vn an ninh an ton khi kt ni v a LAN vo hot ng. u tin mc ch v yu cu v vn an ninh an ton h thng ng dng phi c vch ra r rng. Chng hn mc tiu v yu cu an ninh an ton khi kt ni LAN cho cc c quan hnh chnh nh nc s khc vi vic kt ni LAN cho cc trng i hc. m hnh an ninh an ton phi ph hp vi cc chnh sch, nguyn tc v lut l hin hnh. phi gii quyt c vn lin quan n an ninh an ton mt cch ton ca. C ngha l phi m bo c v phng tin k thut v con ngi trin khai. Mt s cng c trin khai m hnh an ninh an ton H thng tng la 3 phn (three-part firewall System) - H thng tng la l g? Tng la l mt cng c phc v cho vic thc hin an ninh an ton mng t vong ngoi, nhim v ca n nh l h thng hn ro vong ngoi ca c s cn bo v. Khi kt ni hai hay nhiu phn t ca LAN nguy c mt an ninh ti cc im kt ni l rt ln, tng la l cng c c chn t ti cc im kt ni .
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Tng la trong ting Anh l Firewall, l ghp ca hai t fireproof v wall ngha l ngn khng cho la chy lan. Trong xy dung, tng la c thit k ngn khng cho la chy lan t phn ny ca to nh sang phn khc ca to nh khi c ho hon. Trong cng ngh mng, tng la c xy dng vi mc ch tng t, n ngn nga cc him ho t pha cng ng cc mng cng cng hay mng Internet, hay tn cng vo mt mng ni b (internal networt) ca mt cng ty, hay mt t chc khi mng ny kt ni qua mng cng cng, hay internet. - Chc nng ca h thng tng la: Tng la dt cng vo/ ra ca mng, kim sot vic truy cp vo ra ca mng ngn nga vi tn cng t pha ngoi vo mng ni b. Tng la phi kim tra, pht hin, d tm du vt tt c cc d liu i qua n lm c s cho cc quyt nh (cho php, loi b, xc thc, m ho, ghi nht k) kim sot cc dch v ca mng n bo v. m bo mc an ninh an ton cao, tng la phi c kh nng truy nhp, phn tch v s dng cc thng tin v truyn thng trong 7 tng v cc trng thi ca cc phin truyn thng v cc ng dng. Tng la cng phi c kh nng thao tc cc d liu bng cc php ton logic, s hc nhm thc hin cc yu cu v an ninh an ton. Tng la bao gm cc thnh phn: cc b lc hay sng lc.
Mng trong
B lc vo
Gateway B lc Cng vo/ ra ra
Mng ngoi
M hnh tng la Hnh 3-11: M hnh logic ca tng la
Tng la chnh l cng (gateway) vo/ ra ca mt mng ni b (mng trong), trn c t hai b lc vo/ra kim tra d liu vo/ra mng ni b. Xc nh v tr t tng la trong h thng mng hin i. Theo truyn thng th tng la c t ti v tr vo/ra mng ni b (mng c bo v) vi mng cng cng (mng ngoi), hay mng internet (khi kt ni vi internet).
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Ngy nay trong mt t chc khi kt ni LAN c th ni mng khc nhau, v do yu cu an ninh an ton ca on mng khc nhau. Khi tng la s c t v tr vo/ ra ca on mng cn bo v. D liu vo/ra mng ni b vi mng ngoi u i qua tng la, do tng la, do tng la c th kim sot v m bo d liu no l c th c chp nhn (acceptable) cho php vo/ra mng ni b. V mt logic th tng la l im tht (choke point). C ch ny bt buc nhng k tn cng t pha ngoi H thng tng la chia thnh ba phn (Three- Part Fire Wall System) c bit quan trng tring thit k WAN. y chng ti ch nu mt s kha cnh chung nht cu trc ca m hnh trong thit k mng LAN.
Hidden Corporate Systems
Bastion Hosts
Advertise Route to Isolation LAN Only
Internet Inside Filter Outside Filter
Hnh 3-12 : M hnh t-ng la 3 phn
- LAN c lp lm vng m gia mng cng tc vi mng bn ngoi (LAN c lp c gi l khu phi qun s hay vng DMZ). - Thit b nh tuyn trong c ci t b lc gi c t gia DMZ v mng cng tc. - Thit b nh tuyn ngoi c ci t b lc gi c t gia DMZ v mng ngoi. 3.2.3. Cc bc thit k: 3.2.3.1. Phn tch yu cu s dng: - Xc nh muc tiu s dng LAN: ai s dng LAN v yu cu dung lng trao i d liu loi hnh dch v , thi gian p ng, yu cu pht trin ca LAN trong tng lai, xc nh ch s hu v qun tr LAN.
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Xc nh s lng nt mng hin thi v tng lai (rt ln trn 1000 nt, va trn 100 nt v nh di 10 nt ). Trn c s s ln nt mng, chng ta c phng thc phn cp, chn k thut chuyn mch, v chn k thut chuyn mch. - Da vo m hnh phng ban phn on vt l m bo hai yu cu an ninh v m bo cht lng dch v. - Da vo m hnh TOPO la chn cng ngh i cp. - D bo cc yu cu m rng. 3.2.3.2.La chn cc thit b phn cng: Da trn cc phn tch yu cu v kinh ph d kin cho ic trin khai, chng ta s la chn nh cung cp thit b ln nht nh l Cisco, Nortel, 3COM, Intel Cc cng ngh tin tin nht ph hp vi iu kin VIt Nam (kinh t v k thut ) hin c trn th trng, v s c trong tng lai gn. Cc cng ngh c kh nng m rng. Phn cng chia lm 3 phn: h tng kt ni (h thng cp ), cc thit b ni (hub, switch, bridge, router ), cc thit b x l (cc loi server, cc loi my in, cc thit b lu tr) 3.2.3.3.La chn phn mm: - La chn h iu hnh Unix (AIX, OSP, HP, Solais, ), Linux, Windows da trn yu cu v x l s lng giao dch, p ng giao dch, p ng thi gian thc, kinh ph, an ninh an ton. - La chn cc cng c pht trin ng dng phn mm nh cc phn mm qun tr c s d liu (Oracle, Informix, SQL, Lotusnote,) cc phn mm portal nh Websphere, - La chn cc phn mm mng nh th in t (Sendmail, PostOffice, Netscape, ), Webserver (Apache, IIS,). - La chn cc phn mm m bo an ninh an ton mng nh phn mm tng la (PIX, Checkpoint, Netfilter,), phn mm chng virut (VirutWall, NAV,) phn mm chng t nhp v phn mm qut l hng an ninh trn mng. - La chn cc phn mm qun l v qun tr mng. 3.2.3.4. Cng c qun tr: Cc cng c qun tr c th c ci t trn my ch hoc ci t trn my trm (Ci t Administrative Tools). Cc cng c qun tr c th khng xut hin trong cc nhm cng c qun tr. bao gm nhng cng c thng dng v nhng cng c nng cao sau: Component Services. Computer Management. Data Source (ODBC). -
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Distributed File System. Event Viewer. Internet Services Manager. Licensing. Local Security Pollcy. Performance. Routing And Remote Access. Server Extention Adminstrator. Services. Telnet Servser Adminstrator. Active Directory User And Computer. Active Directory Sites And Services. 3.2.4.Xy dng mng LAN quy m mt to nh: Xy dng LAN trong to nh iu hnh , phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v ging dy. 3.2.4.1. H thng mng bao gm: H thng cc thit b chuyn mch (switch,switch c chc nng nh tuyn laver 3 switch ) cung cp nn tng mng cho cc my tnh c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Do ton b phn mng xy dng tp trong 1 to nh nn h thng cp truyn dn s s dng bao gm cc cp ng tiu chun UTP CAT5 v cp quang a mode. Cng ngh mng cc b s s dng l Ethernet/ fastEthernet/ GigabitEthernet tng ng tc 10/100/100 Mbps chy trn cp UTP hoc cp quang. - Cc my ch dch v nh `c s d liu qun l, ging dy, truyn thng - Cc my tnh phc v cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc : Cung cp cc thng tin cho sinh vin, gio vin, v cung cp cng c lm vic cho cc b ging dy, cc b mn, khoa. - Cc my tnh phc v ring cho cng tc qun l hnh chnh nhm thc hin mc tiu tin hc ho qun l hnh chnh. 3.2.4.2: Phn tch yu cu: - Mng my tnh l mng LAN Campus Network c bng thng rng khai thc hiu qu cc ng dng, c s d liu c trng ca t chc cng nh p ng cc kh nng chy cc ng dng a phng tin ( hnh nh, m thanh,) phc v cho cng tc ging dy t xa - Mng xy dng da trn nn tng cng ngh truyn dn tc cao Ethernet/ fastEthernet/ GigabitEthernet v h thng cp mng xon UTP CAT 5 v cp quang a mode.
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Mng cn c n nh cao v kh nng d phng m bo cht lng cho vic truy cp cc d liu quan trng cng nh o to t xa. H thng cc mng phi c kh nng d phng 1:1 cho cc kt ni Switch switch cng nh m bo kh nng sa cha cch ly s c d dng. - Mng c kh nng cung cp vic ging dy t xa trong phm vi t chc nn cc ng dng phi p ng thi gian thc. - H thng cp mng cn c thit k m bo p ng cc yu cu v kt ni tc cao v kh nng d phng cng nh m rng ln cc cng ngh mi. - Mng cn m bo an ninh an ton cho ton b thit b ni b trc cc truy nhp tri php mng ngoi cng nh t cc truy nhp gin tip c mc ch ph hoi nn cn c tng la. - LAN ny c cu thnh bi cc Switch chuyn mch tc cao hn ch ti thiu xung t d liu truyn ti ( non Blocking) cc switch c kh nng to cc LAN o phn on mng thnh cc phn on nh hn cho tng phng ban. - Vic phn chia cc phn mng LAN o cho php cc phng ban t chc c cc phn mng my tnh c lp tin cho vic pht trin cc ng dng ni b cng nh tng cng tnh bo mt gia cc phn mng my tnh ca cc phng ban khc nhau. - Mng m bo kh nng nh tuyn trao i thng tin gia cc phn mng LAN o khc nhau cho php cc phn mng khc nhau c th kt ni n nhau thng qua mi trng mng dng chung. 3.2.4.3. Thit k h thng : H thng chuyn mch v nh tuyn trung tm cho LAN - H thng chuyn mch chnh bao gm cc Switch c kh nng x l tc cao c c cu phn thnh 2 lp l lp phn tn ( distribution) v lp cung cp truy nhp (access) cho cc u cui my tnh. Switch truy cp lm nhim v cung cp cng truy nhp cho cc u cui my tnh v tch hp cng truy cp vi mt cao. Cc kt ni gia switch truy cp v switch phn phi l cc kt ni truyn ti d liu qua li cho cc LAN o nn c tc cao 100/100 Mbps. Cc switch truy cp cung cp cc cng truy cp cho my tnh mng c tc thp hn nn cn c cng 10/100 Mbps. - H thng Switch phn phi theo cu hnh chun s bao gm 2 switch c cu hnh mnh p ng c yu cu chuyn mch d liu tc cao v tp trung lu lng n ti cc access switch. Cu hnh 2 switch phn phi cho php mng li c d phng cao ( d phng nng 1:1) tuy nhin trong trng hp quy m mng ban
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u khng ln v chi ph hn ch vn c th trin khai mng vi mt mng switch phn phi dp ng c yu cu hot ng. H thng cc Switch truy cp cung cp cc my tnh ng kt ni vo mng d liu. Do phn ln cc giao tip mng cho cc my tnh u cui cng nh server hin ti c bng thng 10/100 Mbps nn cc switch truy cp cng s dng cng ngh 10/100 base TX Fast Ethernet v p ng mc tiu cung cp s lng cng truy nhp ln cho php m rng s lng ngi truy cp v mng. Cc ng kt ni gia switch truy cp v switch phn phi c goi l cung cp kt ni ln (up Link) .
Mng my ch ni b
Switch phn tn layer 3 Chc nng layer 3
My ch c s d liu
My ch qu ly
Chc nng layer 2

Switch truy cp Switch truy cp
My trm
My trm
My trm
My trm
My trm
My trm
My trm
My trm
My trm My trm
My trm
Mng LAN mi trong to nh
My trm
Kt ni 100Mbps Kt ni 10Mbps
Hnh 3-13: M hnh thit k 47
PHN 2 1. THIT K MNG Yu cu thit k: Thc hin xy dng mt h thng mng ni b trong phm vi mt to nh 1 tng c 100 nt mng c b tr cc thit b (Cc t phn phi, cc thit b mng, cc my tnh v my H thng mng c thit k theo TOPO hnh sao hai mc, gm cc Switch 100/1000 Mbps t ti trung tm mng (mc 1), cc switch 10/100 Mbps b tr to phn khu lm vic, cc tng (mc 2) chi tit xem ph lc.
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H thng my ch phc v c t ti trung tm mng gm c 1 my ch mail phc v vic gi / nhn th in t, my phc v ( Gateway,Proxy, DHCP), my ch phc v nh mt trung tm d liu v cung cp cc cng c cho vic qun tr h thng. - H thng cp truyn dn cn oc m bo v yu cu kt ni tc cao, kh nng d phng hn ch thp nht nhng s c xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ngoi ra p ng c kh nng m rng mng trong tng lai. 2. Phn tch, thit k h thng. S PATCHPANEL 24 PORT STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Port/ Patchpanel 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13 1/14 1/15 1/16 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/1 K hiu Outlet 105.1.1 105.1.2 105.1.3 105.1.4 105.1.5 105.1.6 105.1.7 105.1.8 105.1.9 105.1.10 105.1.11 105.1.12 105.1.13 105.1.14 105.1.15 105.1.16 104.1.1 104.1.2 104.1.3 103.1.1 103.1.2 103.1.3 103.1.4 103.1.5 103.1.6 103.1.7 103.1.8 103.1.9 103.1.10 103.1.11 102.1.1 S Phng 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 107 107 106 106 106 106 104 104 104 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 101 -
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32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13 1/14 1/15 102.1.2 102.1.3 102.1.4 102.1.5 102.1.6 102.1.7 102.1.8 102.1.9 102.1.10 102.1.11 102.1.12 102.1.13 102.1.14 102.1.15 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102
Theo s thit k. y l m hnh sao m rng hai mc: Mc 1: H thng cp xon UTP CAT 5 c ni n Phng mng trung tm gm c cc Switch 100/1000 Mbps , cc my ch. Mc 2: H thng cp xon UTP CAT5 c ni t cc u cui backbond n cc my tnh ca ngi dung. Hin nay cp xon UTP CAT5 rt thng dng, c s dng nhiu trong cc m hnh mng v gi thnh lp t r, d i dy, d qun l. Trong s t cc phng : kinh doanh, phng gim c, phng hnh chnh tng hp c kt ni chung vo mt Switch 10/100 Mbps t ti phng 105. Phng k ton, phng d n c ni chung vo mt Switch t ti phng 102.Ring phng k thut t ring mt Switch 10/100 Mbps ti phng 103 Mt Switch 100/1000 Mbps t ti trung tm mng(Phng mng- 104), c ba Switch 10/100 Mbps c ni vi Switch trung tm. Mi phng trong Cng ty c lp t thm mt my In SamSung Laser Printer 1740 (A4,600dpi, 17ppm,8MB), mt my qut Epson Scanner Perfection 1270 (A4; 1200dpi; 48 bit color; Scan& Copy; USB Port). Cc Outlet c gn trn tng cch sn nh 30 cm, trn cc outlet chng ti nh du k hiu: a.b.c. Trong : a: phng t thit b Switch, b: v tr my c t trn backbond s b; c: s cng trn backbond. H thng cc switch truy cp cung cp cho cc my tnh ng kt ni vo mng d liu. Do phn ln cc giao tip mng cho my tnh u cui cng nh server hin nay c bng thng 10/100Mbps nn chng ti s dng cc switch truy cp cng s dng cng ngh 10/100 Base TX FastEthernet v p ng mc tiu cung cp s lng cng truy nhp ln cho php m rng s lng ngi truy cp mng cho tng lai.
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V yu cu lp t l m hnh mng hai mc nn trong qu trnh lp t v i dy em cn trng ba cng trn Switch trung tm m bo c th m rng mng trong tng lai. Mng cn c n nh cao v kh nng d phng m bo cho vic truy cp cc ng dng d liu quan trng cng nh qun l nn chng ti phi s dng h thng cp mng c kh nng d phng 1:1 cho cc kt ni switch- switch cng nh m bo kh nng sa cha, cch ly s c d dng. 2.1. H thng chuyn mch Theo s thit k (tham kho bn v phn ph lc). H thng mng gm c 1 Switch 100/1000Mbps 24 port c dt ti phng mng trung tm, cc Switch truy cp c t ti cc phn khu lm vic v cc tng. Cc Switch truy cp c kt ni vi Switch trung tm qua cng Uplink 2.2. H thng cp Ton b h thng mng 7c b tr trong mt ta nh nn h thng cp truyn dn nn ch s dng cp ng xon loi UTP CAT5 c b tr i ni cch chn tng 30 cm t cc Switch truy cp n cc v tr t my tnh.Cng ngh mng cc b LAN s c dng l Erthernet/ Fast Ethernet tng ng vi tc 10/100 Mbps. C hai h thng cp chnh. H thng cp backbond kt ni cc Switch truy cp n h thng Switch trung tm v h thng cp UTP kt ni t cc Packpanel ti cc u cui backbond n cc outlet c. T phn phi v cc Outlet d. H thng ngun cung cp v cc thit b d phng. e. H iu hnh mng v cc phn mm lin quan 3. Ci t, cu hnh h thng 3.1. Ci t cc dch v cho Server: Cu hnh ca my Server: my tnh cu hnh tng i cao, ti thiu phi l cu hnh ti thiu 1GHz Pentium III, 512MB RAM, 80GB Hard Drive Ci t mt trong cc h iu hnh Windows , Macintosh, Linux, Unix. Ci t ti thiu mt Web Server, gm: IIS, Apache, JRun... Mt hoc nhiu kt ni ADSL v quan trng modem / router ADSL phi c chc nng to my ch o Virtual Server. 3.2. Thit lp cu hnh TCP/IP cho cc my trm: Theo s thit k trn, h thng mng c 100 nt mng nn ta s s dng lp C t a ch IP cho cc my trm. a ch lp C:
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N N 24 BIT N H
Vi a ch IP lp C : 192.168.0.*/24 tng ng vi 28 = (256 -2) my. Thit lp t a ch IP cho cc my trong LOCAL khi s dng tnh nng ny Internet sharing t ng gn IP my ch l 192.168.0.1 IP ng Win 2k Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network and Dial- up Connections. Click chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties. Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) Click chn Obtain DNS Server Address Automatical (Xem hnh 0-8) -> OK
Hnh 3-1 Win XP Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network and Dial- up Connections. Click chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties. Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) Click chn Obtain DNS Server Address Automatically (Xem hnh 0-9) -> OK
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Hnh 3-2 IP tnh Win 2k: Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network and Dial up Connections. Click chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties. Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/IP ) Sau nhp cc a ch ln lt cho IP address, Gateway, DNS nh sau (Xem hnh 0-10)
Hnh 3-3 Win XP: Start -> Setting -> Control Panel -> Network Connections Nhp chut phi vo Local Area Connection chn Properties Nhp kp chut vo Internet Protocol (TCP/IP Sau nhp cc a ch ln lt cho IP address, Gateway, DNS nh sau ( Xem hnh 0-11) IP address: 192.168.0.x (gi tr X khc 1)
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Gateway: 192.168.0.1 (IP my ch) DNS: 192.168.0.1 (IP my ch)
Hnh 3-4 Thit lp bt tnh nng Internet connection sharing ti my ch Win 2K To kt ni (Xem to kt ni) Nhp chut phi vo biu tng kt ni -> Properties nh du chn Enable Internet Connect sharing (Xem hnh 0-12)
Hnh 3-5 Win XP To kt ni (Xem cch to kt ni) Nhp chut phi vo biu tng kt ni -> Properties nh du chn Allow other network(Xem hnh 0-13)
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Hnh 3-6 Ch : Trng hp bn c nhiu kt ni, v d: VNN1260- VNN1269-FPT th Internet connection sharing ch bt cho duy nhp mt kt ni m thi, nu bn chn tnh nng ny cho kt ni khc th bn phi chn li. 3.3. Thc hin kim tra hot ng ca mng: T chc IEEE v TIA/EIA xy dng cc chun cho php bn kim tra th xem mng c hot ng mc c th chp nhn c hay khng.Nu mng qua c cc kim tra th ny v c chp nhn tha mn cc tiu chun thit lp. Gi tr c s ny l mt ghi nhn im bt u ca mng hay nng lc hot ng c lp t mi. Cn bit rng s o c s l quan trng. Cng vic kim tra th khng kt thc ch v ci t mng c tha nhn l ph hp vi cc tiu chun. Ta tip tc kim tra mng thng xuyn m bo phm cht ca mng lun t mc nh. Ta c th lm vic ny bng cch so snh cc s o hin hnh vi cc gi tr ghi khi h thng c xem l hot ng tt. Nu c thay i ng k so vi cc gi th c s, iu ny ch ra rng c ci g khng n i vi mng. Lp li kim tra th vi mng, v so snh da trn cc s o c s, s gip bn pht hin ra cc vn mng c bit c th do s lo ha, thc t bo tr ti, thi tit v cc yu t khc. 3.3.1. Qu trnh kim tra dng m hnh OSI: Tng quan v qu trnh kim tra th
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Presentation Application Sesstion Transport Network Data Link Physical Telnet
Ping Trace Show ip route Show interface
Hnh 0-14: Cc s c thng xy ra trn cc mng IP l kt qu ca cc li trong lc nh a ch. iu quan trng l kim tra cu hnh a ch ca bn trc khi tip tc cc bc cu hnh tip theo. Vic kim tra c bn mt mng nn thc hin theo th t tng lp ca m hnh tham chiu OSI n lp k tip. Mi kim tra c trnh by trong phn ny s tp trung trn cc hot ng mng ti mt lp c ch nh trong m hnh OSI. Nh trnh by trn hinh 0-14 cc lnh telnet, ping, trace, show ip router, show interfaces v debug l cc lnh cho php ta kim tra mng. 3.3.2. Kim tra lp mng vi lnh ping Nh mt cng c tr gip chun on cu ni mng cn bn, nhiu giao thc mng h tr mt giao thc phn hi (echo). Cc giao thc phn hi c dng kim tra cc gi giao thc c ang c nh tuyn khng. Lnh ping gi mt gi n host ch v i gi phc p t host ch ny. Kt qu t giao thc phn hi gip nh gi v tin cy ca ng dn ti host (path to host), thi gian tr trn ng dn, host c c tip cn hay khng hoc ang thc hin chc nng. Kim tra s lin thng gia cc my: Ping <a ch IP/ hostname ca my cn kim tra > Start -> Run -> nh cmd (Windows 2k), command (Windows 2003)
3.3.3. Kim tra cc thng s cu hnh mng: Cch vo kim tra h thng mng: Start-> Run -> CMD ->OK
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Lnh: IPConfig C php: ipconfig/all Cng dng: Kim tra a ch cu hnh ca my hin thi, nu my dng dch v DHCP th a ch IP khng c nh sau mi ln khi ng my tnh.
Lnh: Nslookup C php: Nslookup Cng dng: Kim tra dch v DNS, sau khi nh lnh ny my yu cu nhp a ch IP ca my cn tm tn hoc nhp tn my phn gii a ch IP. Nhp lnh Exit thot.
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KT LUN Trong thi gian nghin cu v vn dng nhng kin thc c trang b nh trng v cc lnh vc khc.EM xy dng h thng mng ni b cho mt to nh 1 tng c 100 nt mng, c thit k theo TOPO hnh sao hai mc. H thng my ch t ti trung tm mng v cung cp cc cng c cho vic qun tr h thng. H thng cp truyn dn m bo kt ni tc cao, hn ch mc thp nht nhng s c xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh ngoi ra p ng c kh nng m rng trong tng lai. Trong n ny,em a ra mt s khi nin c bn cc khi nim v h thng mng thng dng nht hin nay. Trong qu trnh thc hin n, em nhn c s gip tn tnh ca thy gio Nguyn khc kim gip em hon thnh tt n tt nghip ny.V thi gian lm n hn hp, kinh nghim thc t cha nhiu nn n khng trnh khi nhng sai st, rt mong s gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn.
EM XIN CHN THNH CM N.
Ngi thc hin n. Nguyn mnh linh B
58
HNG PHT TRIN

Mng LAN hin nay c s dng mt cch rng ri v ph bin ti cc c quan, x nghip. Bn cnh cc loi hnh kt ni mng tuyn thng dng dy cp hu tuyn, kt ni mng khng dy(Wireless) tr thnh xu th mi trong s pht trin ca Cng ngh thng tin. u im ln nht ca mng khng dy l cho php ngi s dng c th truy cp bt k lc no v bt c ni u Thit lp mng khng dy khng tn km thi gian, cng sc v khng phc tp nh cc h thng mng truyn thng khc. Ngoi ra hot ng ca mng n nh,ci t n gin, gi c phi chng l nhng yu t c trng th hin s pht trin vt bc ca mng khng dy. T nhng u im vt tri ca mng ca mng ny, chc chn trong tung lai gn mng LAN khng dy s c a vo s dng mt cch rng ri ti cc c quan, x nghip. Chnh v vy mng khng dy s l i tng em nghin cu trong thi gian ti.
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TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Internetworking Design Basics, Copyright Cisco Press 2003. [2]. Internetwork Design Guide, Copyright Cisco Press 2003. [3]. ISP Network Design. IBM. [4]. LAN Design Manual. BICSI. [5]. Mng cn bn - NXB thng k. [6]. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m - Nguyn Thc Hi [7]. Mng my tnh . Nguyn Gia Hiu. [8]. Gio trnh : Thit k v xy dng mng LAN v WAN (Chng trnh tng th ci cch hnh chnh ca CP giai on2001-2010).
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PHN PH LC 1. Ph lc1. 1.1. Phng php bm dy nmng RJ- 45. Cp mng RJ 45 c tm dy, chia lm bn cp, mi cp hai dy xon li vi nhau ( nhm chng nhiu ).
So snh cp mng ( tri) v cp in thoi. bm dy chy vi tc 10/100 Mbps, chng ta ch dng 2 cp dy ( mt cp truyn, mt cp nhn). i vi mng tc 100 Mbps vi ch Full Duplex ( truyn v nhn ng thi ), cn dng tt c 4 cp. V tt c cc cp dy u hon ton ging nhau ( truyn /nhn). Tuyt i khng s dng 1 dy cp ny + 1 dy cp khc dng cng mt chc nng. Dng sai nh vy hai dy truyn nhn s gy nhiu ln nhau, mng vn chy c, nhng khng t c tc nh 10/100 Mbps. Hn na, kinh nghim cho thy lm vy s b lc tn hiu truyn khi on dy qu 30 mt, nhng thc t, n ch c th truyn tt trong phm vi di 85 mt. di ngn nht cho php l 0,25 mt v b mt k thut, cc vng xon ca cc cp dy to nn mt in tr, khi gi tr in tr ny gim xung di mc cho php ( dy ngn hn 0,25cm) th cc mch in ca card mng s khng phn bit c tn hiu truyn ti qua dy. Bm dy 10/100 Mbps, bn ch cn 2 cp, 2 cp cn li bn phi b ra hoc sp t chng theo quy cch bm dy mng 100Mbps Full Duplex. Trn thc t nu bn sp t lon x 2 cp d ny c th lm cho card mng b ic hoc b cm nh hn, v card mng khng th nhn bit chnh xc l n c th dng tc na cho loi dy ny ( c vi loi card xn cng b trng hp ny). Hin nay tt c cc loi card mng u h tr tc 10/100Mbps (c loi ch h tr 100Mbps m khng h tr 10Mbps Bn cn ch
khng mua nhm).Mi qua Hub hay trc tip PC PC u c th t tc 100Mbps.
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C p ni trc tip 2 my PC vi nhau:
. S bm cp thng ni PC qua Hub. Cp 1 Cp 2 u 12 3-6 1 u 2 36 12 45 7-8
Cp 3 4-5
Cp 4 7-8
Cp ni PC qua Hub
S bm cp cho ni PC qua PC. Cp 1 Cp 2 Cp 3 12 3-6 4-5
Cp 4 7-8
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1 u2 12 3-6 4-5 7-8
Cp- cn chc chn l cp CAT 5, tt nht l ta nn chn cp StraightThrough cha c u ni, khi ta ch cn thay i th t ca u ni bn kia. Connectos (u u ni)- Cc cp u cho c u ni tun theo chun CAT 5 RJ- 45 (Registered Jack), RJ-45 tng t nh u cui dy in thoi (tuy nhin, dy in thoi ch c 4 dy nh). Ta cng cn kim tra cc u cui m ta mun u ni c theo chun CAT5 khng. Do cng c cc loi Jack khc s dng cho cc loi cp khc (v d cp ng trc). Crimper- Dng c bm Stripper- Dng c tut dy, tt nhin ta c th s dng dao thay th. Tt nhin khi s dng cn cn thn u dy c tut p v khng b hng khi cho vo gic cm. Cutters- Ta cn c mt cp km cho php ta ct c mt s cp theo mt ng thng. y l nhim c quan trng do chng ta cn m bo cc dy trong si cp c chiu di bng nhau.
Thc hin lp t RJ-45: Nh vy chng ta chun b c cc cng vic cn thit trc khi lm dy cp u cho. u tin, ta ct mt giai on dy cp thch hp vi cch m chng ta cn, tt nhin khng th di qu. Bc 1: Co v ca dy cp mt on khong 5cm mi u cui cp, cn ch y khi khng ct vo si cp nh bn trong, nu c ta cn thc hin li bc ny.
63
Bc 2: Tri dy cp, cn cm thn sao cho cc dy khng b tch ri nhau ra
Bc 3: Mi vic tr nn kh d dng, ta cn quyt nh cc u cp no cn c to. Nu ta lm t u th cn c hai u gic. Nu ta s dng cp c to sn (Straight Through) th ch cn mt u gic. Hnh di y ch cho ta bit th t cc dy trong cp vi tng u cp.
Ta tch tng si i trong cp, ch khng tch n phn nha, sp xp chng theo th t tng u cp theo hnh v, dng km ct dy, yu cu phn dy lad 1,2 cm v vt ct cn thng.
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Bc 4: y cc u dy vo gic theo ng th t, nh hnh v
Bc 5: Dng km bm c nh gic.
Kim tra xem cp c to thnh cng cha, trn hnh v di y cho ta hai trng hp cp tt v cp cha t yu cu (rt d b hng phn tip xc).
65
Kt lun: Nh vy ta to thnh cng cp u cho CAT 5 thng dng. By gi vi hai my tnh c card mng (c gi thnh r ch khong 10 USD) ta c th to thnh mt mng hai my tnh dng cp u cho vi di cp cho php ti 100m. Ngoi ra, vi nguyn l nh trn ta c th to ra cp u cho cho nhiu chun cp khc nhau ( v d nh cp CAT 1, CAT 3, E1, T1theo cc chun gic RJ 48, RS 232,). 1.2. Phng php lp t Outlet cho cc nt mng: Cc Outlet c gn trn tng cch nn nh 30 cm. Trn cc Outlet ta s nh du v tr cc nt mng, backbon v switch c t ti v tr xc nh d qun l, sa cha v xc nh h hng mt cch d dng.
Tng
Outlet
30 cm
2. Ph lc 2: Hng dn cu hnh cp pht a ch ng DHCP: 2.1. Ci t: Cc my khch s nhn i ch IP mt cch t ng t dch v cp pht a ch ng DHCP. Dch v ny ci t trn my ch nh sau:
66
Start/ control pannel / Add or remove programs.
Hp thoi NetWork Services xut hin. a hp sng n mc Network Service v nhn nt Details lm xut hin ca s Network Servies.
67
Trong ca s Network Services nh du chn mc Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) v nhn OK.
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Tr li hp thoi Network Services chn Next tip tc.
Windows s cu hnh v ci t cc thnh phn ca dch v DHCP. Trong qu trnh ci t Windows i hi phi Insert a CD Windows Server 2003.
n khi hp thoi Completing The Windows Components Wizard, chn Finish hon tt.
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2.2. Cu hnh DHCP: T menu Start / Administrator tool/ DHCP.Ca s DHCP xut hin.
Trong ca s DHCP. Chn menu Action/ New Scope.
Hp thoi New Scope Wizard xut hin chn Next tip tc.
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3. Ph lc 3. Hng dn cu hnh chia s kt ni Internet v chia s my in Khi kt ni Internet v s dng mng LAN cho c quan, x nghip, th tt c cc my tnh trong c quan, x nghip u c th truy cp Internet v khai thc s dng d liu ca cc my khc. S dng cu hnh chia s kt ni Internet v chia s my in cng l mt trong nhng tin ch ca mng LAN. Ti mt phng lm vic c nhiu my tnh, ch cn mt my in, my in c th nhn, c v in d liu ca cc my trong phng. Nh vy s gim dc chi ph thu mua thit b v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Ci t my in: c th ci t c my in ta lm theo cc bc sau: B1: Start -> Printers and Faxes
Ca s Printers xut hin. Ta chn Add a printer
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Hp thoi Add printer Wizard xut hin. Nhn Next tip tc.
Hp thoi Lacal or Network Printer xut hin, ta chn mc : Local printer attached to this computer. Tch vo Automatically detect Nhn Next tip tc.
Hp thoi New Printer Detection xut hin. My t ng tm.
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Nhn Next tip tc
Hp thoi Select a Printer Port xut hin. Ta chn mc : Use the following port. Nhn Next tip tc.
Hp thoi Intall Printer Software xut hin. Ta chn loi my in cn ci t. Nhn Next tip tc.
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Hp thoi Use Existing Driver xut hin. Ta chn mc Keep existing driver (recommended) . Nhn Next tip tc.
Hp thoi Name Your Printer xut hin . Chn Yes. Nhn Next tip tc.
Hp thoi Printer Sharing. Chn mc: Share name ri nhp tn my in vo. Nhn Next tip tc.
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Hp thoi Location and Comment xut hin. Nhn Next tip tc.
Hp thoi Print Test Page xut hin. My hi c in th kim tra hay khng ,ta c th chn Yes hoc No. Nhn Next tip tc.
Nhn Finish kt thc ci t.
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Đề tài &#39; Tìm hiểu thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp &#39;thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp &#39;

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Đề tài &#39; Tìm hiểu thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp &#39;thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp &#39;

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Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Gio vin hng dn H tn sinh vin

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Cc t ting Anh vit tt trong n

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 1-1: M hnh mng cn bn.

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 1-2. Mng chuyn mch knh

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 1-3. Cu trc mng sao

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 1-4. Cu hnh mng vng

Hnh1-5. Cu trc mng hnh tuyn

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 2-1:M hnh OSI by tng

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Presentation Session Transport Network

Presentation Session Transport Network

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

User Data TCP

Application data TCP segment IP

Ethernet frame 46 to 1500 bytes

Hnh 2-4:Qu trnh ng / m gi d liu trong TCP/IP

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh2-5: Cu trc d liu trong TCP/IP

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

1 Version IHL 2 Words

Total Length Flags Fragment Offset Header

Source Address Destination Address Options Data begins here Padding

Hnh 2-6: Khun dng d liu trong OSI

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 2-7: Phn lp a ch IPv4

Lp D (1110) dung gi gi tin IP n mt nhm cc trm trn mng (cn gi l lp a ch multicast).

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh2-9 : Chia mng con

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

0 Source Port Length

Bits 16 Destination Port Checksum

Data begins here

Hnh 2-10: Khun dng UDP datagram

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 3-3: Hot ng ca cu ni.

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Datalink Datalink

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink

nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta thng a ra khi nim: lc v vn Physic Physic Physic

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Hnh 3-5: Bridge bin dch.

Tm hiu thit k v xy dng mng LAN trong c quan x nghip

Đề tài ' Tìm hiểu thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp 'thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp '

Đề tài ' Tìm hiểu thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp 'thiết kế và xây dựng mạng Lan trong cơ quan xí nghiệp '