THAM LUN NHNG RO CN K THUT TRONG HOT NG XUT KHU V GII PHP

ThS T Minh Thin Gim c Trung Tm Xc tin Thng mi v u t TP H Ch Minh (ITPC)

1. Nhng ro cn k thut i vi Vit Nam: Trong nm 2009, trc nhng kh khn ca cuc suy thoi ti chnh ton cu, p lc mang tnh cht bo h thng mi ti mt s nc trn th gii c chiu hng tng, c bit l ti Hoa k v cc nc EU. Hn bao gi ht, k t sau Chin tranh th gii th 2, tinh thn ng h thng mi t do trong Quc hi M hin ang tt dc trm trng, c bit l t cc nh lm lut thuc ng Dn ch. Tnh trng ny dn n vic ban hnh mt s o lut mang tnh cht bo h, chng hn nh Quy nh v mua hng M (Buy-American Provision). Bn cnh , cc hip nh thng mi t do song phng m M k kt vi Hn Quc, Colombia v Panama di nhim k ng Bush vn ang b ngm ti Quc hi v cha c ph duyt c hiu lc 1. Trong cc hng ro phi thu quan, h thng ro cn k thut c xem l mt trong nhng nhm bin php hu hiu nht ngn chn hng xut khu, c bit l hng xut khu ca cc nc ang pht trin. Hng ro ny c th hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, song n u lin quan n vn tiu chun cht lng ca hng ho, cng ngh, qu trnh sn xut cng nh vic bao gi, ghi nhn, vn chuyn, bo qun v c cc qu trnh khc nh th nghim, kim tra, gim nh, qun l cht lng... i vi hng ho.iu ny v ang gy khng t kh khn cho cc nh xut khu ca nc ta, nht l trong cc ngnh thy sn, thc phm ch bin, th cng m ngh, dt may, da giyCc ro cn trong thng mi quc t thng gm bao gm cc hnh thc nh: 1. Cc tiu chun, quy nh k thut, an ton v sinh dch t 2. Cc tiu chun ch bin v sn xut theo quy nh mi trng 3. Cc yu cu v nhn mc 4. Cc yu cu v ng gi bao b
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Trn L Anh - PGS Kinh t v Qun tr Kinh doanh i hc Lasell, M

5. Ph mi trng 6. Nhn sinh thi 7. Qui nh v xut x hng ha Sau khi gia nhp T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO), Vit Nam tip tc p dng cc hng ro k thut ph hp vi quy nh ca WTO nhm bo v cuc sng ca con ngi, ng thc vt, sc khe cng ng v mi trng. Trong Vit Nam nhn mnh vo cc quy nh v cht lng, v sinh an ton thc phm, bo v sinh thi, bo v mi trng v a dng sinh hc. Ngoi ra Vit Nam cn tip tc p dng cac quy nh nhm bo v an ninh quc gia cng nh chng gian ln thng mi ph hp vi quy nh WTO v cc Cng c quc t. Mc d vy cc hng ro k thut ca Vit Nam khng nh hng hay bp mo thng mi v c p dng ph hp vi ph hp vi cc quy nh quc t v mi trng v Vit Nam tham gia. Cc quy nh ca Vit Nam khng nhm mc ch hn ch nhp khu tri vi quy nh ca WT. Cc hng ro phi thu quan nc ta dn c loi b nh quota hn ngch, giy php. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam vn duy tr danh mc mt s mt hng cm xut nhp khu v mt s mt hng hn ch xut nhp khu.V d: Vit Nam cm nhp khu thit b v phn mm m ha thuc din b mt nh nc khng lin quan ti cc sn phm thng mi thng thng phc v nhu cu i chng. T 1/1/2010 l ngy bt u c hiu lc thi hnh ca hng lot nhng quy nh mi m mt s o lut ti cc th trng XK chnh ca Vit Nam ban hnh nh: Lut Illegal Unreported Unregulated fishing - IUU v truy xut ngun gc thy hi sn xut khu vo EU; o lut Bo v mi trng cho ngi tiu dng M; o lut ci tin an ton sn phm tiu dng - CPSIA ca M; Cc tiu chun bt buc i vi sn phm g gia dng v ni tht nh: ging ci, ging tng, hm chi, bn xp di ng, gi tivi, ro chn tr em Cc tiu chun bt buc i vi sn phm may mc nh: dy rt qun o tr em, o ng, o chong, o tm, o qun b st, o ng tr em

Nhng tiu chun REACH (quy nh sn xut khng s dng ha cht c hi ca EU); Lut Lacey sa i ca M v quy nh lin quan n ngun gc, xut x ca nguyn liu sn xut g; Quy nh v chng nhn phn tch an ton v sinh thc phm cho hng hoa qu ca Innxia; Nhng quy nh mi cho hng dc phm, thc phm, m phm ca lut FDCA (M); Hip nh FLEGT ca EU v thm quyn cp php sau khi kim tra tnh hp php ca l hng thng qua cc bng chng gc Ngoi ra, cc qui nh v xut x sn phm i vi hng nng sn nh rau, qu nhp vo Trung quc cng c trin khai trong nm 2009. Thc cht y l nhng ro cn k thut, l nhng hnh vi bo h thng mi m cc nc NK ny dng ln mt cch tinh vi, nhm hn ch ngun hng XK ca cc nc khc vo th trng nc h, nhm bo h sn xut v tiu dng ni a. Do khng hong kinh t, ro cn thng mi ang c dng ln khp ni trn th gii v ngy thm dy c. Kim ngch xut khu ca c nc ni chung cng nh ca thnh ph ni ring mt phn do th trng xut khu b thu hp t nhng kho khn v ti chinh ti cc nc nhp khu nhng cng c phn xut pht t nhng tr ngi do cc ro cn k thut gy ra i vi sn phm xut khu. 2. Gii php: vt qua nhng ro cn v k thut ny, cn thit phi c s hp tc cht ch gia cc doanh nghip v hip hi cng nh s h tr ca nh nc i vi cc doanh nghip trong vic xy dng cc tiu chun v a dng ha th trng. 2.1. V pha thnh ph: 2.1.1. Trin khai chng trnh h tr cc doanh nghip t tiu chun quc t (gi tt l chng trnh hp chun): Chng trnh ny do ITPC ch tr nhm h tr doanh nghip v sn phm ca TP.HCM t tiu chun quc t xm nhp cc th trng mc tiu trng im nh: Hoa K, EU, Nht Bn; nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip v sn phm ca TP.HCM trn cc th trng trng im v nng cao cht lng sn phm phc v th trng xut khu ti ch 2.1.2. Trin khai chng trnh h tr cc doanh nghip i mi cng ngh vi ngun vn vay u i.

2.1.3. T chc cc cuc hi tho, bo co chuyn v cc ro cn k thut i vi tng ngnh v tho lun thng nht tm ra cc gii php gip cc doanh nghp vt qua cc ro cn , cng nh phn tch cc xu th xut hin cc ro cn mi gip cc doanh nghip chun b tt cho vic i ph vi cc ro cn mi. 2.1.4. Tng cng cc hot ng ca Trung tm TBT ca S Khoa hc Cng ngh thng qua vic cp nht v cung cp thng tin lin tc cho cc hip hi ngnh ngh, cc doanh nghip trn a bn thnh ph. 2.2. V pha cc doanh nghip: 2.2.1. Trnh v hn ch ti a vic b thu hi sn phm thng qua cc bin php nh: Bit v tun th cc tiu chun ca nc nhp khu, ca Lin bang hoc khi quc gia. Bit v tun th cc tiu chun ng thun ca ngnh Xem xt thit k ca sn phm Kim tra, kim tra v kim tra Theo di vic s dng sn phm nh gi khiu ni, hi thng tin, thng tt, phn hi ca khch hng Hi p thng bo ca nh bn l Bo co cc vn an ton 2.2.2. Theo st hot ng ca cc t chc bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng hoc cc t chc v an ton sn phm nh CPSC bng cch: Theo di trang web chnh thc ca cc t chc ny cp nht thng tin c lin quan n cc sn phm xut khu mt cch lin tc. ng k Bn tin Thng bo Thu hi ng k Lch chung Hi Phng c in t hoc phng hi p thc mc ca cc t chc ny Tham d cc cuc hi tho hoc Hi ch thng mi nm thng tin v cc qui nh hin hnh hoc xu hng ca cc qui nh mi m cc nc ban hnh. 2.2.3. Nng cao nng lc qun tr sn xut v o to i ng qun l sn xut thng tho cng vic, gii v chuyn mn.

2.4. Tham gia cc hot ng cng nh cc chng trnh ca thnh ph hoc ca quc gia, phn nh thng tin trong thc tin hot ng cng nh cc vng mc c lin quan n cc c quan c trch nhim. PH LC

Tm tt cc qui nh ca y ban An ton Sn phm Tiu dng Hoa K (CPSC) i vi sn phm g gia dng, ni tht v may mc
1. Cc tiu chun bt buc i vi sn phm g gia dng v ni tht: 1.1. Ging ci Cc Yu cu bt buc 16 CFR Phn 1508 Ging ci c ln 16 CFR Phn 1509 Ging ci c thng ASTM F1169 Quy chun cho ging ci c ln ASTM F406 Quy chun an ton tiu dng cho ging ci c thng/ci ASTM F2710 Quy chun thc thi an ton tiu dng cho ging ci thng mi

Cc Tiu chun ng thun cho ngnh

1.2. Ging tng Tr c th b mc kt gia ging tng trn v tng, trong cc khe h di thanh chn, hay trong cc khe h cui ging tng. Cc Yu cu bt buc 16 CFR Phn 1213 Ging tng ngi ln 16 CFR Phn 1513 Ging tng tr em

Tiu chun ng thun cho Ngnh ASTM F1427 Quy chun An ton Tiu dng cho Ging tng

1.3. Hm chi Np c bn l ri t do c th ri trng u hay c tr khi chng nghing ngi vo trong hm chi Hm chi phi c np: Nh, Tho c, hay

 C chng np gip gi np m bt k v tr no ASTM F834 Quy chun An ton Tiu dng cho Hm chi 1.4. g khng c nh, nh t ko, rng hm, t ti vi, c th ri vo u tr g ASTM F2057 Quy chun an ton cho rng hm, t ng, v t ko Cho cc loi cha o qun cao trn 30 inches UL 1678 Tiu chun cho cc loi xe y dng trong nh, thng mi v chuyn dng v gi dng cho thit b nghe/nhn Cho t hay gi ti vi Bn xp di ng

1.5. Ro Chn Tr Em u tr c th mc kt trong khe h hnh ch V thng thy trong cc loi ro chn theo kiu xp qut ASTM F1004 Quy chun an ton tiu dng cho ro chn m rng v khu chn ni rng c

2. Cc Tiu chun bt buc i vi sn phm may mc: 2.1. Cc Tiu chun ng thun cho Dy rt trn Qun o tr em CPSC pht hnh hng dn vo nm 1996, c ASTM tip nhn vo nm 1997 (ASTM F1816-97) p dng cho o mc ngoi nh o jacket, o khoc ma ng, o ni chung C 2T-12 Cng hng dn c th cho dy rt hng/lng cho cc c 2T-16 2.2. Tm tt cc Tiu chun cho Qun o thng thng Vic sn xut, sn xut bn, nhp khu vo Hoa K v vic vn chuyn trong thng mi vi dt hay sn phm d chy nguy him c xem l cch lm khng cng bng hay la o B Tiu chun xc lp mc d chy tng i ca vi dt dng trong o qun v phn loi chng da vo c tnh chy ca chng thnh 3 loi; loi 3 l d chy nguy him

Phn Loi Vi Loi 1 vi khng c c tnh chy bt thng v c th chp nhn dng trong qun o Loi 2 d chy mc trung bnh dng cn thn Loi 3 vi d chy nguy him v KHNG TH dng trong o qun mc Vy v khn qung mng 100% t nhn to Khn qung mng 100% la o m chenille 100% t nhn to o m chenille v lng di t nhn to/nylon o qun gi len Polyester/cotton v 100% cotton o chong 100% cotton vi bng x

Cc Loi o Qun Khng Tun Th Thng Thy

2.3. Ng cho Tr Em Tiu chun ng cho tr em (16 CFR 1615/1616) c pht trin vo u thp nin 1970 gii quyt vic ng tr em bt la nh o ng n, qun o ng nam v o chong. Mi loi vi v qun o phi t dp la khi tch khi ngun bt la nh, chy ngoi. Tiu chun c thit k bo v tr khi cc ngun chy nh nh dim, than l si v my si phng Khng nhm bo v tr khi cc m chy ln hay m chy bt ngun t cht lng d chy nh xng 2.4. Ng: Tu chnh nm 1996 ng tr s sinh c 9 thng tr xung c min tr khi tiu chun ng o qun b st (nh c tiu chun nh ngha) cng c min tr. Mc d nhng mn ny c min tr khi tiu chun ng, chng phi tun th tiu chun chung cho o qun mc 16 CFR 1610

2.5. o chong tm v mc trong nh

o chong tm chu s iu chnh ca tiu chun ng mc trong nh cng chu s iu chnh ca tiu chun ng Nm 2000, mt yu cu ghi nhn bt buc c xy dng cho qun o Nhn c c nh c ghi: Mc b st, khng chng chy C th dng nhn treo cung cp thng tin an ton im mua sm (nhn vng) hay mt phin bn nh hn ca nhn treo trn o qun ng gi trc Nhim c ch tr em dn n cc vn hnh vi, khuyt tt v hc hnh v chm pht trin. Mc 16 CFR 1303 bo v ngi tiu dng, c bit l tr em khi b nhim c ch qu mc trn lp ph b mt ca mt s sn phm. Bao gm lp ph b mt trn chi hay vt dng khc dng cho tr em, k c ph kin o qun. Lnh cm bao qut sn hay lp ph b mt tng t no khc c cha trn 0,06% ch (ch c trong sn) CPSIA dn dn gim mc ny Cn c kim tra v chng nhn ca bn th ba

2.6. Qun o b st

2.7. Yu cu v Ch ca CPSIA v Qun o cho tr em

Ti liu tham kho: 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Thi bo kinh t Si gn Bo co hot ng nm 2009 v k hoch 2010 ca Trung Tm Xc tin Thng mi v u t TPHCM www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn www.itpc.gov.vn www.cpsc.gov