流体力学

Mechanics of Fluids
60
48

12
2009
2004
1996
2002
E John Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics with Applications, McGrawHill, 2002

2003
1998
2004
1-1
Liquid)
Fluid
Gas
2000
50
200
1-2

Fluidity
1-2
Inertia
Inertia ForceF ma
Density
m /
m
lim
v 0 v
f xyzt
1-2
Gravity Force
G mg
Specific Weight
G V
G d G
lim

V 0 V
dV
1000Kg/m 3 9807 N/m 3
a 1.2Kg/m3
( 4C )
a 11 .80 N/m 3
( 290 K )
1-2
(Specific Gravity)
S
water
water
Viscosity
1
1-2
2(Newton Law of inner Friction)
du
(Inner Friction Force) T A
dy
(Pas(Dynamic Viscosity)
d u
d y
T 0
du
dy
Shear Stress
T
du

A
dy
1-2

(Kinematic Viscosity)
m2/scm2/s)
1-2
3
(Newtonion Fluid)
1-2
Compressibility and Expansibility
1-2
1B
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
B lim
V 0
p
V
V
lim
p
V
(N/m2)
1-2

dv v
d
dT
dT
2
p
RT
Kg/m3
R(J/kgk)
T(k)
R=287J/kgk
R=8314/nn
1-2
Surface
Tension
1-2
10mm
2(Capillarity)
2 cos
h
r
1-2
r 2 h 2 r cos
N/m

r
1-3
Surface Force

P
p lim
A 0 A
T
lim
A 0 A
1-3
Mass Force

f F
X Fx
m
Fy
m
Fz
Z
m
Zg
Gmg
X0Y0Zg
1-4
Continuum
Ideal Fluid
Incompressible
Fluid
1-21-31-101-11
1-4
1-4

1
y
yy
R
h
y
u
h
x c
uux
( R 2 c y 2 )

2A

Fluid Statics
2011/7/2
Chapter 2 Fluid Statics
Hydraulics
Fluid Statics
2-1
1.

P
:
A
0
P
p lim
A 0 A
P
p
A
P
p lim
A 0 A
N / m2 = Pa
.
(
: (
Pn
1 P
pn
p
()
2
?
:
.

Fig. 12
,
,
x, y, z.
Pn
Py
Px
Pz
Px
Py
Pz
Pn
1
p x y z
2
1
p y x z
2
1
p z x y
2
p n An
Pn
Py
Px
Pz
V 16 x y z
Fx x yz f x
1
6
F y 16 x y z f y
Fz x y z f z
1
6
Fx 0
P x Pn cos( n , x ) F x 0
px 12 yz pn An cos( n, x ) 16 x yz f x 0
12 y z
p x pn
p y pn
pz pn
px py pz pn
2-2
fx
fy

fz
p0
0
dx, dy, dz .
dx
A(x,y,z)
dz
dy
A(x,y,z)
pA(x,y,z)
y
x
pA(x,y,z) how ?
pA(x,y,z)
p( x x, y y, z z )
p
p
p
1 2 p 2 2 p 2
p( x, y, z ) ( x y z ) ( 2 x 2 y
x
y
z
2! x
y
2 p 2
2 p
2 p
2 p
2 z
xy
yz
zx )
z
xy
yz
zx
dx
x
, y 0, z 0
2
dx
A ( x
, y, z )
2
p dx
pA ' ( p
)
x 2
dx
dz
dy
A(x,y,z)
y
dx
x
, y 0, z 0
2
dx
A( x
, y, z )
2
p dx
pA " ( p
)
x 2
dx
dz
dy
A(x,y,z)
y
( p x

p
( p
x
Fx 0
dx
)dydz
2
dx
)dydz
2
( )
()
dx dy dz f x
dx
A(x,y,z)
p
fx
x
y
x
p
fx
x
p
fy
y
p
fz
z
Euler presented in 1775.
p
fx
x
p
fy
y
p
fz
z
dx
dy
dz
p
p
p
dx
dy
dz ( f x dx f y dy f z dz )
x
y
z
p
p
p
dx
dy
dz ( f x dx f y dy f z dz )
x
y
z
p(x,y,z)
dp ( f x dx f y dy f z dz )
2-3
:
p = const , dp = 0
( f x dx f y dy f z dz ) 0
2-
2-
( f xdx f ydy fz dz) 0
const , f x dx f y dy f z dz 0
= 0
f 0
f fxi f y j fzk
d s dx i dy j dz k

f ds 0
f ds
2
3
2-4
fx 0
fy 0
G
fz g
M
p0
o
x
y
2-4
g dz dz
p z c
2-4
p z c
z 0, p p0 , c p0
p0
z h, p h p0
p p0 h
o
x
y
2-4
p p0 h
1 p0
2 h .
h
1.
2.

:
3.
: , ?
2-5
2-6
1

2
2
2
98223.4 N/m 10330 kg/m
98 kN/m2 10000 kg/m2
0.1 MPa
absolute )
pabs= pa+ h
(relative )
pr = pabs - pa
pabs
pr
pr = pabs- pa
pr
p0 = pa
pr = pabs- pa = ( pa + h ) pa
pr = h
pabs
0
pa
0
(vacuum )
pr 0
pabs
pr
B
pa ,

pv
pa
pv = pa pabs = - pr
B
0
hv
pv
pa pabs
pa = 98 kN/m2 = 98000 N/m2

pabs = 0
hv max
pa
98 kN / m 2
10 m
3
9.8 kN / m
Example 1~1
p0= 85 kN/m2 , h
1m C pabs= ? pr= ? Pv= ?
pabs p0 h 85 9.8 1
2
94.8 kN / m
p0
h
C
p r pabs pa 94.8 98 3.2 kN / m 2

p v p a p abs 98 94 .8 3 .2 kN / m 2
Example 1~2
C 9.8 kN/m2 .
C h
pr pabs pa
p0 h pa
h
pa pr p0
pc p0 h
Pabs ?
2 . 23 m
Example 1~3
p0= 0
p0= pa= 98 kN/m2
h = ?
pn = pa
pn = p0 + r h = 0 + r h
pa = r h
pa 98
h
10 m
9.8
pa
h
n
p0
3
pa
p = pa + r H
p = pa + r h
P52 2-1
2-42-5
2-7 ,
1 kN/m2 , N/m2 = Pa.

2 1 = 98 kN/m2 98103 Pa
1 = 98.2234 kN/m2
3
hw
hm
pa
98
10 m
9 .8
pa
98
0 .735 74 cm
13 .6 9 .8
dp ( g ) dz
p z c
Z
const
( Z + p/r )
pa
p0 > pa
head
pa
1) (Z)
P1
p0 > pa
P2
2 ( p/ ) :
3 ( Z+ p / ) :
1
Z1
2
Z2
Datum
1) (Z)
dm g Z
Z
dm g
2 ( p/ ) :
3 ( Z+ p/ ) :
p0 pa
p0 pa
pa
P1
p0 > pa
P2
p0 pa
1
Z1
2
Z2
Datum
Example 1~4
80 kN/m2,
Pa=98kN/m2)
: pabs= 80 kN/m2
hw
hm
pabs
p abs
80
8 .16 m
9 .8
80
0.6 m 60 cm (
9.8 13.6
Example 1~4
pr = pabs pa = 80 98 = - 18 kN/m2
hw
hm
pr
w
pr
18
1.84 m (
9.8
1.84
0.135 m 13.5 cm (
13.6
Example 1~4
pv = pa pabs = 98 80 = 18 kN/m2
hw
hm
pv
w
pv
18
1.84 m (
9.8
1.84
0.135 m 13.5 cm (
13.6
pv pr p r
2-8
1. manometer
1
2
3
4
1
pa
pA
h
pA = h
pA
pA = h = L sin
L
h
A
3
pa
pA
h0
w
A
hw
pa
pA
hm
h
pA + w hw
pa +mhm
pA = pa +mhm - w hw
Differential Manometer
p0 > pa , or p0 < pa
1
p0 pa ,
pA = p0 + h + a
pB = p0 + b
pA pB = h + a - b
b>a
= h ( b - a
= h ( ZA - ZB
h (ZA
pA
) (ZB
pB
pA pB = h ( ZA - ZB
ZA = ZB
pA pB = h
pA
pB
h A, B
2)

B
p = pA +ZA +hm
p = pB +ZB +mhm
A
0
pA pB = (m-)hm + (ZA-ZB)
0
A, B
pA pB = (m-)hm
ZA
hm
ZB
0
A, B
pA pB = h
pA pB = (m-)hm
m
h
hm 12.6 hm
h = 12-6 hm
Example 1~5
502-00 m
h = 116 cm,
2 ?
2 1
H 2 1
CC
Pa r H Pa rm h
rm
13.6 9.8
H
h
11.6 15.78 m
r
9 .8
2 1 H 502 15.78 517.78 m
P52 2-2
P54 2-6
2-9
1
p p0 h
p h
p h
p0 = pa = 0
1
2
P52 2-2
dA
P dp p dA
A
dx
0
p dxdy
p dy
Ap
P p dA A p b
A
Ap
P = Ap b
e 13 L
L( 2h1 h2 )
e
3( h1 h2 )
P39 2-1
P55 2-11 (a), (b), (c)
2.
hc
x
x
y
p dA
A x
h dA
y sin dA sin
= yc A
ydA
sin y c A hc A
P pc A
:
= *
P 12 H 2 b
HHb
1
2
pc A
pc

P h , h p
D C
H
1/3 H
D C ?
. How ?
=
x , y
P yD y dP
A
y p dA
y h dA
y y sin dA
sin y 2dA
A
A x
y dA I xo
2
I xo I xc y A
2
c
P y D sin I xo sin ( I xc y A )
2
c
yD
sin ( I xc y A )
2
c
yD
sin ( I xc y A)
2
c
P
P pc A hc A yc sin A
I xc
yD
yc
A yc
>0
y D > yC

y XD
P39 2-1
Example 2-9
= 60, b=4m, L=6m,

h1=10m, .
: 1
f=0.25?
2
?
h1 + L sin
Ap = ( r h1 + r h2 ) L =741 kN/m
rh
P = Ap b =741 4 = 2964 kN
L( 2h1 h2 )
e
2.79m
3( h1 h2 )
e
rh
II:
h1+ L/2 sin
P = pc A = r hc b L =2964 kN
yD
I xc
yC
yc A
yC = L/2 + h1 / sin
Ic = 1/12 b h3
P39 2-1
yD = LD
yD = 14.71 m
T f P 0 . 25 2964 741 kN
33
Example 2-10 (
P56 2-13
2-15
2-10

prh
P
dP
A
Px
Pz
P x2 P 2z P
EF
o y
h
dA
dA
dP
Picture 1 ~ 3
dP = p dA = r h dA
dP
dA
dPx = dP cos = r h dAcos= r h (dA)x

dPz = dP sin = r h dAsin= r h (dA)z
dA

Ax
oy
P
Px dPx h (dA) x h (dA) x hc Ax

A
Ax
P x hc A x
Ax
Ax
Ax A
hc Ax
P
Px Ax
Picture 1 ~ 4
P
Pz
dP z
h ( dA ) z
Az
Az
r h ( dA ) z r
Az
h ( dA ) z
h ( dA ) z
Pz dPz V p
A
Vp
P Pz
=
Pz
dP z V p
Vp ?
Vp b
:
a)
1
b)
c)
2PZ
V p
Px2 Pz2
Pz
arc tg
Px
PX PZ
Pz
P
Px
yoz xoz
Px2 Py2 Pz2
= 0 ,

2004
AB
P65 2-18
2-11 (d), (e)

2-20
2-21

Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4 -
3-5
3-1
VP (x,y,z)
LagrangeEuler
3-1

t=t0,a, b, c
x, y, z
x=x(a,b,c,t)
y=y(a,b,c,t)
z=z(a,b,c,t)
a, b, c, t
4
3-1
3-1

vpT
v x v x ( x , y , z , t ) v x x ( t ), y ( t ), z ( t ), t
v y v y ( x , y , z , t ) v y x ( t ), y ( t ), z ( t ), t
v z v z ( x , y , z , t ) v z x ( t ), y ( t ), z ( t ), t
p p ( x, y, z, t)
( x, y, z, t)
T T ( x, y, z, t)
x, y, z , t
6
3-1
:
3-1

1
v p T
... 0
t t t
t
v v v p p p
... 0
x y z x y z
8
3-2

N(
)N
dN
N
lim
t
dt
dN
N
N
N N
vx vy
vz
dt
x
y
z t
N
dN
(v ) N
t
dt
j k
x
y
z
3-2
ax
dvx vx
v
v
vx
vx vy x vz x
x
y
z
dt t
vy
vy
ay
vx
vy vz
dt t
x
y
z
dvy
az
vy
vy
v
v
v
dvz vz
vx z vy z vz z
dt t
x
y
z
10
3-2

dx dy dz
vx
vy
vz
V2
V1
V4
11
3-2

c
c
12
3-2

1
m3/sm3/hl/minkg/skg/h
dq v vdA
vdA
qv vdA
A
q v
13
3-2
2
qv
v
A
dA
n dA
14
3-2

1
qv
v
A
15
3-2
2
de
4A
16
3-2

1
3
v
dA 1
v2A A
2
1
1
v2A
v
dA 1
A
2, 4 3
1 . 06 , 1 . 02
17
3-2
2r
d bc
2a b
r
2
r
2
a b h
2d b c
ab
2a b
2r
2a b h
d b c
2ab
a b
de
2r
18
3-3

dA
v dA
A
dA
v dA
( dV )
t V
A
19
3-3
V dA A
v dA
A
( dV )
t V
( dV ) 0
t V
v x v y v z
0
t
x
y
z
20
3-3
( dV ) 0
t V
dA 0
vx v y vz
0
x
y
z
21
3-3
2
v d A dV 0
t V
A
dA 0
v x v y v z
0
x y z
22
3-3
v dA
A
A2
v2dA2 v1dA1 2 v 2 A2 1 v1 A1 0
A1
2 v 2 A2 1 v1 A1
dA1
dA2
V1
v 2 A2 v1 A1
V1
A1
A1
23
3-4 -
p
dxdydz
v (vxi v y j vx k )
dv y
dv x
dv z
dv
a
i
j
k
dt
dt
dt
dt
xz
dxdydz
yz
p xx
yx
zx
xy
p yy
zy
xz
yz
p zz
dz
dy
yx
zx
xy
pyy
pxx
zy
dx
pzz
y
24
3-4 -
F ( f xi f y j f z k ) dxdydz
X
pxx
yx
zx
pxx
dx
x
yx
yx
dy
y
pxx
,
,
xz
yz
zx zx dz
z
xy
pyy
yx
dz
dy
zx
x
pxx
zy
dx
pzz
y
25
3-4 -
ma
x
dv x
p xx
dx)dydz
dxdydz f x dxdydz p xx dydz ( p xx
dt
x
yx
yx dxdz ( yx
dy )dxdz
y
zx
dz )dxdy
zx dxdy ( zx
z
dv x
1 p xx yx zx
fx (
)
dt
x
y
z
26
3-4 -
1 yx p yy yz
f y
x
dt
y
z
1 zx zy p zz
dv z
f z
x
z
y
dt
dv y
xy yx
yz zy
xz zx
v y v x
y
x
v y v z

y
z
v z
v
x
x
z
vx
p xx p 2 x
v y
p yy p 2
y
p p 2 vz
zz
z
27
3-4 -
x
dv x
1 p
2
fx
v x v
dt
x
x
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
2
v x v y v z
0
x
y
z
fx
dv
1 p
2v x x
x
dt
28
3-4 -
1 p
fx x
1 p

f
y
y
f 1 p
z
z
dv
dt
dv
dt
dv
dt
-
N-S
N-S
29
3-4 -
=0
f
dv
dt
v=0
f
p 0
30
3-5
31
3-5
p 1dA 1 u 1dt p 2 dA 2 u 2 dt ( p 1 p 2 ) dQdt
u 22 u12
u 22 u12
dQdt ( ) dQdt (
)
2
2
2g 2g
dQdt ( z 2 z1 )
=+
p1 v12
p2 v22
z2
z1
g 2 g
g 2 g
32
3-5
p1
v12
p2
v 22
1
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g g
fds
p
z
c
g
33
3-5
1
Z p/g V2/2g
Z
p/g
V2/2g
34
3-5
v12
2g
p1
g
v22
2g
p2
g
z1
z2
35
3-5
2
Z
p/g
V2/2g
36
3-5
1
zp
v
2
v 2 g
z1
2
1
2
2
p1 v
p v
z2 2
h f 12
g 2 g
g 2 g
2
1
2
2
p1 v
p2 v
z1
z2
2g
2g
g
g
37
3-5
38
3-5
2
q1 q2 q3
q1
q2
3 2
q3
39
3-5
123
1-21-3
2
2
p1 1 v1
p2 2 v 2
z2
h f 1 2
z1
g 2 g
g 2 g
2
2
z p1 1 v1 z p3 3 v 3 h
3
f 1 3
1 g 2 g
g
g
2
1 gq 22 gq 3
2
2
2
p
v
p
v
p
v
1
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
q2 z2
hf 12 q3 z3
hf 13
q1 z1
g 2g
g 2g
g 2g
40
3-5
3
p v32
p v22
p v12
q1z1 1 1 hf13 q2z2 2 2 hf 23 q3z3 3 3
g 2g
g 2g
g 2g

q1
1
3
q3
1
2
q2
3
2
41
3-5
4
2
1
2
2
p1
v
p2 v
z1
H P z2
h f 1 2
g
2g
g
2g
HP
42
3-5
1
2
p 1 gH
p 2 gH h
h
v
1 2
12
p1
v 12
p2
g
2 g
g
v 2g
p2 p1
2gh
g
v C v 2 gh
Cv
Cv=0.97-0.99
43
3-5
2
1-12-2
z1
2
1
2
2
p1 v
p
v
z2 2
2g
2g
g
g
2
1
v1 A1 v2 A2
d
A
v 2 v 1 1 v1 1
A2
d2
z1
z2
44
3-5
2g
v1
d1
1
d
2
p1
z 1
g
p2
z 2
g
d 12
d 12
v1
4
4
2g
d1
d2
h k
Cq
45
4-1
l
kl
lp
Am
kA
k l2
Ap
kV
Vm
k l3
Vp
vm
C
vp
vp lp / tp
kv
vm lm / tm
kv
lm t m kl
l p t p kt
kt
tm
tp
k t
kv=klkt-1
ka=klkt-2
k=kt-1
k=kl2kt-1
kq=kl3kt-1
Fm
k
Fp
3
2
2
2
k F k m ka (k k l )(k l k t ) k k l kv
M k M
Fl m
Fl p
k k l kv
N k N k M k t k k l kv
2
pm k F
2
kp
k kv
pp kA
k k k l kv
x
:
v
v
v
v xm
1 p m
v xm xm v ym xm v zm xm f xm
m v xm (1)
t m
x m
y m
v xp
v xp
v xp
t p
v xp
x p
v yp
y p
x m
z m
v zp
v xp
z p
f xp
1 p p
p v xp
x p
(2)
xm=xpkl ym=ypkl zm=zpkl

vxm=vxpkv vym=vypkv vzm=vzpkv tm=tpkt
m=pk m=pk pm=ppkp fm=fpkf

12
3
kp
k k
k
k2
v
kt
kl
kg
k kl
k l2
3
kl k g
kp
k
kl
4
kt kv
2
v
k k
2
v
kl kv
Strouhal
Sr=l/vt
2 Froude
Fr=v2/gl
3 Euler
Eu=p/v2
Re=vl/= vl/
4 Renolds
5 Mach
Ma=v/c
c
Froude
Frm=Frp
Rem=RepRe
Srm=SrpSr
Mam=MapMa
Eu
Eu
Model Law
1
v l
1
(Re) p (Re) m
Model Law
( Fr ) p ( Fr ) m
2v
1
l g
v l
g p gm
l
l
Model Law
p m 1
l 2
1
l 1 l p l m
p
l
Model Law
Model Law
3
Model Law
2
Selfpreservation Region
Model Law
1
2
Model Law
Model Law
4-2
L
2
L T M
[a]=LT-2 [F]=[ma]=MLT-2
B
[B]=MLT
1
v lL M T
a v l
M
3
1L0M0T0
1
vl LT L
[Re] 2 1 1
LT

L
l
[ Sr ]
1
1
vt LT T
p v2
z
C
g 2 g
ML1T 2
L ML3 LT 2 L
L2T 2
L
2
LT
f(a1,a2, an)=0
mn
(n-m)=i
F(1,2, n-m)=0

pdl

vp

f(p, d, l, , , , v)=0
n=7LM
Tm=3nn-m=4
F(1, 2, 3, 4)=0
73dv

1=l1v1d1 2=2v2d2 3=3v3d3 4= p4v4d4
[1]=L(ML-3)1(LT-1)1L1=M0L0T
1
[2]=L(ML-3)2(LT-1)2L2=M0L0T0
2
[3]=ML-1T-1(ML-3)3(LT-1)3L3=M0L0T0
3
[4]=ML-1T-2 (ML-3)4(LT-1)4L4=M0L0T0
(4
1 M: 1=0
T: 1=0
L: -3 1+ 1+1+1=0 1= -1
1=l/d
2 M: 2=0
T: 2=0
L: 1-3 2+ 2+2=0 2= -1
2= /d

3 M: 1+3=0 3= -1
T: -1-3=0 3= -1
L: -1-3 3+ 3+3=0 3= -1
3=/vd=1/Re
4 M: 1+4=0 4= -1
T: -2-4=0 4= -2
L: -1-3 4+ 4+4=0 4= 0
4= p / v2
F(l/d, /d, 1/Re, p / v2)=0
p / v2
p/v2=F1(l/d, /d, 1/Re)= (l/d)F2( /d, 1/Re)
p/g= p/= (l/d)(v2/2g)F2( /d, 1/Re)
= F2( /d, 1/Re)
p/= (l/d)(v2/2g)

Type of Flow & Head Loss
p2 2 v 2
p1 1v1
z1
z2
hw 1 2
2g
2g
r
r
2
()

1 /
/
2 hw
hw
5-1
1
Reynolds, Britain, in 1885
Fig. 1
Reynolds, Britain, in 1885
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow

1)
;
2)
;
3)
.
laminar flow
turbulent flow

1-1 2-2
=
p2 2v2
p1 1v1
z1
z2
hw12
r
r
2g
2g
2
p1 p2
( ) hw12 hf
r
r

v hw ?

lg v , lg hw
: v v red line
= 45 AC
> 45 CE ,
CD

: vk ( C
Fig. 2
Laminar
E
Transition
C
B
A
Turbulent

v v
blue line
> 45 EB
= 45 BA
DB
: vk ( B
Fig. 3
Turbulent
E
Transition
C
B
A
Laminar

AC ED

lg h f lg k n lg v
hf k v
AC ,= 45 , n = 1
hf v
1.75 ~ 2
h
v
ED,> 45 , n =1.75~2
f
hf v ?
2
vk
vk f ( , , d )
vk c
d
Re
vk d
()
C
Re
vd
Re
vk Rek
vk Rek
Rek = 2300 2000
: Rek = 12000200004000050000
Re
Re
vR
500
Re
vb
1000
Example
d = 30 mm, v = 1.0 m/s,
10 C.

= 1.306 10-6 m2/s

1 0 . 03
22971 2000
Re
1 . 306 10
vd
Re k
v max v k
d
2000 1 . 306 10 6
0 . 087 m / s
0 . 03
()()

1
2
5-2
Why ?
v = 0 ,
hf
2)

A
A

C
AC C
B

C B
D vD= 0
/

hw
hj
hw hf hj
hW
5-3
1
1 A
A1= A2
h w1 h w 2
Why
A2
2) :

hw
()
b 2h
D
1= 2
A1 > A2
Q1 = Q2
v 1 v 2 hw 1 hw 2
3 R
A
[L]
d ,
R
bh
R
b 2h
v const
2g
const J const
hW = hf

h j 0 , hw h f
hw h f h j
5-4
A
l
p1, p2
: P1 = p1 A, P2 = p2 A
T = 0 l
=
G = g A l = A l
P1 P2 T G sin 0
p1 A p2 A 0 l A l sin 0

1
A,
z1 z2
sin
l
x l
( z1 z 2 ) 0
p1
p2
x l
( z1 ) ( z2 )
A
p1
1v1 2
2g
2v 2 2
2g
p2
hf
x l
l
A
R
x l
l
A
R
hf
l
R J
R J
R J
R
R J
R
R A
r
d
0
4
2
r0
R/R = r / r0 r
r

r
r0
r r

h
y
y
( 1 )
h
y
0 = ?
h
l 0
0 = max
= ?
0 f (R,v, , , )
v2
( Darcy )
f (Re,
)
R
0 hf ,
hf
v2
l v2

4R 2g
hf
l
l
v2
R
R 8
Darcy
5-5

du

dy
y u
du

dr
ru

du

dr
R J
rJ
J
2
r dr
du

dr
du
J 2 2
u
( r r )
4

hf = ?
Darcy
hf
l v2

4R 2g
J 2 2
u
(r r )
4
u dA
A
u 2 rdr
r0
J
v
d
32

J
v
d
32
hf
32 v l
d2
hf
32 v
J
2
d
l
hf v

Darcy
2
l v2
l
v

hf
4R 2g
d 2g
32 v l l v 2 64

hf
2
d
d 2 g v d
6 4

v d
64

Re
1
Re
5-6
hf
du
du

dy
dr
J 2
( r r 2 )
u
4
64
l v2
,
h f
Global issue
Re
d 2g
()()
2
1
1
ux
T
u x dt
p
T
p dt
1
ux ' ux ux
u x u x u' x
AB
1 T
1 T
u 'x u 'x dt (u x ux )dt
T 0
T 0
1 T
1 T
u x dt ux dt
T 0
T 0
ux ux 0
1

:
Tu
AB
2
du x
du x 2

l(
)
dy
dy
viscous sublayer
du x

dy
1
0 f (
)
Re
/
smooth surface / rough surface
1 Re > ,
2 Re < ,
: v
J 2 2
ux
( r0 r )
4
: v
u x k lg y C
KC
5-7
Darcy
l v2
l v 2
hf
hf
4R 2 g
d 2g
64

Re
24

Re
Nikuradse
a German engineer, published in 1933
d
v
Re
v, hf, T (temperature)
Re,
/ d
r0 /
r0 = d / 2
Laminar flow zone

lgRe, lg100
/ d
I
Re < 2000
ab Re ab/d

64

Re
Fig.5
~
transition zone
II
2000 < Re < 4000, ,
Re , /d , bc
turbulent zone
Re > 4000, ,
f ( 0 , )
III Smooth-pipe flow

Re , 0 > ,
f (Re)
cd ,
IV
Re ~
cd ef
f ( , Re)
d
V Rough-pipe flow
Re 0 < , ef
f( )
Re
d

V 0 < ,
Re
Re
:
hf
l v2

d 2g
hf v2
d,
! QvRe
5-8
1769Chezy
C, [ L1/2/T ]
vC
RJ
R, R = A /
J, J = hf / l
vC
RJ
v2
2
J
l
C R
hf
2g l v2
hf 2
C R 2g
hf
l v2

4R 2g
C
or
8g
8g

C2
/
C[ L1/2/T ]
1Manning 1890
1 16
C R
n
nP151 3.2
R( m )
21925
1
C
R
n
0 .1 R 3 .0
y 2 . 5 n 0 . 13 0 . 75
0 .01 n 0 .04
R ( n 0 . 10 )
5-9
hw h f h j
hj
v ,
Sudden Expansion Loss

hj =
1-1 2-2
p1 1v12
p2 2 v 22
z1
z2
hw
r
2g
r
2g
1-1 2-2 , hf
h w = hj
p1 p2
v 2v2
)
hj ( z1 z2 ) ( ) (
2g
2g
r r
2
1 1

1-1 2-2
p1, p2
1-3 p= ?
p p1
1
3
P1= p1 A2
P2= p2 A2
z1 z 2
G cos A 2 L
A2 ( z1 z 2 )
L
p1 A2 p 2 A2 A2 ( z1 z 2 ) Q ( 2 v 2 1 v 1 )
A2
(1)2
,
p1 p2 v 2
z1 z 2
( 2 v 2 1v1 ) 2
r
r
g
v2
1
2
2
hj ( 2v2 1v1 ) (1v1 2v2 )
g
2g
1, 1 ,2, 12,1, 1
1 ,2
2 1
1 , 2 , 1 ,
(v1 v 2 ) 2
hj
2g
v1 v2 v2 v1
A2
A1
v2 , v2
v1
v1 A1 v 2 A2 v1
A1
A2
2
A2
v2
2 v2
hj (
1)
h j 1
A1
2g
2g
A1 2 v 1
v1
)
h j 2
A2 2 g
2g
h j (1
A1
,
0,
A2
v1
2g
v2
hj
2g
P155P161 Table 3.3

Flow in Circular Pipes

/
/
/
()
6-1
1
2
D const
Q const
Q = ?
free discharge
submerge discharge
, 1-12-2
Free Discharge
H 0
1v1
H 0
0v0
00
2g
2g
2v 2
00
2g
2g
hw 1 2
hw 1 2
Free Discharge
H0 H
H0
0v0
2g
2v 2
2g
hw 1 2
l v2
v2
hw h f h j

d 2g
2g
l
v2
H 0 ( 2 )
d
2g

l
v
H 0 ( 2 )
d
2g
2
1
v
l
1
d
Q A v
2 gH 0
c A 2 gH 0
2 = 1
1
l
1
d
Q c 2 gH
Hydraulic grade line and energy line
H0
2-2 H Z
2-2 3-3
Submerge Discharge
( z h) 0
z0
0v0
0v0
2g
2g
h0
00
2v 2
2g
Z0
z0 hw12
2v2
2g
hw1 2
hw 1 2
A2 >>A
v2 0

Z 0 hw 1 2
l
v2
h f h j ( )
d
2g
1
l
2 g z0 c
Q A v c A 2 g z0
2 g z0
Comparison
1H
1
l
1
d
1Z
2
c ()= c ()
l

d
Comparison
l
v2
H 0 ( 2 )
2g
d
l
v2
z0 ( )
d
2g
2v22
2 g
v 2

A2 , 1
h j
2g
Hydraulic grade line and energy line

hw hf hj
2v 2
2g
l v
hw h f
d 2g
2
l
v2
H ( 2 )
d
2g
2v 2
H hf
2g
l v2

d 2g
v C RJ
Q A v AC
QK J
RJ AC
R J
K AC R
P208 Table 4-1
[m3/s] Q , J

Q K
J K
hf
l
Q2
l
H h f
2
K

hf 95% hw hj <5% hf
6-2
1
l
d
H
Q = ?
Q c 2gH0
Q c 2gZ0
QK J
2)
l d
Q
H = ?
8~10m
l v2
H h f
d 2g
l
v2
H ( 2 )
d
2g
3 D
l D
Q
D = ?
I H
D
C = f (R)R = f (D)
II: D H
how ?
d v
d v
d $ v hw , energy

d $ , v hw , energy
= + min
4

:
pi
H0 Zi
i v i2
2g
hw 0 i
hf
+
-
how
v, hf Z
with nozzle
6-3

1(Siphon )

how
hvmax
where
pv > pa pvp
10m
7~8m
Advantage :
Example
Z = 2.60m,
,d =350mm, n = 0.011,
2= 3= 5= 0.2,
4= 0.15,
1 = 5.0,
AB15.0m,
BC20.0m,
=0.025,
5.0m,
hs
Example
1
Q c A 2 gz
c
1
l

d
c 0 .329 ,
Q 0 .225 m 3 / s
Example
2 hs
hv
1-1 2-2
pa
Q/A=2.3m/s
v22
0 0 Z2
hw12
2g
pa
p2
v
hv
hs
hw1 2 7m
2g
p2
2
2
p2
v
0 0 0 Z2 hw12
2g
2
2
p2
hs = 5m
7m
+ +
Fig. Pipeline with pump

1 Zp
6~7m
1-1 2-2
2
1-1 4-4
Hp = Z + hw1-4
6-4

1
2
3
4
H = hf
hj
Pipes in Series
1
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = = Qi
2qi
Qi = Qi+1 + qi
Fig. Pipes in Series

Q,d v hf i
?

Q
hf i
li
K
2
i
2
i
Kii
i1
hf
i1
Q i2
li
2
Ki
Qi+1 = Qi + qi
q1 = q2 = qi = 0,
Q1 = Q2 = Qi = Q
Pipe in Parallel
hf1 hf 2 hf i hf
Fig. Pipe in Parallel

hf1 hf 2 hf 3

h f i Q l i
K
2
i
2
i
Q Qi K i
Q2
hf
Ki 2
(
)
li
Qi K i
hf i
li
Ki
hf
li
li
hf i
hf i = hf
Qi
K
Branching Pipes
H1 hf hf 1
Q2
Q12
2 l 2 l1
K
K1
Q2
Q
H i h f h fi 2 l
li
K
Ki
2
i
(1)
(2)
Q Qi
(1)(2)(3) i + 1
(3)
1)
ABCJK
H = hf i = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 6 + hf 10
C
Q2 = Q3 + Q5 + Q6 + qc
qc
C

li
q Qi
Di

Ht
Ht = - Zt + Ze + he + hf i
1
-= 0
2
hf hf = 0

i = 1, 2, im
j = 1, 2, jm
k = 1, 2, km
q1
k=

im
i 1
im
i1
ik
Qi qk 0
Ai j h f
k 1,2, k m
j 1,2 , jm
Ai j , Bi k j i , Ai j =0
Ai j =1Ai j = -1
k i Bi k =0
, Bi k =1Bi k = - 1
6-5
1What is Water Hammer ?
The changes of velocity of a liquid in a pipeline
varied abruptly by a valve movement cause the head
or pressure to vary rapidly, the phenomenon is
called water hammer.
V H( p )
What is Water Hammer
1 constant compressible
Elasticity
2 D D + D, pipe is elastomer
3 a = constant
Velocity of pressure wave
Fig. 1 simple pipes

D, , E, not vary with L
v 02
0,
2g
Reservoir or
hw 0
H0
Surge chamber
Inlet
valve
Fig. 2 water hammer 1
v=0
v = v0 0,
( 0 - v0 ) p
p = p + p
0 < t < L/a
= +
D = D + D
t = L/a
At Inlet : left p p0 , right p = p0+ p
pressure difference : p flow
L/a < t < 2L/a

-p (- v0 - 0) ,
p, v
At valve: should be v = 0 , but v -v0 , according to

continuity, impossible.
, D = D -D , [0 - ( -v0 ) ] -p
2L/a < t < 3L/a

[0 - ( -v0 ) ] -p, v p, contraction of pipe
t = 3L/a
At inlet: left p0 ,
right p0 -p
3L/a < t < 4L/a

Flow back to pipe under the pressure p
t = 4L/a
back to initial stage: normal pressure, velocity
Cycle and Phase
valve
Inlet
Cycle T = 4L / a
phaseTr = 2L / a
Fig. 10 water hammer pressure

head at valve end
Either max (positive) or min (negative) alternatively
Fig. 11 water hammer pressure head

at inlet end
Instant value can reach max
Fig. 12 water hammer pressure head

at point m
l /a
Fig.13 Ts=0, Ts=2L/a
2L/a
4L/a
6L/a
8L/a
Fig.13 Ts=0, Ts=2L/a

2L/a t 3L/a,
T=2L/a
H Hmax
2L/a
3L/a t =4L/a
HHmin
4L/a
6L/a
8L/a
t > 4L/a
.Types of water hammer

1 T s
2L
a
2 T s
2L
a
a
H ( v 0 v )
g
v0 v0 = 0
v v = 0
a a = ?
Velocity of pressure wave

K 2.06 x106 kN/m2
Kg
r
KD
1
Et
E 2.06x108 kN/m2
r 9.8 kN/m3
g 9.8 m/s2
D
t
a = amax ?
r, t, D, K E
max
Kg
= 1435 m/s
r
a = 800 ~ 1350 m/s
illustrative example
v0 = 5m/s ( ve= 4~6m/s )
a = 1000m/s.
H = a / g (v0 v )
= 1000 / 105 0= 500 m
Consideration: The Three Gorges Project
Hmax =
Hmax < 175 m
v
v
x
t
H = H ( x, t )
v= v(x,t)
f v
v
v
H
v
g
v 0
2D
t
x
x
H
a 2 v
H
v(
sin )
0
g x
x
t
H
H
x
t
v
H
0
g
t
x
a 2 v H
0
t
g x
(-) ?
v
H
g
x
t
v
g H
2
x
a t
x
x
H H
v v0
g
g

f
a
a
x
f f (t )
a
x
(t )
a

x
x
H H 0 (t ) f (t )
a
a
v v0
, f /
g
x
g
x
f (t )
(t )
a
a
a
a
H tx H H 0 f ab bc
()
( )
f ( )
H0
x
x
(t, x)

t A
x
a
( t ) tA
L/a , A L B
tB tA
tB tA L
B
t
L
a
BA
f t B f t A L
a
ft f
A
B
t La
x
L=a t
L
a
T S
2L
A
a
A
H
A
t
f=0
x
x
H 0 (t ) f (t )
a
a
v tA v 0
x
g
x
g
(t )
f (t )
a
a
a
a
H
g
v
a
H max ( v 0 v t )
2L
a
a
v0
g
a
v
g
Ts
2L
?
a

interlocking Equation

H H
x
(t )
a
g
g
v v0
f
a
a
f
2 H H 0
a
(v v 0 )
g
x
f f (t )
a
x
a
2 ( t ) H H 0 ( v v 0 )
a
g
A t
a A
2 H H 0 ( v t v 0 )
g
a B
B
B
2 t L H t L H 0 ( v t L v 0 )
a
a
a
g
A
t
B t+L/a
tB tA
A
t
L
a
x
L=a t
(H H0 ) (H
H H
A
t
A
t
B
t La
a A
H 0 ) ( v t v tB L )
a
g
a A
( v t v tB L )
a
g
B
t La
B
t
A
t
L
a
( v tB v tA L )
a
g
H
H
H0
v
v
v0
()
a v0

2 gH 0
a a ( D , E , )
B
Inlet
valve
Reservoir or
Surge chamber
L
= L / a
A
valve
()
A
0
()
2 ( )
B
A
0
A 2B 2 ( A 2B )

=L/a
(An 1 ) nB 2 ( (An 1 ) nB )
B
0
()
()
2 ( )
A
B
0
B 2A 2 (B 2A )
B
( n 1 )
A
n
2 (
B
( n 1 )

=L/a
B
A
n
A
H
H
,
,
t
=
0
0
0
B
B
H
H
B: t
0 ,
A:
A
0
B
2
2 (
2 (
tB 0
A
0
B
2
A
( n 1 )
B
0
A
2
B
n
2 (
2 (
2 (
B
0
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A
( n 1 )
A
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n
)
)
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( n 1 )
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n
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B
( n 1 )
A
n

Q t A t 2 gH tA
H tA H 0 H tA
H 0 tA H 0
A t 2 g (1 t ) H 0
A
A
t
(1 tA ) H 0
vt
Qt
v0 Q0
A t 2 g (1 t ) H 0
A0 2 gH 0
A
At
A0
(1 tA )
(1 tA )
At A
0

n 1
n
A
n
A
n
n 1
i 1
1
2
3 v, H ?
4
A
i
1
n 1
A
n
1 1
0
A
1
A
n
A
1
n 1
i 1
A
i
6-6
cAc
Ac A
1c
1v12
c vc 2
c vc 2
vc
0
hw
H
2g
2g
2g
2g
1v12
2g
H 0
vc

vc 2gH 0
c 1 1 1

q vc Ac 2 gH 0 Ac A 2 gH 0 A 2 gH 0

2
12
2
2
vc
vc
1v12 2v2 2
2 v2 2
z
hw
2g
2g
2g
12
1c
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vc 2 2 g
2
2
vc
2 vc
1 Ac A2 2 g 2 g
2g
2g
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2g
2 v2 2
2g
vc 2 gz
1 1
q vc Ac 2 gzA A 2 gz
dt
dHdt
qdt dH H 0 H
A 2 gH dt dH
dt
dH
A 2 g H
H1H2t
t dt
0
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t
H2
H1
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2
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2 H
t
A 2 gH
H1 H 2

ab
c d
e
Introduction to Viscous Fluid Dynamics

7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-1
0
0
7-2
x y
ABCDx
BDdxACABCD

dxBDAC
M CD M AB M AC Fx
MCDMABMACCDABAC
xFx
x
ABx
M AB v x2 dy
0
CDx
M AB
M AB
M AB

dx v x2 dy ( v x2 dy )dx
0
x
x 0
ACx M AC
Fx p ( p

v
( v x dy )dx4
x 0
p
1 p
dx )( d ) ( p
dx ) ds sin 0 dx
x
2 x
ds sin d Fx
p
1 p
dx
dxd 0 dx
2 x
x
0
y
py
dp
Fx dx dx 0 dx
23451
dp
d
d 2
v x dy v x dy 0 6
v
dx 0
dx 0
dx
6
7-3
C 5v
p

v x 0 2
3
v x
v x ( y)
0 0 ( )
v x v x ( y)
x
v
v
pdp 0
dx
0
d
d 2
v
v x dy v x dy
dx 0
dx 0
v v (1 r 2 )
max
r02
v x v
y
[1
y2
(y )
vx
2
2v
dv x
2v
d 2v
y2
| [
( y )] |

0
dy
y 0
dy
y 0
2v
231
2v
d 2v
y2
d 2v
y2 2
v
( y )dy [
( y )] dy
0
0
dx
dx
2
2
vx
x x
1 v 2
xC
15 2
x 0 0 C 0
5.477
x
v
1 v 2
x
15 2
4s
43
0 0.365
v3
5x
Df
L
D f 0 bdx 0.73b v3 L
0
bL
2
v2
Df C f
A
7
2
Cf A 6
7
C f 1.46
v L
1
C f 1.46
Re L
1.46
v L
ReLLRe8
3105<ReL<106
1
r
v v max ( ) 7
r0
1
y
v x v ( ) 7
0 0.0225 v 2 (
9101
7 4 5 4
0.0225
72 5
v
9
1
4
10
4
x C
x 0 0 C 0
1
5

x11
0.37
v x
1110
0 0.029 v
v x
2
D f 0 bdx 0.036 v bL
0
v L
L
D f C f
v2
2
1
5
12
1
5
A
1
5

0.072
C f 0.072
5 Re
v L
L
13
0.0720.074
ReCf
133105<ReL<107ReL>107
0.445
14
Cf
lg Re L 2.58
Re
L x k
v2
v2
v2
v2
C fm
bL C ft
bL C ft
bx k C fl
bx k
2
2
2
2
Cfm
Cft
Cfl
xk
C fm C ft (C ft C fl ) x k / L
15
7-4
MM
p
x 0
MM
p 0
x
M
MM
MM
y 0 0
u
) y 0 0
y
Point of Separation
u
( ) y 0 0
y
u
( ) y 0 0
y
p
0
x
Karman Vortex Street
Re
u 0d
u0d
Re<40
Re=4070
Re>90
Re>150
Re
1940
Tacoma
Re=2502105Strouhal
19 .7
St 0.198 (1
)
Re
fd
St
f
u0
7-5
1.
u02
D Cd A
2
Cd
u0
2.
Re
u 0d
dCdRe
CdRe
Re<1.0 Cd Re
(Stokes)
D 3u 0 d
24 d u
24 u
D 3u 0 d
A
u 0 d 4 2
Re
2
2
24
Cd
Re
2
0
2
0
Re<1
d<0.05mm
Re>1
Re=10
ReRe=1000
80
5%Re=3105
50
Re>3103Cd
Cd=f(Re)
Re
Cd=f(Re); Re
,Cd
Cd

1.
2.
L CLA
u 02
2
(Suspending Velocity)
1.

2.

4 m
u
(
)gd
3C d
dmd
(Falling Velocity)
dRed
Re<1d=24/Re
1 2
d ( m )g
18
24
3
Re)
Re 1 ~ 10C d
(1
Re
32
13
Re 10 ~ 1000C d
Re
Re 1000 ~ 2 10 5 C d 0.48

流体力学

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Mechanics of Fluids

E John Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics with Applications, McGrawHill, 2002

1000Kg/m 3 9807 N/m 3

Compressibility and Expansibility

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Euler presented in 1775.

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

( f xdx f ydy fz dz) 0

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

pa = 98 kN/m2 = 98000 N/m2

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

p r pabs pa 94.8 98 3.2 kN / m 2

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

p0= pa= 98 kN/m2

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

1 kN/m2 , N/m2 = Pa.

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics