ExamplesofUsingDirectQuotes, Paraphrasing,andSummarizing

Wordforwordquotation(directquote):
Definition:Usinganauthorslanguagewordforword(verbatim) Waystoavoidplagiarism: Usequotationmarksaroundtheauthorswords. Useasignaloridentifyingphrasethattellswhoandwhatyouarequoting. Addanintext(parenthetical)referenceattheendofthepassage. Includeacitationattheendofyourpaper(WorksCited). MLAExample: RodriguezandBellancaobserve,Insomeurbanclassrooms,childrenarrive withoutanynotionofsharingbehavior.Iftheyhavegrownupasstreetsurvivors, withoutstrongearlymediationforsharing,theymaycometoschoolreadytodo battletothedeath(135). Or Insomeurbanclassrooms,childrenarrivewithoutanynotionofsharing behavior.Iftheyhavegrownupasstreetsurvivors,withoutstrongearly mediationforsharing,theymaycometoschoolreadytodobattletothedeath (RodriguezandBellanca135). IncludeonyourWorksCitedpage: Rodriguez,EleanorRenee,andJamesBellanca.WhatIsItAboutMeYouCant nd Teach?:AnInstructionalGuidefortheUrbanEducator.2 ed.ThousandOaks,CA: Corwin,2007.

Paraphrasing:
Definition:Puttinganauthorsideasinyourownwords Waystoavoidplagiarism: Useasignaloridentifyingphrasethattellswhoandwhatyouareparaphrasing Usethesameideasasintheoriginaltext Useyourownwordswhenphrasing.Inmostcases,avoidusinganyofthesame wordingthattheauthorusedunlessyouputakeyterminquotationmarks. Addanintext(parenthetical)referenceattheendoftheparaphrase. Includeacitationattheendofyourpaper(WorksCited). MLAExample: Originalpassage: AnnieOakley'slifespannedyearsoftremendouschangeforAmericanwomen.Bythe timeofherdeathin1926,Americanswerecelebratingtheliberated,urbanfocused, moderntimesoftheJazzAge.Womenhadwontherighttovote,worelessrestrictive clothes,andfollowedachangingidealthatwaslooseningsomeoftherestrictionson women'srolesandbehaviorthathadreignedthroughthenineteenthcentury.

Incorrectparaphrasing: AnnieOakleyslifespannedyearsofsignificantchangesforAmericanwomen.Bythe timeshediedin1926,womenhadthevote,worelooserclothing,andembracedthe th freedomfromrestrictive19 centuryrolesandbehaviors. (Soundstoomuchliketheoriginalpassage.Alsothesentencestructureistoosimilarto theoriginaltext.) Correctparaphrasing: AsdiscussedinthebiographyonPBSsAmericanExperiencewebpage,sharpshooter AnnieOakleylivedthroughaperiodofmanyliberatingchangesforwomen,fromthe Victorianerathroughthefirstquarterofthe20thcentury.Examplesincludevotingrights forwomenaswellasthefreedomtowearcomfortableandpracticalclothing(Annie Oakley). IncludeonyourWorksCitedpage: AnnieOakley:InaMansWorld.AmericanExperience.2006.PBSOnline.19May 2008.<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oakley/sfeature/sf_excerpts.html>.

Summarizing:
Definition:Condensinganauthorsideastoamoresuccinctstatement Waystoavoidplagiarism: Useasignaloridentifyingphrasethattellswhoandwhatyouaresummarizing. Useaquickdescriptionofthemainpointsofthepassage. Useyourownwordsandphrasing.Inmostcases,avoidusinganyofthesame wording. Addanintext(parenthetical)referenceattheendofthesummary. Includeacitationattheendofyourpaper(WorksCited). MLAExample: Originalpassage: By1964,therewereanestimated33,500restaurantsintheUnitedStatescalling themselvesdriveins,butonly24,500offeredhotfood,theremainderbeingicecream andsoftdrinkstandsprimarily.Layoutvariedfromdriveintodrivein,butthreeprincipal spacescouldalwaysbefound:acanopycovereddrivewayadjacenttothebuilding,a kitchen,andacarhopstationlinkingkitchenandparkinglot.Thesmallestdriveins offeredcarhopserviceonly,butmanyalsofeaturedindoorlunchcountersandbooths, sometimesonthescaleofthecoffeeshop. Summary: InthechapterQuickServiceRestaurantsintheAgeofAutomobileConvenience,The authorsnotethatbythemid1960s,nearly35,000selfproclaimeddriveinrestaurants intheUnitedStatesexisted.Mostservedhotmealswhileothersservedjusticecream

andsoftdrinks.Nospecificblueprintdefinedthetypicaldriveinhowever,three characteristicsdescribethisnewtypeofcasualeatingestablishment:acovered driveway,akitchen,andacarhopstation(JackleandSculle55). IncludeonyourWorksCitedpage: Jackle,JohnA.,andKeithA.Sculle.FastFood:RoadsideRestaurantsinthe AutomobileAge.Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUP,1999.

Commonknowledge:
Definition:Afactthatissowellknownthatitcanbefoundinnumeroussourcesand thereforedoesnotneedtobecited. Examplesofcommonknowledge: ThestatebirdofCaliforniaistheCaliforniaQuail. TheDodohasbeenextinctsincethemidtolate17thcentury. TheredtailedhawklivesintheLivermorearea. Examplesofdetailedinformationthatneedstobecited: Adultquailbegintomolttheirplumageinmidsummer,whilethechicksarebeing reared(Leopold105). TheprimarycausesoftheDodosextinctionwerethedestructionoftheforest (whichcutofftheDodo'sfoodsupply),andtheanimalsthatthesailorsbroughtwith them,includingcats,rats,andpigs,whichdestroyedDodonests(Dodo). MostoftheRedtailedHawkmigrationinthewesternUnitedStatesoccursfrom earlyOctobertoearlyNovember(Liguori42). IncludeonyourWorksCitedpage: Dodo.AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory.19May2008. <http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Dodo/ dodo.html?dinos>. Leopold,A.Starker.TheCaliforniaQuail.Berkeley,CA:UCPress,1977,105. Liguori,Jerry.HawksfromEveryAngle.Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUP,2005,42.

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