Terra cotta

Terra Cotta" redirects here. For other uses, see Terra Cotta (disambiguation). The Etruscan "Sarcophagus of the Spouses", at the National Etruscan Museum.

Terracotta designs outside the Kantaji Temple.

The Bell Edison Telephone Building, Birmingham, England.

Glazed building decoration at the Forbidden City, Beijing, China.

The Natural History Museum in London has an ornate terracotta faade typical of high Victorian architecture. The carvings represent the contents of the Museum. Terracotta, Terra cotta or Terra-cotta (Italian: "baked earth",[1] from the Latin terra cocta) is a clay-based unglazed ceramic,[2] although the term can also be applied to glazed ceramics where the fired body is porous and red in color.[3][4][5][6] Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color,

Rare terracotta image of Isis lamenting the loss of Osiris (Eighteenth Dynasty, Egypt) Muse du Louvre, Paris

which varies considerably. In archaeology and art history, "terracotta" is often used of objects not made on a potter's wheel, such as figurines, where objects made on the wheel from the same material, possibly even by the same person, are called pottery; the choice of term depending on the type of object rather than the material[citation needed].
Terakota, Terra cotta atau Terra-cotta (Italia: "bumi dipanggang", [1] dari cocta terra Latin) adalah tanah liat tanpa glasir berbasis keramik, [2] walaupun istilah ini juga dapat diterapkan pada keramik dikilapkan mana tubuh dipecat adalah berpori dan berwarna merah [3] [4] [5] [6] menggunakan meliputi pembuluh, air dan pipa air limbah dan hiasan permukaan di konstruksi bangunan, bersama dengan patung seperti Terracotta Army dan patung-patung terakota Yunani.. Istilah ini juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada barang-barang yang terbuat dari bahan ini dan untuk alam warna, oranye kecoklatan, yang bervariasi. Dalam sejarah arkeologi dan seni, "terakota"sering digunakan bendabenda tidak dibuat pada roda tembikar, seperti patung-patung, dimana objek yang dibuat pada roda dari bahan yang sama, bahkan mungkin oleh orang yang sama, disebut gerabah, pilihan istilah tergantung pada jenis objek daripada bahan [rujukan?].

An appropriate refined clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After further thorough drying it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware. Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog"). The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.
Sebuah tanah liat halus yang sesuai sebagian dikeringkan dan cor, dicetak, atau tangan bekerja menjadi bentuk yang diinginkan. Setelah lebih menyeluruh pengeringan itu ditempatkan di kiln, atau di atas bahan mudah terbakar di pit, dan kemudian dipecat. Setelah menembak pit ware panas ditutupi dengan pasir untuk mendinginkan, dan setelah pemecatan kiln kiln perlahan-lahan didinginkan. Ketika tanpa glasir, bahan tersebut tidak akan tahan air, tapi sangat cocok untuk digunakan-tanah untuk membawa air bertekanan (penggunaan yang kuno), untuk ware taman atau dekorasi

Contents

1 Production and properties 2 History 3 In art history 4 In chemistry 5 Advantages in sculpture 6 Color 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Production and properties

bangunan di lingkungan tropis, dan untuk kontainer minyak, lampu minyak, atau oven. Kebanyakan kegunaan lain seperti untuk ware meja, pipa sanitasi, atau hiasan bangunan di lingkungan beku mengharuskan materi akan mengkilap. Terakota, jika uncracked, akan berdering jika ringan dipukul, tapi tidak terang seperti yang akan ware ditembakkan pada suhu yang lebih tinggi, yang disebut periuk. Bahan yang dipecat adalah lemah dibandingkan dengan periuk. Beberapa jenis terakota diciptakan dari tanah liat yang meliputi daur ulang terakota ("minuman beralkohol"). Warna tanpa glasir setelah pemecatan bisa sangat bervariasi, tetapi yang paling umum mengandung tanah liat cukup besi untuk menyebabkan oranye, merah orangish, atau warna oranye kecoklatan, dengan rentang termasuk berbagai warna digambarkan sebagai "terakota". Warna lainnya termasuk kuning, abu-abu, dan pink.

terracotta figurines. Significant uses of terracotta have included Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Terracotta Army of China, built in 210209 BC. Precolonial West African sculpture also made extensive use of terracotta.[8] The regions most recognized for producing terracotta art in this part of the world include the Nok culture of central and north-central Nigeria, the Ife/Benin cultural axis in western and southern Nigeria (also noted for its exceptionally naturalistic sculpture), and the Igbo culture area of eastern Nigeria, which excelled in terracotta pottery. These related, but separate, traditions also gave birth to elaborate schools of bronze and brass sculpture in the area. French sculptor Albert-Ernest CarrierBelleuse made many terracotta pieces, but possibly the most famous is The Abduction of Hippodameia depicting the Greek mythological scene of a centaur kidnapping Hippodameia on her wedding day. American architect Louis Sullivan is well-known for his elaborate glazed terracotta ornamentation, designs that would have been impossible to execute in any other medium. Terracotta and tile were used extensively in the town buildings of Victorian Birmingham, England.

[edit] History
Terracotta has been used throughout history for sculpture and pottery, as well as bricks and roof shingles. In ancient times, the first clay sculptures were dried (baked) in the sun after being formed. Later, they were placed in the ashes of open hearths to harden, and finally kilns were used, similar to those used for pottery today. However only after firing to high temperature would it be classed as a ceramic material.

[edit] In chemistry
In chemistry, pieces of terracotta are used as a heterogeneous catalyst to "crack" long-chain alkanes. This process is useful for obtaining more useful products, such as gasoline or petrol, from less useful ones, such as highly viscous long chain alkanes.

[edit] In art history

Crude terra-cotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of Mohenjo-daro (30001500 BC) in what is now Pakistan. Along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult and a belief in a mother goddess.[7] The Burney Relief is an outstanding terracotta plaque from Ancient Mesopotamia of about 1950 BC. The ancient Greeks Tanagra figurines are mass-produced mold-cast and fired

[edit] Advantages in sculpture

As compared to bronze sculpture, terracotta uses a far simpler process for

creating the finished work with much lower material costs. Reusable moldmaking techniques may be used for series production. Compared to marble sculpture and other stonework the finished product is far lighter and may be further glazed to produce objects with color or durable simulations of metal patina. Robust durable works for outdoor use require greater thickness and so will be heavier, with more care needed in the drying of the unfinished piece to prevent cracking as the material shrinks. Structural considerations are similar to those required for stone sculpture.

[edit] Color
Terra cotta is a color between orange and brown.It is painted in different colors to make it colorful.
Terakota, Terra cotta atau Terra-cotta (Italia: "bumi dipanggang", [1] dari cocta terra Latin) adalah tanah liat tanpa glasir berbasis keramik, [2] walaupun istilah ini juga dapat diterapkan pada keramik dikilapkan mana tubuh dipecat adalah berpori dan berwarna merah [3] [4] [5] [6] menggunakan meliputi pembuluh, air dan pipa air limbah dan hiasan permukaan di konstruksi bangunan, bersama dengan patung seperti Terracotta Army dan patung-patung terakota Yunani.. Istilah ini juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada barang-barang yang terbuat dari bahan ini dan untuk alam warna, oranye kecoklatan, yang bervariasi. Dalam sejarah arkeologi dan seni, "terakota" sering digunakan bendabenda tidak dibuat pada roda tembikar, seperti patung-patung, dimana objek yang dibuat pada roda dari bahan yang sama, bahkan mungkin oleh orang yang sama, disebut gerabah, pilihan istilah tergantung pada jenis objek daripada bahan [rujukan?]. Terakota, Terra cotta Terra-cotta atau (Italia: "dipanggang bumi", [1] Dari cocta terra Latin)

adalah Tanah liat Tanpa SISTEM REKOMENDASI INDEKS glasir keramik, [2] walaupun Istilah Suami Juga dapat diterapkan PADA keramik dikilapkan mana adalah tubuh berpori dan dipecat berwarna merah [3] [4] [5] [6] menggunakan pembuluh meliputi, udara dan pipa udara dan limbah di permukaan hiasan Konstruksi Bangunan, Bersama Pembongkaran Artikel Baru Patung Terracotta Army terakota dan Patung-Patung Yunani .. Istilah Suami Juga perlengkapan untuk merujuk kepada Barang-Barang Yang terbuat Dari Bahan Suami dan untuk alam warna, oranye kecoklatan, Yang bervariasi. KESAWAN arkeologi dan Sejarah Seni, "terakota" Sering perlengkapan Benda-Benda regular tidak Dibuat PADA Roda tembikar, Patung Patung-Pembongkaran, Dimana OBJEK PADA Roda Yang Dibuat Dari Bahan Yang sama, bahkan mungkin Oleh Orang Yang sama, disebut gerabah, Istilah pilihan tergantung PADA OBJEK jenis dan small Bahan [rujukan?]. Isi 1 Produksi dan sifat 2 Sejarah 3 Dalam sejarah seni 4 Dalam kimia 5 Keuntungan dalam seni patung 6 Warna 7 Lihat juga 8 Referensi 9 Pranala luar

Quartz
(kuarsa)
Chemistry: SiO2 , Silicon dioxide Class: Silicates Subclass: Tectosilicates Group: Quartz Uses: silica for glass, electrical components, optical lenses, abrasives, gemstones, ornamental stone, building stone, etc. The Physical Properties of Quartz. Specimens

Some macrocrystalline (large crystal) varieties are well known and popular as ornamental stone and as gemstones.

Amethyst is the purple gemstone variety. Citrine is a yellow to orange gemstone variety that is rare in nature but is often created by heating Amethyst. Milky Quartz is the cloudy white variety. Prasiolite is a leek-green gemstone variety that is rare in nature but is created by heating Amethyst from certain locations. Rock crystal is the clear variety that is also used as a gemstone. Rose quartz is a pink to reddish pink variety. Smoky quartz is the brown to gray variety.

Quartz is the most common mineral on the face of the Earth. It is found in nearly every geological environment and is at least a component of almost every rock type. It frequently is the primary mineral, >98%. It is also the most varied in terms of varieties, colors and forms. This variety comes about because of the abundance and widespread distribution of quartz. A collector could easily have hundreds of quartz specimens and not have two that are the same due to the many broad categories. The specimens could be separated by answers to the following questions: color?, shade?, pyramidal?, prismatic?, druzy?, twinned?, sceptered?, phantomed?, included?, tapered?, coated?, microcrystalline?, stalactitic?, concretionary?, geoidal?, banded?, etc. Multiple combinations of these could produce hundreds of unique possibilities.

Cryptocrystalline (crystals too small to be seen even by a microscope) varieties are also used as semi-precious stones and for ornamental purposes. These varieties are divided more by character than by color. The primary varieties of chalcedony are as follows:

Agate is a banded variety (sometimes with translucent bands) Bloodstone is green with red speckles Carnelian is yellow to orange Chrysoprase is green Flint is generally black with a fibrous microscopic structure Jasper is any colorful agate Onyx is black, white, or alternating black and white Sard is yellow to brown Sardonyx is banded, alternating sard and (usually white) onyx

Check out our selections of agate bookends, available as natural agate, dyed blue, and dyed purple.

Quartz is not the only mineral composed of SiO2. There are no less than eight other known structures that are composed of SiO2. These other substances and quartz are polymorphs of silicon dioxide and belong to an informal group called the Quartz Group or Silica Group. All members of this group, except quartz, are uncommon to extemely rare on the surface of the earth and are stable only under high temperatures and high pressures or both. These minerals have their own unique structures although they share the same chemistry, hence the term polymorph, which means many forms. Quartz has a unique structure. Actually, there is another mineral that shares quartz's structure, and it is not even a silicate. It is a rare phosphate named berlinite, AlPO4, that is isostructural with quartz. The structure of quartz involves corkscrewing (helix) chains of silicon tetrahedrons. The corkscrew takes four tetrahedrons in order to repeat itself, or three turns. Each tetrahedron is essentially rotated 120 degrees. The chains are aligned along the C axis of the crystal and interconnected to two other chains at each tetrahedron making quartz a true tectosilicate. This structure is not like the structure of the chain silicates or inosilicates whose silicate tetrahedronal chains are not directly connected to each other. The structure of quartz helps explain many of its physical attributes. For one, the helix makes three turns and this helps produce the trigonal symmetry of quartz. Likewise a helix or corkscrew lacks mirror planes of symmetry as does quartz. The corkscrew structure would also disrupt any cleavage which requires a plane of weakness not found in quartz and breakage would result in the curved fracture, conchoidal, that is found in quartz. Quartz can also have left and right handed crystals just as a corkscrew can screw in a left handed way or in a right handed way. There are even some very

difficult to identify crystals of quartz that are twinned with alternating one sixths of the crystal being right handed and then left handed. Quartz is a fun mineral to collect. Its abundance on the Earth's surface is incredible and produces some wonderful varieties that don't even look like the same mineral. A collector must always be up on the many varieties of quartz and it sometimes embarrasses a collector to have collected too many specimens of such a common mineral. But nearly all collectors concede that you can never really have enough quartz specimens. Note that quartz is nearly a defining component of most geodes. The agate form typically lines the original cavity, creating a durable shell to contain subsequent mineral growth, which itself is often quartz crystals of one or more varieties. Geodes from Brazil are a good example, as layers of agate comprise the shell, lined with milky and/or colorless quartz crystals, topped with amethyst.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Color is as variable as the spectrum, but clear quartz is by far the most common color followed by white or cloudy (milky quartz). Purple (Amethyst), pink (Rose Quartz), gray or brown to black (Smoky Quartz) are also common. Cryptocrystalline varieties can be multicolored. Luster is glassy to vitreous as crystals, while cryptocrystalline forms are usually waxy to dull but can be vitreous. Transparency: Crystals are transparent to translucent, cryptocrystalline forms can be translucent or opaque. Crystal System is trigonal; 3 2. Crystal Habits are again widely variable but the most common habit is hexagonal prisms terminated with a six sided pyramid (actually two rhombohedrons). Three of the six sides of the pyramid may dominate

causing the pyramid to be or look three sided. Left and right handed crystals are possible and identifiable only if minor trigonal pyramidal faces are present. Druse forms (crystal lined rock with just the pyramids showing) are also common. Massive forms can be just about any type but common forms include botryoidal, globular, stalactitic, crusts of agate such as lining the interior of a geode and many many more. Cleavage is very weak in three directions (rhombohedral). Fracture is conchoidal. Hardness is 7, less in cryptocrystalline forms. Specific Gravity is 2.65 or less if cryptocrystalline. (average) Streak is white. Other Characteristics: Striations on prism faces run perpendicular to C axis, piezoelectric (see tourmaline) and index of refraction is 1.55. Associated Minerals are numerous and varied but here are some of the more classic associations of quartz (although any list of associated minerals of quartz is only a partial list): amazonite a variety of microcline, tourmalines especially elbaite, wolframite, pyrite, rutile, zeolites, fluorite, calcite, gold, muscovite, topaz, beryl, hematite and spodumene. Notable Occurrences of amethyst are Brazil, Uraguay, Mexico, Russia, Thunder Bay area of Canada, and some locallities in the USA. For Smoky Quartz; Brazil, Colorado, Scotland, Swiss Alps among many others. Rose Quartz is also wide spread but large quantities come from brazil as do the only large find of Rose Quartz prisms. Natural citrine is found with many amethyst deposits but in very rare quantities. Fine examples of Rock crystal come from Brazil (again), Arkansas, many localities in Africa, etc. Fine Agates are found in, of

course, Brazil, Lake Superior region, Montana, Mexico and Germany. Best Field Indicators are first the fact that it is very common (always assume transparent clear crystals may be quartz), crystal habit, hardness, striations, good conchoidal fracture and lack of good cleavage.

Kuarsa adalah salah satu mineral yang umum ditemukan di kerak kontinen bumi. Mineral ini memiliki struktur kristal heksagonal yang terbuat dari silika trigonal terkristalisasi (silikon dioksida, SiO2), dengan skala kekerasan Mohs 7 dan densitas 2,65 g/cm. Bentuk umum kuarsa adalah prisma segienam yang memiliki ujung piramida segienam.

Pasir kuarsa adalah bahan galian yang terdiri atas kristal-kristal silika (SiO2) dan mengandung senyawa pengotor yang terbawa selama proses pengendapan. Pasir kuarsa juga dikenal dengan nama pasir putih merupakan hasil pelapukan batuan yang mengandung mineral utama, seperti kuarsa dan feldspar. Hasil pelapukan kemudian tercuci dan terbawa oleh air atau angin yang terendapkan di tepi-tepi sungai, danau atau laut. Pasir kuarsa mempunyai komposisi gabungan dari SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, dan K2O, berwarna putih bening atau warna lain bergantung pada senyawa pengotornya, kekerasan 7 (skala Mohs), berat jenis 2,65, titik lebur 17150C, bentuk kristal hexagonal, panas sfesifik 0,185, dan konduktivitas panas 12 1000C.

Dalam kegiatan industri, penggunaan pasir kuarsa sudah berkembang meluas, baik langsung sebagai bahan baku utama maupun bahan ikutan. Sebagai bahan baku utama, misalnya digunakan dalam industri gelas kaca, semen, tegel, mosaik keramik, bahan baku fero silikon, silikon carbide bahan abrasit (ampelas dan sand blasting). Sedangkan sebagai bahan ikutan, misal dalam industri cor, industri perminyakan dan pertambangan, bata tahan api (refraktori), dan lain sebagainya. Pasir Kuarsa dapat ditemukan di daerah pesisir pantai selatan pulau jawa, di daerah Blitar kegiatan penambangan pasir kuarsa berada dilokasi sekitar pantai Jolosutro

Feldspar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about a mineral. For the Malcolm in the Middle character see list of characters.

Feldspar

kaolin
Kaolin merupakan masa batuan yang tersusun dari material lempung dengan kandungan besi yang rendah, dan umumnya berwarna putih atau agak keputihan. Kaolin mempunyai komposisi hidrous alumunium silikat (2H2O.Al2O3.2SiO2), dengan disertai mineral penyerta. Proses pembentukan kaolin (kaolinisasi) dapat terjadi melalui proses pelapukan dan proses hidrotermal alterasi pada batuan beku felspartik. Endapan kaolin ada dua macam, yaitu: endapan residual dan sedimentasi. Mineral yang termasuk dalam kelompok kaolin adalah kaolinit, nakrit, dikrit, dan halloysit (Al2(OH)4SiO5.2H2O), yang mempunyai kandungan air lebih besar dan umumnya membentuk endapan tersendiri. Sifat-sifat mineral kaolin antara lain, yaitu: kekerasan 2 2,5, berat jenis 2,6 2,63, plastis, mempunyai daya hantar panas dan listrik yang rendah, serta pH bervariasi. Daerah penghasil kaolin di Blitar adalah kecamatan Wonotirto di daerah Blitar selatan dan daerah Desa Jimbe kecamatan Kademangan yang berbatasan denganwilayahKabupaten Tulungagung

Feldspar crystal (18218.5 cm) from Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. General Category Chemical formula tectosilicate KAlSi3O8 NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8 Identification Color pink, white, gray, brown

Crystal system Twinning Cleavage Fracture Mohs scale hardness Luster Diaphaneity Birefringence Pleochroism Other characteristics

triclinic or monoclinic tartan, carlsbad, etc two or three along cleavage planes 6 vitreous opaque first order none

of metamorphic rock.[2] Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar (see below) is known as anorthosite.[3] Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rock.[4]

Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology 2 Compositions o 2.1 Alkali feldspars o 2.2 Plagioclase feldspars o 2.3 Barium feldspars 3 Production and uses 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading

exsolution lamellae common

[edit] Etymology
Feldspar is derived from the German Feld, "field", and Spath, "a rock that does not contain ore". "Feldspathic" refers to materials that contain feldspar. The alternate spelling, felspar, has now largely fallen out of use.[5]

[edit] Compositions
This group of minerals consists of framework tectosilicates. Compositions of major elements in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three endmembers: Potassium-Feldspar (K-spar) endmember KAlSi3O8[1] Albite endmember NaAlSi3O8[1] Anorthite endmember CaAl2Si2O8[1] Solid solutions between K-feldspar and albite are called alkali feldspar.[1] Solid solutions between albite and anorthite are

Compositional phase diagram of the different minerals that constitute the feldspar solid solution.

Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.[1] Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, as veins, and are also present in many types

called plagioclase,[1] or more properly plagioclase feldspar. Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, immiscibility occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the earth. Albite is considered both a plagioclase and alkali feldspar. In addition to albite, barium feldspars are also considered both alkali and plagioclase feldspars. Barium feldspars form as the result of the replacement of potassium feldspar.
[edit] Alkali feldspars

labradorite (50 to 70) (Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si2O8 bytownite (70 to 90) (NaSi,CaAl)AlSi2O8 anorthite (90 to 100) CaAl2Si2O8

The alkali feldspars are as follows:

orthoclase (monoclinic),[6] KAlSi3O8 sanidine (monoclinic)[7] (K,Na)AlSi3O8 microcline (triclinic)[8] KAlSi3O8 anorthoclase (triclinic) (Na,K)AlSi3O8

Intermediate compositions of plagioclase feldspar also may exsolve to two feldspars of contrasting composition during cooling, but diffusion is much slower than in alkali feldspar, and the resulting two-feldspar intergrowths typically are too fine-grained to be visible with optical microscopes. The immiscibility gaps in the plagioclase solid solution are complex compared to the gap in the alkali feldspars. The play of colours visible in some feldspar of labradorite composition is due to very fine-grained exsolution lamellae.
[edit] Barium feldspars

The barium feldspars are monoclinic and comprise the following:

Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest.[6][7] Perthite is a typical texture in alkali feldspar, due to exsolution of contrasting alkali feldspar compositions during cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars of many granites can be seen with the naked eye.[9] Microperthitic textures in crystals are visible using a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can be seen only with an electron microscope.
[edit] Plagioclase feldspars

celsian BaAl2Si2O8 hyalophane (K,Na,Ba)(Al,Si)4O8

The plagioclase feldspars are triclinic. The plagioclase series follows (with percent anorthite in parentheses):

albite (0 to 10) NaAlSi3O8 oligoclase (10 to 30) (Na,Ca)(Al,Si)AlSi2O8 andesine (30 to 50) NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8

Feldspars can form clay minerals through chemical weathering.[10] Feldspar (KAlSi3O8 - NaAlSi3O8 - CaAl2Si2O8) adalah kelompok tectosilicate mineral pembentuk batuan yang membentuk sebanyak 60% dari kerak bumi [1]. Feldspar mengkristal dari magma dalam kedua batuan beku intrusif dan ekstrusif, sebagai vena, dan juga hadir dalam berbagai jenis batuan metamorf [2] Rock terbentuk hampir seluruhnya dari felspar plagioklas yg mengandung kapur (lihat di bawah) dikenal sebagai anorthosite. [3]. Feldspar juga ditemukan di berbagai jenis batuan sedimen. [4] Isi [Hide] 1 Etimologi 2 Komposisi o 2.1 alkali feldspar o 2.2 Plagioklas feldspar o 2.3 Barium feldspar

 3 Produksi dan menggunakan 4 Lihat juga 5 Referensi 6 Bacaan lebih lanjut [Sunting] Etimologi Felspar berasal dari Feld Jerman, "lapangan", dan Spath, "sebuah batu yang tidak mengandung bijih". "Feldspathic" mengacu pada bahan bahan yang mengandung feldspar. Ejaan alternatif, felspar, kini sebagian besar jatuh dari penggunaan. [5] [Sunting] Komposisi Kelompok ini terdiri dari mineral tectosilicates kerangka. Komposisi unsur utama dalam feldspar umum dapat dinyatakan dalam tiga endmembers: Kalium-Felspar (K-tiang) endmember KAlSi3O8 [1] Albite endmember NaAlSi3O8 [1] Anorthite endmember CaAl2Si2O8 [1] solusi Solid antara K-felspar dan albite disebut felspar alkali [1] Solid solusi antara albite dan anorthite disebut plagioklas,. [1] atau lebih baik feldspar plagioklas. Hanya larutan padat terbatas terjadi antara K-felspar dan anorthite, dan dalam dua solusi padat lainnya, immiscibility terjadi pada temperatur umum dalam kerak bumi. Albite dianggap baik plagioklas dan feldspar alkali. Selain albite, feldspar barium juga dianggap baik alkali dan feldspar plagioklas. Barium feldspar bentuk sebagai akibat dari penggantian feldspar kalium. [Sunting] feldspar alkali Para feldspar alkali adalah sebagai berikut: orthoclase (monoklinik), [6] - KAlSi3O8 sanidine (monoklinik) [7] - (K, Na) AlSi3O8 microcline (triklinik) [8] - KAlSi3O8 anorthoclase (triklinik) - AlSi3O8 (Na, K) Sanidine stabil pada suhu tertinggi, dan microcline di terendah. [6] [7] perthite adalah tekstur yang khas dalam felspar alkali, karena exsolution kontras komposisi felspar alkali selama pendinginan dari komposisi menengah.

Tekstur perthitic dalam feldspar alkali banyak granit dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang. [9] tekstur Microperthitic dalam kristal yang terlihat dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya, sedangkan tekstur cryptoperthitic hanya dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop elektron. [Sunting] feldspar Plagioklas Para feldspar plagioklas yang triklinik. Seri plagioklas berikut (dengan anorthite persen dalam tanda kurung): albite (0 sampai 10) - NaAlSi3O8 oligoclase (10 sampai 30) - (Na, Ca) (Al, Si) AlSi2O8 andesin (30 sampai 50) - NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8 labradorit (50 sampai 70) - (Ca, Na) Al (Al, Si) Si2O8 bytownite (70 hingga 90) - (Nasi, CaAl) AlSi2O8 anorthite (90 hingga 100) - CaAl2Si2O8 komposisi Menengah dari felspar plagioklas juga dapat exsolve untuk dua feldspar yang kontras komposisi selama pendinginan, tetapi difusi jauh lebih lambat dibandingkan di felspar alkali, dan intergrowths dua-felspar yang dihasilkan biasanya terlalu halus untuk terlihat dengan mikroskop optik. kesenjangan immiscibility ini dalam larutan padat plagioklas yang kompleks dibandingkan dengan kesenjangan dalam feldspar alkali. Permainan warna terlihat di beberapa feldspar komposisi labradorit adalah karena lamellae exsolution sangat halus. [Sunting] feldspar Barium Para feldspar berbahan adalah monoklinik dan terdiri dari: celsian - BaAl2Si2O8 hyalophane - (K, Na, Ba) (Al, Si) 4O8 Feldspar dapat membentuk mineral lempung melalui pelapukan kimia. [10]

Feldspar output in 2005.

[edit] Production and uses

Feldspar is a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as a filler and extender in paint, plastics, and rubber. In glassmaking, alumina from feldspar improves product hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion. In ceramics, the alkalis in feldspar (calcium oxide, potassium oxide, and sodium oxide) act as a flux, lowering the melting temperature of a mixture. Fluxes melt at an early stage in the firing process, forming a glassy matrix that bonds the other components of the system together. In the US, about 66% of feldspar is consumed in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fiber. Pottery (including electrical insulators, sanitaryware, tableware, and tile) and other uses, such as fillers, accounted for the remainder.[12] In in earth sciences and archaeology, feldspars are used for K-Ar dating, argonargon dating, thermoluminescence dating and optical dating.

Lunar ferrous anorthosite #60025 (plagioclase feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater. This sample is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C..

FELDSPAR Sebagai mineral silikat pembentuk batuan, felspar mempunyai kerangka struktur tektosilikat yang menunjukkan 4 (empat) atom oksigen dalam struktur tetraheral SiO2 yang dipakai juga oleh struktur tetraheral lainnya. Kondisi ini menghasilkan kisi-kisi kristal seimbang terutama bila ada kation lain yang masuk ke dalam struktur tersebut seperti penggantian silikon oleh aluminium. Terlepas dari bentuk strukturnya, apakah triklin atau monoklin, felspar secara kimiawi dibagi menjadi empat kelompok mineral yaitu kalium felspar (KAlSi3O8), natrium felspar (NaAlSi3O8), kalsium felspar (CaAl2Si2O8) dan barium felspar (Ba Al2Si2O8) sedangkan secara mineralogi felspar dikelompokkan menjadi plagioklas dan K-felspar. Plagioklas merupakan seri yang menerus suatu

Labradorite.

About 20 million tonnes of feldspar has been produced in 2010, mostly by three countries: Italy (4.7 Mt), Turkey (4.5 Mt) and China (2 Mt).[11]

larutan padat tersusun dari variasi komposisi natrium felspar dan kalsium felspar Plagioklas felspar hampir selalu memperlihatkan kenampakan melidah yang kembar (lamellar twinning) bila sayatan tipis mineral tersebut dilihat secara mikroskopis. Sifat optis yang progresif sejalan dengan berubahnya komposisi mineralogi memudahkan dalam identifikasi mineral-mineral felspar yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok plagioklas tersebut. Na-plagioklas banyak ditemukan dalam batuan kaya unsur alkali (granit, sienit). Andesin dan oligoklas terdapat pada batuan intermediate seperti diorit sedangkan labradorit, bitownit dan anortit biasanya sebagai komponen batuan basa (gabro) dan anortosit. Mineral yang termasuk kelompok Kfelspar diklasifikasikan berdasarkan suhu ristalisasinya, mulai dari sanidin (suhu tinggi), ortoklas, mikroklin sampai adularia (suhu rendah). Keempat mineral mempunyai rumus kimia sama yaitu KAlSi3O8 dan (terutama) ditemukan pada batuan beku asam seperti granit dan sienit, selain itu ditemukan pula pada batuan metamorfosis dan hasil re-work pada batuan sedimen. Keberadaan felspar dalam kerak bumi cukup melimpah. Walaupun demikian untuk keperluan komersial dibutuhkan felspar yang memiliki kandungan (K2O + Na2O) > 10%. Selain itu, material pengotor oksida besi, kuarsa, oksida titanium dan pengotor lain yang berasosiasi dengan felspar diusahakan sesedikit mungkin. Felspar dari alam setelah diolah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk batu gurinda dan felspar olahan untuk keperluan industri tertentu. Mineral ikutannya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan industri lain sesuai spesifikasi yang ditentukan. Industri keramik halus dan kaca/gelas merupakan

dua industri yang paling banyak mengkonsumsi felspar olahan, terutama yang memiliki kandungan K2O tinggi dan CaO rendah. Berbicara mengenai potensi endapan felspar di Indonesia, sebaran material ini terdapat hampir di seluruh negeri dengan bentuk endapan berbeda dari satu daerah dengan daerah yang lain tergantung jenis endapan, primer atau sekunder. Data dari Direktorat Inventarisasi Sumberdaya Mineral menunjukkan cadangan terukur (proved), tereka (probable) dan terindikasi (possible) masing-masing sebesar 271.693, 11.728 dan 56.561 ribu ton.