QT Nguon Nhan Luc - 2011

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. H CH MINH

_______________________
Ti liu hc tp
Tin s NGUYN HU QUYN
Lu hnh ni b
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nm 2011
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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MC LC
Chng 1 Gii thiu v qun tr ngun nhn lc
Chng 2 Hoch nh ngun nhn lc
14
Chng 3- Phn tch cng vic.
29
Chng 4- Qu trnh tuyn dng ngun nhn lc.
77
Chng 5- Trc nghim v phng vn..
96
Chng 6 nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip...
120
Chng 7- o to v pht trin
129
Chng 8- nh gi thnh tch ca nhn vin
147
Chng 9- Tr cng lao ng.
179
Chng 10 - Quan h lao ng
207
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TS. Nguyn Hu Quyn Th.s. ng Thu Hng (www.365ngay.com.vn www.kynangquanly.com.vn)
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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CHNG 1
GII THIU V QUN TR NGUN NHN LC
___________
1.1. Khi nim, c trng ca qun tr ngun nhn lc
1.1.1. Khi nim
Qun tr ngun nhn lc nghin cu cc vn v qun tr con ngi trong
cc t chc tm vi m v c hai mc tiu c bn: (1) S dng c hiu qu
ngun lc ca t chc; v (2) p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca nhn vin, to
iu kin cho nhn vin c pht huy ti a cc nng lc c nhn, c kch
thch, ng vin nhiu nht ti ni lm vic v trung thnh, tn tm vi doanh
nghip. V mt khi nim chung, c th hiu:
Qun tr ngun nhn lc l h thng cc quan im, chnh sch v hot
ng thc tin s dng trong qun tr con ngi cu mt t chc nhm t c
kt qu ti u cho c t chc v nhn vin.
i n nh ngha v qun tr ngun nhn lc, iu chnh l tm hiu cc
nh qun tr ngun nhn lc thc hin cc chc nng ch yu no v ngha ca
vic thc hin cc chc nng ny nh th no i vi t chc. Vi cch tip cn
ny, c th s dng nh ngha
Qun tr ngun nhn lc l thit k cc chnh sch v thc hin cc lnh
vc hot ng nhm lm cho con ngi ng gp gi tr hu hiu nht cho t
chc, bao gm cc lnh vc nh hoch nh ngun nhn lc, phn tch v thit
k cng vic, chiu m v la chn, nh gi thnh tch, o to v pht trin,
tr cng, sc kho v an ton nhn vin, v tng quan lao ng,,...
Nhiu ngi cn rt m h v qun tr nhn s v qun tr ngun nhn lc.
Cng l nhng hot ng lin quan n qun tr con ngi trong t chc, nhng
hai phm tr ny rt khc nhau v bn cht. Bng 1.1. th hin s khc bit gia
qun tr nhn s v qun tr ngun nhn lc.
Bng 1.1- So snh qun tr nhn s v qun tr ngun nhn lc
Tiu ch
Quan im chung
Qun tr nhn s
Lao ng l chi ph u vo
Mc tiu o to
Gip nhn vin thch nghi v

tr ca h
Ngn hn v trung hn
Th trng v cng ngh
My mc + T chc
Vin cnh
Li th cnh tranh
C s ca nng sut
v cht lng
Cc yu t ng vin
Thi i vi s
thay i
Tin v thng tin ngh nghip

nhn vin thng chng li s
thay i
Qun tr ngun nhn lc

Ngun nhn lc l ti sn qu cn
pht trin
u t vo pht trin ngun nhn lc
Di hn
Cht lng ngun nhn lc
Cng ngh + T chc + cht lng
ngun nhn lc
Tnh cht cng vic + Thng tin +
Tin
Ngun nhn lc c th thch ng, i
mt vi s thch thc.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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1.1.2. c trng ca qun tr ngun nhn lc

Qun tr ngun nhn lc c hai c trng sau:
Qun tr ngun nhn lc c dn dn thay th cho qun tr nhn s vi
quan im ch o, l con ngi khng cn n thun ch l mt yu t ca qu
trnh sn xut kinh doanh m l mt ngun ti sn qu bu ca t chc, doanh
nghip.
Cc doanh nghip chuyn t tnh trng tit kim chi ph lao ng
gim gi thnh sang u t vo ngun nhn lc c li th cnh tranh cao
hn, c li nhun cao hn v hiu qu cao hn.
T quan im ny, qun tr ngun nhn lc c pht trin trn c s ca
cc nguyn tc ch yu sau:
Nhn vin cn c u t tha ng pht trin cc nng lc ring
nhm tha mn cc nhu cu c nhn, ng thi to ra nng sut lao ng, hiu
qu lm vic cao v ng gp tt nht cho t chc.
Cc chnh sch, chng trnh v thc tin qun tr cn c thit lp v
thc hin sao cho c th tha mn c nhu cu vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn
vin.
Mi trng lm vic cn c thit lp sao cho c th kch thch nhn
vin pht trin v s dng ti a cc k nng ca mnh.
Vn chc nng nhn s cn c thc hin phi hp v l mt b
phn quan trng trong chin lc kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
Nhim v qun tr con ngi l ca tt c cc qun tr gia, khng cn
n thun ca trng phng nhn s hay t chc cn b.
Qun tr ngun nhn lc l nhm: m bo ng s lng; trnh v k
nng ph hp; ng ni; v ng lc.
thc hin cc mc tiu ca cng ty, mi nh qun tr u l ngi
ph trch qun l ngun nhn lc.
1.1.3. Nhng s khc bit trong vic p dng qun tr ngun nhn lc
1.1.3.1. c im qun tr ngun nhn lc Nht & M
Bng 1.2 - So snh c im qun tr ngun nhn lc Nht & M
Tiu ch
1-Nht
2-M
Tuyn dng
Sut i
Ngn hn
o to
a k nng
Chuyn mn ha hp
Ra quyt nh
Tp th
C nhn
Lng, thng
Bnh qun, theo thm nin
Theo kt qu thc hin cng vic
Cng on
Cng on x nghip
Nhiu t chc cng on
S khc bit ny l do s khc bit v vn ha hai khu vc.

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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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Bng 1.3. - So snh cc c im vn ha M v Nht

Tiu ch vn ha
Nht
ng lc pht trin
Quan tm x hi quan trng hn vt

cht
Ti chnh, tin bc l ng lc ch
yu
Tnh c nhn- tp
th
Nhm l c s ca x hi. tnh tp th

c nh gi cao
Quyn c nhn c xp u tin

hng u.
Quan h gia nh
Bao gm c h hng, dng tc, dn

tc quan h thn thit gn gi
Gia nh ht nhn
Nhn nhn v cng

vic
Cng vic c nh gi cao, nhn

vin c k lut v t chc cao
Tm quan trng ca cng vic gim:

ngh ngi, gii tr tng
Quan im v gio
dc
Gio dc l trch nhim ca cha m

i vi con nhm mang li uy tn x
hi v m bo kinh t
Gio dc l hnh thc u t c

nhn.
Quan im nhn
v chc v, a v
x hi
Chc v, a v x hi quan trng
Chc v a v t quan trng; hiu

bit, c nng lc quan trng hn.
Nhn nhn v xung

t
Ha hp quan trng hn xung t
Chp nhn xung t, xung t c th

dn tinhng thay i c li
Bn cnh hai phong cch qun tr ngun nhn lc theo kiu M v Nht
nu trn, ngi ta cn ch ti phong cch ca ngi Hoa. Cc doanh nghip
do ngi Hoa s hu thng: s dng cc th tc h thng ngun nhn lc phi
chnh thc; pha trn gia vn ha Nho gio v phng Ty; duy tr mi quan h
gia trng; t chc cc nhm o to ti ch, v.v
1.2. Qu trnh pht trin ca qun tr ngun nhn lc
Qu trnh pht trin khoa hc qun tr ngun nhn lc c th c chia
thnh 4 giai on: qun tr kiu hi ngh th cng; qun tr theo khoa hc; quan
h con ngi v khoa hc t chc.
1.2.1. H thng hi ngh th cng
l hnh thc xut hin t rt sm m tiu biu Ai cp v Babylon,
trong vic hun luyn k nng th cng ca ngi cng nhn c ch trng
h thc hin cc nhim v ca mnh.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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Trong th k th 13, hun luyn ngh th cng tr nn ph bin Bc u.

Cc t chc phng hi ngh th cng c kim sot bi cc th tay ngh cao
v cc ng vin s c kt np sau mt thi gian hun luyn ngh. H thng
hi ngh th cng thch hp cho nn kinh t h gia nh. M hnh qun tr ngun
nhn lc th hin hnh 1.1. trn.
1.2.2. Qun tr theo khoa hc
Cuc cch mng cng nghip v sn xut khi lng ln vo th k th 19
v u th k th 20 kt thc thi k ca hi ngh th cng. S pht trin ca
sn xut khi lng ln dn n vic t chc cng vic theo hai hng chnh.
Th nht, cc cng tc c phn chia thnh cc n v n gin c th thc
hin bi cc cng nhn khng lnh ngh. Th hai, i ng iu hnh sn xut
c phn cp thnh cc gim st vin v cc nh qun tr. Sn xut khi lng
ln l c s cho pht trin cc h thng sn xut theo dy chuyn v cch tip
cn theo khoa hc trong phn tch cng vic thnh nhng thnh t lin h nhau.
Trong sut hng chc nm sau 1910, cc nguyn tc qun tr theo khoa hc
c ng dng rng ri M. Taylor v cc nguyn tc ca ng da trn gi
thit ngi lao ng mong mun c s dng hiu qu v c thc y bng
vt cht. Cng ngy l lun trn cng tr nn sai lm khi xut hin nhng quan
im, l lun v nhng ng lc khc ca ngi lao ng. Ngi lao ng tr
nn bt bnh v cc t chc cng on ph phn trng phi Taylor tc i
cc iu kin v chc nng cng vic ca ngi lao ng.
S ph phn trng phi Taylor vn cn tip din, nhng c nhiu c s
chng t nhng nguyn tc qun l c bn vn cn p dng n nay, nh h
thng nh gi thnh tch v khuyn khch ngi lao ng vn cn vn dng cc
tng ca Taylor.
1.2.3. Quan h con ngi
Nhng hiu bit u tin v yu t x hi ca sn xut khi lng ln c
khm ph u tin bng cc th nghim ni ting ca cc nh x hi hc ni
ting ngi M l Elton Mayo (1880-1949) v Fritz Roethlisberger (1898-1974)
t nm 1924 n 1932 nh my Western Electrics Hawthorn Chicago.
Mayo v cc ng nghip quan st nh hng ca s chiu sng ln nng
sut lao ng ca cng nhn. Cc nh nghin cu phn chia 2 nhm lm vic
di nhng iu kin nh nhau, ch c khc bit l mt nhm, nh sng chiu
bin i, v nhm th hai th nh sng gi khng i. Kt qu ng ngc nhin
l nng sut lao ng c hai nhm u tng nh nhau. Thm ch nhng cng
nhn nhm thc nghim c thng bo l c s thay i nh sng, nhng
nhng ngi cng nhn khng bn tm n vic hiu chnh n.
Nguyn nhn ca vic tng nng sut l thi ca nhng ngi cng
nhn i vi cng vic ca h v i vi Western Electric. Thc t do vic yu
cu s hp tc ca Western Electric, ngi cng nhn cm nhn vai tr quan
trng ca h v iu l ng lc h lm vic.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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1.2.4. Khoa hc t chc

T nhng tr ngi ca cch tip cn theo quan h con ngi, cc nghin
cu chuyn hng t cc mn khoa hc hnh vi nh tm l hc, khoa hc chnh
tr, x hi hc sang khoa hc v t chc. Cch tip cn khoa hc t chc tp
trung ch yu vo yu t t chc v t ch trng yu t c nhn. Qun tr ngun
nhn lc ngy nay pht trin theo hng kt hp nhng thnh tu ca nhng
trng phi trc y v nhng nghin cu hin ti v khoa hc hnh vi.
1.3. Cc chc nng c bn ca qun tr ngun nhn lc
Cc hot ng qun tr ngun nhn lc nh th no tu thuc vo quy m
v nhu cu ca t chc. Qun tr ngun nhn lc c phn thnh cc hot
ng: Lp k hoch tuyn dng; o to v pht trin; Duy tr v qun l; H
thng thng tin v dch v v nhn lc. Nhng lnh vc ny c mi lin h vi
nhau nh yu t thng xuyn lin tc trong nhng hot ng tng tc hng
ngy gia doanh nghip v cc nhn vin ca n. (Xem Hnh 1.2.)
g
n n
th g ti
H n
th
Du
q yt
u
n r v
l
Hc hi
k v
g
p
L ch dn
ho n
y
tu
o
ot
pht
v in
tr
Chuyn i
Ho nhp
Lm vic
Hnh 1.2. Chc nng qun tr ngun nhn lc

1.3.1. Lp k hoch v tuyn dng
@ Lp k hoch ngun nhn lc
Qu trnh hoch nh nhm p ng nhu cu ngun nhn lc cho t chc
trong bi cnh tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng kinh doanh. N bao gm vic
d bo nhu cu ngun nhn lc v pht trin cc chng trnh nhm m bo s
sn sng v s lng ca cc loi, vi cht lng mong mun v ngun nhn lc
cho t chc ng ni v vo ng lc.
Qun l mt t chc ph thuc vo cc tnh hung c th c trong tng
lai v nhu cu ngun nhn lc, yu t nhn khu hc, tnh hnh nn kinh t, s
thay i v cng ngh, mc thnh cng ca tuyn dng, xc lp li mc tiu hay
tnh hung ca tng chin lc.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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Lp k hoch ngun nhn lc thng hng vo tr li nhng cu hi:

Chng ta cn nhng con ngi nh th no?
Khi no chng ta cn h?
H s cn phi c nhng k nng no?
Chng ta c sn nhng ngi thch hp cha?
Khi c nhng thng tin trn, chng ta s lm g tip theo?
@ Tuyn dng
Qu trnh tuyn dng bao gm vic m t cc yu cu v cng vic, qung
co, tin hnh cc hot ng phng vn, a ra v p dng cc tiu chun tuyn
chn nht qun. Qu trnh tuyn dng gm cc cng vic: Phn tch cng vic;
Tm kim; S tuyn; Phng vn; Tuyn chn; Mi nhn vic; nh hng v theo
di nhn vin.
Phn tch cng vic l qu trnh thu thp, phn tch v sp xp mt cch h
thng thng tin v c im mt cng vic c th. Phn tch cng vic l cng
c c s cho thit lp h thng chn la v chng trnh hun luyn v m bo
rng h thng nh gi v th lao c xy dng trn c s nhu cu cng vic.
Nhim v ca tuyn m l xc tin cc hot ng nhm thu ht cc ng
vin thch hp cho t chc. Cc yu cu v s cng bng v dn ch trong vic
la chn cc ng vin ngy cng c ch trng, lm cho quy trnh la chn
nhn vin ngy cng tr nn cht ch, hp l.
Qu trnh la chn gm mt s bc quan trng. Bc u tin l vic
xc nh nhu cu cc v tr mi v xc nh nhng k nng no cn thit thc
hin cng vic hu hiu. Xc nh c cc nng lc v kh nng cn thit, cc
qun tr vin ngun nhn lc s d dng thit lp nhiu chin lc tuyn m
khc nhau. Quy trnh xem xt v nh gi la chn ng vin c th gm c
vic in phiu thng tin ng vin, phng vn, kim tra nng lc.
1..3.2. o to v pht trin
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh, kin thc ca loi
ngi trong cc lnh vc tch ly vi tc nhanh. Theo c tnh ca cc nh
khoa hc, ngy nay c sau 5 nm, kin thc loi ngi c tch ly gp i. V
chnh do mi trng kinh doanh ngy cng bin i, cnh tranh nn s cn thit
cho o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc thch ng vi mi trng ngy cng
tr nn nhim v quan trng ca cc nh qun tr ngun nhn lc.
Qun l ngun nhn lc mun c hiu qu, th mt trong nhng vic quan
trng cn lm l phi nh gi mt cch nht qun cc k nng v kin thc ca
nhn vin, t c chin lc o to v pht trin p ng c cc nhu
cu hin ti v tng lai ca doanh nghip.
Nguyn tc ca o to v pht trin l phi c c nhng con ngi ng
k nng. Qu trnh o to v pht trin cn ch cc vn sau:
Doanh nghip cn nhng k nng v kin thc no ?
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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Hin ti, ngi nhn vin cn nhng k nng no tin hnh cng vic ?
Cc nhu cu v k nng trong tng lai ca doanh nghip l g ?
S thiu ht gia k nng hin c vi nhu cu tng lai l g ?
Tin hnh o to nh th no s mang li kt qu tt nht?
o to v pht trin c th c trin khai mt cch chnh thc hay khng
chnh thc. Hnh thc o to chnh thc lin quan n nhng hng dn thc
hin mt cng vic mi, tc m bo p ng nhng thay i v cng ngh v
quy trnh. o to chnh thc c trin khai bi cc chuyn gia ngun nhn
lc, chuyn gia k thut, hoc t chc a ngi lao ng o to nhng
chng trnh o to ca cc t chc ngh nghip hay cc c s o to.
o to khng chnh thc thc hin trong qu trnh lm vic, c m
trch bi cc qun c hay cc ng nghip. B phn ngun nhn lc c th
cung cp cc kho t o to v lin kt cc c hi o to ti ni lm vic vi
cc k hoch thng tin ngh nghip cho nhn vin v vi cc d bo v nhu cu
ngun nhn lc.
1..3.3. Duy tr v qun l
Sau khi doanh nghip tuyn ng ngi v o to h, cn phi duy tr v
qun l h. Qu trnh ny gm cc ni dung:
B tr, nh hng, thuyn chuyn, bt.
nh gi v qun l kt qu thc hin cng vic v hng dn, t vn
nhn vin
Th lao, khen thng nhn vin v xy dng tinh thn lm vic tt.
Qun l qu trnh thi lm vic, bao gm thi vic t nguyn, thi vic c
nguyn nhn, ct gim nhn lc c k hoch v ngh hu.
nh gi thnh tch tr thnh yu t then cht trong qu trnh qun tr
ngun nhn lc. l cc hot ng xc nh nhn vin lm tt nh th no v
mc th lao tng ng nh th no l hp l. Vai tr ca qun tr vin ngun
nhn lc trong nh gi thnh tch l xy dng mt quy trnh nh gi, h thng
cc ch tiu nh gi, lm c s nh gi thnh tch, pht trin h thng lng
thch hp v nh hng cho n lc ca nhn vin. Nhim v quan trng khc
ca nh gi thnh tch l kim sot qu trnh thc hin cng vic v thnh qu
ca n.
nh gi thnh tch l c s quan trng cho vic pht trin h thng th lao
thch hp. C hai loi l th lao trc tip, tc tin lng v th lao gin tip, tc l
cc dng li ch khc nhau cho ngi lao ng. ngha ca th lao khng n
gin cn l yu t m bo cho nhn vin thc hin cc nhim v ca mnh m
thng qua , lm ng lc cho s n lc ca nhn vin, s vn ln khng nh
vai tr ca h v mc tiu chung. Cc nhn vin nhit huyt s gn b, tn ty vi
doanh nghip, c kh nng li doanh nghip lu hn, lm vic nng sut hn, v
tham gia nhiu hn vo s thnh cng ca doanh nghip.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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1.3.4. Xc lp h thng thng tin v dch v v nhn lc

Chc nng ny bao gm cc hot ng lin quan n quan h lao ng; xc
lp h thng ti liu nhn lc; cc qui trnh th tc lin quan n an ton lao ng;
v cc dch v khc v ngi lao ng.
Quan h lao ng lin quan n cc hot ng nh: qun l tin lng,
tin cng; cc h thng k lut v gii quyt bt bnh; cc quan h lao ng gia
nhn vin v nh qun l.
Tiu chun cng vic lin quan n cc hot ng nh: phn tch cng
vic, m t cng vic v nh gi cng vic; cc tiu chun nh gi kt qu thc
hin cng vic; phn tch tin lng; kho st th trng lao ng,
An ton, sc khe cho ngi lao ng lin quan n cc hot ng nh:
a ra cc tiu chun v an ton; x l v lp h s v cc tai nn; duy tr thc
hin cc nguyn tc an ton; duy tr cc ghi chp v an ton,
Cc dch v cho ngi lao ng lin quan n cc hot ng nh: cc
chng trnh hu tr; cc k hoch chm sc sc khe v bo him; cc k hoch
chia li nhun; cc k hoch khuyn khch ng lc khc,
1.4. Nhng xu hng ch yu ca qun tr ngun nhn lc
C bn xu hng ln trong cc lnh vc chc nng ca qun tr ngun
nhn lc, l cch tip cn chin lc, ton cu ho ca cc hot ng qun tr
ngun nhn lc, s duy tr tnh cht nhn vn v hnh vi t chc, v s cn thit
ca nh chun, o lng v nh gi hiu qu ca ngun nhn lc.
1.4.1. Tip cn chin lc
Cc t chc kinh doanh s dng nhng ngun lc sn sng ca mnh
cnh tranh vi cc cng ty khc. l nhng ngun lc vt l (nh nh xng,
thit b, cng ngh,); nhng li th ca t chc (nh cu trc, h thng lin
kt, ) v ngun nhn lc; ngun nhn lc c phn b v kt hp nhau
to lp li th cnh tranh cho cng ty.
Quan im v cc lnh vc ch yu ca qun tr ngun nhn lc khng ch
hoch nh ngun nhn lc, phn tch v thit k cng vic, m bo ngun
nhn lc, to dng thnh tch v duy tr ngun nhn lc m cn s kt hp cc
yu t ny vi mc tiu chin lc ca t chc. Trong bt k t chc no, s
thch thc t ra l qun tr s tng tc, nh hng ln nhau ca cc ngun lc,
trong c ngun nhn lc nhm to lp v duy tr li th cnh tranh.
1.4.2. Tnh cht quc t ho ca qun tr ngun nhn lc
Nhng nh hng ca qu trnh ton cu ho nn kinh t v hi nhp din
ra trn th gii tr nn lc lng tc ng ch yu n qu trnh kinh doanh v
qun tr ngun nhn lc ni ring. Ngy nay, cng ngy cng nhiu cng ty hot
ng trong cc lnh vc c mi quan h vi khch hng v i tc nc ngoi,
cng nh cc nhn vin cng c nhiu c hi lm vic trong mi trng tng
tc vi nc ngoi, trong , c ng nghip ca h.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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1.4.3. Duy tr hnh vi v nhng chun mc

iu r rng l cc nh qun tr phi c trch nhim bo v li ch hot
ng kinh doanh v cc ch s hu. Tuy nhin, trong nhng thp nin gn y,
thc tin chng t li nhun khng th l mc tiu duy nht ca kinh doanh v
cc nh qun tr v cc cng ty phi c nhng trch nhim th hin hnh vi ph
hp vi li ch ca cc gii hu quan m cc ch s hu ch l mt tng quan v
b phn ca n. Cc gii hu quan ca cng ty gm c khch hng, cng chng
ni doanh nghip hot ng, nhn vin v thm ch l nhng yu t mi trng.
Vai tr c bit ca qun tr vin ngun nhn lc l m bo rng t chc
x s tt v chun mc vi nhn vin ca mnh v rng nhng nhn vin ny x
s tt vi nhau, vi cng ty v vi khch hng. Mt s l thuyt v chun mc
xc nh cc trch nhim m mi ngi c bn phn vi t chc v nhng ngi
khc. Mc d cc t chc khng nht thit phi l i tng cho tt c cc trch
nhim chun mc i vi cc nhn vin, nhng t nht nhng trch nhim ny
cn thit cho kinh doanh v lm hng dn ng x vi cc nhn vin v ng
vin ca n.
1.4.4. nh chun v nh gi kt qu ngun nhn lc
nh chun (benchmarking) ngun nhn lc l qu trnh so snh hot ng
ngun nhn lc ca mt t chc vi cc t chc khc, k c i th cnh tranh
nh l mt cch thc nhn din cch thc to lp li th cnh tranh.
nh chun l mt phng php qua qun tr vin ngun nhn lc tm
kim phng n cch thc thc hnh tt nht v so snh cc chi ph lin quan
n tuyn chn, o to v tng thng nhn vin vi nhng li ch thu c
bi nhng nh hng ca n.
1.5. Nhng thch thc ca qun tr ngun nhn lc
Chng a ang bc vo th k th 21 vi nhng thch thc ln ca qun
tr ngun nhn lc. Trong th k trc chc nng qun tr ngun nhn lc thc
cht tp trung vo cc hot ng mang tnh cht nhn s. S thay i din ra do
nhiu yu t tc ng nh s thay i bn cht ca nhng nh hng ca mi
trng kinh t v chnh ph, s ra i cc hnh thc t chc mi, cnh tranh
ton cu v vic nhn thc cc t chc ngy nay l lc lng ch yu thc hin
cc mc tiu ca x hi.
Cc yu t tc ng ch yu lm cho qun tr ngun nhn lc chuyn
hng thnh chc nng chin lc l s ti cu trc t chc cc cng ty,
cnh tranh ton cu, s tng trng chm, tnh a dng ca lc lng lao ng,
mong mun ca ngi lao ng v vai tr ca cc t chc trong vic thc hin
cc mc ch ca x hi.
1.5.1. Ti cu trc t chc cc cng ty
Hai thp nin gn y chng kin nhng bin i ln trong hot ng ti
cu trc ca cc t chc. Ti cu trc l s tip din cho nhng nh hng to
nng lc cnh tranh. Nhng nh qun tr trong nhng nm 1990 to lp li
____________________________________________________________________________________________
10
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
th cnh tranh bng gii php tm kim nhng th trng mi hoc c th l tm

kim kh nng cnh tranh bng li th nh quy m.
Ngy nay, c nhng thay i trong cch thc to lp li th cnh tranh,
l ch trng vo s ti cu trc, trong , nhng thch thc t ra r rt vi
qun tr ngun nhn lc. Ti cu trc tc ng mnh m n cc cp ca t chc
v vi cc nhn vin ca n. Trong qu trnh , ngi lao ng quan tm n
iu l, vai tr ca h s nh th no vi t chc mi. Vi nhng nh hng
nh vy vi ngi lao ng, qun tr ngun nhn lc tr nn hot ng then cht
cho s thnh cng ca t chc.
1.5.2. Cnh tranh ton cu
Xu hng tc ng lu di, ch yu i vi ngh nghip ngun nhn lc l
s ton cu ho nn kinh t, nh s phn hi ca mi trng cnh tranh quc t
ngy cng tng, nhiu cng ty lin doanh c thnh lp,
1.5.3. Tng trng chm
S tng trng chm nh l kt qu ca s thay i th trng v cc yu
t cnh tranh. Trc y, ngi lao ng giai nhp vo t chc v sau tch
lu nhng k nng mi v gy dng nhng c hi cho s thnh t ca mnh.
Ngy nay, ngi lao ng cn phi chun b cho mnh s thch ng vi
mi trng lm vic mi v nhng thch thc ca s khng n nh v vic lm,
s bt cp trong tip thu kin thc, rn luyn k nng mi.
1.5.4. Tnh a dng ca lc lng lao ng
Mt thch thc ch yu khc ca qun tr ngun nhn lc l s thay i
bn cht ca ni lm vic. Hnh 1.3 di y m t m hnh ca Marilyn Loden
v Judy Rosener v cc bin s ca tnh a dng, c phn thnh nhm bin s
ct li v th yu. Cc bin s ct li l la tui, thu nhp, tnh trng, xu
hng x hi, kh nng th lc, sc tc v gii tnh.
Ngy nay, nhiu cng ty s dng bin php chuyn i cng vic v
thuyn chuyn ni lm vic nh cch thc o to v pht trin pht trin ngun
nhn lc. S chuyn dch ln v tr cao hn trong doanh nghip i hi nhn
vin nhng kin thc v kinh nghim trong nhng vai tr khc nhau trong cc
n v khc nhau trong t chc.
S thch thc ca qun tr ngun nhn lc ch vi s pht trin nhanh
chng ca cng ngh, nhng ngi ln tui trong t chc c th kh khn trong
vic cp nht nhng kin thc mi, rn luyn nhng k nng mi.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
11
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 1.3. M hnh cc bin s ca tnh a dng ca Marilyn Loden v Judy Rosener
1.5.5. Mong mun ca ngi lao ng

Cng vi vic tng trnh dn tr v chuyn mn nghip v trong dn
chng, cc gi tr v mong mun ca ngi lao ng thay i. T l ngi c
trnh i hc trong lc lng lao ng ngy cng tng, lm cho h chim gi
nhiu v tr khc nhau trong t chc. Do vy, nh hng ca ngi lao ng ln
qu trnh kinh doanh ngy cng tng.
Ngi lao ng mong mun rng, cuc cch mng thng tin ci thin cht
lng cuc sng. Xu hng mong mun c thi gian chm sc gia nh ngy
cng ph bin v ngy cng c nhiu ngi lm vic nh, nh nhng ci tin
v truyn thng v k thut my tnh v iu tc ng nhiu n nhng tin
trin v qun tr ngun nhn lc.
1.5.6. Vai tr thc hin cc mc tiu x hi ca cc t chc
Trong nhng thp nin gn y, cc t chc c xu hng tr thnh b phn
xc tin cho vic t c nhng mc tiu ca x hi. Cc chnh sch ca chnh
ph c tc dng i vi cc t chc trong vic m bo cc yu cu v s
bnh ng, yu cu khng phn bit i x trong vic tuyn dng, th lao v
bt ngi lao ng cng nh trong thc hnh qun tr ngun nhn lc ni chung.
Cc chnh sch nh nc, c bit l nhng quy nh ca b lut lao ng ngy
cng pht huy tc dng trong hot ng qun tr ngun nhn lc cc t chc.
1.6. Cng vic v ngh nghip qun tr ngun nhn lc
1.6.1. Nng lc yu cu cho ngh nghip ngun nhn lc
Nhiu nghin cu chng minh rng ngh nghip ngun nhn lc ngy
nay ng gp cho nh hng chin lc ca t chc v ngi lao ng ng
vai tr ch yu trong vic to lp v duy tr li th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip.
Nhng nng lc ct yu c xc nh l:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
12
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Nng lc kinh doanh: nhng kin thc v ti chnh, tc nghip, chin

lc, marketing, h thng thng tin, quan h khch hng.
Thc hnh ngun nhn lc: c ng v thc y cc nhn vin ca t
chc bng vic thit k cc chng trnh pht trin, xy dng cc chng trnh
nh gi v qun l thng tin phn hi, xy dng cc chnh ngun nhn lc v
to lp c ch cho s phi hp cc n v khc nhau trong t chc.
Qun tr qu trnh thay i: xy dng nim tin, to dng vin cnh, nhn
din vn trong mi lin kt vi cc h thng ln, xc nh r cc vai tr v
trch nhim, kch thch kh nng sng to, i tin phong trong qu trnh thay i.
1.6.2. Ngh nghip ngun nhn lc
Ngh nghip ngun nhn lc c th phn chia thnh 3 nhm: chuyn vin
ngun nhn lc, qun tr vin ngun nhn lc v qun tr ngun nhn lc cp
iu hnh.
Chuyn vin ngun nhn lc l v tr khi s cho ngh nghip ngun
nhn lc. H lm vic trong nhng vai tr khc nhau, nh l nhn vin phng
vn, phn tch th lao, phn tch cng vic v hun luyn.
Qun tr vin ngun nhn lc l ngi c chc nng iu hnh v phi
hp cc chng trnh ngun nhn lc trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. Qun tr
vin ngun nhn lc thuc nhm nhng nhng nh qun tr ch yu trong doanh
nghip, c kin thc rng v tt c cc lnh vc ca qun tr ngun nhn lc v
nm bt nhng tin b v chnh sch ngun nhn lc vn dng vo qun tr
doanh nghip, v l nh t vn cho cc nh qun tr trc tuyn v cc vn
ngun nhn lc.
Qun tr vin ngun nhn lc cp iu hnh l nhng nh iu hnh cp
cao trong lnh vc qun tr ngun nhn lc. H thng l ph gim c v c
trch nhim phi hp cc chnh sch v chin lc cng ty vi qun tr ngun
nhn lc. Qun tr ngun nhn lc cp iu hnh cn hng cc hot ng ca
cc nhn vin vo mc ch chung ca t chc v tm cch thc thch hp
mc ch ca t chc tc ng n cc hot ng ca cc nhn vin.
1.6.3. C hi ngh nghip
Ngh nghip ngun nhn lc tng c xem l sng gi, nhng c th vi
nhng cch hiu khc nhau. S sng gi c th do h c nhng quyn lc vi
con ngi trong t chc trong cc quyt nh khen thng, bt, nh gi
thnh tch,
Ngy nay, ngh nghip ngun nhn lc thc s tr nn quan trng, do cc
lnh vc ngun nhn lc cng ngy c vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng
cc chng trnh o to v pht trin, tch hp ngun nhn lc vi tin trnh ti
cu trc v hng ngun nhn lc vo mc tiu chung ca t chc.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
13
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 2
HOCH NH NGUN NHN LC
_________
2.1. Khi nim
Tht l vin vng v phi kinh t khi chng ta xy mt nh my mi, tin
hnh nghi l ct bng khnh thnh ri mi tnh n chuyn b tr nhn s cho
nh my. Mt cng ty khng th thu vi trm k s v h ra i ch trong mt
m v cng khng th pht trin ti nng qun tr ch trong vng vi tun l.
iu hp l l cn d tnh trc v s lng v cht lng ngun nhn lc cho
vic trin khai cc h hoch s c trin khai, nht l s cn thit m bo
rng s lng thch hp nhn vin ti nng s sn sng cho cc k hoch tng
lai ca t chc. Tng t nh th, trong nn kinh t suy thoi, hoch nh xa
hn v pha trc l yu t then cht ngn chn tnh trng d tha nhn vin.
Hoch nh ngun nhn lc bao gm vic d bo nhu cu v cung lao
ng, v sau ln cc chng trnh cn thit m bo rng t chc s c
ng s nhn vin, vi ng cc k nng, vo ng ni, v ng lc. Hoch
nh ngun nhn lc lin quan n dng nhn vin vo, xuyn sut v ra khi
mt t chc.
2.2. Qu trnh hoch nh nhn lc
Bc u tin trong tin trnh hoch nh ngun nhn lc l thu thp thng
tin. N yu cu hai loi thng tin: d liu t mi trng bn ngoi v d liu bn
trong t chc. Ta c th xem m hnh hoch nh ngun nhn lc hnh 2.1.
D liu t mi trng bn ngoi bao gm nhng thng tin v hon cnh
hin ti v nhng thay i d bo v nn kinh t tng th, kinh t ca mt ngnh
c th, cng ngh lin quan v s cnh tranh... S thay i ca bt k nhn t
no trong mi trng bn ngoi cng c th nh hng n cc k hoch kinh
doanh ca t chc, v v vy, nh hng n nhu cu v ngun nhn lc.
Nh hoch nh ngun nhn lc phi xem xt th trng lao ng chng
hn nh t l tht nghip, s sn sng v k nng v tui, v gii tnh ca lc
lng lao ng. Cui cng, nh hoch nh cn nhn thc cc quy nh ca
chnh ph v ca vng s ti. Cc quy nh ny c th nh hng mt cch trc
tip n cc hot ng ngun nhn lc, chng hn nh cc quy nh v tui ngh
hu, hoc nh hng gin tip n s lng nhn vin cn thit cho tng b
phn. V d, in hnh v nh hng gin tip l quy nh v an ton v sc
khe ngh nghip mi s lm gia tng nhu cu cc chuyn gia trong t chc
thc hin vic tun th cc quy nh ny. Hn na, xem xt mt cch ch ng
v thu o v mi trng s gip cho t chc tin liu nhng kh nng c th
xy ra v chun b cho nhng thay i ny.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
14
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 2.1 - Tin trnh hoch nh ngun nhn lc

(Ngun: Cynthia D. Fisher, Lyle F. Schoenfeldt and James B. Shaw, Human Resource
Management - 4th ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999, p. 107)
Thng tin th hai xut pht t bn trong t chc. N bao gm cc k hoch

ngn hn v di hn, cng nh cc chin lc ca t chc l u vo thit yu
ca hoch nh ngun nhn lc. Nh phn trn, cc k hoch xy dng, ng
ca hoc t ng ho qu trnh sn xut cng nh cc k hoch ti cu trc t
chc, bn hoc mua cc c s kinh doanh, gia nhp hoc rt khi th trng tc
ng n ngun nhn lc ca t chc c v s lng v cht lng. Hoch nh
ngun nhn lc s gip t chc ch ng c ngun nhn lc nhm t c
cc mc tiu chin lc v k hoch kinh doanh. Quyt nh cnh tranh da trn
c s chi ph thp hn nh hng mnh n ngun nhn lc: nhn vin no ph
hp vi chin lc ny, tin trnh chuyn i nhn vin ra sao vi chin lc
mi,
Cui cng, thng tin ngun nhn lc hin ti trong t chc trn phng
din k nng, kh nng v kin thc l cn thit cho hoch nh ngun nhn lc,
chng hn nh bao nhiu nhn vin c s dng mi cng vic v mi v tr,
____________________________________________________________________________________________
15
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
mc k nng ca h nh th no v bao nhiu nhn vin k vng l s ri

khi cng ty hoc s v hu trong sut giai on d bo.
Mt khi nh hoch nh c thng tin cn thit v mi trng bn ngoi v
bn trong, h c th d bo nhu cu nhn lc trong tng lai. mc ti thiu,
vic d bo ny bao gm vic c on s lng nhn vin s cn cho mi cng
vic trong nm n. D bo nhu cu di hn cng c th c tin hnh. Tip
theo, nh hoch nh d bo v cung ngun nhn lc: ngun cung ni b nhn
vin; cc k nng, kin thc v kh nng cng nh s thng tin ca lc lng
nhn vin hin ti; v mc sn sng v cc loi nhn vin trong th trng lao
ng bn ngoi.
Bc k tip ca hoch nh ngun nhn lc l xy dng cc chng trnh
c th, m bo rng cung lao ng s p ng nhu cu v lao ng ca t chc
trong tng lai. Nhng chng trnh ny thng bao gm cc k hoch tuyn
dng, cc hot ng o to v pht trin, khuyn khch hoc tr hon s v hu
sm, ch ra cc ng ngh nghip trong t chc, hoc cc chng trnh qun tr
ngun nhn lc khc. Lu rng dng phn hi hnh trn cho php vic hc
hi t cc kinh nghim hoch nh qu kh. Nu d bo cung v cu khng p
ng mt cch chnh xc nh mong i, tin trnh d bo c th c ci thin
trong nm sau. Tng t, nu chng trnh khng c kh nng thc hin c
hoc khng thch hp, chng c th c iu chnh.
2.3. Chin lc kinh doanh v chin lc qun tr ngun nhn lc
C nm mc phi hp ca cc chin lc, chnh sch qun tr ngun
nhn lc vo vi cc chin lc, chnh sch kinh doanh ca doanh nghip:
Mc A: khng c mi quan h no gia cc chin lc kinh doanh
vi cc chin lc, chnh sch qun tr ngun nhn lc ca doanh nghip;
Mc B: chin lc ngun nhn lc, cng nh cc chin lc chc
nng khc trong doanh nghip, c xy dng nhm p ng v ph hp vi
cc yu cu ca cc chin lc kinh doanh ca ton doanh nghip;
Mc C: cc chin lc, chnh sch kinh doanh ca doanh nghip c
th cn c xem xt li v mc thc tin, hp l cho ph hp vi tnh hnh,
c im phn cng, b tr v s dng ngun nhn lc trong doanh nghip;
Mc D: cc chin lc, chnh sch kinh doanh v cc chin lc,
chnh sch ngun nhn lc trong doanh nghip c mi quan h cht ch vi
nhau v c pht trin trong mi tc ng qua li ln nhau. Ngun nhn lc
c coi l mt li th cnh tranh then cht ca doanh nghip, khng phi n
thun ch l phng tin thc hin cc chin lc, chnh sch kinh doanh;
Mc E: ngun nhn lc tr thnh ng lc ch yu hnh thnh cc
chin lc, chnh sch ca doanh nghip.
(Xem Hnh 2.2.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
16
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
1
CHIEN LC
KINH DOANH
3
CHIEN LC
KINH DOANH
2
CHIEN LC
QUAN TR NGUO N
NHA N LC
4
CHIEN LC
QUAN TR NGUO N
NHA N LC
6
CHIEN LC
QUAN TR NGUO N
NHA N LC
5
CHIEN LC
KINH DOANH
7
CHIEN LC
KINH DOANH
8
CHIEN LC
KINH DOANH
NGUO N NHAN
LC
D
9
CHIEN LC
KINH DOANH
10
CHIEN LC
QUAN TR NGUO N
NHA N LC
Hnh 2.2. Mc phi hp ca qun tr ngun nhn lc vi chin lc kinh doanh

Ngun: Dereck Torrington & Laura hall. (1995). Personnel management HRM in
action. Tr. 47. Prentice hall. London.
2.4. Phn tch hin trng qun tr ngun nhn lc

2.4.1. Mc tiu
Phn tch hin trng qun tr ngun nhn lc nhm xc nh c im
mnh, im yu, nhng kh khn, thun li ca doanh nghip lin quan n yu
t nhn lc. lm c iu ny, cn xt trn hai phng din:
Phng din h thng
Ngun nhn lc: s lng, c cu, trnh , ngh nghip, kinh nghim
C cu t chc: loi hnh t chc, phn cng chc nng quyn hn
Cc chnh sch: chnh sch tuyn dng, o to, hun luyn
Phng din qu trnh: l tng hp cc qu trnh thu ht, o to, pht
trin, duy tr ngun nhn lc.
2.4.2. Cc bc phn tch hin trng qun tr ngun nhn lc
Bc 1: Phn tch nh hng ca mi trng kinh doanh
Phn tch mi trng l c s cho vic xc nh mc tiu, chin lc cho
doanh nghip ni chung v hoch nh ngun nhn lc ni ring. Cn phn tch
cc loi mi trng sau:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
17
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mi trng v m: bao gm cc yu t nm bn ngoi ca doanh nghip,

nh hnh v c nh hng n mi trng vi m (mi trng tc nghip) v
mi trng ni b, v c nh hng n nguy c v cc c hi ca doanh
nghip.
Mi trng vi m (tc nghip): bao gm cc nhm yu t: i th cnh
tranh; khch hng; ngi cung cp nguyn vt liu; hng ha thay th.
Mi trng ni b: gm cc tnh hnh lin quan n cc chc nng chnh
v cc chc nng b tr ca t chc, gm: hot ng qun tr ngun nhn lc;
chc nng ti chnh, chc nng sn xut; chc nng marketing; chc nng
nghin cu v pht trin.
Bc 2: nh gi h thng qun tr ngun nhn lc
Phn tch c im ngun nhn lc: c cu theo tui, gii tnh, trnh
chuyn mn,
C cu t chc: loi hnh c cu t chc ap dng
Chnh sch ngun nhn lc: tuyn dng hun luyn
Bc 3: nh gi cc hot ng, qun tr ngun nhn lc qua:
Tuyn dng v b tr
o to
H thng tin lng
Quan h lao ng v cc gi tr tinh thn
Quan h gia nh qun tr v nhn vin
c im ca nhn vin v tnh hp tc v thnh nghi
S tha mn ca nhn vin i vi doanh nghip
Cc gi tr vn ha
Chi ph v hnh vi nhn vin (do nh cng, k lut km, ngh vic, )
Bc 4: nh gi trnh qun l ngun nhn lc trong doanh nghip
nh gi kt qu qun tr: kt qu kinh doanh, s hi lng ca nhn vin
i vi doanh nghip hay i vi cc chnh sch, chng trnh ca doanh
nghip,
nh gi mc chuyn mn: trnh , nng lc, vai tr ca b phn
nhn lc, cch thc thc hin chc nng.
Tt c cc bc trn c th thc hin bng cch dung bn cu hi hoc
phng vn.
2.5. D bo nhu cu nhn s ca doanh nghip
Cc phng php d bo nhu cu c th c phn chia thnh hai loi:
phn on v ton hc. Trong thc t, hu ht cc t chc s dng kt hp c
hai phng php ny. V d, cc chuyn gia c th c on gi tr ca mt vi
bin s v sau s dng nhng gi tr ny trong cc phng trnh d on;
____________________________________________________________________________________________
18
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
hoc cc chuyn gia c th kt hp kt qu ca cc phng php ton hc vi

mt vi gi nh vo d bo khch quan cui cng.
2.5.1. Cc phng php phn on
Cc phng php phn on s dng nhng chuyn gia gii d bo
tng lai. N xem xt cc d liu nh lng nhng cho php trc gic v kin
ca nhng ngi chuyn mn tham gia. Nhng phng php ny thng c
cc t chc nh hoc nhng ngi mi d bo ngun nhn lc, nhng t chc
cha c cc d liu c s hoc chuyn mn v phng php ton hc s dng
n. Cc phng php phn on cng c th c u tin khi mt t chc hoc
mi trng ang trong thi k qu hoc ln xn; vo thi gian , xu
hng qu kh v mi lin quan khng th c s dng d on mt cch
chnh xc v tng lai.
2.5.1.1. D bo t di ln
Cch phn on n gin nht l d bo t di ln, hoc n v d bo:
Mi n v, chi nhnh hoc b phn c tnh nhu cu nhn vin tng lai cho b
phn ca mnh. Cch tip cn hp l khi cc nh qun tr nhn c cc ch dn
v thng tin, sau h kt hp nhng d liu ny theo cch ring c tnh v
nhu cu nhn lc trong thi gian n. Tng nhu cu cc n v c tnh l nhu
cu ngun nhn lc d bo cho c t chc. Tuy nhin, nh hoch nh ngun
nhn lc nn xem li s liu d bo ca tng n v mt cch k cng trc khi
tng hp nhm kim sot khuynh hng t nhin ca nh qun tr l thi phng
kch c nhu cu v tm quan trng ca n v h.
Trong thp nin 1980, cng ty nng lng v nh sng Houston ( M)
pht trin h thng hoch nh t di ln da trn bng tnh Excel cung cp
cho cc nh qun tr trc tuyn nhng thng tin v mc nhn s hin ti
nhng cng vic m h gim st. Trn c s thng tin sa i v khi lng
cng vic v nng sut, nh qun tr trc tuyn c yu cu c tnh nhu cu
ngun nhn lc c mi nm trong 5 nm n. S liu c tnh c ph chun
cp qun l cao hn, sau chuyn n n nhm hoch nh ngun nhn lc, v
c kt hp d bo nhu cu nhn lc cho ton cng ty.
2.5.1.2. D bo t trn xung
Mt kiu phng php phn on l d bo t trn xung c thc hin
bi nh qun tr v nh iu hnh cp cao giu kinh nghim. Nhng chuyn gia
ny gp g tho lun v tc ng ca nhng yu t mi trng: xu hng
pht trin ngnh, k hoch kinh doanh, nn kinh t v cc nhn t khc n nhu
cu ngun nhn lc cc cp khc nhau ca t chc. Bn cnh vic d bo
nhu cu tng lai c kh nng nht, nhng chuyn gia ny cng c th tin hnh
cc d bo ring bit trn c s phn tch chui s kin trng hp tt nht v
xu nht. V d, h c th d bo nhu cu lao ng s nh th no nu hu nh
mi vic c th i lch hng (tnh trng suy thoi kinh t, t chc mt i trch
nhim php l thch hp v sn phm, cng ty khng ginh c hp ng vi
chnh ph, ...). Sau khi hon thnh nhng bi tp nh th ny, cc chuyn gia c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
19
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
th chc chn rng nhu cu lao ng thc s s ri vo khong gia trng hp

d bo tt nht v xu nht.
2.5.1.3. K thut Delphi
K thut Delphi c s dng tng hp, chc lc cc kin ca cc
chuyn gia. Trong vic s dng k thut ny, cc chuyn gia khng gp mt i
mt. iu ny rt kinh t nu cc chuyn gia ny cc v tr khc nhau; n cng
c th ci thin cht lng trong vic ra quyt nh bng cch ti thiu ho cc
mu thun c tnh v ngn chn thnh vin ln t, thng tr tin trnh ra quyt
nh. Bc u tin trong tin trnh Delphi l xy dng mt bn cu hi, sau
yu cu cc chuyn gia la chn v gii thch ti sao h chn kin . Kt qu
ca bn cu hi ny c bin son v tr li cho cc chuyn gia, cng vi mt
bn cu hi nc danh th hai. Theo cch ny, cc chuyn gia c th hc hi t
ngi khc, sa i hoc chun b k lng cho vic la chn v a ra kin
trong bn cu hi th hai. Tin trnh tip tc thng qua mt vi vng na cho
n khi c c s thng nht cao ca cc chuyn gia trong cc nh gi.
Trong mt cuc kim tra v k thut Delphi c xut bn, cc cng ty d
on s lng ngi mua cn n trong mt nm. Cc chuyn gia bao gm 7 nh
qun tr, nhng ngi chu trch nhim cho 5 bn cu hi. Trong vng u tin,
d bo dy ngi mua t 32 n 55, n vng th 5, vic d bo gii hn trong
34 n 45 ngi mua, vi s trung bnh l 38. D bo Delphi khng c thc
hin cng khai v c s dng trong hoch nh tuyn dng cng ty c th
nh gi tnh chnh xc khi so snh vi mc nhn vin thc t vo cui nm.
Vo cui nm, s ngi mua thc s l 37. Phng php Delphi chng t l
chnh xc hn nhiu so vi ba m hnh ton hc n gin cng c p dng
cho cng vn v d bo ngi mua.
K thut Delphi s dng mt vi bn cu hi nc danh v cn mt vi ln
hon tt n, v th phng php ny khng thch hp nu kt qu cn t
c nhanh chng. i vi bt k phng php d bo chuyn gia no, ngi
tham gia nn c kin thc v lnh vc, ch ang quan tm. Kin thc hin ti
ca h c b sung bng cch cung cp thng tin v nhn s qu kh v hin
ti, thnh tch kinh doanh, k hoch kinh doanh,...
2.5.2. Cc phng php ton hc
2.5.2.1. Phng php ton hc n gin
Cc phng php ton hc n gin nht v d bo ch s dng mt nhn
t d bo nhu cu. V d, d bo nhu cu lao ng, nh hoch nh c th
nh gi nhu cu ngun nhn lc (s lng v cht lng) trong khong thi
gian mt vi nm qua, da trn phn tch xu hng, ngi thc hin d bo m
rng cho nm tip theo. Trn c s cc thng tin v k hoch kinh doanh, c th
hn l doanh thu d bo, tnh hnh sn xut..., nh hoch nh kt hp vi cc
yu t d bo nh t l hiu sut, t l nhn vin tin hnh d bo nhu cu
nhn lc trc tip cn.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
20
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Nng sut
Nng sut l s bnh qun cc n v sn phm m mi nhn vin sn xut
ra trong nm. Gi s mt cng ty sn xut gh sofa v d liu qu kh cho bit
rng t l hiu sut vo khong 50 gh sofa cho mi ngi lp rp mi nm. Nu
phng marketing k vng bn c 10.000 gh sofa trong nm n, khi cng
ty cn 10.000/50= 200 cng nhn lp rp.
T l nhn vin
T l nhn vin trc tip trn lao ng gin tip c s dng tnh ton
s lng nhn vin cn thit cc cng vic khc nhau. V d, nu cng ty sn
xut sofa thng c mt nh gim st cho 25 nhn vin lp rp, khi 8 gim
st vin s cn cho 200 cng nhn lp rp. Kinh nghim qu kh cng ch ra
rng trung bnh c 50 cng nhn lp rp, cn c 3 nhn vin lm cng tc giao
nhn. iu ny c ngha l cng ty cn tng s 12 nhn vin giao nhn.
D bo vi nng sut v t l nhn vin da trn gi nh rng s lng
nhn vin cn thit s gia tng tuyn tnh vi khi lng cng vic phi hon
thnh. Gi nh ny khng lun ng. V d th hnh dung mt cng ty i ph
vi vic tng cu v sn phm ca cng ty bng cch cho nhn vin lm thm
gi. Theo mt vi kha cnh, cng ty s khng th i ph vi vic gia tng sn
lng theo cch ny m c th quyt nh to thm ca lm vic th hai hoc m
ra mt nh my mi. Vo lc ny, s nhy vt v nhn vin s xy ra, kt qu l
to ra quan h gin on gia u ra v nhu cu lao ng.
ng cong kinh nghim
Hnh 2.3 - ng cong kinh nghim vi ch s kinh nghim 0.9

Ngun: Cynthia D. Fisher, Lyle F. Schoenfeldt and James B. Shaw,Human Resource
Management -4th ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999, p. 113
D bo da trn t l hiu sut lin quan n vic s dng ng cong

kinh nghim. Gi nh c bn ca ng cong kinh nghim l t l hiu sut s
thay i vi kinh nghim tch ly. l s sn phm c sn xut s gia tng
sau giai on khi ng ban u. Vic gia tng ny xy ra v cng nhn hc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
21
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
c cch lp i lp li hot ng mt cch hu hiu hn, t chc lp k hoch

tin chi tit v hiu qu hn cng nh nhng tin trin trong vic gii quyt
vn v sn phm mi.
phn tch ng cong kinh nghim, nh hoch nh phi tnh ton ch
s kinh nghim (PI: Process Index) ca thi im phn tch so vi thi im ban
u. PI chnh l t l phn trm ca mc hao ph thi gian sn xut ra sn
phm hoc dch v khi sn lng tch ly gp i. Ch s PI thng ri vo
khong gia 80 v 90%; cc ch s PI nh th ch ra rng mi thi gian m s
lng sn phm hoc dch v c sn xut tng gp i, s lng gi lao ng
cho ca hai ca thi gian sn xut gim xung 80 n 90% tng thi gian cn
thit cho thi gian sn xut ca nht.
D bo theo xc sut
Phng php d bo theo xc sut thch hp cho cc cng ty c s lng
ln cc hp ng hoc cng vic d n. i vi nhng cng ty ny, tng s lao
ng cn thit l thuc mt cch trc tip vo s lng hp ng d n m h
thc hin hoc bao nhiu d n ang thc hin. Nu cc hng c th tnh ton s
lng nhn vin hoc gi lao ng cn thit cho mi hp ng, cc s liu ny
c th c nhn vi xc sut d on ca vic nhn c hp ng v sau
tng hp li con s d bo nhu cu lao ng tng hp. S lng, loi k s v
nh khoa hc cn thit cho mi giai on ca d n c c tnh, cng vi thi
gian cho mi giai on v xc sut m d n s tin trin cho mi giai on.
Tng hp tt c cc d n cung cp c tnh nhu cu v cc loi nhn vin
nghin cu v pht trin khc nhau cho mi giai on tng lai.
2.5.2.2. Cc phng php ton hc phc tp
Cc phng php ton hc n gin tin hnh d bo nhu cu ngun nhn
lc da trn gi nh nhu cu l hm tuyn tnh hoc l tng hp ca cc hm d
bo n bin. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, nhu cu v s lng v cht lng nhn
vin cho tng lai b rng buc bi nhiu bin s: tc ng t mi trng bn
trong v bn ngoi.
Cc t chc ln c b dy lch s v cng tc hoch nh ngun nhn lc
thng s dng k thut thng k phc tp trong d bo nhu cu ngun nhn
lc. Phng php ny c gi l hi quy a bin, s dng mt s nhn t
tng quan vi cu lao ng cho vic d bo nhu cu lao ng trong tng lai.
Trn c s tng hp cc nhn t tc ng vo phng trnh d bo, nh hoch
nh tin hnh d bo nhu cu lao ng. Phng php ny ch c th c p
dng khi chui d liu qu kh cho php t c phng trnh hi quy n
nh, khi c mi quan h cht ch gia cc nhn t v cu lao ng, v khi
khng c s thay i ln v nng sut hoc sn phm.
Phng php khc c th p dng d bo l quy hoch tuyn tnh v
quy hoch a mc tiu xc nh s lng nhn vin ti u trn c s cc rng
buc. Cc rng buc c th bao gm ngn sch v lng, t l ti a hoc ti
____________________________________________________________________________________________
22
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
thiu gia cc cng vic khc nhau...S lng nhn vin k vng (ti thiu hoc
ti a) c c khi gii hm mc tiu vi iu kin tha mn cc rng buc.
2.6. Phn tch quan h cung cu, kh nng iu chnh h thng qun
tr ngun nhn lc
Cng vic ny bao gm cc hot ng:
So snh cc d bo nhu cu ngun nhn lc trong di hn v ngun nhn
s c sn;
Xc nh c khi lng cng vic i vi cc mc tiu v k hoch
ngn hn;
Phn tch kh nng cung cu lao ng cho cc k hoch ngn hn.
Cn lu rng, d bo ngun nhn lc khng phi l a ra nhng con s
c nh, m chng cn c xem xt li theo nhng iu kin, bi cnh ca
doanh nghip.
Mt s vn , nh cnh tranh khc lit, cc cuc suy thoi kinh t, trnh
trang thit b hin i v chi ph lao ng ngy cng tng trong thp k va
qua, lm cho vn tha nhn vin trong cc doanh nghip tr thnh mt
vn c tnh cht chin lc nhiu ni trn th gii. c bit, cc nc trong
nn kinh t chuyn i, tinh gim bin ch khng phi lc no cng mang lai li
ch cho doanh nghip, t chc.
Nhng sai lm thng gp cc doanh nghip l: tr tin qu nhiu lm
tng chi ph; nhn vin nhn tin tr cp thi vic, sau li c tuyn li, gy
lng ph cho doanh nghip; chng trnh tr cp thi vic lm cho nhn vin
gii nhn tin tr cp v i tm ch lm khc. trnh sai lm, cn phi:
m bo gim chi ph nhn s s khng lm gim sn lng
Tnh ton y cc chi ph khi thc hin khi gim lao ng
S dng cc tiu thc cng bng nht trong vic nh gi cng vic
cho ngh vic
Xem xt thn trng thi gian thng bo thc hin tinh gim lao ng,
gim bt thit hi cho qu trnh thc hin cng vic trong doanh nghip
Quan tm n nhng ngi cn li, thc hin c vn, o to quan tm
n h nhiu hn
Thc hin cc chng trnh tr cp mt cch ph hp.
2.7. Thc hin hoch nh ngun nhn lc
Hoch nh ngun nhn nhn lc cho bit tha, thiu nhn vin cho hot
ng kinh doanh. m bo cho doanh nghip lun c s lng lao ng,
doanh nghip phi ch trng khng ch cc cng vic thuc v tuyn dng, gim
lao ng, m cn phi thc hin phi hp cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng
trnh qun tr ngun nhn lc ca doanh nghip trong cc lnh vc nh: o to
v pht trin, tr cng, ng vin, kch thch, to ni lm vic. V th, tt c cc
hot ng qun tr ngun nhn lc u lin quan t nhiu n hoch nh ngun
____________________________________________________________________________________________
23
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nhn lc. Trn c s so snh d bo nhu cu ngun nhn lc trong cc k hoch

ngn hn, trung hn v di hn vi ngun nhn lc sn c, doanh nghip s xy
dng cc k hoch ngun nhn lc nhm gip doanh nghip iu chnh, thch
nghi vi cc yu cu mi.
Hnh 2.4. gi cho chng ta ci nhn tng qut v vic la chn cc
chng trnh thc hin k hoch ngun nhn lc trong hai trng hp thiu ht
v d tha nhn vin.
Hnh 2-4: La chn cc chng trnh
Ngun: Cynthia D. Fisher, Lyle F. Schoenfeldt and James B. Shaw,Human

Resource Management -4th ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999, p. 129
V d, theo d bo, doanh nghip s c nhu cu rt cao v thit k, to mu

trong ngnh thi trang, ng thi trn th trng s lng cc nh thit k, to
mu chuyn nghip, tay ngh cao cng thiu. Khi , doanh nghip s quyt
nh p dng mt hoc kt hp mt s bin php nh: s dng chnh sch tr
lng cao thu ht lao ng gii c sn trn th trng, tin hnh o to li
mt s nhn vin ca doanh nghip. ng thi, doanh nghip cng cn phi
quyt nh nn c nhng chnh sch g phi hp gia cc khu tuyn dng, o
to v lng bng, i ng duy tr ngun lao ng gii?
Vic chun b ngun nhn lc tng lai gip cho doanh nghip nng cao
tnh cnh tranh v hot ng kinh doanh c hiu qu cao hn so vi vic ch n
thun gii quyt khi c vn xut hin. Nn lu cc d bo ngun nhn lc
khng phi l nhng con s c nh, chng cn c xem xt li theo cc iu
kin, bi cnh c th ca doanh nghip.
2.7.1. Lp k hoch cho thiu ht
Hu ht cc hng kinh doanh hin ti c khuynh hng tuyn ngi t th
trng lao ng bn ngoi khi nhu cu vt qu cung ni b. Tuy nhin, ngi
s dng lao ng nhn thy rng khng d dng g tuyn dng cc nhn vin c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
24
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
k nng in khuyt cc v tr trng. Hn na, vic lm ny c th dn n

trng hp d tha nhn vin trong tng lai. Cc nh hoch nh nn nh rng
ch khi no cc gii php thay th khng pht huy c hiu qu th khi mi
ngh n chuyn tuyn dng t bn ngoi.
2.7.1.1. Tr hon vic v hu
Khi gp phi tnh trng thiu ht lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng nn cn
nhc cc gii php thay th.
V d, ngi s dng lao ng c th khuyn khch nhn vin, nhng
ngi sp n tui ngh hu tip tc lm vic bng cch gia tng k hoch lng
hu cho vic phc v thm, hoc c th thu nhng ngi ngh hu vo mt
cng vic bn thi gian. Nu s thiu ht l do tc thay th nhn vin cao,
ngi s dng lao ng nn c gng xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca vic thay th
nhn vin, t quyt nh nhng hnh ng gii quyt tnh trng ny. Nu
thnh cng, cc hnh ng ny s tit kim chi ph tuyn dng, o to v c th
ci thin thi ca nhn vin.
2.7.1.2. Lm thm gi, tng ca v gia cng bn ngoi
Nu k hoch di hn d bo v dn n cu v lao ng s gia tng nhanh
chng v sau tr li vi mc thp hn, tuyn dng nhng nhn vin mi
thng xuyn khng phi l gii php khn ngoan. Trong nhng trng hp
ny, cng ty c th thc hin lm thm gi, tng ca lm vic hoc hp ng gia
cng vi bn ngoi.
u im ca phng php ny l gip cng ty c th i ph vi tnh trng
gia tng nhu cu lao ng trong thi gian ngn, c bit vo thi k ma v.
Hn na, chi ph cho gii php ny xt v mt kinh t l hiu qu hn nhiu so
vi tuyn thm lao ng. Tuy nhin, gii php ny cng bc l nhiu hn ch.
Hn ch u tin ca gii php ny l gii hn lm thm gi. S gi lm thm
ti a mt ngy theo quy nh ca lut php l khng qu 4 gi v khng qu
200 gi mt nm i vi nhng cng vic bnh thng, khng qu 300 gi mt
nm i vi nhng cng vic c bit. Hn na, khi cng ty s dng gii php
ny thng xuyn s dn n tnh trn cng thng cho nhn vin, lm gim hiu
sut v cht lng cng vic, tng t l ph phm, ... t , lm gim li nhun.
Bn cnh , khi p dng gii php hp ng gia cng vi bn ngoi, cng
ty cn ch ch tin hnh hp ng gia cng nhng chi tit, b phn hay yu
cu n gin, khng mang tnh cng ngh, b quyt. Hn na, khi tin hnh hp
ng gia cng vi bn ngoi, cng ty nn thng xuyn kim tra tin thc
hin v gim st v mt cht lng nhm m bo cng ty nhn hp ng thc
hin ng nhng yu cu t ra.
2.7.1.3. Ci cch tin trnh kinh doanh
Cui cng, cch thc thc hin cng vic hoc quy trnh, th tc sn xut
c phn tch v iu chnh nhm t c hiu qu cao hn v cn t nhn
vin thc hin hn. Cc cng ty ang chuyn sang ci cch tin trnh kinh
____________________________________________________________________________________________
25
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
doanh nh l phng tin nhm loi b cc bc v cc hot ng khng cn

thit, khng trc tip to ra gi tr cho khch hng. Mt cch khn ngoan i
ph vi vic thiu ht lao ng, hoc chi ph lao ng cao thng qua vic tn
dng li th so snh chnh l chuyn dch cng vic sang cc quc gia c gi
nhn cng r v t l tht nghip cao.
2.7.2. Lp k hoch cho vic d tha lao ng
2.7.2.1. K hoch ngh hu sm
Khi d bo ch ra rng cung ni b s vt qua nhu cu, ngi s dng lao
ng phi thc hin cc k hoch gim thiu cung. Nu vn c nhn
nhn thu o v tin liu trc, vic gii quyt chng c th c thc hin
bng cch khng in khuyt cc v tr trng nu nhn vin ri khi cng ty.
Gii php ny l t chi ph nht theo kha cnh c tin bc v danh ting ca
cng ty. Nu vic gim thiu ny khng hu dng, ngi s dng lao ng c
th thng khuyn khch cho vic v hu sm.
Cc nh hoch nh ngun nhn lc v nhng ngi ph trch o to phi
xem xt v quan tm nhiu n tnh trng thiu cc nh qun tr giu kinh
nghim. Gii php ny ch yu c s dng khi cng ty gp tnh hung qu d
tha v lao ng. y chnh l trng hp xy ra khi t nc chng ta bc
sang thi k kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, khi hng
lot cc doanh nghip nh nc phi au u v c qu nhiu nhn vin. Cc
cng ty phi s dng bin php tinh gim bin ch, y l mt h qu ca gii
php cho ngh hu sm. Tuy nhin, nhng nh hoch nh ngun nhn lc khi
s dng gii php ny phi gii thch v truyn thng cho tt c nhn vin trong
ton t chc hiu c tnh hung nan gii ca cng ty, nhng d nh v nu
bt s quan tm ca cng ty i vi nhn vin.
2.7.2.2. B tr li nhn s
Tu thuc vo bn cht ca d tha lao ng, cng ty c th chuyn i
hoc b tr li nhn vin cho cc cng vic vo nhng b phn ca t chc ni
hy cn c nhu cu. Mt vi cng ty thnh lp mt ban tm thi ni b v thng
qua ban ny cc nhn vin d tha c th c thu dng bi cc n v khc, b
tr lm vic cho cc d n c bit. Nu cng ty hy vng rng tnh trng d tha
ch trong ngn hn v c kh nng chi tr lng cho nhng nhn vin ny, cng
ty c th s dng thi gian khng lm vic (thi gian ri bt buc) cung cp
cc kho o to su lin quan n cc cng vic gia tng k nng v s linh
hot cho lc lng lao ng. Cc nhn vin d tha c th thc hin vic bo
dng thit b v i tu hoc cc hot ng khc khi cung ngun nhn lc qu
cao.
2.7.2.3. Gim gi lm vic
Mt cch thc khc nhm m bo duy tr tt c hoc hu ht nhn vin
nhng vn nhn thc c vic phi tit kim lng l gim thi gian lm vic,
c l l 4 ngy, 32 gi mt tun. Theo cch ny, cng ty c th gim thiu 20%
nhu cu lao ng v c v lng thay v gi li 80% lao ng thng xuyn v
____________________________________________________________________________________________
26
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
cho ngh vic tm thi 20%. Gii php ny c bit ph bin ti cc thnh ph,
vng cho php nhn vin ngh vic tm thi b phn v vn hng lng tht
nghip cho nhng ngy h khng lm vic.
2.7.2.4. Ngh vic tm thi
Ngh vic tm thi l mt gii php c th s dng khi cung lao ng vt
qu cu lao ng. Tuy nhin, hnh ng cho ngh vic tm thi (thi gian ngng
sn xut) l c hi cho c nhn vin v ngi s dng lao ng. Nhng nhn
vin ngh vic tm thi s hu hoi danh ting ca cng ty nh l mt ni tt
lm vic v iu ny gy tai hi khn lng cho cng ty trong mt gii hu
quan.
Ti M v mt s nc t bn, nhn vin ngh vic do ngng sn xut s
c h tr t qu tr cp tht nghip ca tiu bang. Qu ny c h tr bi
ng gp ca ngi s dng lao ng, v t l m cng ty c yu cu ng
gp l thuc vo lch s qu kh ca nhn vin yu cu t qu ny. Ti Vit
nam, tin tr cp tht nghip c trch t qu phc li ca cng ty v bo him
x hi.
2.7.2.5. H tr tm vic
Rt nhiu cng ty c trch nhim cung cp dch v h tr tm vic i
vi nhng nhn vin phi ra i. mc ti thiu, nhng dch v nh th c th
bao gm cc chuyn v cch thc chun b s yu l lch v tin hnh tm
kim vic lm. Mt vi nghin cu gn y ch ra rng vic i x cng bng
v rng lng i vi nhng nhn vin b ngh vic do ngng sn xut c th
duy tr tinh thn v thnh tch ca nhng nhn vin khng b ngh vic. i x
khng cng bng c th gy ra cho nhng ngi li phi chu ng stress, s
s hi v ti li.
Khi cng ty phi cho ngh vic mt vi ngi ch khng phi l tt c nhn
vin, cn phi c mt quy trnh cng bng cho vic xc nh ai phi ra i. i
vi nhng nhn vin khng l thnh vin trong cng on, quy trnh cho ngh
vic thng c c th trong hp ng, vi thm nin c xem l nhn t
quan trng. Tt c nhng ngi s dng lao ng nn c chnh sch gim thiu
lc lng lao ng (RIF: Reduction in force) c chun b k trc khi c nhu
cu gim thiu mc nhn vin. Nhng chnh sch nh vy tng thng cho
nhng nhn vin phc v di hn cho cng ty vi mc ch gia tng s trung
thnh, n cng phn nh iu g t chc quan tm nht.
2.7.3. Hoch nh tip ni qun tr
Hu ht cc h thng hoch nh ni tip qun tr ph thuc vo hi ng
cc nh qun tr cp cao. Hi ng ny xc nh cc ng vin tim nng v lp
k hoch pht trin cho h. Cc k hoch pht trin bao gm cc chng trnh
o to chnh thng v mt lot cc nhim v cng vic lm bc m m
nhim cng vic then cht. Cc k hoch lun c xem xt bi cp qun tr cao
hn. Mt trong nhng cng c c s dng cho vic hoch nh tip ni qun
tr v ln k hoch pht trin cho tng c nhn l s lun chuyn.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
27
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 2-5: S lun chuyn

2.8. Kim tra v nh gi thc hin hoch nh ngun nhn nhn lc
Kim tra, nh gi tnh hnh thc hin l hng dn cc hot ng hoch
nh ngun nhn lc, xc nh cc sai lch gia k hoch v thc hin, cc
nguyn nhn n cc sai lch v ra bin php hon thin.
Cch nh gi v kim tra gip cho mt cng ty hay mt doanh nghip d
dng nhn ra ci sai lch ca h v k hoch v thc hin trong cc lnh vc
nh: S lng v cht lng nhn vin; Nng sut lao ng; T l thuyn chuyn
nhn vin; Chi ph tuyn dng i vi mt nhn vin; S hi lng ca nhn vin
i vi mt cng vic.
*
*
*
Hoch nh ngun nhn lc gip doanh nghip tn dng c ti a ngun
nhn lc, nng cao cht lng nhn vin thng qua qu trnh o to, pht trin
v thu ht ngun nhn lc gii.
Hoch nh ngun nhn lc gip doanh nghip gii quyt nhng kh khn
v tm kim, a ra ng li pht trin theo cc mc tiu mong mun, gim bt
cc bt trc, ri ro, sai lm lng ph bo m cho doanh nghip c c ng
ngi ng vic, ng thi im cn thit, i ph vi thay i ca mi trng
v i th cnh tranh, gip doanh nghip thy c cc sai lch gia k hoch
v thc hin mt cch r rng, cng khai, thng thn hn, to c tnh trung
thnh trong ngun nhn lc.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
28
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 3
PHN TCH CNG VIC
__________
3.1. Khi nim v ngha ca phn tch cng vic
Phn tch cng vic l mt cng c thit yu ca mi chng trnh qun tr
ngun nhn lc. N l mt trong nhng cng c c bn nht trin khai chin
lc ngun nhn lc ca t chc, thng qua cc hot ng nh: tuyn m v
tuyn chn, o to v pht trin, nh gi thnh tch, lng bng,...
Phn tch cng vic l qu trnh thu thp, phn tch v sp xp mt cch h
thng nhng thng tin v c im ca mt cng vic c th.
Kt qu ca phn tch cng vic th hin trong Bn m t cng vic (Job
Description), gm phn vic, nhim v v trch nhim; v Bn tiu chun
thc hin cng vic (Job Specification), gm cc kin thc, k nng v kh nng
ca nhn vin. Mt cch y hn, cc doanh nghip, ngi ta s dng mu
Phn tch cng vic (Job Analysis), ri phn ra thnh 03 loi ti liu, gm: Bn
m t cng vic (Job Description), Bn yu cu chuyn mn ca cng vic (Job
Specifications) v Bn tiu chun kt qu ca cng vic (Job Requirements).
(Xem cc mu ny cui Chng).
3.2. Ni dung trnh t thc hin phn tch cng vic
Tin trnh phn tch cng vic c bn bao gm 10 bc m c th c
nhm gp thnh 4 giai on chnh hnh sau:
Hnh 3.1 - Tin trnh phn tch cng vic

3.2.1. Giai on 1: Xc nh phm vi phn tch cng vic
3.2.1.1. Mc ch ca phn tch cng vic
Mc ch chung nht ca phn tch cng vic l thit lp th tc la
chn nhn s, o to nhn vin, pht trin cc cng c nh gi thnh tch,
v thit lp h thng tr lng.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
29
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Phn tch cng vic cung cp thng tin v yu cu ca cng vic l g,

nhng c im nhn vin cn c thc hin cng vic . S m t ny v
nhn vin v nhng thng tin c th v cng vic c s dng quyt nh
loi ngi no c tuyn dng v la chn.
Thng tin phn tch cng vic c th l t liu cn thit pht trin
chng trnh o to v h thng nh gi thnh tch. Thm vo , nhng
thng tin ny c th tr gip ngi gim st v nhn vin xc nh r vai tr ca
mnh, gim thiu cc mu thun v s nhp nhng trong quan h.
Thng tin phn tch cng vic c th c s dng xc nh cc cng
vic tng t nhau, v v vy, n lm c s b tr, lun chuyn o to nhn
vin, vi mc chi ph thp nht. Tng t, d liu ny cng c th c s dng
xc nh cc nh hng ngh nghip cho nhn vin.
Mt ng dng ph bin ca phn tch cng vic l nh gi cng vic v
thng qua xc lp cu trc lng cng bng.
ng dng khc ca thng tin phn tch cng vic l d on tnh cht ca
cc cng vic tng lai. Mi trng kinh doanh ang thay i nhanh chng, v
s thay i cng vic xy ra nhanh hn nhiu so vi trong qu kh.
3.2.1.2. Xc nh nhng cng vic cn phn tch
C nhiu nhn t khc nhau xc nh loi cng vic no trong t chc
nn c phn tch. Trc ht, l nhng cng vic c tm quan trng i vi
s thnh cng ca t chc. V d, trong cc t chc theo ui chin lc nng
cao cht lng, th cng vic kim sot cht lng c cao, v v vy, cn
phi tin hnh phn tch cng vic ny. Nhng cng vic kh hc (nghin cu)
v kh thc hin (i hi o to nhiu) cng l i tng cn c phn tch.
Cc yu cu lut php cng l l do xc nh cng vic no nn c phn
tch. Nhng cng vic nng nhc, iu kin lm vic hn ch, ch c mt vi
nhn vin hoc nhn vin n thc hin, cng nn c phn tch m bo
rng khng xy ra cc hnh vi phn bit i x trong vic s dng nhn vin.
Thm vo , cc cng vic nn c phn tch khi cng ngh mi hoc mi
trng ca cng vic c s thay i. Trong cc t chc nu xut hin mt vi
cng vic b ct b v nhim v ca n c phn chia vo cc cng vic khc,
th phn tch cng vic l thch hp, lm r tnh cht ca nhng cng vic c
s m rng ny.
3.2.1.3. Chn ngi tin hnh phn tch cng vic
D kin ai s tin hnh phn tch cng vic? Trong phn hoch nh s la
chn ai s tin hnh phn tch cng vic. Nu t chc ch c nhu cu khng
thng xuyn v nhng thng tin phn tch cng vic, n c th thu chuyn gia
phn tch cng vic tm thi t bn ngoi. Nhng t chc khc s c nhng
chuyn gia c hu. Vn c mt s t chc khc s dng cc nh gim st (qun
c), cng nhn, hoc nhng ai c lin quan n vic thu thp thng tin phn
tch cng vic. Khng phn bit ai l ngi thu thp thng tin, cc c nhn cn
____________________________________________________________________________________________
30
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
phi c am hiu v con ngi, cng vic, v ton b h thng t chc. H nn

c mt kin thc vng vng v cng vic bt ngun trong t chc nh th no.
3.2.1.4. S dng biu v c cu t chc.
Nh phn tch cng vic phi la chn phng php v th tc hu hiu
nht tin hnh phn tch cng vic. Tuy nhin, ngay c trc khi vic la
chn ny c hon tt, mt ci nhn tng th v t chc v cng vic l cn
thit. Ci nhn tng quan ny cung cp cho nh phn tch mt bc tranh ton
din v s sp xp, b tr ca cc phng ban, n v v cng vic. Thm vo ,
iu ny cng gip cho nh phn tch hiu thu o v dng cng vic trong t
chc.
t c mt bc tranh hon chnh v cu trc v cc quan h trong t
chc, hai loi biu sau l c bit hu ch l:
S c cu t chc gii thiu mi quan h gia cc phng ban v n
v cu thnh trong t chc. Mi quan h trc tuyn v chc nng cng c ch
ra. Mt s c cu t chc in hnh s cung cp nhng thng tin v s lng
cc cp trong t chc, s lng ca nhng phng chc nng, v cc mi quan h
bo co trong t chc.
Loi biu th hai l s cc qui trnh, n ch ra mt tp hp ca
nhng cng vic c th lin quan n cc cng vic khc nh th no. V vy, s
ny khng ch n gin l ch ra mi quan h c cu trong s cc cng vic,
m n cn ch ra dng cng vic v nhng cng vic cn thit to ra sn
phm hoc dch v mong mun.
3.2.2. Giai on 2: Chun b phn tch cng vic
Trong giai on chun b phn tch cng vic, ngi phn tch cng vic
phi xc nh (1) loi thng tin cn thu thp, (2) ngun thu thp thng tin, v
(3) phng php phn tch cng vic c th c s dng.
3.2.2.1. Loi d liu
Mt s thng tin c th thu thp trong tin trnh phn tch cng vic.
Nhng thng tin ny lin quan n cc hot ng cng vic khc nhau, kh nng
con ngi, cc c tnh cng vic v thng tin v thit b c s dng trong
cng vic. Cc loi thng tin c th l rt chung chung v tnh cht hoc rt
c th trong mt vi tnh hung. V d, c ba cp ca hot ng cng vic:
Nhng hot ng nn tng: l nhng cng vic khng b rng buc bi
ni dung cng ngh, v v vy, thch hp vi nhiu loi loi cng vic khc nhau
Nhng hot ng trung gian c mt t ni dung cng ngh, nhng c th
p dng vi mt s cng vic. Phng php phn tch tp trung vo mc ny
c th khng cung cp cc k nng cn thit c th lm mi cng vic.
Nhng hot ng c th c nh hng vo cng ngh v thng
c trng cho cc nhm vic lm c th, v d nh s chm sc bnh nhn, chp
X quang.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
31
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Tng ng vi h thng cp ca hot ng cng vic, cc nh nghin

cu cng a ra mt h thng cp v kh nng v nng lc. C th:
Kh nng tr tu v th lc c bn l thch hp cho bt c cng vic no.
V d: kh nng c bn l nng lc tri gic, kh nng kho lo i tay, sc bn,
s nhn thc bng li, s am hiu v quan nim, tng, v kh nng tng
tng, kh nng khi qut,...
K nng v kin thc nn tng cng l chung v t rng buc vi ni
dung cng ngh c th v bao gm nhng kh nng nh c, ton hc, suy ngh
quyt nh, hoch nh v t chc.
K nng v kin thc cng ngh chung c mt t ni dung cng ngh,
nhng cn thit cho mt nhm cc cng vic lin quan, v d nh s dng cc
cng c bng tay hoc cc cng c ng lc, cc nguyn tc c hc, cc nguyn
l in v in t, o lng v nh gi.
K nng v kin thc nh hng ngh nghip l ph bin trong nhm
nh hng ngh nghip, v d nh s dng cc thit b trnh by a phng tin
c th thch hp cho cc cng vic bn hng, ging dy hoc quan h cng ng
nhng s l v ngha i vi cc cng vic dy chuyn sn xut.
K nng v kin thc ngh nghip c th p dng cho cc chc danh
ngh nghip c th, v d nh s dng nhng loi rt c bit ca thit b laser
khng dy m s c ng dng cho vic phu thut, nhng ch cho mt vi
ngi.
Mt quyt nh khc m cc nh phn tch cng vic phi lm v loi d
liu cn thu thp l thu thp d liu nn theo nh tnh hay nh lng. D liu
nh tnh l s m t tng thut, bng li v hot ng cng vic, kh nng,
phm cht, v thit b lin quan n cng vic. D liu nh lng o lng
bng s, ch ra phm vi qua cc hot ng, kh nng, phm cht v thit b
lin quan trong vic thc hin cng vic.
3.2.2.2. Ngun thng tin thu thp
Ngun thng tin thu thp, bao gm cc ngun khc nhau: thng tin con
ngi v phi con ngi, c so snh nh sau:
So snh ngun thng tin v cng vic
Ngun phi con ngi
Ngun con ngi
Cc bn m t v tiu chun cng vic hin ti
Nh phn tch cng vic
H s bo tr thit b
Nhn vin thc hin cng

vic
K hoch thit k thit b

S thit k ni lm vic
Phim, hnh nh v nhn vin ang thc hin cng vic
Gim st vin
Cc chuyn gia cng vic
Cc ti liu o to hng nm hoc ti liu khc

Cc n phm ph bin, chng hn nh tp ch hoc bo.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
32
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
D liu u tin m nh phn tch cng vic nn quan tm l cc d liu

phn tch cng vic c sn. Tuy nhin, nh phn tch nn cn trng vi cc d
liu ny, v chng c th c xy dng theo mt quy trnh khng thch hp,
hoc chng khng cn thch hp vi cng vic hin ti.
Mc d nhng ngi phn tch cng vic, ngi o to, gim st vin v
cc chuyn gia khc c th khng trc tip thc hin cng vic chnh, nhng h
c th am hiu v ni dung v phm vi ca cng vic. V d, mt k s thit k
l phn ng ht nhn th c th hiu thu o phn bn trong cng vic ca
ngi vn hnh l phn ng ht nhn.
Nhng c nhn thc hin cung cp thng tin phn tch cng vic thng
c gi l nhng chuyn gia vn chnh (Subject Matter Experts - SMEs). C
nhng SME gii l mt iu rt quan trng v may mn trong phn tch cng
vic, v hai nguyn nhn: (1) d liu cng vic l nn tng cho nhiu hot ng
ngun nhn lc khc nhau v c mt nn tng tt, thng tin phi c thu
thp t ngun chnh xc v ng tin cy; v (2) thng tin phn tch ng tin cy
l c s v mt php l gii quyt cc tranh chp khi cn thit.
Nh phn tch cng vic nn lc chn nhng SME, nhng ngi c c hi
thch hp thc hin cng vic hoc quan st cng vic c thc hin. Theo
mt vi nghin cu, mc v kin thc, kinh nghim cng vic v kh nng
nhn thc trong thc hin cng vic nh hng n tnh chnh xc v tin cy
v thng tin cung cp.
3.2.2.3. Phng php thu thp thng tin
C bn phng php c bn c s dng mt cch ring l hoc kt hp
vi nhau trong qu trnh thu thp thng tin v phn tch cng vic - quan st,
phng vn, dng bn cu hi v ghi nht k lm vic. Ln lt tm hiu tng
phng php s gip cc nh phn tch chn la phng php ph hp hn vi
i tng cn phn tch.
Quan st
Quan st trc tip c s dng cho nhng cng vic lao ng chn tay,
i hi tiu chun ho, nhng cng vic c chu k ngn. V d nh, cc cng
vic lp rp trn dy chuyn sn xut xe hi, cng vic vn th ca cng ty bo
him, kim k kho l nhng cng vic in hnh s dng phng php ny. Nh
phn tch phi quan st mu i din ca nhng c nhn hon thnh nhng cng
vic ny. Quan st khng lun lun thch hp vi nhng cng vic lin quan n
tr c, nh cng vic ca nhng nh nghin cu khoa hc, lut s hoc nhng
nh ton hc.
Phng vn
C ba loi phng vn thu thp thng tin phn tch cng vic - Phng vn
c nhn (l phng vn ring bit tng ngi); Phng vn mt nhm nhn vin c
cng cng vic ging nhau; Phng vn nhng ngi gim st hoc nhng ngi
____________________________________________________________________________________________
33
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
c kin thc vng vng trong cng vic. Nh phn tch nn hiu y v l do
phng vn, t nh hng phng php phng vn hiu qu.
Phng vn l k thut c s dng rng ri nht trong vic thu thp thng
tin cho phn tch cng vic. N cho php nh phn tch c th tr chuyn trc
tip vi ngi c phng vn. Ngi c phng vn c th yu cu nh phn
tch tr li nhng cu hi, nhng thc mc ca mnh. Phng php phng vn
to c hi cho nh phn tch gii thch cch thc thu thp thng tin, mc ch
ca phn tch cng vic, v l do v sao h c chn phng vn. Phng
php ny cho php nhn vin bo co nhng hot ng m nhng phng php
khc khng th xc nh c. V d, nhng hot ng quan trng xut hin
ngu nhin, hoc l nhng giao tip khng chnh thc gia ngi gim st sn
xut v nh qun l bn hng, nhng iu ny khng th hin r rng trong s
t chc, n ch c th pht hin c nh phng vn.
Xy dng s quan tm ca ngi c phng vn trc, thng qua
vic thng bo c chun b k lng; m bo rng ngui c
phng vn bit c chnh xc v thi gian v ni phng vn.
La chn ni phng vn m bo s ring t v thoi mi.
Trnh hoc gim thiu cc hnh tng a v hin nhin, to ra trng thi
a v cao hn ca ngi phng vn so vi ngi c phng vn.
To s thoi mi v d dng cho ngi c phng vn. Nh tn ca
nhn vin c phng vn trc. Gii thiu mnh v ni v cc ti
vui v cho n khi nhn vin thy thoi mi.
Lm r mc ch ca phng vn, lm cho nhn vin hiu rng nhng
thng tin m h cung cp s hu ch cho t chc v cho c h.
Khuyn khch nhn vin ni. Hy nh nhn v by t s quan tm n
nhng iu m h ni.
Gip nhn vin ni v nhng nhim v theo trnh t v th t logic,
th theo trt t thi gian m nhim v xy ra hoc theo th t tm quan
trng ca chng i vi cng vic.
Gi cho bui phng vn sinh ng bng cch tm kim thm thng tin,
s dng s tm ngh mong i, hi cc cu hi khim tn v trung lp,
hoc tm tt nhng iu m nhn vin va ni.
Dnh thi gian cn thit nhn vin ngh v tr li cu hi. Ch hi
tng cu mt v khng c thc p.
Trnh cc cu hi m c th tr li ch vi c hay khng
Trnh cc cu hi hng dn
S dng ngn ng n gin v d hiu
Trnh lm cho i bn phi h mnh v trnh biu hin s quan tm c
nhn i vi cng nhn.
C gng thit lp cc bc i vng chi v thoi mi cho phng vn. C
gng khng nhn vin b lc vn .
C gng thu thp tt c cc thng tin cn thit v cng vic m nhn
vin c th cung cp.
Ch ra lc phng vn sp kt thc bi cc cu hi thn thin m bn hi
v bin tu ging iu ca bn.
Tm tt cc thng tin chnh m nhn vin cung cp. Hi nhn vin liu
rng cc thng tin ny c y v i din cho nhng g c tho
lun hay khng.
Gii thch cho cng nhn nhng thng tin cung cp l c gi tr nh th
no.
Kt thc phng vn mt cch thn thin.
Hnh 3.2 - Hng dn cho phng vn phn tch cng vic

____________________________________________________________________________________________
34
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mc d phng vn c th mang li nhng thng tin phn tch cng vic

hu ch, nhng cng cn ch n nhng hn ch tim n ca n. l s bp
mo thng tin, v thng thng phn tch cng vic l s m u ca vic thay
i v vn lng bng trong t chc, nn nhn vin c xu hng ni qu v
nhng trch nhim ca mnh v h thp tm quan trng cng vic ca nhng
ngi khc. V vy, c c nhng thng tin chnh xc cn thu thp thng tin
t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Hn na, phng vn l rt kh tiu chun ha bi
v, phng vn vin khc nhau c th hi nhng cu hi khc nhau v kt qu
nhn c c th rt khc nhau gia nhng ngi c phng vn. Cui cng,
chi ph cho phng vn c th l rt cao, c bit nu phng vn nhm, v iu
ny c th khng thch hp vi mc ch ban u.
Mc d, c nhiu hn ch nhng phng php phng vn vn c s
dng rt ph bin. Mt s hng dn sau gip cho vic phng vn thnh cng
hn hnh 3.2 trn.
Dng bn cu hi
S dng bn cu hi l phng php t tn km nht trong vic thu thp
thng tin. N l cch thc hu hiu thu thp mt s lng ln thng tin trong
mt thi gian ngn. Mt bn cu hi c cu trc thng bao gm nhng cu hi
c th v cng vic, nhng yu cu ca cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phng
tin. Mt bn cu hi t cu trc, cch tip cn ng-m s c s dng yu
cu nhn vin miu t cng vic theo cch ring ca h. Mu cu hi ng- m
ny s cho php nhn vin s dng ngn t v nhng tng ring ca h
m t v cng vic.
Mu v cp cu trc ca bn cu hi cn phi trnh cc ti c tnh
tranh ci. Nh phn tch cng vic c s tham kho c nhn v lnh vc ny.
Khng c mt mu tt nht cho bn cu hi, nhng cng c mt vi gi sau,
gip cho cc bn cu hi d s dng:
Cng ngn cng tt- ngi ta thng t thch hon tt c bn cu hi.
Gii thch mc ch s dng bn cu hi - mi ngi mun bit ti sao
phi tr li bn cu hi. Hn na, ngi lao ng mun bit nhng cu tr li
ca h c s dng nh th no.
t cu hi n gin, d hiu- ng c gng to n tng cho mi
ngi vi nhng thut ng.
Th nghim bn cu hi- trc khi s dng, yu cu mt vi cng nhn
tr li cho kin v im c trng ca bn cu hi. S th nghim ny s cho
php nh phn tch hiu chnh li mu cu hi trc khi s dng chng.
Thnh phn ca bn cu hi th khng c nh cho mi doanh nghip. Sau
y l 14 thnh phn thng thng ca mt bn cu hi c nhiu doanh
nghip ca Hoa K s dng:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
35
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Phn 1: thng tin chung v cng vic

Phn 2: Gim st vchu s gim st
Phn 3: Kin thc v k nng
Phn 4: Ngn ng s dng
Phn 5: S dng th gic v cc gic quan khc
Phn 6: Cc quyt nh qun l v kinh doanh
Phn 7: Giao tip ni b
Phn 8: Giao tip vi bn ngoi
Phn 9: Cc cuc hp
Phn 10: Vai tr trong cc cuc hp
Phn 11: Cc hot ng th cht
Phn 12: Thit b v my mc
Phn 13: iu kin mi trng
Phn 14: Cc c tnh khc
(Xem v d bn cu hi phn tch cng vic cui chng)
Ghi nht k lm vic
Nht k lm vic ghi li nhng nhim v, cng vic v ang tin hnh,
tnh thng xuyn ca nhng nhim v v khi no nhim v c hon tt. K
thut ny i hi ngi nhn vin phi ghi li nht k. iu khng may mn l
hu ht cc c nhn u khng quen hoc khng c rn luyn lu tr
nhng thng tin nh nht k ngy lm vic. Nu nht k c cp nht theo thi
gian l ngy, n c th cung cp thng tin xc thc v cng vic. Cng tc so
snh theo ngy, tun hoc thng cn phi c thc hin. N cho php nh gi
vic thc hin cng vic mt cch thng xuyn. Nht k lm vic l rt hu ch
trong trng hp c gng phn tch nhng cng vic kh khn cho vic quan
st, nh nhng cng vic c thc hin bi cc k s, nh khoa hc v nhng
nh qun tr cp cao. Phng php ny rt hu hiu (khuyn khch nhn vin
ngh v nhng iu h lm). iu ny rt c ngha trong vic tch lu kinh
nghim v cng vic.
La chn phng php no?
C th s dng mt trong bn phng php mt cch ring bit hoc kt
hp chng. Thc t khng c mt phng php phn tch cng vic no c th
mang li thng tin tt nht. Thm vo , cc phng php trn li khng th
thay th nhau, mt phng php c th thch hp trong mt tnh hung c th
hn l cc phng php khc. La chn phng php no tu thuc vo tnh
hung, hon cnh c th, mc ch phn tch, v nhng rng buc v thi gian
v tin bc tin hnh phn tch cng vic.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
36
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3.2.3. Giai on 3: Thu thp v phn tch d liu

3.2.3.1. Thu thp thng tin
Kha cnh quan trng u tin ca thu thp thng tin cng vic l phi lm
cho t chc sn sng. Th hai, nh phn tch phi nhn thc c ngun sai lch
c th tc ng n tnh chnh xc ca d liu c thu thp. Cui dng, nh
phn tch phi m bo rng cc phng vn, nu s dng phi c tin hnh
theo mt cch thc thnh tho, cc bn cu hi phi c thit lp vi y
thng tin cn thit cho tng loi cng vic cn phn tch, v phi m bo rng
kim nghim thc t trc khi s dng thu thp thng tin.
3.2.3.2. Lm cho t chc sn sng
Trc khi thu thp thng tin, nh phn tch cng vic phi chc chn rng
cc thnh vin ca t chc hiu c v cam kt vi d n. t c iu
ny, nh phn tch c th s dng cc ch dn sau:
Lm cho qun tr cp cao tham d vo t bc u tin ca d n phn
tch cng vic. Gii qun tr cp cao phi thng bo cho nhn vin v khuyn
khch h h tr cho d n, mc ch v li ch m d n s mang li cho t chc.
Hp tc tt c hot ng lin quan n d n phn tch cng vic thng
qua b phn qun tr ngun nhn lc ca t chc.
Trc khi ni vi bt c nhn vin no, cn lm cho nh qun tr trc
tip bit v l do ni chuyn v t c s chp thun ca h.
Cung cp cho tt c nhng ngi lin quan trong giai on thu thp d
liu v mc ch v tnh cht ca d n phn tch cng vic. Cung cp cc thng
tin ny trc khi thu thp d liu, v cng c n trong sut qu trnh thc hin
d n.
3.2.3.3. Ngun sai lch
Vn chnh trong vic thu thp thng tin l cc d liu phi th hin mt
bc tranh xc thc, i din v cp nht thng xuyn cc thng tin v cng
vic. Mt ngun sai lch chnh c th xy ra trong sut giai on thu thp thng
tin c th bt ngun t th tc chn mu thu thp d liu. Nh chng ta
cp trong phn trc, thu thp d liu t chnh nhng ngi thc hin cng vic
thc s quan trng, v nhng nhn t nh gii tnh v kinh nghim ca nhn
vin thc hin cng vic c th nh hng n cch thc m cng vic c
miu t. Cng vic cng thay i qua thi gian. V d, hot ng ca mt nng
dn trong v la h thu l hon ton khc vi cc hot ng vo v la ng
xun. V vy, phn tch cng vic nn m bo ph hp vi cc thay i theo
thi gian. Cng vic ca mt th k, ngi nh bo co bng my nh ch
trc y khc bit ng k so vi th k nh my s dng cc chng trnh
x l vn bn bng my vi tnh. Cng vic ca nhn vin bo him, c th thay
i mnh nu cn bo gm r khp thnh ph; v vy, thng tin thu thp c
phi phn nh cc tnh hung thay i ny chng c th nhn thy v tng
tc vi bc tranh chung ca cng vic. Bng cch ly mu nhn vin, thi gian
____________________________________________________________________________________________
37
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
v tnh hung, nh phn tch cng vic c th gim thiu sai lch v d liu v
em li mt bc tranh chn thc hn v cng vic.
3.2.3.4. Phn tch d liu cng vic
Mt khi cc d liu nh lng v cng vic c thu thp chng ta
phi sn sng phn tch chng. Nh phn tch cng vic gii nn c mt kin
thc rng v thng k, hoc c kh nng lm vic cht ch vi cc chuyn gia v
cc phng php thng k. Trc khi thu thp thng tin, nh phn tch nn
quyt nh s dng loi quy trnh phn tch no. Tr phi nhng quyt nh ny
c thc hin trc, nh phn tch c th tm thy rng cc d liu thu thp
c l khng tun theo quy trnh phn tch cng vic mun s dng.
Mt khi d liu c thu thp, nh phn tch nn tin hnh kim tra tnh
ng tin cy ca d liu. Tnh ng tin cy trong trng hp ny lin quan ti
tnh ng tin cy ni b. Nu d liu cng vic c thu thp t nhiu ngun
khc nhau (th d mt vi ngi thc hin cng vic), nh phn tch cng vic
nn kim tra xc nh nhng ngun ny c thng nht vi cc c im ca
cng vic hay khng. Mc ph hp thp gia cc ngun d liu s ch ra mt
vi dng sai lch khc nhau chnh trong cc cng vic xut pht t ngun d liu
hin c.
3.2.3.5. Bo co v kim tra li d liu cng vic
Khi tt c cc phn tch c hon tt, nh phn tch phi chun b bo
co kt qu. Bo co ny nn bao gm mc ch v phm vi ca d n, mt bn
tm tt cc phng php c th c s dng v ti sao chng c s dng, s
din gii cc phn tch c tin hnh v cc thng tin thu c, v chin lc
m thng tin thu thp c t d n s c s dng trong tng lai. Bo co
nn c vit theo mt mu dnh cho mt nh qun tr khng c chuyn mn k
thut v phng php phn tch cng vic c th hiu c.
Phn cui cng ca tin trnh phn tch cng vic l phi nh k ti kim
tra kt qu ca d n phn tch cng vic. Do cng vic thng xuyn thay i,
thng tin thu thp v cng vic hm nay c th khng xc thc cho cng vic
ca nm nm trc y. V vy, d liu phi c cp nht nh k tng
thch vi s thay i cng vic. Mc khc, t chc c th nhn thy rng vic
la chn, o to hoc nh gi thnh tch nhn vin thc hin cng vic cng
cn c nhng thay i.
3.2.4. Giai on 4: nh gi
C mt vi nhn t nh gi phng php phn tch cng vic. Mt vi
tiu chun c xem l nn tng cho nh gi c gii thiu bng sau. Mc
d, cc tiu chun ny c th l hu ch trong vic so snh gia cc phng
php khc nhau, phng php tt nht tu thuc vo mc tiu c th ca t
chc, cng nh gii hn v chi ph v cc nhn t khc chi phi ca d n phn
tch cng vic.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
38
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Tnh hp l l tiu chun cui cng c s dng nh gi xem liu

phng php phn tch cng vic s c chp nhn hay khng, nu n c s
dng lm c s h tr la chn, o to, nh gi thnh tch ngun nhn lc,
hoc cc hot ng tr lng ca t chc. Mt t chc phi lm sng t ti sao
phi tin hnh phn tch cng vic. Kt qu ca phn tch cng vic phi ph
hp vi mc ch c nh hng trc. D liu cng vic nn c thu
thp t mt vi ngun. Phn tch cng vic nn tp hp cc cng tc c thc
hin trn cng vic, v lm sng t nhng cng tc quan trng nht. D liu
phn tch cng vic nn c kim tra thng xuyn v tin cy v tnh hiu
lc, v kt qu phn tch cng vic nn c bo co di hnh thc r rng v
d hiu. Theo cc ch dn ny, nh phn tch cng vic c th gia tng kh nng
quy trnh phn tch cng vic c chp thun theo kha cnh lut php.
Bng 3.1. sau y xut n cc doanh nghip 10 tiu chun nh gi
phng php phn tch cng vic:
Bng 3.1Mi (10) tiu chun nh gi phng php phn tch cng vic
Tiu chun
nh ngha
Mc ch phc v
Nhng d liu thu thp c c th c s dng cho nhiu

mc ch khc nhau?
Tnh linh hot
Phng php ny c th c s dng phn tch nhiu

cng vic khc nhau?
S tiu chun ho
Phng php ny em li d liu m c th d dng so snh

vi cc d liu c thu thp t phng php khc khng?
Nhng ngi s dng phng php ny c chp nhn n nh
l mt cch thc hp l thu thp thng tin cng vic hay
khng?
S chp nhn
ngi s dng
ca
o to cn thit
Cn o to bao lu mt c nhn c th s dng phng

php ny thu thp d liu trong t chc
Kch c mu
Kch c mu l bao nhiu c th t c mt bc tranh

y d v cng vic?
Phng php
Phng php ny c th c s dng mt cch trc tip..,

hoc vic trin khai cc sa i cn thit cho ph hp vi mt
t chc c th.
tin cy
Phng php ny c cung cp d liu ng tin cy hay khng
Thi gian hon tt
Mt thi gian bao lu s dng phng php phn tch cng

vic ny?
Phi chi ph bao nhiu thc hin v s dng phng php
ny. - Mt thi gian bao lu s dng phng php phn tch
cng vic ny?
Chi ph
3.3. Ni dung chnh bn m t cng vic v bn tiu chun cng vic

Bn m t cng vic (Job Description) l kt qu cn bn ca tin trnh
phn tch cng vic, n m t mt cch tm tt cng vic. Bn m t cng vic
____________________________________________________________________________________________
39
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
lit k cc chc nng, nhim v, cc mi quan h trong cng vic, cc iu kin

lm vic, yu cu kim tra, gim st v cc tiu chun cn t c khi thc
hin cng vic. Bn m t cng vic gip cho chng ta hiu c ni dung, yu
cu ca cng vic v hiu c quyn hn, trch nhim khi thc hin cng vic.
Bn m t cng vic l bn lit k chnh xc v sc tch nhng iu m
nhn vin phi thc hin. N cho ta bit nhn vin lm ci g, lm th no, v
cc iu kin m cc nhim v c thc hin. Do c th v quy m, trnh
v cch thc t chc ca cc doanh nghip v do mc ch phn tch cng
vic khc nhau nn trong thc t khng c biu mu thng nht cho bn m t
cng vic. Trong khi khng c mt mu chun mc no cho bn m t cng
vic, hu ht nhng bn m t cng vic hu dng v c trnh by k u
cha ng nhng thng tin sau:
Tn cng vic v nhng thng tin gip nhn dng cng vic.
Bn tm tt trnh by ngn gn v mc ch ca cng vic v u ra
mong i t ngi lao ng cng nh cng vic.
Thit b: trnh by r rng v cng c, thit b v nhng thng tin cn
thit thc hin tt cng vic.
Mi trng: m t iu kin thc hin cng vic, ni lm vic v nhng
tnh cht lin quan khc ca mi trng lm vic nh nhng nguy him v mc
ca ting n.
Cc hot ng: bao gm s m t nhim v cng vic, trch nhim v
thi hon thnh cng vic. N cng m t nhng tc ng, tng tc x hi
n cng vic (v d nh c nhm lm vic, mc ph thuc trong cng vic).
Quyn hnh ca ngi thc hin cng vic: nn xc nh r gii hn hay
phm vi quyn hnh v mt ti chnh v nhn s, thi gian v gim st st ch
o nhn vin di quyn.
u chun thc hin cng vic
Bn tiu chun thc hin cng vic (Job Specification) l vn bn lit k
nhng yu cu v nng lc c nhn nh trnh hc vn, kinh nghim cng tc,
kh nng gii quyt vn , cc k nng khc v cc c im c nhn thch hp
cho cng vic. Bn tiu chun thc hin cng vic gip chng ta hiu c
doanh nghip cn loi nhn vin nh th no thc hin cng vic mt cch
tt nht.
Bn chi tit tiu chun thc hin cng vic c rt ra t bn m t cng
vic. N tr li cu hi Nhng c im v kinh nghim no l cn thit
hon tt cng vic mt cch hiu qu? Bn chi tit tiu chun cng vic rt hu
ch trong vic hng dn tuyn dng m v la chn nhn vin. V d, gi s
rng bn ang tm kim mt chuyn gia qun tr ngun nhn lc cho v tr nh
trnh by di y. T bn chi tit tiu chun thc hin cng vic, bn s bit
c nhng ng vin thnh cng phi c vn bng i hc v 6 nm kinh
nghim trong lnh vc ngun nhn lc.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
40
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
V d: M t cng vic v tiu chun thc hin cng vic nh qun tr

ngun nhn lc nh sau:
Tn cng vic: Qun tr ngun nhn lc
M t chung v cng vic:
Chu trch nhim thc hin hnh chnh, cng vic qun l cc hot ng
ngun nhn lc ca mt t chc ln hoc ca hip hi. Cng vic bao hm trch
nhim cho vic hoch nh v qun l cc chng trnh HRM nh: tuyn m,
thm tra, la chn, nh gi, b nhim, thng tin, lun chuyn v nhng thay
i v nhn vin. H thng thng tin c ph bin cho nhng ngi cng nhn
cn thit.
Cc hot ng:
Tham gia trong vic hoch nh v ra cc chnh sch tng qut nhm
cung cp cc dch v nhn s hu hiu v ng nht.
Truyn t cc chnh sch xuyn sut t chc thng qua cc bn tin, cc
cuc hp v nhng hp ng c nhn.
Phng vn ng vin, nh gi nng lc, phn loi cc n xin vic.
Tuyn dng v chn la cc ng vin in khuyt vo cc v tr trng
v xem xt n xin vic ca cc ng vin thch hp.
Bn bc vi ngi gim st v cc vn nhn s lin quan, bao gm
vn thay th, s duy tr hoc sa thi ng vin trong giai on tp s, thuyn
chuyn, ging chc v sa thi nhn cng.
Gim st vic thc hin cc bi kim tra.
xng cc hot ng o to nhn s v hp tc nhng hot ng
khc vi cng vic ca cc vin chc v gim st vin.
Thit lp mt h thng nh gi; o to cc nh gim st n v trong
vic tin hnh nh gi nhn vin.
Duy tr, bo qun h s nhn vin.
Gim st mt nhm nhn vin trc tip v thng qua ngi di quyn.
Nhng yu cu nng lc chung:
C kinh nghim trong lnh vc ngun nhn lc: ti thiu 6 nm.
Gio dc: tt nghip i hc v ngun nhn lc, qun tr kinh doanh
hoc tm l cng nghip.
Kin thc, k nng v nng lc: c kin thc v kh nng thc hnh cc
hot ng ngun nhn lc.
Trch nhim: gim st mt phng gm ba chuyn gia ngun nhn lc,
mt nhn vin bn hng v mt th k.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
41
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3.4. Thit k cng vic

Thit k cng vic l qu trnh kt hp cc phn vic ri rc li vi nhau
hp thnh mt cng vic trn vn nhm giao ph cho mt c nhn hay mt
nhm nhn vin thc hin. Ni cch khc, thit k cng vic l qu trnh xc
nh cc cng vic c th cn hon thnh v cc phng php c s dng
hon thnh cng vic , cng nh mi quan h ca cng vic vi cc cng
vic khc trong t chc.
Mt khi phn tch cng vic c tin hnh mt cch h thng vi bn
m t cng vic v bn tiu chun cng vic c cht lng cao, t chc c th s
dng nhng thng tin ny thit k hoc ti thit k cng vic. Nhng thng
tin ny l rt quan trng trong vic xy dng cc yu t cu thnh nn cng vic,
th hin cch thc ti a ho hiu sut cng vic v mang li s tha mn
nhn vin cng nh khch hng.
3.4.1. Cc bin s nh hng n thit k cng vic
Vic la chn kiu thit k cng vic ty thuc vo trng thi hin ti ca
cc bin s sau:
Tnh thng l ca cng vic
Tnh thng l ca cng vic c th hin mc xut hin cc cng
vic, mt cng vic c gi l c tnh thng l cao, khi n c xu hng xut
hin thng xuyn, n nh trong mt khong thi gian di. Ngc li, mt
cng vic c gi l tnh thng l thp, khi n xut hin khng c quy lut, bt
thng, mc xut hin khng thng xuyn, khng n nh.
Dng cng vic
Dng cng vic trong t chc thng chu nh hng bi tnh cht, bn
cht ca sn phm hay dch v. Sn phm hay dch v thng gi trnh t
hoc s cn i gia cc cng vic nu tin trnh to ra sn phm hay dch v
mun hon thnh hiu qu. V d nh, khung ca xe hi phi c ch to trc
b phn cn sc v ca. Sau khi trnh t cng vic c phn nh, s cn i
gia cc cng vic mi c thit lp.
Cht lng cuc sng lao ng
Cht lng cuc sng lao ng l mt khi nim kh mi m i vi chng
ta, tuy nhin, n li l mt khi nim kh quen thuc ca nhng ngi qun l
theo trng phi nhn vn. Cht lng cuc sng ca mt ngi no chnh l
mc tha mn cc nhu cu khc nhau ca h trong cuc sng hng ngy.
Ngy nay, do cuc sng ring t ca mi c nhn v cng vic m h ang
lm khng cn c mt ranh gii r rng, n c xu hng cng ngy cng xa
nha i ranh gii , cho nn khi nghin cu cht lng cuc sng, ngi ta
phi quan tm n cht lng ton din l cht lng cuc sng lao ng.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
42
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Kh nng ca ngi lao ng

Kh nng ca ngi lao ng nh hng rt ln n thit k cng vic. Khi
Henry Ford s dng dy chuyn sn xut, ng nhn thy rng cc cng nhn
thiu vng kinh nghim hot ng trn cc dy chuyn t ng ha. V th, cng
vic phi c thit k mt cch n gin v i hi t cng tc o to.
Tnh cht ca mi trng
Theo quan im h thng, mi doanh nghip c xem nh l mt h
thng hot ng trong mi trng ca n, l tp hp cc h thng, phn h
khc c mi quan h tc ng qua li vi doanh nghip. Doanh nghip tc ng
vi mi trng thng qua u ra cn mi trng tc ng ln doanh nghip
thng qua u vo. Khi mi trng thay i, trng thi n nh ca doanh
nghip trong mi trng cng b ph v. thit lp li trng thi cn bng mi,
cc doanh nghip phi c nhng phn ng thch ng trc s thay i ca mi
trng, nhm thay i trng thi hin ti ca doanh nghip cho ph hp vi
trng thi ca mi trng thay i. Theo quan im ny, vic thit k cng
vic cng phi ph hp vi trng thi vn ng bin i ca mi trng. Khi
mi trng n nh, th cc kiu thit k cng vic thin v kt cu cht ch;
ngc li, khi mi trng nhiu lon, th thit k c xu hng thin v kiu linh
hot.
3.4.2. Cc phng php thit k cng vic c nhn
3.4.2.1. Chuyn mn ho cng vic
y l kiu thit k cng vic da trn c s phn tch cng vic thnh cc
ng tc, thao tc, bc cng vic sau giao ph cho mi c nhn, mi c
nhn ch chuyn phi thc hin mt bc cng vic hoc mt vi thao tc no
vi quy trnh thc hin cng vic c xy dng mt cch ti u. Bn
cht ca kiu thit k ny l chia nh cng vic, giao cho mi c nhn t vic
nhng khi lng cho mi phn vic tng ln. Vi cch tip cn ny, ngi thit
k s phn chia cng vic thnh nhng thao tc, ng tc, sau sp xp chng
nhm ti thiu thi gian v nhng n lc ca ngi lao ng. Mt khi cng vic
c phn loi, mt khi lng phn vic c nhm gp trong cng vic.
Kt qu phng php ny l chuyn mn ha cng vic.
Chuyn mn ha cng vic nhm lm gim phm vi cng vic, phn chia
thi gian hon thnh cng vic. Chuyn mn ha gip tit kim thi gian, cn
t u t v cho php ngi cng nhn hc vic nhanh chng. Chi ph o to
mc thp nht v ngi cng nhn ch cn tho mt hoc mt s cng vic b
phn.
Cch tip cn ny nhn mnh n tnh hiu qu trong s n lc, thi gian,
chi ph lao ng, o to v thi gian hc vic. Ngy nay, k thut ny cn rt
hu hiu v c s dng trong cc hot ng dy chuyn. iu ny c bit
hu ch khi phi i ph vi tnh trng cng nhn thiu kin thc hoc ngi
cng nhn c t kinh nghim trong hot ng dy chuyn.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
43
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3.4.2.2. Lun chuyn cng vic

y l kiu thit k cng vic chuyn mn ha trt ngang. V nguyn tc,
mi cng vic vn c thit k theo hng chuyn mn ha nh trnh by
trn, song s chuyn mn ha ch p dng cho cng vic cn ngi lao ng li
thay i bng cch chuyn ch lm vic theo mt quy trnh nht nh. Thng
th nhn vin lm vic mi v tr cng tc khng qu 2-3 nm cn nh qun tr
th khong 4-5 nm s c chuyn i v tr cng tc mt ln, vic chuyn i
v tr ny c thc hin ch yu trong phm vi nhm cng vic c chuyn mn
ging hoc gn nhau.
3.4.2.3. M rng cng vic
y l kiu thit k cng vic da trn vic m rng phm vi thc hin
cng vic ca nhn vin bng cch tng thm vic v gim khi lng cng vic
trong mi phn vic. Thc hin m rng cng vic bng cch nhm nhng phn
vic tng t chnh hoc nhng phn vic m s dng cng c nh nhau li vi
nhau. Kiu thit k cng vic ny l kt qu ca qu trnh pht trin nhanh
chng ca trnh sn xut x hi v do s bin i khng ngng mi trng
hot ng ca cc doanh nghip, chu k sng sn phm b rt ngn, tt c nhng
iu ny lm cho tnh thng l ha gim xung. Mt khc, trnh ca ngi
lao ng ngy cng tng ln, h c kh nng m nhim tt nhiu cng vic
khc nhau cng lc, do , vic thit k cng vic theo hng m rng cng
vic l cch thit k hp l nhm m bo thch ng tt vi s thay i, ng
thi khai thc trit kh nng lao ng ca ngi nhn vin.
3..4.2.4. Lm phong ph ho cng vic
y l kiu thit k cng vic bng cch m rng cng vic theo chiu su.
Gia tng thm nhim v v quyn hn theo chiu su cho ngi lao ng, to
iu kin cho ngi lao ng c t quyn quyt nh nhiu hn trong cng
vic ca h, ng thi, tng mc t chu trch nhim mt cch tng ng.
Nhng trch nhim c tng thm l khng tng t nh nhng g m nhn
vin lm. Phong ph ho cng vic c th ging nh vic thng tin ( mc
t).
V d: Trc y mt nhn vin bu in chuyn lm nhim v phn loi
v ng du cc loi bu phm, giy t, nay chuyn sang va chu trch nhim
tip nhn, phn loi, ng du v phn pht bu phm giy t trong phm vi mt
khu vc dn c no .
Theo Fredrick Herzberg, khi tin hnh phong ph ha cng vic cn tun
theo 5 nguyn tc sau:
Gia tng nhng i hi v cng vic: cng vic nn thay i trong cch
thc gia tng mc kh khn v trch nhim.
Gia tng trch nhim gii trnh ca ngi cng nhn: cho php phn
chia nhiu quyn hnh trong thc hin cng vic, v gia tng s kim sot c
nhn trong khi trch nhim cui cng vn thuc v ngi qun l.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
44
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
To mt thi gian biu lm vic t do v hp l: trong gii hn cho

php, nhng c nhn cng c th thc hin cng vic theo thi gian biu ring
ca mnh.
Cung cp thng tin phn hi: tt nht l ngi cng nhn bo co trc
tip tnh hnh thc hin cng vic mt cch thng xuyn ln ngi gim st.
Cung cp nhng kinh nghim mi: v tr v hon cnh lm vic nn bao
gm c nhng kinh nghin mi v to s pht trin c nhn.
Phong ph ha cng vic vn da trn nn tng ca chuyn mn ha
nhng c s ci tin c bn bng cch giao cho ngi lao ng nhiu quyn
quyt nh hn trong cng vic ca mnh, qua lm phong ph ha cng vic
ca h tng nhit tnh lao ng, gim nhm chn v cng thng.
3.4.2.5. Thit k cng vic theo module
Thit k cng vic theo module l mt phng php thit k rt mi m.
Theo phng php thit k ny, nh thit k cn nghin cu k lng v cc
cng vic phi thc hin; sau , h tm cch chia nh cng vic thnh cc phn
vic nh c gng sao cho mi phn vic nh vy c th c mt ngi lao
ng hon thnh trong vng vi gi. Cc phn vic phn chia phi mang tnh
ng nht. Sau , ngi ta cho php ngi lao ng c t do la chn phn
vic ca mnh theo thch. Nu c nhng phn vic nhm chn hoc kh khn
khng ai thch lm, th nh qun tr s tin hnh chia u cho mi ngi.
3.4.3. Nhng phng php thit k cng vic theo nhm
Hin nay, trn th gii ang c xu hng chuyn sang thit k cng vic
theo nhm, y l kiu thit k c xem l hin i nht. N ph hp vi xu
th gia tng kh nng hp tc lao ng trong iu kin pht trin mnh m ca
khoa hc k thut. Sau y l cc phng php thit k cng vic theo nhm
thng dng cc quc gia pht trin:
3.4.3.1. Nhm lao ng hi nhp
p dng cho cc cng vic i hi s hp tc cp nhm. Nhm c t
chc bao gm nhiu chuyn mn khc nhau c kh nng thc hin c mt
khi lng cng vic hon chnh nht nh. ng u mi nhm l trng nhm
c nhim v iu khin s phi hp hot ng chung ca c nhm, nhm c
giao quyn lc rt ln t vic t chc sn xut, mua bn nguyn vt liu, cho
n vic la chn nhn s v tr lng cho nhn vin.
3.4.3.2. Nhm lao ng t qun
y l kiu t chc lao ng bng cch lm phong ph ha cng vic theo
chiu su. Cc nhm lao ng hn hp c giao cho cc mc tiu phi thc
hin trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh vi mc chi ph cho trc, nhm
c trch nhim t xc nh cc nhim v phi lm v t chc thc hin cc
nhim v . Nhm c giao ton quyn quyt nh mi vn qun l
thc hin mc tiu t ra. c im ca nhm lao ng t qun l khng c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
45
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
ngi ph trch chung, mi cng vic ca nhm s do tt c mi thnh vin ca

nhm cng nhau tho lun v quyt nh.
3.4.3.3. Nhm cht lng
y l dng ca nhm xung kch, thu ht ton nhng ngi tnh nguyn,
c hun luyn k khc phc cc nhim v c bit quan trng, kh khn
khi cn thit. Nhm cht lng khng phi l mt cu trc n nh m n ch
c hnh thnh khi c nhu cu. Lc , cc thnh vin ca nhm lin quan n
vn cn gii quyt s c triu tp tham gia gii quyt vn . Khi cng
vic hon thnh, nhm s t gii tn, cc thnh vin tr v lm vic ti b phn
lm vic chnh ca mnh. Nhm ny ch yu hot ng ngoi gi, cc thnh
vin ca nhm thng khng i hng th lao m l t nguyn, h c doanh
nghip cp kinh ph nghin cu.
3.4.3.4. Thit k cng vic hng vo ngi lao ng
Mt khi nim c nh ra lm cu ni gia nhim v ca cng ty vi s
tha mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng l thit k li cng vic nh hng vo
ngi lao ng.
Ngi lao ng c khuyn khch tham gia vo vic thit k li cng vic
ca h nhm c li cho c t chc v chnh h. Ngi lao ng c th ngh
s thay i trong thit k cng vic nhm lm cho cng vic ca h hp dn v
tha mn hn, nhng h cng phi ch ra cch thc tt hn trong vic t thnh
mc tiu ca b phn mnh tham gia. Vi cch tip cn ny nhng ng gp ca
mi ngi u c cng nhn, hng n lc ca h vo vic hon thnh mc
tiu v nhim v ca t chc.
nng cao cht lng cuc sng, cng vic cn c thit k hiu qu.
Thit k cng vic hiu qu l tm ra s ha hp gia tnh hiu qu v nhn t
hnh vi. Yu t hiu qu nhn mnh n hiu sut, trong khi yu t hnh vi li
quan tm nhiu hn n ngi lao ng.
Vai tr ca cc chuyn gia ngun nhn lc l phi to s cn bng gia cc
nhn t ny. Khi cng vic c chuyn mn ha, nh thit k cng vic c th
n gin chng bng cch ct gim s lng phn vic. Nu cng vic c a
dng ha (nhng kiu thit k cng vic k trn ngoi tr chuyn mn ha),
chng phi c m rng v lm cho phong ph.
3.5. nh mc lao ng
Khi phn tch cng vic ca cng nhn, ngoi vic c th vn dng cc
phng php kho st nghin cu trn, c th s dng kt hp vi phng
php nh mc lao ng c th xc nh chnh xc tiu chun cng vic ca
cng nhn phi hon thnh. L do c th s dng c phng php ny l do cc
phng php trn khng th nh lng c khi lng cng vic hon thnh
ca cng nhn, trong khi kt qu lm vic ca cng nhn th c th o lng
chnh xc v c th.
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46
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3.5.1. Bn cht ca nh mc lao ng

nh mc lao ng l lng lao ng hao ph c quy nh hon thnh
mt n v sn phm (hoc mt khi lng cng vic) ng tiu chun cht
lng trong nhng iu kin t chc k thut nht nh. Lng lao ng hao ph
trong thc t chnh l thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn. V th, nh mc lao
ng c th hin di dng mc thi gian, mc sn lng, mc phc v v
mc bin ch.
Mc thi gian (c k hiu Mtg hoc Ttg): L lng thi gian hao ph
c quy nh cho mt hay mt nhm ngi lao ng c trnh nghip v
thch hp hon thnh mt n v sn phm (hoc mt khi lng cng vic)
ng tiu chun cht lng, trong nhng iu kin t chc k thut nht nh.
Mc sn lng (Msl): L s lng n v sn phm (hoc khi lng cng
vic) quy nh cho mt hay mt nhm ngi lao ng c trnh thch hp phi
hon thnh trong mt n v thi gian, ng tiu chun cht lng trong nhng
iu kin t chc k thut nht nh.
Mi quan h ca mc sn lng v mc thi gian c th biu hin theo
cng thc:
Trong , T l n v thi gian tnh trong mc sn lng (1gi, 1 ca). Nh

vy, mc sn lng v mc thi gian l hai i lng t l nghch nhau.
Mc phc v (k hiu Mpv): L s lng my mc thit b, hoc ni lm
vic hoc khu vc sn xut, c quy nh cho mt hoc mt nhm cng nhn
c kin thc, k nng, kinh nghim thch hp phi phc v, trong nhng iu
kin t chc k thut nht nh. Thng thng, cc cng vic phc v mang tnh
n nh v lp li c tnh chu k, v d nh, cng vic ca cng nhn sa cha,
c in trong nh my dt, may,...
Mc bin ch (hay cn gi l mc nh bin, k hiu Mbc): L s lng lao
ng c trnh nghip v thch hp c quy nh cht ch thc hin mt
khi lng cng vic c th, trong nhng iu kin t chc k thut nht nh.
n v o ca mc bin ch l ngi trn cng vic. Mc ny c p
dng trong iu kin cng vic i hi hot ng phi hp ca nhiu ngi m
kt qu khng tch ring c cho tng ngi, khng th xc nh c mc
thi gian, mc sn lng, mc phc v.
Cc dng biu hin ca mc lao ng lun gn lin vi iu kin t chc
k thut nht nh, v th, khi nhng iu kin ny thay i th mc lao ng
cng s thay i theo.
Xc nh c nhng loi mc lao ng trong t chc th l mt cng
vic phc tp, i hi phi c trnh nghip v r rng. V vy, mun lm tt
cng tc nh mc lao ng, trc ht, phi coi y mt cng vic cn bn ca
____________________________________________________________________________________________
47
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
cng tc qun tr ngun nhn lc. Xy dng mc lao ng chnh xc, hp l l

c s cng nhn phn u tng nng sut lao ng tng thu nhp ca
mnh; l c s sp xp b tr cng nhn cc cng on ca qu trnh sn
xut; lp k hoch sn xut; k hoch tin lng; hoch nh ngun nhn lc,
tuyn dng v tuyn chn, v o to ngun nhn lc trong t chc. Hn na,
mun lm tt cng tc nh mc lao ng, phi c cc chuyn gia qun tr ngun
nhn lc am tng v cng tc nh mc lao ng trong t chc, v khng th
thiu c s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia gim st, c cng, t trng sn
xut; thu ht s tham gia, ch tr ca cc nh qun tr cp cao trong t chc.
3.5.2. i tng nh mc lao ng
Qu trnh sn xut c chia thnh cc cng on sn xut (cn gi l
nguyn cng hay bc cng vic), v mi cng on sn xut hay bc cng
vic li xc nh c hao ph lao ng, do c th tnh c lng lao ng
ca ton b qu trnh sn xut sn phm. V vy, bc cng vic l i tng
nh mc lao ng.
nh ngha bc cng vic l mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut do mt hay
mt nhm cng nhn tin hnh trn mt i tng lao ng nht nh v ti mt
ni lm vic c nh. V th, c trng c bn ca bc cng vic l s c nh
ca 3 yu t cng nhn, i tng lao ng, v ni lm vic. Thay i mt trong
3 yu t s to thnh mt bc cng vic mi.
Kt cu bc cng vic nhng thnh phn ca bc cng vic c th xc
nh theo hai tiu thc v mt cng ngh v v mt lao ng.
Kt cu bc cng vic v mt cng ngh
V mt cng ngh bc cng vic chia thnh cc giai on chuyn tip ri
chia ra thnh cc bc chuyn tip.
Giai on chuyn tip l b phn ng nht v cng ngh ca bc cng
vic, n c biu th bng s c nh ca b mt gia cng, dng c v ch
gia cng. Nu mt trong 3 yu t ny thay i th s c mt giai on chuyn
tip mi. V d, bc cng vic nh vec-ni ca ngi th mc th c cc giai
on chuyn tip l ma-tic, lm nhn chi tit, sch bi, nh vec-ni; nh vy,
bc cng vic ny c 4 giai on chuyn tip.
c im ca giai on chuyn tip l c th hon thnh mt ni lm
vic ring bit, tc l c th tch ra thnh mt bc cng vic c lp. Trong sn
xut khi lng ln, trnh chuyn mn ho cao, mi bc cng vic thng
ch c mt giai on chuyn tip, nhng trong sn xut hng lot va, hng lot
nh, n chic, mi bc cng vic thng c nhiu giai on chuyn tip.
mi giai on chuyn tip c th gm mt phn vic nh nhau c lp
i lp li. Mi phn vic c gii hn trn mt b mt gia cng nht nh
ca i tng lao ng vi loi dng c v ch gia cng khng thay i, th
to thnh mt bc chuyn tip. V d nh cng vic x mt khc g gm 3
mch ca, th gm mt bc cng vic, mt giai on chuyn tip, v 3 bc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
48
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
chuyn tip. Mi mch ca l mt bc chuyn tip. Vic phn chia bc cng

vic v mt cng ngh ni ln i tng lao ng c gia cng theo trnh t
no, bng cng c g v theo ch gia cng nh th no.
Kt cu ca bc cng vic v mt lao ng
nh mc lao ng, cn phi bit nhng hot ng ca cng nhn trong
mi bc cng vic. V mt lao ng, bc cng vic c chia thnh cc thao
tc, ri thnh cc ng tc, v cui cng chia thnh cc c ng.
Thao tc: L mt b phn ca bc cng vic, gm t hp cc ng tc
ca cng nhn, nhm mt mc ch nht nh. V d, bc cng vic tin gm
c cc thao tc lp chi tit cn gia cng vo my, m my tin, ng my, o chi
tit, tho chi tit cho vo thng sn phm.
ng tc: L mt b phn ca thao tc, biu th bng nhng c ng ca
ngi cng nhn, nhm mc ch ly i hay di chuyn mt vt no . V d,
thao tc o chi tit, gm cc ng tc ly thc o, o chi tit, t thc o v
ch c. Yu t vt cht khng i l du hiu ch yu xc nh gii hn ca
ng tc lao ng.
Chuyn ng (c ng, hay tiu tc): l mt phn ca ng tc, l yu
t s ng trong hot ng ca con ngi, biu th bng s di chuyn ca mt
b phn no ca c th con ngi trong qu trnh thc hin cng vic. Cc
chuyn ng ph bin l s dch chuyn, gi tay, cm, nm, nghing mnh...V
d, ng tc ly phi a vo mm cp, c cc c ng: Gi tay; Nm ly phi;
a phi vo mm cp.
3.5.3. Phn loi hao ph thi gian lm vic ca ngi cng nhn
Thi gian lm vic ca ngi cng nhn trong mt ngy lm vic c th
chia lm hai loi: Thi gian hon thnh nhim v sn xut v thi gian lng
ph trong qu trnh sn xut. (Xem hnh 3.3 trang sau)
3.5.3.1. Thi gian cn thit hon thnh nhim v sn xut
Thi gian ny bao gm: thi gian chun kt, thi gian tc nghip, thi gian
phc v, thi gian ngh ngi v nhu cu cn thit.
1. Thi gian chun kt (k hiu l Tck): L thi gian ngi lao ng dng
vo vic chun b phng tin sn xut thc hin cng vic c giao v tin
hnh mi hot ng c lin quan n vic hon thnh cng vic . Thi gian
ny thng hao ph vo lc u v cui ngy lm vic. V d nh, thi gian
nghe t trng phn cng, hng dn k thut, nhn nguyn liu, thu dn ni
lm vic, np sn phm v kho,...
2. Thi gian tc nghip (k hiu Ttn): L thi gian trc tip lm thay i
trng thi vt l v ho hc ca i tng, n c lp i lp li qua tng n v
sn phm hoc tng nhm sn phm nht nh. T trng loi thi gian ny
thng ln nht trong cc loi thi gian hao ph. V d nh, thi gian dt vi,
gia cng trn my,... Thi gian ny c th chia thnh thi gian tc nghip chnh
(Tc) v thi gian tc nghip ph (Tp).
____________________________________________________________________________________________
49
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3. Thi gian phc v (k hiu TPV): L thi gian hao ph trng coi v
m bo cho ni lm vic hot ng lin tc trong sut ngy lm vic. Thi gian
phc v bao gm: thi gian phc v t chc v thi gian phc v k thut.
4. Thi gian phc v t chc (k hiu TPVTC): L thi gian hao ph thc
hin cng vic phc v c tnh cht t chc nh kim tra thit b, di chuyn phi
liu, thnh phm trong phm vi ni lm vic, qut dn ni lm vic...Thi gian
lau sch, thu dn my mc thit b, dng c lc giao ca v cui ca, thi gian qut
dn ni lm vic...
5. Thi gian phc v k thut (TPVKT): L thi gian hao ph lm cc cng
vic phc v c tnh cht k thut, nhm duy tr kh nng lm vic bnh thng
ca my mc thit b. Nh iu chnh my mc, sa li dng c mn, ... Thi
gian phc v c th trng vi thi gian chnh, khi n thng c xc nh l
thi gian tc nghip. Thi gian phc v chu s nh hng ca cc nhn t: t
chc phc v ni lm vic, cht lng ca my mc thit b, dng c g,...
6. Thi gian ngh ngi v nhu cu cn thit (TNC): Bao gm thi gian ngh
ngi v thi gian ngh v nhu cu cn thit ca cng nhn. Thi gian ngh ngi l
thi gian ngh cn thit duy tr kh nng lm vic bnh thng ca cng nhn
trong sut ca lm vic. Thi gian ngh ngi ph thuc vo cc yu t gy mt
mi, nh s cng thng thn kinh, s gng sc, iu kin lm vic... Thi gian
ngh v nhu cu cn thit l thi gian ngng lm vic gii quyt nhng nhu
cu sinh l t nhin nh: ung nc, v sinh c nhn... di thi gian ny
c quy nh ph thuc vo phng tin gii quyt nhu cu sinh l ca cng
nhn.
7. Thi gian ngng cng ngh (NCN): L thi gian ngng lm vic do yu
cu ca cng ngh, nh: thi gian ch my chy t ng, thi gian ch thp
ln, ...
Hnh 3.3 Phn loi thi gian hao ph

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50
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3.5.3.2. Thi gian lng ph

Thi gian lng ph bao gm tt c thi gian lm nhng vic khng nm
trong nhim v sn xut, bao gm:
1. Thi gian lng ph khng sn xut (k hiu TLPK): L thi gian hao ph
vo nhng cng vic khng nm trong nhim v sn xut. V d, theo quy nh,
cng nhn ph phi mang vt liu n cho cng nhn chnh nhng do cung cp
khng , cng nhn chnh phi t i ly vt liu th thi gian l thi gian
lng ph khng sn xut, thi gian tm cng nhn ph, thi gian gip ngi khc
thc hin cng vic.
2. Thi gian lng ph t chc (k hiu TLPTC): L thi gian lng ph do cng
tc t chc gy nn. Mun khc phc thi gian ny, phi ci tin t chc k
thut, chun b v t chc phc v ni lm vic cho tt, v d nh thi gian ch
nguyn vt liu, ch vic, ch dng c, ...
3. Thi gian lng ph k thut (TLPKT): L thi gian lng ph do cng tc k
thut to nn. khc phc thi gian ny cn ch trng n cng tc qun l k
thut, tin hnh sa cha d phng, bo dng vt t k thut theo ng k
hoch, v d do my mc h hng, gy dng c, ...
4. Thi gian lng ph cng nhn (TLPCN): Do cng nhn vi phm k lut
gy nn nh i tr v sm, ni chuyn ring, c bo trong gi lm vic...
Tt c nhng lng ph thi gian trn gi l lng ph trng thy. Ngoi ra,
cn c lng ph khng trng thy, l nhng lng ph thi gian do thao tc ca
cng nhn cha hp l gy ra, hoc do cha s dng y cng sut ca my
mc thit b.
3.5.3.3. Kt cu mc thi gian
Trong mc thi gian, khng tnh n cc loi thi gian lng ph (lng ph
trng thy v lng ph khng trng thy), khng tnh n thi gian ph v thi
gian phc v trng lp vi thi gian chnh. Kt cu mc thi gian:
Mtgdd
= tck + Mtgkdd
Mtgkdd = ttn + tpv + tnc

Mtgdd
= tck + ttn + tpv + tnc
Mtgdd
= tck + ttnc + ttnp + tpvtc + tpvkt + tnc
Trong :
Mtgdd: Mc thi gian y
Mtgkdd: Mc thi gian khng y
tck : Thi gian chun kt cho mt n v sn phm, gm: Thi gian tc
nghip cho mt n v sn phm (ttn); Thi gian tc nghip chnh (ttnc); Thi
gian tc nghip ph (ttnp).
tpv : Thi gian phc v cho mt n v sn phm
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51
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
tnc : Thi gian ngh ngi v nhu cu cho mt n v sn phm

Tck: Thi gian chun kt cho c lot sn phm n : S sn phm trong lot
tck = Tck /n
3.5.4. Cc phng php nh mc lao ng
3.5.4.1. Phng php thng k kinh nghim
L phng php xy dng nh mc cho mt cng vic no da trn
cc s liu thng k v kt qu thc hin cng vic ca cng nhn, kt hp vi
kinh nghim ca chuyn gia qun tr ngun nhn lc, hay c cng, nhn vin
k thut, hnh thnh mc. Tin trnh thc hin ca phng php ny, bao
gm cc bc;
- Bc 1: Thng k kt qu lao ng ca cng nhn.
- Bc 2: Xc nh kt qu lao ng bnh qun.
- Bc 3: Xc nh kt qu lao ng trung bnh tin tin
- Bc 4: Kt hp bc th ba vi kinh nghim ca cc c cng, nhn
vin k thut, chuyn gia qun tr ngun nhn lc quyt nh mc mi.
3.5.4.2. Phng php nh mc theo thng k
Phng php ny thng n gin, tn t cng sc, v c th nhanh chng
nh mc cho nhiu cng vic khc nhau trong mt thi gian ngn. Phng php
ny khng chnh xc v hp l ho nhiu mt tn ti tiu cc trong t chc,
nh khng tnh n phng php lm vic hiu qu, nng lc sn xut, vic s
dng thi gian ca cng nhn nh th no trong qu trnh sn xut. V th,
phng php ny thng ngy cng t c s dng trong cc doanh nghip.
3.5.4.3. Phng php phn tch kho st
Phng php phn tch kho st nh mc lao ng da trn c s phn
tch cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut, cc nhn t nh hng n thi gian
lm vic ca cng nhn, h s my; v ch yu l ti liu kho st thc t hao
ph thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn trong qu trnh thc hin cng vic. Tin
trnh ca phng php ny bao gm cc bc:
Bc 1: Phn tch qu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm hay thc hin cc
dch v trong t chc bao gm nhng cng on sn xut no; tnh hnh t chc
phc v ni lm vic, iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn, vn an ton v sc
kho ti ni lm vic.
Bc 2: Phn tch nhng b phn hp thnh cng on sn xut hp l
nht v mt lao ng v cng ngh, nhm loi b cc b phn tha trong mi
cng on sn xut.
Bc 3: Chn cng nhn nh mc phi l nhng ngi thnh tho
k thut sn xut, c kh nng lm vic trung bnh tin tin, c thi lm vic
ng n.
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52
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bc 4: Th nghim hot ng ca cng nhn theo bc 2 c

thit lp, khi cng nhn thnh tho, kt qu cng vic n nh th chuyn sang
bc 5.
Bc 5: Tin hnh kho st thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn ngay ti
ni lm vic bng phng php chp nh v bm gi (c trnh by phn
sau). Cn c vo ti liu kho st ny xy dng nh mc.
Theo phng php phn tch kho st, th mc lao ng c xy dng
chnh xc, c th tng kt c nhng phng php lm vic tin tin ca cng
nhn v c th ph bin phng php lm vic tin tin ny trong t chc
tng nng sut lao ng v kho st ni lm vic l c s ci tin sn xut,
iu kin lm vic. Tuy nhin, phng php ny i hi nhiu cng sc, tin bc
v cn nhng chuyn gia ngun nhn lc am tng v lnh vc ny.
3.5.4.4. Phng php so snh in hnh
Phng php ny thch hp vi cc t chc hot ng sn xut lun thay
i, s lp li ca cng vic khng nhiu khin khng thi gian nh mc
lao ng bng phn tch kho st, v d nh trong cc t chc tiu th cng
nghip ca cc cng vic an len, mc hng my tre, thu tha,...
Phng php so snh in hnh l phng php nh mc lao ng bng
cch so snh vi mc lao ng ca cc cng on (hay bc cng vic) in
hnh. Tin trnh xy dng mc bao gm cc bc:
Bc 1: Phn cc bc cng vic phi hon thnh ra tng nhm theo
nhng c trng nht nh v kt cu v quy trnh cng ngh. Trong mi nhm
chn mt bc cng vic tiu biu, thng l bc cng vic hay lp i lp
li nht trong nhm.
Bc 2 v 3: Tng t nh bc 2 v 3 ca phng php phn tch
kho st.
Bc 4: Xy dng mc lao ng k thut cho bc cng vic tiu biu
bng phng php phn tch kho st.
Bc 5: Xc nh h s quy i (Ki) cho cc bc cng vic trong
nhm vi quy c, h s bc cng vic tiu biu l K1 = 1; H s ca mi bc
cng vic cn li c xc nh trn c s phn tch iu kin t chc k thut,
mc phc tp ca tng bc cng vic , v cc nhn t nh hng n hao
ph thi gian hon thnh v so snh vi bc cng vic in hnh. Nu iu kin
thun li hn bc cng vic in hnh, th h s iu chnh Ki < 1; cn nu kh
khn hn th Ki > 1 (vi i=2,3,4...)
Cn c vo mc lao ng c xy dng cho cng on in hnh, ta
xc nh mc ca cc bc cng vic trong nhm, nh sau:
Mtgi = Mtgc * Ki
Msli = Mslc * Ki
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53
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trong thc t mi so snh u ch l tng i nn mc xy dng bng

phng php so snh in hnh khng tht chnh xc, bi vy nng cao cht
lng nh mc, phi:
Thu hp quy m ca nhm, tc phn cc bc cng vic cn nh mc
ra cc bc nh. Mi nhm nn ch c t 5 - 10 bc cng vic
Chn bc cng vic in hnh phi tht chnh xc, thng l nhng
bc cng vic c tn s xut hin nhiu nht.
Xy dng mc cng vic tiu biu tht chnh xc
Quy nh h s quy i Ki ng tin cy, vic ny nn kin tr theo di
iu chnh nhiu ln trong thi gian di mi c h s chnh xc.
3.5.5. Cc phng php kho st thi gian lm vic
Tin trnh nh mc lao ng c cn c khoa hc phi nghin cu c h
thng hao ph thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn. C hai phng php kho st
thi gian lm vic l chp nh v bm gi.
3.5.4.1. Chp nh thi gian lm vic
Bn cht ca chp nh thi gian lm vic
Chp nh thi gian lm vic l phng php quan st trc tip qu trnh
thc hin cng vic ca cng nhn, n nghin cu tt c cc loi hao ph thi
gian ca cng nhn v thit b trong mt thi gian nht nh. iu ny cho php
pht hin cc lng ph thi gian, lng ph nguyn vt liu, nguyn nhn khng
t c mc t a ra cc bin php khc phc; ng thi c th tm
kim c nhng phng php lm vic tin tin ca cng nhn v sau ph
bin phng php nng cao nng sut lao ng.
Vic quan st ny c th tin hnh i vi mt cng nhn, khi cng vic
ca c nhn mang tnh c lp hon thnh. Hoc cng mt lc phi kho st
mt nhm ngi, khi cng vic c hon thnh vi s hp tc lin kt ca
nhiu ngi.
Chp nh c nhn ngy lm vic
Chp nh c nhn ngy lm vic l phng php nghin cu kho st ton
b thi gian hot ng ca cng nhn trong sut ca lm vic. Nn c th ghi
chp y , t m, ton b hot ng ca cng nhn. iu , gip pht hin
c nhng thi gian lng ph trng thy v c khng trng thy; xc nh
nguyn nhn gy ra lng ph thi gian tm bin php khc phc. Chp nh c
nhn ngy lm vic c th gm cc bc: chun b, tin hnh quan st thu thp
d liu, tng hp ti liu.
Bc 1: Chun b kho st
Xc nh mc ch ca chp nh, gii thch cho cng nhn c r, v
chn i tng quan st thch hp, nu xy dng mc th phi chn cng
nhn c trnh v kh nng lm vic trung bnh tin tin, nhng nghin cu
____________________________________________________________________________________________
54
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
thi gian lm vic ca h th c th chn bt k cng nhn no, cng quan st v

ghi chp c nhiu ngi th cng chnh xc; Phi nm vng tnh hnh t chc
ni lm vic; Chun b biu mu, bt vit v ng h ghi chp; chn v tr
quan st thch hp, khng gy nh hng n s thc hin cng vic ca cng
nhn v thun tin quan st c nhng hot ng ca h.
Bc 2: Tin hnh kho st thu thp d liu
Ghi chp y lin tc thi gian hao ph t lc bt u cho n kt thc
ngy lm vic, theo trnh t thc hin cng vic ca ngi cng nhn, theo mu
chun b sn. Yu cu ghi r rng ngn gn, c th, khng ghi chung chung,
khng ghi kt hp hai cng vic lm mt lc s kh khn cho qu trnh tng
hp.
S th t vo ct A; tn ni dung quan st vo ct B; Thi gian tc thi
vo ct C v D; s sn phm vo ct F; nhng iu cn ghi ch vo ct G.
Trong qu trnh quan st tuyt i khng c ri v tr, khng c kt
hp lm vic khc. Ngi quan st phi tp trung t tng quan st c phn
tch nhm xc nh r cc ni dung hao ph thi gian, xc nh r nguyn nhn
gy ra ngng vic.
Bc 3: Tng hp d liu
Da vo cc biu kho st c qua cc ngy lm vic, tng hp ti liu
gm nhng hot ng.
Tin hnh xc nh thi hn hao ph thi gian ca cc hot ng.
Phn loi thi gian hao ph ca cc hot ng ny.
Xc nh tng cc loi thi gian hao ph tng loi.
S lng sn phm hay dch v thc hin c trong ngy lm vic.
Xc nh c nhng nguyn nhn gy ra lng ph thi gian, c th a
ra nhng gii php hn ch n.
Xy dng mc lao ng.
Chp nh t (nhm) ngy lm vic
Chp nh t (nhm) ngy lm vic cng tng t nh chp nh c nhn,
nhng phc tp hn trong cng tc quan st v ghi chp, do phi quan st cng
mt lc nhiu ngi. C th ghi chp theo hai cch gi sau:
(i) Cch ghi bng th
Chun b phiu ghi chp: Phiu quan st (phn ghi chp cc hot ng
ca cc cng nhn) c chia thnh nhiu lp, mi lp l 60 pht v mi pht
c th hin bng 2 ng k dc.
Tin hnh kho st thu thp d liu: ng vi mi vic trn thc t ghi s
cng nhn tham gia trn u on thng biu din thi gian, khi s cng nhn
thay i, ghi s cng nhn thay i ti thi im xy ra s thay i.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
55
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Tng hp d liu: Thi hn cho mi ni dung quan st tnh theo cng thc:
T = Li ni.
Trong , Li l di on thng th i c cng s cng nhn v ni l s
cng nhn ghi trn u on thng i.
Cch kim tra: V cch ghi ny phc tp, d b nhm ln nn cn kim tra
m bo s chnh xc ca s liu ghi chp. Kim tra qua 2 bc: (1) cng ct
dc ti thi im bt k, xem c s lng cng nhn cn quan st hay khng,
nu khng l sai; (2) cng thi gian ca tt c cc cng nhn trong mt gi
lm vic li, th phi bng tch s ca s lng cng nhn cn quan st nhn vi
60, nu khng bng l ghi chp sai.
V d: Bng kho st thi gian lm vic ca nhm cng nhn lm cng
vic dn ghp vi thuc mt cng ty cao su th hin qua biu quan st di y:
Bng 3.2 Kho st thi gian lm vic nhm
Cch ghi theo thi im: Khi phi quan st mt s lng cng nhn ln v
cc cng vic ca h c nhiu s khc bit v s ln lp li cc hot ng trong
mt ngy lm vic l t, th cch ghi chp bng phng php th rt d b
nhm ln, v th, nn p dng cch ghi theo thi im. Chp nh tp th bng
cch ghi theo thi im nghin cu tnh hnh s dng thi gian lao ng ca rt
ng cng nhn trong mt b phn sn xut hay nhiu b phn sn xut, mt
phn xng hay nhiu phn xng. Phng php ny theo di hot ng ca
cng nhn qua khong cch thi gian, cho php khng ghi thi gian ko di ca
tng ni dung quan st m ch ghi s ln bt gp ni dung trong qu trnh
quan st, khng i hi ngi quan st phi c trnh cao.
3.5.5.2. Bm gi
Bn cht ca bm gi
Bm gi nghin cu hao ph thi gian thc hin cc bc cng vic
thng lp li trong ngy lm vic. iu ny cho php xc nh c thi gian
tc nghip cho mt n v sn phm, v hao ph thi gian lao ng cho tng b
____________________________________________________________________________________________
56
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
phn, tnh ton cn i dy chuyn sn xut. C hai hnh thc bm gi l bm

gi theo thi gian lin tc (hin ti) v bm gi theo thi gian chn lc.
Bm gi theo thi gian lin tc: Nghin cu thi gian hao ph thc hin
ton b bc cng vic, theo ng trnh t ca cc yu t hp thnh bc cng
vic. Bm gi lin tc t lc bt u cho n khi kt thc bc cng vic.
Bm gi theo thi gian chn lc: Nghin cu thi gian hao ph thc hin
mt s yu t hay mt b phn hp thnh bc cng vic.
Bm gi theo thi gian lin tc c chnh xc cao hn bm gi theo thi
gian chn lc v vic kho st c tin hnh lin tc s khng b gin on.
Tin trnh bm gi
Bc 1: Chun b bm gi
Xc nh mc ch ca bm gi, la chn i tng quan st thch.
Nu bm gi xc nh thi gian tc nghip sn phm nhm xc nh mc lao
ng th i tng quan st phi l cng nhn c nng sut trung bnh tin tin,
v nu bm gi nghin cu nguyn nhn gy ht mc th i tng quan st
phi l cng nhn c nng sut thp,...
Phn chia bc cng vic thnh cc thao tc v xc nh im ghi.
im ghi l im gii hn ca thao tc. V th, nu bm gi lin tc th ch cn
xc nh im ghi cui ca thao tc (tc l ti thao tc trc ht thc v bt
u thao tc k tip theo sau). Nu bm gi khng lin tc th xc nh 2 im
ghi: im ghi u v im ghi cui.
Xc nh s ln bm gi. Mun s liu chnh xc phi o nhiu ln,
cng nhiu cng tt, nhng tit kim thi gian v trnh tnh ton phc tp,
nn cn c s ln bm gi va bo m chnh xc.
S ln bm gi (n) tnh bng cng thc:
z = S lch chun c tin cy mong mun s = lch chun mu

a = Mc sai st chp nhn
T = Trung bnh mu
Mt s gi tr ca z:
% Tin cy mong mun
90
95
95.5
98
99
Z
1.65
1.96
2.00
2.33
2.58
____________________________________________________________________________________________
57
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
V d: Thi gian lp chi tit 4.9 pht v lch chun mu 1.1 pht. tin
cy mong mun l 95%. Sai s chp nhn l +/- 10%. Hy xc nh s ln bm
gi cn thit:
Chun b ng h bm gi: Phi c ng h bm gi 2 kim hoc ng

h bm gi 1 kim. Bm gi lin tc phi c ng h bm gi 2 kim, i vi
nhng thao tc ko di hn 1 pht c th s dng ng h eo tay c kim giy.
Bm gi khng lin tc th dng ng h bm gi 1 kim.
Bc 2: Tin hnh kho st
Khi tin hnh bm gi, phi theo ng cc im ghi xc nh, phi ghi
chnh xc s o v tr kim dng trn mt ng h. Phi theo di hot ng ca
cng nhn xem h c thc hin ng trnh t cc thao tc v ch vn hnh
my mc thit b nh quy nh khng. Phi bo m s ln o theo quy nh.
Phi ghi y nhng ln o c s c t xut ngu nhin dn ti thiu chnh
xc. S liu ghi cho cc ln ca bm gi lin tc l thi gian tc thi cn ca
bm gi khng lin tc l thi hn ca mi ln o.
Bc 3: Phn tch kt qu
Xc nh thi hn ca mi ln o: Nu bm gi lin tc, thi hn ca
mi ln o l ly thi gian tc thi ca mi ln o sau tr i thi gian tc thi
ca ln o k trc ; Nu bm gi khng lin tc: s liu ghi c chnh l
thi hn ca mi ln o.
Lp thnh mt dy s bm gi: Vi s ln o xc nh v thc hin
th thi hn ca mi ln o ca mt b phn bc cng vic m ta nghin cu
lp thnh mt dy s bm gi.
nh gi cht lng ca dy s: Dy s l cht lng khi h s n nh
thc t (Kodtt) khng ln hn h s n nh tiu chun (Kodtc), trong Kodtt
c xc nh bng cng thc:
Kodtt = Tmax/Tmin.
V Kodtc c cho nh Bng 3.3 di y.
Bng 3.3 - Bng quy nh h s tiu chun (cho php)
Phng php hon
thnh thao tc
Th cng v na c kh
Lng thi gian

hon thnh
- Di 10 giy
- 10 n 30 giy
- 31 n 60 giy
- Ln hn 1 pht
Kodtc
Hon ton c kh
- Di 10 giy
- 10 n 30 giy
- 31 n 60 giy
- Hn 1 pht
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
2
1.7
1.5
1.3
____________________________________________________________________________________________
58
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Nu Kodtt vt Kodtc, cn loi b Tmax hay Tmin v tnh li v c th loi dn

cc s Tmax v Tmin khng nm trong dy s bm gi hiu qu. Kt qu tnh ton
tip theo c chp nhn nu s lng cc thi gian loi ra khi dy chim
khng qu 20% tng s dy.
Thi gian quan st thc t mi thnh t cng vic (T - Observed Time):
Thi gian thc hin bnh thng mi thnh t cng vic (NTNormal
Time). Thi gian thc hin bnh thng ca mi thnh t cng vic l thi gian
quan st thc t c iu chnh bi ch s mc thc hin:
NTj = Tj xPRj
PR (Performance Rating) : Ch s thc hin, c c tnh ch mc thc hin
quan st so vi bnh thng. PR thng nhn gi tr t 80 120%.
Xc nh thi hn trung bnh ca ton b bc cng vic (NT-Normal

Time):
NT = NT j = T j x PR j
( j : 1 n m s b phn c trong bc cng vic )
Thi gian nh mc (Standard Time) ST = NT x AF

AF l h s cho php (Allowance factor) tnh n thi gian ngh ngi
cn thit, nhu cu c nhn, ch tip nhn,... Nu tnh so vi thi gian thc hin
cng vic, AF = 1 + A Nu tnh so vi thi gian ngy lm vic, AF = 1/(1-A).
V d, ghi chp kt qu ca vic kho st v tnh ton cc ch tiu nh cc biu
di y:
Biu 3.4- V d bm gi lin tc ca cng vic tin
Cc kt qu ca bm gi:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
59
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bng 3.5 - Tnh ton cc ch tiu
Bng 3.6 - Tng hp kt qu v xc nh nh mc
Tng thi gian bnh thng ton b cng vic = 23.06

H s cho php = 0.1
Thi gian nh mc ca cng vic = 25.4
____________________________________________________________________________________________
60
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 3.1- BN PHN TCH CNG VIC

Ngi chun b:
Chc danh cng vic
Phng
a im
Ngy, thng:
Cc ngun lao ng:
Cc ngun nhng ngi m nhn cng vic hin ti:
Ni b Bn ngoi
Mc ch/ Mc tiu ca v tr
Cc trch nhim ca cng vic

Chc danh:
Bo co cho:
Phi hp lm vic vi:

Cc trch
nhim chnh
Cch thc kim tra cht lng cng vic
Cc trch
nhim ph
Cch thc kim tra cht lng cng vic
ng
thi
hn
ng
thi
hn
ng
ng
khi lng kt qa
ng
ng
khi lng kt qa
Thc
o khc
Thc
o khc
nh du ghi ra
nhng trch nhim
chnh
c gim st
nh du ghi ra
nhng trch nhim ph
c gim st
Cc mi quan h
Bo co cho:
Gim st nhng ngi sau y:
1.
2.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
61
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trch nhim cng khai
i vi thit b
Cc ti sn khc
Mc li nhun
Tin mt
Cc khon chi
Thng tin
Cc quan h bn ngoi
Trnh hc vn/ kinh nghim cn thit
Hc vn
Kinh nghim
Kin thc, k nng cn thit
K nng chuyn mn
K nng giao tip
K nng t duy
Cc yu cu v iu kin vt cht
iu kin ni lm vic
Thi gian lm vic
Cc giai on ngh ngi
Cc yu cu khc
i cng tc
Lm vic bit lp
Lm vic ban m
Lm vic nhiu gi lin tc
Lm vic trong iu kin nguy him
____________________________________________________________________________________________
62
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 3.2 BN M T CNG VIC
Ngy
Ngi chun b
Ngi kim tra
Chc danh
Phng
M t cng vic
Chc danh
Bo co cho
Xc nh cng vic
Cc nhim v chnh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cc nhim v ph
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cc mi quan h
Bo co cho
Gim st nhng ngi sau y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
63
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 3.3 - BN YU CU CHUYN MN CA CNG VIC
Ngy
Ngi chun b
Ngi kim tra
Chc danh
Phng
Trnh hc vn:
Chc danh
Trnh hc vn
(nh du 1 trong 3 )
Bo co cho
Trn i hc
i hc/Cao ng
Trung hc
Ph thng
Ngnh hc
Kha hc
Yu cu v kinh nghim
Yu cu v kin thc v k nng
Cc yu cu v th cht
Cc yu cu v iu kin lm vic
____________________________________________________________________________________________
64
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 3.4 - BN TIU CHUN KT QU CNG VIC
Ngy
Ngi chun b
Ngi kim tra Nhm cng vic
Chc danh cng vic
Cc hot ng
Phng
Tnh cht cng vic
Sn phm
Cht lng
S lng
Thi hn
Lin quan n nhim v chnh v ph
Lin quan n sn xut hng ha
Lin quan n ngn ng
Lin quan n qun l hoc gim st
Lin quan n giao tip ni b
Lin quan n cc cuc hp tham d

hoc ch ta
Lin quan n hot ng th cht
Lin quan n an ton lao ng
____________________________________________________________________________________________
65
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
V d v Bng m t cng vic
Ngy
Ngi chun b
Ngi kim tra
Chc danh cng vic
B phn
30/4/2003
Nguyn Th Mai
Nguyn Vn B
Th k
Sn Xut
M t cng vic
Chc danh cng vic
Th k cho K s trng C kh
Bo co cho
K s Trng C kh
Xc nh cng vic: Cung cp dch v th k ton din cho K s Trng C kh bng

cch t chc cc cng vic thng nht cho K s Trng.
Cc nhim v chnh
1. Sau khi nhn th, sp xp th theo th t u tin, nh km cc th t trao i trc
nu c v nh my cc th t thng thng k.
2. Chp li bn c ca K s Trng v x l cc vn bn th t khn cp do cc k s
c kh cao cp c
3. Sp t cc chuyn cng tc v chun b lch trnh cng tc ca phng
4. Lu tr? duy tr cc ghi chp n gin v thi gian lin quan n tin thc hin cc
d n th nghim. m bo rng cc s tin lun c cp nht.
5. gi vai tr nh mt tr l ca K s Trng C kh bng cch x l cc cng vic c
tnh cht thng l ca K s Trng.
6. Sng lc cc cuc gi in thoi.
Cc nhim v ph
1. Chun b mt bn tm tt ngn v cc ch tiu ca phng trong khong thi gian nht
nh m k ton yu cu v phn b chng vo tng d n.
2. Thu nhp cc bo co tm tt do cc k s cao cp chun b cho cc d n ca h, nh
my d tho bo co tin cho Gim c K thut ca d n
3. Chuyn cc h s c xung tng hm v lm cc h s mi cho su thng ti.
4. nh my bn bo co k ton th hin khon thu nhp v cc khon chi ph ca cc d
n thuc nm trc.
Cc mi quan h
Bo co cho : K s trng c kh
Gim st nhng ngi sau y: Khng c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
66
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
V d v Bng yu cu chuyn mn
Ngy
Ngi chun b
Ngi kim tra
Nhm cng vic
B phn
04/12/2003
Nguyn Th Mai
Nguyn Vn B
Hnh chnh vn phng
Sn Xut
Chc danh cng vic:

Th k cho K s trng c kh
Nhm cng vic:

Di hn
Trnh hc vn
Yu cu trnh hc vn
Bng sau i hc
Bng i hc
Tt nghip ph thng
trung hc
Kim tra ca cng ty v

kh nng c vit
Ngnh hc:
Ngh nghip chuyn mn:
Cc kha o to khc v chng ch:
Yu cu v kinh nghim lm vic
Yu cu v kin thc / k nng
Yu cu v th cht / iu kin lm vic

Yu cu v kh nng th lc
Cc iu kin lm vic:
Cc mi nguy him
____________________________________________________________________________________________
67
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
V d v tiu chun kt qu cng vic
Ngy
Ngi chun b
Ngi kim tra
Nhm cng vic
04/12/2003
Nguyn Th Mai
Nguyn Vn B
Hnh chnh
phng
Chc danh cng vic

Th k cho K s Trng C kh
Cc hot ng
Phng
vn Sn Xut
Tnh cht cng vic

Di hn
Sn phm
Cht
lng
S
lng
Thi gian
thc hin
Cc hot ng c lin quan n cc nhim

v chnh v ph
Cc hot ng c lin quan n sn xut
hng ha
Cc hot ng c lin quan n ngn ng
Cc hot ng qun l hoc gim st
Cc hot ng c lin quan n cc giao

tip ni b v giao tip vi bn ngoi
Cc cuc hp tham d hoc ch ta
Cc hot ng th cht khc
Cc hot ng lin quan n s an ton lao

ng
____________________________________________________________________________________________
68
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bn Cu hi Phn tch cng vic

Phn 1: Thng tin chung v cng vic
Nhm ngh nghip
: Chc danh :.
H v tn
:.
Ngi tr li cc cu hi sa y l ai ? ( nh gi tin cy v chnh xc)
L ngi ang lm vic ny

L ngi gim st
L chuyn gia t vn
i tng khc
Trnh vn ha trung bnh ca ngi ang lm vic ny ? V d:
Tiu hc
Trung hc
o to ngh
Cao ng
i hc
Khc
Gii tnh ca ngi ang lm chc danh ny?
Tng thi gian lm vic trong doanh nghip? (thng s nm)
Tng thi gian lm vic ny ? (thng s nm)
S gi lm vic mi tun ? V d:
Ton thi gian, s gi c nh

Ton thi gian, khng c nh s gi
Bn thi gian, s gi c nh
Bn thi gian, s gi khng c nh
Ton thi gian, cng vic tm thi
i hi v vic i cng tc ca nhng ngo lm chc danh ny? V d:
Trong khu vc
Ngoi khu vc
Qua m
Khng c
Lng thi gian i cng tc ? (khong.%)
Yu cu v trang phc ? V d:
Trang phc lnh o

Trang phc vn phng
Bo h lao ng
Ty
Bng cp, giy chng nhn ngh nghip ? (c hay khng?)
S tin c chi tiu mt nm ?
C s khuyn khch da vo yu t g? V d:
Kt qu hot ng chung
Kt qu hot ng ca nhm
Cht lng cng vic
Khi lng cng vic
Phn 2: Gim st v chu s gim st
S nhn vin cc loi s gim st trc tip ?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
69
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
____ Khng c ai
____ NV chuyn mn, k thut c bit
____ NV gim st hoc qun l
____ NV tp s, hc ngh
S nhn vin cc loi s gim st gin tip ? (tng t nh trn)
B gim st bi ai? V d:
Ngi gim st trc tip

Cc gim st khc cng b phn
Ngi khc bn ngoi
Mc thng xuyn b gim st ? V d:
Hu nh lin tc i vi mi nhim v
Cc nhim v chnh b thng xuyn
Cc nhim v chnh khng b thng xuyn
Hu nh khng b gim st
Mc quan trng ca vic b gim st ?
L mt phn nh ca cng vic

Cn nhng khng l thit yu
Thc s thit yu
Phn 3: Kin thc v k nng cn thit
Loi kin thc, k nng cn lm vic ? V d:
K thut
Qun l kinh doanh
Cng ngh thng tin
Lut
Mc s dng kin thc, k nng?

Mc quan trng ca kin thc k nng?
Trc khi bt u cng vic, c cn kin thc, k nng nu trn khng?
C kin thc, k nng trn bng cch no? V d:
Qua kinh nghim

Qua hun luyn va hc, va lm
Qua gio dc, o to cc trng
Phn 4: Ngn ng s dng
Khi lm vic s dng ngn ng ? V d:
Ni ting Vit
Vit ting Vit
Ni mt ngoi ng
Vit mt ngoi ng
Mc thng xuyn s dng ngn ng (ni, vit)?

Mc thit yu ca vic s dng ngn ng ?
S dng ngn ng lm g? V d:
Son tho
Dch, hiu nh
Ghi chp, tm tt
Pht biu
Bn bc, m phn
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70
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Cch nh gi cht lng va vic s dng ngn ng ? V d:
ng thi hn
p ng yu cu khi lng cng vic
Vt qua cuc kim tra cht lng cui cng
Phn 5: S dng th gic v cc gic quan khc
Khi thc hin cng vic, cn:
S dng tranh nh, bn v, bn

S dng dng c o lng
Theo di din bin, hnh vi
Quan st, nghe ngng tp trung
V gic, khu gic, xc gic,
Cch nh gi hiu qu?
Mc thng xuyn s dng gic quan trn?
Mc thit yu ca vic s dng gic quan trn?
Phn 6: Cc quyt nh qun l v kinh doanh
Cc lin quan n ti chnh ? V d:
Thit lp hoc thay i qui m cc khon ngn sch

Mua nguyn vt liu
Mua my mc thit b, bt ng sn
Qun l u t, dng tin mt
Cc lin quan n nhn lc ? V d:
Tng, gim s lng nhn vin

Tng, gim tin lng, phc li
Thit lp, thay i quyn gim st
Thit lp, thay i cc th tc, chnh sch trong cng vic
Phn cng trch nhim nhn vin
Cc lin quan n hot ng sn xut ? V d:
Xc nh thit b s dng
iu chnh, ci tin cc hot ng
nh gi hiu lc ca cc hot ng
Thit lp, thay i mc tiu ca cng vic
Cc lin quan n chin lc di hn ? V d:
Khi s c s kinh doanh mi

B sung, thay i v sn phm dch v, qui trnh sn xut, cung ng
Chm dt mt sn phm, dch v
Ngng, ng ca, bn mt s s
Mua li mt c s ang tn ti
Cch nh gi cht lng ?
Mc tham gia vo quyt nh trn?
Mc vai tr ng gp trong cc quyt nh trn? V d:
Cung cp thng tin, khng quyt nh

xut kin
Quyt nh sau khi trnh
Quyn quyt nh cao nht
Cp cao nht b nh hng bi cc quyt nh trn ? V d:
Tng nhn vin

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71
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Tng nhm, t
Tng b phn, phng ban
Ton doanh nghip
Mc trch nhim tham gia trong cc quyt nh trn? V d:
Khng chu trch nhim

Giao ngi khc lm
Lm vic cng ngi khc
ch thn thc hin
Phn 7: Giao tip ni b
Nhng ngi c giao tip ? V d:
Nhn vin tp s, hc ngh

Cng nhn trc tip sn xut
Cng nhn gin tip sn xut
Nhn vin vn phng
Nhng ngi gim st
Nhng ngi qun l
Mc thng xuyn ?
Ai khi xng cc giao tip ? V d:
Chc danh ny thng t khi xng

Ngi c giao tip thng khi xng
Khng theo thng l, ty tnh hnh
Bn lm g trong cc giao tip ny ? V d:
Nhn thng tin, ch th, mnh lnh

a thng tin, phng vn, trao i
Thng lng, m phn
Sp xp lch cho h
Hun luyn, hng dn, t vn h
Gim st h,
Cch nh gi cht lng?:
ng thi hn
p ng yu cu khi lng cng vic
p ng yu cu v giao tip
Khc
Phn 8: Giao tip vi bn ngoi
i tng giao tip ? V d:
Tr em, v thnh nin

Khch hng
Phng vin
Nh cung ng
Cc t chc, hip hi, cng ng
Nhng nh qun l ni khc
Mc thng xuyn ?
Ai khi xng cc giao tip ?
Bn lm g trong cc giao tip ny?
Cch nh gi cht lng?
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72
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Phn 9: Tham d cc cuc hp
Mc ch tham gia ? V d:
T vn,cung cp thng tin chuyn mn

Trao i thng tin, tng
m phn, thng lng, thuyt phc
Gii quyt vn
Hng dn, trin khai cng vic
Hun luyn, o to
Mc thng xuyn ?
Cch nh gi cht lng tham gia?
Nhng ai trong ni b cng hp ? V d:
Cc nhn vin thng

Cc nhn vin chuyn mn, k thut
Cc gim st vin
Nhng ngi qun l
Nhng ai bn ngoi cng hp ? V d:
Cc nhn vin thng

Cc chuyn gia
Cc gim st vin, ngi qun l
Khch hng
Phng vin
Quan chc chnh ph
Phn 10: Khi xng cc cuc hp
Mc ch khi xng ? (tng t trn)
Mc thng xuyn ? (tng t trn)
Cch nh gi cht lng ? (tng t trn)
Nhng ai trong ni b cng hp ? (tng t trn)
Nhng ai bn ngoi cng hp ? (tng t trn)
Phn 11: Cc hot ng th cht
Kiu t th khi lm vic ? V d:
Ngi l ch yu
ng l ch yu
i li, chy
Leo tro
Khun vc
Ko, y,
Mc thng xuyn ?
Cch nh gi cht lng ?
Mc thit yu ?
Phn 12: S dng thit b v my mc
S dng thit b vn phng? V d:
PC, Scan, my in, photocoppy, fax, in thoi, tng i,

My tnh ln
Thit b bn phm khc (laptop, m tin, my ch, my cng,)
S dng my mc c nh ? V d:
My ct, tin, khoan, dp,

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73
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
My ng hp, thng, gi,

H thng dy chuyn ch bin
H thng iu khin in t
S dng dng c lu ng ? V d:
Dng c iu khin tay

Dng c iu khin bng nng lng
Xe trng ti nh
Xe trng ti nng
Xe chuyn dng
S dng dng c, v kh cm tay ? V d:
Dng c chy in (khoan, hn,)

Dng c ngn cm tay (chi, c,)
Dng c di cm tay (so, xng,)
Thit b o lng
Thit b v
Sng, roi in,
Mc thng xuyn?
Dng thit b, dng c sai cch, nh hng n ti sn nh th no? V d:
Khng c nh hng g
Lm h nh ti sn
Lm h khng ln ti sn
Lm h nng ti sn
Ph hy hon ton ti sn
Dng sai cch, nh hng n ngi nh th no? V d:
Khng c nh hng g
Thng tch nh, khng phi ngh
Thng tch nng, phi ngh lm
Thng tt vnh vin
T vong
Bn lm g vi thit b ny ?
Vn hnh, kim sot n

Khi ng, tt, gim st, iu chnh
Kim tra, chn on
Bo tr, tip liu, ly thnh phm
Tho, lp, sa cha
Phn 13: iu kin mi trng
iu kin nhit tip xc?
Nhit cao hn 32oC

Nhit thp hn 15oC
Nhit t 15oC 32oC
iu kin nh sng tip xc? (thiu, chi, va phi)
Khng gian lm vic ? V d:
Trn, di mt nc
Di mt t
Cht chi
Trn sn trn
Trn sn khng chc
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74
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trn cao khng sn

Kh hu, ting n, mi? V d:
Hi thi, mt v sinh
n trn 60 dB
Mi c hi, kh chu
nhim phi dng thit b th
Ha cht, phng x
Cht n
Mc thng xuyn?
Mi trng lm vic c th nh hng n ngi nh th no? V d:
Khng c nh hng g
Thng tch nh, khng phi ngh
Thng tch nng, phi ngh lm
Thng tt vnh vin
T vong
Phn 14: Cc c tnh khc ca cng vic
C phi lm nhng vic di y khng?
Xc nh mnh dng thit b, phng php no?
Xc nh ngi khc dng thit b,phng php no?
Gy nh hng n ngi khc?
Sp xp lch trnh, kim sot tc
S dng cc k nng khc nhau

Hc cc k nng mi
Hot ng c lp
Ph thuc ngi khc bc trc
nh hng ngi khc bc sau
Lm vic chung ngi khc theo d n chung
Hot ng tr c lp i, lp li
Hot ng c th lp i, lp li
Thc hin nhiu nhim v khc nhau
Lm vic vi ngi bnh
Lm vic vi ngi tm thn
Lm vic di p lc thi gian mnh
Tip nhn nhiu kin phn hi ca khch hng, d lun
Lun t xt li hot ng bn thn
Mc thng xuyn ?
Mc thit yu ?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
75
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 4
QU TRNH TUYN DNG NGUN NHN LC
___________
4.1. Nhng vn khoa hc v tuyn dng
4.1.1. Khi nim v vai tr ca tuyn dng i vi t chc
Tuyn dng l tin trnh nh v v thu ht cc ng vin, in khuyt
chc v trng cho t chc, l bc trin khai cho hoch nh ngun nhn lc v
lin quan cht ch vi tin trnh la chn; qua , t chc nh gi s ph hp
ca ng vin cho cc cng vic khc nhau. Hoch nh khng chnh xc, cc t
chc c th la chn sai s lng hoc loi ng vin. Ngc li, khng c qu
trnh tuyn dng hu hiu to ra s lng ng vin, th ngay c h thng
la chn tt nht cng t c gi tr.
4.1.2. Mc tiu tuyn dng
Mt chng trnh tuyn dng tt cn phc v cho nhiu mc tiu v i
khi cc mc tiu ny li mu thun nhau. Mc tiu thng cp l:
Thu ht mt s lng ln ng vin cn thit cho chn la.
Thu ht t l cao s nhn vin c kh nng, nhng ngi quan tm n
vic chp nhn ngh vic lm.
Cc mc tiu sau khi thu nhn vin cng phi c xem xt, tc l tin
trnh tuyn dng phi to ra nhng nhn vin hon thnh cng vic tt v chp
nhn lm vic cho t chc trong mt thi gian hp l.
Mt mc tiu khc na l cc n lc tuyn dng nn c tc ng li ch
ngoi vi. l hnh nh chung ca t chc nn c tng cng, v thm ch
i vi nhng ng vin khng thnh cng cn li thi tch cc i vi
cng ty v sn phm.
Tt c cc mc tiu trn nn c p ng mc nhanh nht v chi
ph t nht c th. Cn i cc mc tiu khc nhau nn c thc hin cng vi
vic tham kho chin luc v gi tr ca t chc.
4.1.3. Trit l tuyn dng
C 05 kha cnh trit l lin quan n tuyn dng:
(i). Ch trng bt chc v ch yu t bn trong hay l thu t bn
ngoi cho tt c cc cp bc.
(ii). n thun l in khuyt cc chc v trng hay thu nhng ngi
cho ngh nghip di hn. T chc tm nhng ngi vi cc k nng cn thit
cho cc v tr hin ti, hay c gng tm kim cc ng vin ti nng c th p
ng yu cu qun tr trong tng lai. Xem xt ngn hn c th nhn mnh vic
____________________________________________________________________________________________
76
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
in khuyt chc v trng nhanh chng, trong khi cch nhn di hn th s mt

nhiu thi gian hn cho vic tm thy ng ngi nhm mang li li ch di hn
cho cng ty.
(iii). Cam kt tm kim v thu mn nhiu loi nhn vin, m bo s a
dng ca nhn vin. Mt vi cng ty ch c gng tun th lut php khi tuyn
dng (nh c hi lm vic cng bng,); trong khi , c nhiu cng ty coi
trng s a dng trong tuyn dng (nh l nguyn tc trung tm ca i sng t
chc). Cc hot ng tuyn dng, c bn trong v bn ngoi, ch ng khuyn
khch s tham gia ca tt c mi ngi, cc chng trnh o to din rng v
tin trnh t vn c gng to ra bu khng kh cho n v h tr tt c ng vin.
(iv). ng vin c i x, c xem nh l mt th hng ho (sc lao
ng), hay l mt khch hng cn c phc v. Cc t chc p dng nh
hng marketing i vi tuyn dng s dnh thi gian v tin bc xc nh
nhng iu m khch hng ca h (cc ng vin tim nng) mun v thit k
cc hot ng tuyn dng v thng ip cho cc phn on th trng khc
nhau.
(v). ngha o c, cng bng, thnh tht trong tin trnh tuyn dng.
4.1.4. Thu mun ngc chu trnh
Mt vn chin lc lin quan n tuyn dng bn ngoi l khi no th
nn thc hin n. Hu ht cc cng ty tuyn dng mi nm p ng nhu cu
ca nm . H c gng thu nhiu ngi trong nm m sn xut tng vt v
thu rt t trong sut nhng nm khi m ngnh cng nghip, kinh t hoc cng ty
ang trong chu k suy thoi. Tuy nhin, hoch nh tuyn dng ngn hn l
khng hiu qu. Trong nhng nm pht t, cng ty c gng thu nhiu ngui
vo cng thi im m i th cnh tranh cng ang tuyn dng nhiu. Nhu cu
cao ny dn n vic tng lng v cht lng thu s thp i.
Cc cng ty thu mn ngc chu trnh l nhng cng ty c th thu mn
trong chu k gim st, v h l nhng ngi c tim lc ti chnh mnh. Cc
cng ty thch tham gia vo thu mn ngc chu trnh nhn mnh hoch nh
ngun nhn lc trnh thiu ht, duy tr tui qun bnh ca cc nh qun tr,
v o to v pht trin.
4.1.5. Thay th tuyn dng truyn thng
Tuyn dng truyn thng khng phi lc no cng p ng c nhu cu
ngun nhn lc ca cng ty. Trong trng hp ny cch tip cn truyn thng l
tng cng nhng n lc tuyn dng - s dng qung co khc (cha s dng),
m rng hp ng vi trung tm vic lm, hoc tuyn dng khu vc a l
rng hn.
i i vi vic thc hin nhiu cch thc ging nhau ca tuyn dng, cc
cng ty c th c gng thu ht ng vin bng cch ci thin hoc thay i s
khch l, nh gia tng lng hoc phc li hay cung cp lch trnh lm vic linh
hot.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
77
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Cc cng ty cn thay i trng tm ca tuyn dng vo nhm lao ng c

s lng lin quan ln v s dng khng ng mc, v d nh tuyn dng t
nhng ngi v hu, nhng ngi khim khuyt, cc ng vin khu vc ho
lnh, cc b m c tr th,... Cc phng php khch l cng nh phng php
tuyn dng v thng ip nn c thit k theo nhu cu v c mun ca
nhng nhm ny. Trong mt vi trng hp, nhng nhn vin ny c th cn s
tr gip vi cc cng c c kh nng thch ng hoc s thay th, i li n ni
lm vic hoc o to thm.
C nhiu gii php thay th vic tuyn dng truyn thng, m lin quan
n vic khng thu ai c. Rt nhiu cng ty p dng chin lc nhn s ch gi
li mt s lng nh cn b nng ct cng vi vic thu nhn vin tm thi
hoc hp ng. Chin lc ny cng c p dng trong cc cng ty ln ca
Nht v cng cho php h ngh vic lm sut i cho nhm nhn vin c
la chn.
4.2. Tuyn dng t ni b
4.2.1. ngha
Bin php ny thng gip tm ra cc ng c vin tt nht, ph hp vi
mt v tr cn tuyn, khuyn khch pht trin ngh nghip, pht trin chuyn
mn, v qu trnh o to cho gia cc nhn vin gip h thy rng h c tim
nng pht trin, h s khng d dng ri b doanh nghip tm n ch lm
vic khc. Hu ht cc cng ty in khuyt chc v trng t bn trong bt c khi
no c th. C nhiu phng php tuyn dng ni b c s dng cho cc cp
cng vic khc nhau.
4.2.2. Tuyn dng bn trong cho cc cng vic khng chuyn nghip
Mt vi cng ty nh hoc nhng cng ty khng c cng on thng c h
thng phi chnh thc b tr nhng nhn vin c bt. Khi c mt v tr
trng, ngi ph trch tuyn dng c th da vo tr nh xut cc ng vin
hoc c th hi ngi gim st gii thiu nhng nhn vin c kh nng. Hn ch
chnh ca h thng ny l: (1) nhng ng vin gii c th b b st, (2) s thin
v c th xy ra, v (3) nhng nhn vin gii c th c nh gim st ca h
gi li, thay v l tin c bt h cho ni khc.
4.2.3. Tuyn dng ni b cho cc cng vic chuyn nghip
Quy trnh nim yt v u thu t khi c dng lm phng php tuyn
dng ni b cho cc v tr chuyn nghip hoc qun tr khu vc t nhn, mc
d mt vi t chc s dng n mt cch thnh cng. Cc t chc khng bao gi
s dng phng php ny in khuyt cc v tr qun tr cp cao. xc nh
cc ng vin, cc t chc thng xem xt h s lun chuyn hoc hnh thnh
mt y ban gm cc nh qun tr cao hn a ra thng tin nh gi v c
ng vin. Tuy nhin, nhng t chc ln hn th thy rng h cn mt phng
php h thng hn xc nh cc ng vin, c bit, nu h mun khuyn khch
thuyn chuyn gia cc b phn. Cc cng ty ny s xy dng cc k hoch tip
ni qun tr v h thng thng tin c vi tnh ho da trn gio dc, k nng,
____________________________________________________________________________________________
78
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
thnh tch, kinh nghim ca nh qun tr v cng vic v v tr tham kho. Khi v
tr trng xy ra, h thng thng tin c th tm kim nhanh chng v to ra danh
sch lit k cc ng vin tim nng.
4.3. Tuyn dng t bn ngoi
N lc tuyn dng bn ngoi mun thnh cng cn phi lp k hoch k
cng v c s hp tc. Thng trong cc cng ty va v ln, cc chuyn gia
ngun nhn lc thc hin hu ht cc hot ng tuyn dng. Nhng ngi ny
c th l cc chuyn gia ngun nhn lc, nhng ngi dnh thi gian trong
vic thc hin cc hot ng tuyn dng hoc nhng nh tuyn dng thng
xuyn, nhng ngi chuyn nghip trong vic tm kim v r sot cc nhn vin
mi tim nng. Nh tuyn dng c th ra quyt nh tuyn dng cho mt vi
cng vic cp thp (trong s c cu t chc), nhng thng thng h b
tr, nh gi v sau chuyn nhng nhn vin c kh nng nht cho nh qun
tr (hoc thnh thong cho nhm) ca n v m v tr trng xut hin. Nh qun
tr ny, c gi l nh qun tr ph trch tuyn dng, tin hnh ra quyt nh
cui cng. tm c ng vin thch hp, nh tuyn dng phi lm vic cht
ch vi nh qun tr tuyn dng trong sut tin trnh tuyn dng.
4.3.1. Lp k hoch cho tuyn dng bn ngoi
Trc khi bt u vi n lc tuyn dng, nh tuyn dng phi lp k hoch
phng php s dng, lm th no s dng chng, v khi no bt u tuyn
dng c c s ng vin cn thit vo thi im m cng ty cn n. Mt
qui lut l in khuyt nhng v tr cp cao thng mt thi gian lu hn.
Mt vi nhn t khc c th lm cho tuyn dng kh khn v mt thi gian hn:
Nhu cu ca t chc l tuyn ngi tm kim s b mt no
V tr phc tp v k thut m cc ng vin c kh nng s kh tm
S cnh tranh th trng v loi ng vin cn tuyn
Mt ngnh km, cng ty ti hoc danh ting ca b phn km
Tr lng thp so vi mc chung trong ngnh tng t
Bn m t cng vic hoc mi quan h bo co khng r rng
Khng c s h tr v nh hoc v chi ph ti b tr.
Thi gian bt u tuyn dng c th tnh theo cng thc:
Tcm = Tsd - t1 - t2 - t3
Trong :
Tcm : l thi im bt u hot ng tuyn dng
Tsd : l thi im cn s dng nhn vin
t1 : Khong thi gian cn c thu np h s
t2 : Khong thi gian cn thit la chn ng vin
t3 : Khong thi gian cn thit hun luyn nhn vin lm quen vi mi trng lm vic mi.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
79
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mc tiu tuyn dng thng c th hin s v tr c in khuyt.

Tuy nhin, nhng g nh tuyn dng cn bit l cn thu ht c bao nhiu h
s hoc phng vn s b c c s lng ng vin i qua ht cc bc
tuyn chn v sn sng chp nhn ngh ca cng ty. Da trn kinh nghim
qu kh cc cng vic tng t, nh tuyn dng c th tnh ton t l sng lc
cho cc cng vic khc nhau hoc cc phng php tuyn dng khc nhau. T l
sng lc l s lng cc ng vin, nhng ngi p ng mi giai on ca tin
trnh chn la v vo vng trong so snh vi s lng ng vin bt u mi
giai on.
V d: gi s rng (1) 25% cc ng vin nhng ngi np h s da vo
qung co trn bo p ng cc tiu chun c lt vo vng phng vn s
b, (2) khong 50% nhng ngi tham d phng vn s b c mi vo phng
vn su, (3) khong 20% nhng ngi c mi tht bi trong vic theo ui
cng vic, (4) 33% ca nhng ng vin cn li nhn c ngh vic lm v
(5) 75% cc ng vin c ngh chp nhn vic lm. Hnh 4.1. sau y m
hnh chp sng lc tuyn dng vi s liu v d ny.
Hnh 4.1 Hnh chp sng lc tuyn dng

Da trn c s ca t l sng lc ca tuyn dng qu kh, cc chuyn gia
ngun nhn lc c th tnh ton rng mt cng ty phi ht bao nhiu ng vin
thu c s nhn vin cn thit. D liu kinh nghim trc cng c th gip
nh tuyn dng lp k hoch s ving thm bao nhiu khu trng hoc phi
dng bao nhiu qung co thu ht s ng vin nh mong mun.
4.3.2. Cc phng php tm ngun ng vin
4.3.2.1. Phng php qung co truyn ming
Qung co truyn ming thng nhanh chng, hiu qu v thng t tn
km. Nhn vin s tin c bn b v nhng ngi quen ca h, nhng ngi c
kh nng v thch hp vi cng vic, h c khuynh hng gii thiu nhng
ngi c kh nng, thch hp nht cho cng vic v sau h s gim st nhng
____________________________________________________________________________________________
80
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nhn vin ny mt khi c tuyn dng. Mi nhn vin nhn c cc thng tin
v v tr trng mi khi n xut hin. V th, s nh tuyn dng ca cng ty nhiu
nh l s cc nhn vin ca n. Mt vi cng ty cn thng cho nhng nhn
vin khi gii thiu nhng ng vin gii.
Mt hn ch ca qung co truyn ming l phng php ny c th gim
thiu kh nng cng ty p ng c cc mc tiu hnh ng xc thc. Nu lc
lng lao ng ca cng ty tui trng thnh th nhng bn b ca nhng
ngi ny cng c khuynh hng cng l nhng ngi trng thnh. V vy,
cng ty nn kt hp cc phng php chnh thc v phi chnh thc to ra s
a dng ngun tuyn dng. Qung co truyn ming cng khng c kh nng
to ra s lng ln ng vin cn thit m rng phm vi hot ng.
4.3.2.2. Cc phng php thng thng
Cc phng php tuyn dng thng thng tm kim cc ng vin t h
trng lao ng, nhng ngi khng c mi lin h trc vi cng ty. Nhng
phng php truyn thng bao gm qung co qua bo, s dng cc trung tm
gii thiu vic lm, cc cng ty sn u ngi, v tuyn t cc trng i hc.
Qung co tuyn dng qua bo
Phng php tuyn dng chnh thc thng thng nht l qung co.
Qung co tuyn dng c mc tiu l nhng ngi ang tm vic, mc ch l
thu ht nhng ngi ang tm vic np n vo cng vic cho mt cng ty c
th. Mt hnh thc ca qung co l qung co n danh, l cng ty khng nu
tn cng ty m s yu cu cc ng vin np h s hoc gi thng tin v mt hp
th bu in nc danh.
Tuyn dng Internet
Tuyn dng Internet pht trin nhanh hn bt k phng php tuyn dng
no khc trong vng mt vi nm gn y. Internet l cch tt nht hng
n cc ng vin mnh v my tnh v k thut v cng l cch t tn km nht
hng n khn gi ton cu.
Cc trung tm vic lm
Mt phng php chnh thng khc ca tuyn dng l s dng cc trung
tm vic lm. Mt trung tm tm v gii thiu cc ng vin, tin c h vi cc
cng ty thch hp nh gi su hn v la chn cui cng. Mt trung tm c
th r sot mt cch hiu qu ch khi n hiu thu o v tr m n mun in
khuyt. V vy, iu cc k quan trng l ngi s dng lao ng nn c th v
chnh xc khi m t v tr v yu cu ca n cho trung tm vic lm.
4.3.2.3. Cc phng php tuyn dng khc
Trong phn ny, chng ta s tho lun su hn cc phng php tuyn
dng trc tip cho th phn c th ca th trng lao ng, chng hn nh cc
nh qun tr, cc sinh vin mi tt nghip, nhng ngi khim khuyt, dn tc
thiu s v cc nhn vin ln tui. Trong mi trng hp, nhng nhm ny
c phc v tt hn, vi cc phng php c tp trung hn so vi qung co
____________________________________________________________________________________________
81
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
tuyn dng qua bo thng thng. Cc nhm mc tiu c c th bao nhiu th

cc phng php tuyn dng s tt by nhiu.
Cc cng ty tm kim qun tr (sn u ngi - Head hunter)
H xem xt cc t chc hn l cc ng vin nh l khch hng ca h. Hu
ht cc cng ty tm kim qun tr khng quan tm n vic nhn cc h s t
nguyn hoc cc s yu l lch m h thc hin tm kim phm vi quc gia
hoc thm ch quc t cho cc v tr m h cn in khuyt.
Hu ht cc cng ty ln u s dng dch v tuyn dng thng cc cng ty
tm kim qun tr, hay cn gi l cc cng ty sn u ngi. Nhng cng ty
ny tnh mt khon ph ph, thng l mt phn th lao (lng v ph cp) ca
nm u tin cho v tr cng vi chi ph tm kim. Rt nhiu cng ty sn u
ngi tnh ph ny mt khi ng vin c tuyn dng. H xem h nh l mt
nhm chuyn nghip v c nhn chi ph tm kim hn l vic m bo kt
qu. Cc cng ty tm kim nhn c y dch v ph khi c s b tr thnh
cng. Trong c hai trng hp, ngi s dng lao ng, khng phi ng vin,
tr cc ph ny.
Tuyn dng t cc trng i hc
Tuyn dng t cc trng i hc c s dng rng ri cc cng ty quy
m ln v va, c nhu cu v nhn vin c bn c o to. Tuyn dng t cc
trng i hc c th rt hiu qu cho t chc, v nhiu ng vin gii c th
c phng vn trong thi gian ngn cng mt a im. Hn na, n thun
tin, v cc trng i hc to s h tr c v ni chn v tr gip v hnh
chnh. Tuyn dng t cc trng i hc c chi ph trung bnh. N t hn
qung co truyn ming hoc qung co gii hn, nhng c th r hn s dng
cc trung tm dch v vic lm (khi cng ty tr ph dch v).
Tuyn dng cc nhn vin ln tui
Cc nhn vin ln tui thng c cp nh l gii php cho s thiu
ht lao ng. Nhng ngi khc nhau ny c nhu cu v s thch khc nhau lin
quan n cng vic, mt vi ngi mun mt cng vic thng xuyn, mt vi
ngi mun lm bn thi gian trnh cho h bn rn, hoc ch kim thu
nhp thm, v hy cn tm kim nhng k nng mi v pht trin c nhn. Mt
vi cng ty xem nhng nhn vin ln tui l c gi tr, bi v nhng k nng ca
h, lch trnh lm vic linh hot, t vng mt, ng lc cao v trung thnh v kh
nng gim st nhng nhn vin tr tui.
Tuyn dng cc nhn vin khim khuyt
Nu ngi khim khuyt khng gy tr ngi cho kh nng thc hin cc
chc nng nn tng ca cng vic, ngi s dng lao ng c th khng phn
bit i x vi nhng ngi ny. Tuyn dng i tng ny thng t chi ph,
lng thp, nhng c th c hoan nghnh, v t ra c trch nhim vi x hi.
4.4. Quy trnh la chn, tuyn dng
4.4.1. Tin trnh v h thng la chn
____________________________________________________________________________________________
82
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
La chn l tin trnh o lng, ra quyt nh v nh gi. Mc tiu ca h

thng la chn tm kim cho t chc cc c nhn thc hin tt cng vic v m
bo cng bng gia cc nhm.
Hnh 4.2 - Tin trnh la chn

c mt h thng la chn chnh xc v cng bng, t chc phi s dng
cc tiu chun ng tin cy v c hiu lc v cc c im ca h s ng vin.
H thng la chn tt phi bao gm cc phng tin kt ni cc thng tin v c
im ca ng vin mt cch khn ngoan v to ra quyt nh la chn chnh xc
hoc khng la chn. Mt h thng la chn nhn s tt phi to ra hiu qu
chung cho t chc.
Thng thng, chuyn gia ngun nhn lc thu thp mt vi loi thng tin
v ng vin trc khi ra quyt nh la chn. Trong tin trnh, chuyn gia s
dng quy trnh la chn c ph chun v tin cy thu thp thng tin ny.
Nhng h cng c th gp kh khn trong vic lm sao s dng nhng ngun
thng tn ny ra quyt nh cui cng tt nht v vic tuyn chn hay khng.
4.4.2. S la chn mang tnh chin lc
Cc t chc thng c h thng la chn rt khc nhau v s phc tp.
Mt vi t chc ch n thun xem lt qua v tin hnh nhng iu chnh yu,
phng vn khng chnh thc; trong khi , s khc li i su vo trc nghim,
phng vn lp li, kim tra h s,... Cch sau tn km hn cho mi ng vin,
nhng li c nhiu li ch. La chn mt cch k lng l cn thit c c
nhng nhn vin c kh nng hc v nm bt c cng vic.
Cc t chc cn c nhng thnh vin, nhng ngi giu k nng v c
ng vin thc hin vai tr t chc ca h. Hoc nhng thnh vin nh th
c xc nh qua vic la chn k cng hoc nhng n lc c thc hin
pht trin h sau khi tuyn dng bng vic o to bi bn v x hi ho. V
vy, la chn lt qua c th gia tng mnh chi ph o to v kim sot, trong
khi dnh nhiu thi gian hn cho tin trnh la chn s gim thiu cc khon chi
ph ny.
Li ch ca quy trnh la chn thch hp c th rt ln. La chn ng
ngi cng l yu t then cht thc hin chin lc thnh cng. Chin lc
t chc c th nh hng nhim v cng vic v thit k cng vic m cng vic
nn hng dn la chn.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
83
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mt cch tip cn khc i vi la chn chin lc gi rng ngun nhn

lc i u v dn n chin lc hn l ngc li: Cc cng ty ang bt u
nhn thc rng nn tng cho chin lc cnh tranh ca h l cht lng ca ti
sn con ngi. C nhn vin sng to, linh hot v xut sc c th l li th
cnh tranh n nh v lu di hn l li th v cng ngh hoc marketing.
Nhng nhn vin nh vy c kh nng to ra v thc hin mt lot cc chin
lc mi, p ng nhanh chng vi thay i ca mi trng. iu ny gi
rng t chc nn tuyn dng nhng c nhn tt nht, vi khi nim tt nht,
ngha l gii nht v tr thng minh v k nng c nhn, v nhiu cng vic trong
cc t chc thay i nhanh chng lin quan n nhm lm vic, thng lng v
qun tr mi quan h.
4.4.3. Quy trnh s dng cc cng c la chn
Quy trnh s dng cc cng c la chn c m t s Hnh 4.3.
Hnh 4.3 - Trt t in hnh cho vic s dng cc cng c la chn

Hu ht cc t chc s dng nhiu cng c la chn thu thp thng tin
v cc ng vin. Nhng cng c ny c s dng lin tip, trong l trnh ra
quyt nh qua nhiu giai on. Cc ng vin phi hon thnh tt cng c la
chn giai on u tip tc vo vng trong. Hnh trn m t trt t in
hnh cho vic s dng cc cng c la chn.
Thng thng, b phn ngun nhn lc chu trch nhim cho vic nh gi
s b h s ng vin, tin hnh phng vn s b v qun l trc nghim kh
nng. Sau , mt hoc nhiu nh qun tr hoc gim st vin phng vn cc
ng vin vo vng trong. Cui cng, trong khi ch i kim tra vic p ng s
____________________________________________________________________________________________
84
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
tham kho, ngh c thit lp, khm sc kho c hon tt v tuyn dng
c thng qua ln cui cng.
Sau y l mt v d v lu ca mt qui trnh tuyn dng c m t
theo tng tc nghip c th m cc doanh nghip thng p dng (Hnh 4.4.)
B phn pht trin nhn lc
Bt
Bt u
u
Bt
Bt u
u
Hoch
Hochnh
nh
nhn
lc
nhn lc
Hoch
Hochnh
nh
nhn
lc
nhn lcring
ring
Thm
Thmnh
nh
xut
xut
K
Khoch
hoch
tuyn
tuyndng
dng
Xc
Xcnh
nh
ngun
nguncung
cung
Phi
Phihp
hp
phng
phngvn
vn
ng
ngthi
thi
hoc
hocc
clp
lp
Thng
Thngbo
bo
tuyn
tuyndng
dng
Phi
Phihp
hp
kim
kimtra
tra
Nhn
Nhnh
hs
s
Trh
hs
s
Tr
No
B phn s dng nhn lc
Nhn
Nhnbn
bn
giao
hun
giao hunluyn
luyn
Thm
Thmnh
nh
t?
t?
Nhn
Nhnbn
bn
giao
giaoth
thvic
vic
Yes
No
Phng
Phngvn
vn
t?
t?
No
Kim
Kimtra
tratay
tay
ngh
nght
t
nh
nhgi
gi
sau
sauth
thvic
vic
Bo
Boco
cokt
kt
qu,
qu,
xut
xut
nhn
nhnhoc
hoc
khng
nhn
khng nhn
Yes
Tip
Tipnhn?
nhn?
No
Yes
Nhn
Nhnbn
bngiao
giao
Chm
Chmdt
dt
Kt
Kt thc
thc
Kt
Kt thc
thc
Hnh 4.4 - Mt v d v lu tuyn dng thng thng
____________________________________________________________________________________________
85
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
M t qui trnh tuyn dng

Bc
cng
vic
Cng vic
Ngi ph trch
Cn i nhu cu nhn lc b phn

Phn tch cng vic; Vit bn m t cng vic
Lp s lng cn tuyn, thi gian cn s
dng
Gim c b phn s
dng nhn lc
Lp phiu yu cu tuyn dng nhn lc

Chuyn phiu yu cu sang b phn nhn s
Gim c b phn s
dng nhn lc
Kim tra nh bin, tiu chun

Phn hi thng tin cho b phn s dng
nhn lc thng nht v quyt nh ch tiu
tuyn dng
Trng Phng nhn

s +Th k nhn s
Thit lp k hoch tuyn dng

Trin khai v kim tra tin trnh thc hin k
hoch
Gim c nhn s
Th k nhn s
Thu thp thng tin cung cu v th trng lao

ng
Xc nh ngun cung cp
Th k nhn s
Thng bo tuyn dng trong ni b

Thng bo bn ngoi
Thng tin cho cc ngun cung ng khc
Th k nhn s
Tip nhn h s phn loi

Thng tin cho cc ng c vin b tc h s
Chuyn tr h s khng t yu cu
Lc h s v lp danh sch mi PV ln 1
Th k nhn s
Phng vn ln 1, thng tin gii thiu s lc

v cng ty cho ng c vin
nh gi kt qu phng vn ln 1, gi tr h
s khng t v xp lch phng vn ln 2
Trng Phng nhn

s +Th k nhn s
Lp phiu kim tra tay ngh

T chc kim tra tay ngh v nh gi kt
qu kim tra
Gi tr h s cho cc ng c vin khng t
Trng b phn s
dng nhn lc
Th k nhn s
10
T chc phng vn ln 2
T chc nh gi kt qu ln 2
Gi tr h s ng c vin khng t
Lp danh sch phng vn ln 3
Gim c nhn s
Gim c chc nng
Trng b phn s
dng nhn lc
11
T chc phng vn ln 3
T chc nh gi kt qu ln 3
Gi tr h s ng c vin khng t
Tng gim c
Gim c nhn s
12
Thm tra l lch v qu trnh lm vic

Thng tin kt qu sau cng v hn gp ngi
trng tuyn
Thng tin ngy gi tip nhn ng c vin
Gi tr h s ng c vin khng t sau
thm tra
Ghi ch
Theo c cu t chc v
k hoch nhn s. Trnh
Gim c nhn s
quyt nh
Lp Bn k hoch tuyn
dng.
Xy dng h thng lu
tr ngun cung cp
Bng cc hnh thc:
Truyn t, giao tip,
vn bn, qung co trn
phng tin thng tin
i chng
Lu vo c s d liu
ca cng ty.
Trnh Gim c nhn s

xem xt kt qu phng
vn ln 1
Th k nhn s
____________________________________________________________________________________________
86
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
13
Th tc tip xc ban u vi ng c vin

Thit lp k hoch hun luyn o to
K kt hp ng hun luyn o to, bn
cam kt
Hng dn ni quy lao ng v lch s cng
ty
Th tc tip nhn cng

nhn
Th k nhn s
14
Thit lp h thng ch tiu nh gi sau hun

luyn o to
Lp bin bn bn giao hun luyn o to
Kim sot chng trnh hun luyn o to
Trng Phng nhn

s +Trng b phn
s dng nhn lc
Th k nhn s
15
T chc nh gi theo mc tiu tha

thun
T chc thi, tng hp kt qa v bo co sau
giai on hun luyn o to.
Lp th tc chm dt hp ng hun luyn
o to i vi ng c vin khng t
Lp th tc chuyn cc ng c vin khng
t sang giai on th vic
16
K kt hp ng tuyn dng Thit lp v

thng nht h thng ch tiu sau giai on
th vic.
Lp bin bn bn giao th vic cho b phn
s dng.
Lp th tc chuyn cc ng c vin t sang
chnh thc
17
T chc nh gi sau th vic

Th tc chm dt hp ng th vic i vi
cc ng c vin khng t
Th tc chuyn cc ng c vin t sang
chnh thc
18
Lp bin bn bn giao s dng chnh thc

cho b phn s dng
K kt hp ng chnh thc km theo chnh
sch, ch cho ngi lao ng
Tha thun, thng nht

cc tiu chun nh gi
vi b phn s dng
nhn lc
Trnh gim c nhn s
Trng Phng nhn

s + Trng b phn
s dng nhn lc +
Th k nhn s
Th k nhn s
C thng nht vi b
phn s dng nhn lc
Trnh Gim c nhn s
Trng b phn s
dng nhn lc + Th
k nhn s
Trnh Tng gim c
Th k nhn s
4.5. nh gi hiu qu ca hot ng tuyn dng

Cng ty nn nh gi tin trnh tuyn dng cng vi tt c cc hot ng
qun tr ngun nhn lc khc. nh gi nhng kinh nghim tuyn dng trong
qu kh c th gip d bo c thi gian v ngn sch in khuyt cc v tr
trng trong tng lai, xc nh cc phng php tuyn dng thu ht nhiu
nht cc ng vin cht lng cao v nh gi thnh tch cng vic ca cc nh
tuyn dng. Chi ph tuyn dng ng vin l tiu chun ch yu nh gi
hot ng tuyn dng, mc d tc in khuyt ng vin cng l mt tiu
chun quan trng.
4.5.1. Tiu chun s dng nh gi nh tuyn dng
Trong vic nh gi thnh tch ca cc c nhn tuyn dng, nh qun tr
ngun nhn lc phi lun ghi nh s kh khn ca cng vic tm kim, cng
nh s cc v tr nh tuyn dng cn in khuyt. Nh tuyn dng s c kh
nng nh v 10 ngi lao ng chn tay mt cch nhanh chng hn l 10 k s,
____________________________________________________________________________________________
87
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
v 10 k s nhanh hn l 10 nh qun tr. Sau khi thit lp tiu chun v mc

khc nhau cho tng nhim v, ngi nh gi c th tnh ton s cc h s m
nh tuyn dng x l, s cc nhn vin c tuyn dng v nhng ngi t
c vic lm c s gii thiu ca nh tuyn dng. Cui cng, ngi nh gi
c th kho st cc ng vin, c nhng ngi chp nhn v t chi ngh vic
lm xem xt liu s c x ca cc nh tuyn dng.
4.5.2. Tiu chun s dng nh gi ngun tuyn dng
Khi cc ngun tuyn dng hoc phng php tuyn dng c s dng,
iu quan trng l nh qun tr ngun nhn lc phi nh gi xem nhng ngun
no l hu hiu v ph hp nht. Nhng ngun khng hiu qu c th b loi ra
trong nhng t tuyn dng sau . Nhng tiu chun c s dng nh gi
ngun v phng php l tng chi ph, chi ph tuyn dng mt ngi, s cc
ng vin np n, t l sng lc, v ngay c nhim k cng vic (thi gian lm
vic) v thnh tch ca nhng ngi mi c tuyn dng.
4.6. Mu n xin vic v l lch
Xt n xin vic v l lch l giai on la chn u tin cho hu ht cc
cng vic. Mu n xin vic in hnh yu cu cc thng tin v gio dc, lch s
lm vic, v cc k nng, cng nh tn v a ch ca ng vin v mt vi i
tng tham kho. Hu ht cc thng tin cn cn c theo s tht v c th c
xc nhn, chng hn nh bng cp hoc ngy c tuyn dng.
Cc t chc c th s dng d liu mu n xin vic p dng trng s,
trong ch c nhng yu t c lin quan n s thnh cng cng vic sau ny
mi c cho im v s dng trong vic ra quyt nh. Quy trnh mu xin vic
trng s c cng nhn l to ra cc im s d bo thnh tch, thi gian phc
v, v cc trng s ny c thng qua v p dng mt cch nht qun vi tt c
ng vin.
V d v mt mu ti liu lin quan n cng tc tuyn dng c th c
tham kho cc trang tip theo.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
88
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 4.1 - Mu qung co tuyn dng

Biu mu minh ho: i vi thng bo qua trung tm gii thiu vic lm
Cng ty TNHH Bn Ph Tri
C hi & thch thc cho cc nh qun tr ti nng
Bn l ngi c tm huyt ng gp cho x hi.
Bn l ngi mun trn trng bng nng lc vo nhng cng ty tim nng pht trin mnh.
Chng ti ang cn tuyn ng vin vo cc chc v sau:
1. Tr l c bit Ch tch Hi ng qun tr
C tm huyt lm vic, cng trc v thng thn
C tm nhn chin lc, chuyn su nghin cu, phn tch tng hp
Trnh i hc, u tin cho nhng ng vin trn i hc
Kinh nghim trn 3 nm v cng tc lnh o ch cht nhng cng ty ln
Am hiu v ngh thut tm l lnh o
xut mang tnh t ph, to bo
2. Gim c tip th
3. Gim c kinh doanh
Tinh thn say m cng vic
Say m cng vic
Kinh nghim lnh o Marketing ti

thiu 2 nm nhng cng ty ln.
Tt nghip i hc chuyn mn
Marketing hoc qun tr kinh doanh.
Nhy bn sng to trong kinh doanh

C kinh nghim lnh o v t chc cng vic
kinh doanh trn 2 nm.
C kinh nghim trin khai d n v m rng quy

Nhy bn trong lnh vc kinh doanh,
m hot ng.
Marketing
Tt nghip i hc chuyn mn ngnh hoc qun
Lm vic di mi trng p lc cao vi
tr kinh doanh.
nhiu th thch.
Lm vic di mi trng p lc cao.
14. 000. 000 l mc lng ti thiu cho cc chc danh trn.

Bn l ngi mun c khng nh mnh!
Mi bn n np h s d tuyn ti: Ng Thi Nhim Q3
(Thi hn t ngy ra thng bo n ht ngy 31/10/2011 trong gi hnh chnh)
Ban Gim c s trc tip trao i vi cc bn sau khi np h s.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
89
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 4.2. - Th xin vic theo kiu khi

Bailey Hall
Peari River College
Poplarvill, MS 23961
November 1, 1999
Ms. Mary Murphy,
American Manufacturing Company
300 Industrial Avenue
Jackson, MS 23844
Dear Ms. Murphy,
Do you have an opening in your oil firm for a mail clerk? My qualifications include an
applied science degree from Peart River College with a major in secretarial studies and
considerable experience working in offices part- time white putting myself through school.
My college training provides an excellent foundation for the position. In addition to my
business requirements, my program of studies includes courses in psychology, sociology, and
human relations that have give me a strong background in understanding the nature of people.
My overall grade-point average place me in the top five percent of my graduating class.
As a mail clerk in your firm I would have the opportunity to assume the responsibility
of sorting and delivering mail just as I have as secretary in the Division of Business at Pearl
River College. In that position my supervisor gave me jobs to do and let me assume the entire
responsibility for getting them done. I met deadlines, handled difficult student problems with
tact, was left to decide how to carry out a job in the most efficient manner.
If you wish to telephone me about an interview after reading the enclosed data sheet,
you can reach me at Peart River College, 234 3581 any weekday. My class are at 1: 00 P. M
, and I could come to your office after that time.
Sincerely,
Ms. Betty Brown
Enclosure.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
90
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 4.3- N XIN VIC

1. Tn a ch
H:
Ch lt:
Tn:
M s bo him:
a ch :
Thnh ph/Tnh:
in thoi:
M vng:
Fax:
Email:
2. Cng vic mong mun

V tr
Ngy c th bt u
Mc lng yu cu
tng lm vic y cha ? C Cha

Nu c th lm khi no, v tr no ?
3. Trnh hc vn:
Tiu hc
Trung hc
i hc/Cao ng
Trn i hc
Tn, a ch trng
Nm hc
Hc xong lp my
(Chng ch hay bng)
Hc xong lp my
Tn, a ch trng
Nm hc
Hc xong lp my
(Chng ch hay bng)
Hc xong lp my
Tn, a ch trng
Nm hc
Ngy tt nghip
(Chng ch hay bng)
Hc xong lp my
Tn, a ch trng
Nm hc
Ngy tt nghip
(Chng ch hay bng)
Hc xong lp my
Trng thng mi, kinh Tn, a ch trng

doanh, khc
Nm hc
(Chng ch hay bng)
Ngy tt nghip
Hc xong lp my
____________________________________________________________________________________________
91
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
4. Qu trnh lm vic:
Trnh by theo th t thi gian, bt u bng cng vic gn y nht:
Cng ty
Chc danh
a ch
Nhim v
-
in thoi
Mc lng
Loi hnh kinh doanh
L do thi vic
Cng ty
Chc danh
a ch
Nhim v
-
in thoi
Mc lng
Loi hnh kinh doanh
L do thi vic
Cng ty
Chc danh
a ch
Nhim v
-
in thoi
Mc lng
Loi hnh kinh doanh
L do thi vic
Cng ty
Chc danh
a ch
Nhim v
-
in thoi
Mc lng
Loi hnh kinh doanh
L do thi vic
____________________________________________________________________________________________
92
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
5. Cc lnh vc chuyn mn khc:
Cc lnh vc nghin cu chuyn ngnh, hoc kinh nghim khc
Ngoi ng thnh tho
Vit
6. Tm tt phm cht v k nng c bit (tch ly qua qu trnh lm vic, kinh nghim khc):
7. Cc hot ng hip hi chuyn mn khc:
8. Ngun thm tra:

Tn
Ngh nghip
a ch
Quan h
in thoi
Bit anh (ch) my nm
Tn
Ngh nghip
a ch
Quan h
in thoi
Bit anh (ch) my nm
Tn
Ngh nghip
a ch
Quan h
in thoi
Bit anh (ch) my nm
Tn
Ngh nghip
a ch
Quan h
in thoi
Bit anh (ch) my nm
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
9. Sc khe:
Bn c hn ch g v sc khe c th gy kh khn cho v tr xin vo khng?
C Khng
Nu c, xin nu chi tit:.
Bn c b thng ln no cha? C Cha
Nu c, xin nu chi tit:
10. Ngi bo tin trong trng hp cn gp:
Tn
Ngh nghip
a ch
Quan h
in thoi
Ti cam oan nhng thng tin cung cp trn y l chnh xc v y v hon ton chu
trch nhim theo qui nh ca Cng ty.
K tn_________________________________ Ngy________________________________
Phn dnh ring cho ni b:

Ngi phng vn
Ngy
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 5
TRC NGHIM V PHNG VN
__________
5.1. Trc nghim
5.1.1. Vai tr ca trc nghim
Trc nghim l cch thc thu thp mu tiu chun ho ca hnh vi. Trc
nghim c chun ho v ni dung, im s v cch thc kim sot. Ngha l,
trc nghim c tin hnh bt c lc no, cc cu hi trong l in hnh
hoc tng ng, ngay c trong nhng trng hp khi tin hnh trc nghim
vi nhiu hnh thc.
Nguyn tc cho im l nht qun v l hng s. S kim sot cng vy.
Tt c nhng ngi thc hin trc nghim c cng chung hng dn, vi cng
thi gian thc hin, v tin hnh trc nghim cng iu kin v nh sng,
ting n v nhit . V trc nghim l chun ho, chng cung cp thng tin v
ng vin v c dng so snh vi tt c cc ng vin khc.
Trc nghim giy bt v kh nng nhn thc la chn thch hp c cng
nhn l c tnh hiu lc cao v li ch i vi tin trnh la chn. Cc trc
nghim nh th ny thng c xy dng bi cc nh tm l hc, v sau , t
chc s mua v t cc cng ty xut bn. Cc bi trc nghim hin c c s
dng trc nghim cho nhiu kh nng, chng hn nh tr thng minh thng
thng, kh nng s hc, kh nng t vng, kh nng v vn phng (vn th,
th k), kh nng l lun v l thuyt, v nng khiu nhanh nhn (my mc).
Mt vi t chc ln hoc cc ngnh cng nghip thu cc nh tm l xy
dng v thng qua cc trc nghim thch hp vi nhu cu c th ca h.
Trc nghim c th dng o lng cc kh nng rt c th v lin quan n
cng vic, cng c th dng o lng cc nhn t phc tp hn nh kh nng
nhn thc chung hay ch s thng minh (IQ), ch s xc cm (EQ).
5.1.2. Mc tiu v hnh thc trc nghim
Ty theo cc mc tiu khc nhau m ngi ta s dng cc loi hnh v ni
dung trc nghim khc nhau. Mt s mc tiu khi trc nghim c th l:
Trc nghim tm hiu v tri thc hiu bit: y l loi trc nghim c
s dng nh gi ng vin v cc kin thc hiu bit chung, v kh nng lm
vic lao ng tr c, v kh nng tip thu, hc hi cc vn mi.
Trc nghim tm hiu v s kho lo v th lc ca ng vin: Loi trc
nghim ny thng p dng tuyn nhn vin vo lm cc cng vic c yu
cu sc khe tt nh li xe, phi cng, v. v
Trc nghim v cc c tnh c nhn v s thch: S dng nh gi
cc c im ca ng vin nh kh cht, tnh cch, mc t tin, s sinh hot,
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
trung thc, cn thn trong cng vic, s thch, nguyn vng, ng lc c nhn,
v. v c ph hp vi cng vic khng.
Trc nghim thnh tch: nh gi mc hiu bit v k nng thc hnh
ngh nghip m ng vin nm bt c.
Trc nghim thc hin mu cng vic: nh gi kinh nghim, kh nng
thc hnh cu ng vin. Mu cng vic c rt ra t nhng phn cng vic
thc t ng vin s thng phi thc hin.
5.1.3. Nhng yu cu khi xy dng bi trc nghim
Qui trnh la chn trc nghim thng qua kinh nghim bt u vi phn
tch cng vic, tip theo la chn cng c d bo, thit lp tiu chun, thu thp
v phn tch d liu. La chn cc cng c d bo l rt quan trng. Do c qu
nhiu trc nghim c xut bn, cng ty phi thu thp thng tin v cn nhc n
mt cch k lng, trc khi la chn mt vi trc nghim, nhm nng cao hiu
lc ca trc nghim.
Nhng c im cn xem xt cc trc nghim bao gm nhng iu sau:
nh gi kh nng c th. Trc nghim c nh gi c im hoc kh
nng thch hp cho cng vic c cp.
tin cy. Trc nghim phi c s nht qun ni b cao v ng tin qua
thi gian. Cc trc nghim c s dng ra cc quyt nh quan trng v cc
c nhn, nh trong tin trnh la chn, phi c tin cy cao (t nht l 80%
hoc cao hn).
Quy trnh xy dng trc nghim thch hp. Xy dng trc nghim yu
cu cng phu, k lng v khoa hc. khng ch n thun l cc cu hi.
Nh qun tr ngun nhn lc nn kim tra m bo rng quy trnh xy dng
trc nghim quy c c theo st. Cc quy trnh ny bao gm vic phn tch cu
thnh v nhn t, c gng to ra cc trc nghim thnh cng cho cc kch c
mu ln, pht trin cc bng chng cho hiu lc cu trc ca trc nghim, v
bin son d liu c tnh cch quy chun ca mu trc nghim ln.
D qun l, kim sot. Cc chuyn gia ngun nhn lc phi xem xt c
nn giao cho mt nhm ngi kim sot, hay qun tr mt cch ring l; nn tinh
lc k b cu hi nh th no m bo s hiu qu; v nn dng vt liu g
cho trc nghim, tn km bao nhiu.
S thnh cng qu kh. Cc chuyn gia ngun nhn lc nn tm hiu cc
nghin cu c c hiu lc qu kh cc cng vic tng t hay khng, v d
liu ca trc nghim trong tin trnh c to c hi lm vic cng bng khng.
Trc nghim vi tnh ho. Chng ta xem nh trc nghim kh nng trn
nh trc nghim giy v bt phn bit chng vi trc nghim thnh tch (mu
cng vic v trc nghim o to), m s c tho lun phn tip theo. Tuy
nhin, ngy nay mt vi trc nghim chun ho c qun l v cho im bng
vi tnh. iu ny c th gia tng tc ca trc nghim v cho im v gim
thiu nhu cu v cc nh qun tr trc nghim c o to.
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96
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
5.1.4. Mu cng vic v trc nghim o to

Mu cng vic v trc nghim o to yu cu ng vin thc hin mt
phn cng vic chng t rng h c nhng k nng thc hin cng vic
hoc c kh nng hc vic. Nhng trc nghim ny c pht trin mt cch
trc tip t phn tch cng vic hon chnh v c kim tra hai ln bi mt
thnh vin trong nhm cc chuyn gia cng vic, h phi theo st kt qu v c
hiu chnh tc thi cng nh l xem xt v hiu lc ni dung. Mu cng vic v
trc nghim o to l nhng hnh thc trc nghim ph bin nht hin nay c
p dng cho mc ch tuyn nhn vin.
Trc nghim mu cng vic. Trc nghim mu cng vic c s dng khi
ng vin c k vng l c mt hoc nhiu hn cc k nng cng vic then
cht- k nng m t chc khng c khuynh hng dy cho nhng nhn vin
mi. Sau khi thc hin phn tch cng vic bi bn xc nh mc v nhu
cu v cc loi k nng ny, chuyn gia ngun nhn lc c th xy dng trc
nghim mu cng vic chun ho. Ngi ph trch trc nghim a cho cc ng
vin mu ging nhau, thit b, hng dn v thi gian hon tt trc nghim.
Tiu chun im s c xy dng trc v p dng cho tt c ng vin mt
cch nht qun. Trc nghim mu cng vic c th thit k bng cc tr chi
ng vai, cng c th l trc nghim giy-v-bt v kin thc cng vic.
C hai im quan trng cn nh v trc nghim mu cng vic:
(i) Trc nghim mu cng vic khng cn i din cho ton b cng vic.
Mt vi k nng c th c nh gi tt hn bng phng vn hoc trc nghim
kh nng, v kha cnh chnh ca cng vic c th c dy mt cch d dng
cho cc nhn vin mi, th khng nn a vo trong trc nghim.
(ii) Nhng k nng c trc nghim nn l nhng k nng quan trng, d
cho n c tn nhiu thi gian tin hnh.
Trc nghim o to. Trc nghim o to c s dng cho cc cng vic
c th, m cc k nng ca ng vin khng i hi phi bit v cc k nng
khi p dng cho cng vic.
Phn u tin ca tin trnh ny bao gm giai on hng dn chun ho,
m qua , nh o to gii thiu phn vic, gii thch v minh ho cho cc
bc, v cho ng vin thc hin phn vic hoc cng vic mt hoc hai ln
trong khi hun luyn.
Phn th hai l trc nghim. Khi , ng vin thc hin cng vic mt vi
ln m khng c d theo di v hun luyn. Ngi o to quan st v s dng
bn kim tra ghi li cc sai lch (li). Cui cng, ngi hng dn nh gi
o to chung ca ng vin (thng qua kt qu o to).
Mt mnh ca mu cng vic v trc nghim o to. Mu cng vic v
trc nghim o to c nhiu u im:
Khi cc nghin cu hiu lc kinh nghim c thc hin, nng lc d
bo ca trc nghim mu cng vic c nhn nhn l cao. Trc nghim o to
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97
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
c xem l hiu lc va phi vi thnh cng cng vic, Mc d cng mi

tng quan thi thong b gim qua thi gian.
Mu cng vic v trc nghim o to c th c xy dng v s dng
ngay c cho kch c mu rt nh, khng ging nh trc nghim i hi hiu lc
kinh nghim.
Cc trc nghim ny c khuynh hng c t tc ng ngc hn trc
nghim kh nng nhn thc.
Chng t ra hon ho v hiu lc; v vy, cc ng vin thc hin km c
th d dng hiu c ti sao h b loi v s khng phn nn v s i x
khng cng bng.
V mu cng vic v trc nghim o to biu hin cc kha cnh quan
trng ca cng vic, nn chng c th c xem nh l xem xt cng vic thc
t. Cc ng vin khng thch th vi mu cng vic c th la chn vic bc b
ngh, v vy, tit kim cho t chc chi ph thu mn, o to v khi gim
thiu tc thay th nhn vin sm.
5.1.5. Trc nghim c tnh
Khng ging nh cc trc nghim c tho lun phn trc, trc
nghim c tnh khng c cu tr li ng. Mc ch ca trc nghim ny l phi
gi ra cc cu tr li t m t. Tiu chun ca tnh cch phi c xy dng cn
thn nh nh gi kh nng nhn thc.
Bng lit k c tnh l tp hp cc cu hi im s khch quan hoc bng
k sn, m qua , ngi thc hin trc nghim s tr li c nu n phn nh
bn thn, v tr li khng nu khng m t bn thn. C nhiu bng k v tnh
cch c xy dng cng phu. Hu ht chng cho im v c im, chng hn
nh u th, s khoan dung, s hng ngoi, s gy hn, lng t trng, s c
on, c lp. Thm ch cc bn k ny c cho im mt cch khch quan,
vic chuyn dch hp l nhng iu ny c th cn o to c bit.
Trn thc t, trc nghim c tnh c hiu lc d bo v thc cht thp hn
i vi cc loi trc nghim khc. L do c quy cho l: (1) ng vin c th d
on nhng c im cn c cho cng vic ang np n v "gi mo" iu
; (2) cch thc trc nghim, ngi son c tm mi lin h gia nhiu tiu
thc tnh cch v thnh tch cng vic, m khng ngh n nhu cu thc s ca
cng vic, v (3) s tht l c rt t cng vic cn mt v ch mt loi tnh cch
m thnh cng.
5.1.6. Trc nghim tnh lim khit, chnh trc
Nhiu cng ty ngy nay quan tm n r sot cc ng vin, nhng ngi c
kh nng nh cp ti sn ca cng ty. Quan im ny ch ng mt phn, v cc
nghin cu ch ra rng cc nhn t sau khi tuyn dng chng hn nh cng bng
lng, tho mn cng vic, c hi nh cp cng ng vai tr trong vic xc
nh vic trm cp thc t. Hai phng php c s dng xc nh cc
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98
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nhn vin khng trung thc tim tng: kim tra bng my d tm v trc nghim
giy v bt.
5.1.7. Trc nghim th lc
Mt trong s nhng bc cui cng trong tin trnh la chn c th l kim
tra sc kho hoc trc nghim sc kho.
Kim tra sc kho
Kim tra sc kho thng l mt phn ca tin trnh la chn trong nhiu
t chc. Thng tin thu thp c t kim tra sc kho c th dng cho nhng
mc ch:
Thu hi li ngh vic lm c iu kin, i vi nhng ngi m kim
tra sc kho thy khng kh nng thc hin nhng chc nng nn tng ca
cng vic.
Sp xp nhng ngi thch hp vo cc cng vic
Ngn nga vic ly lan cc bnh truyn nhim cho nhn vin hin ti
hoc khch hng.
a ra ti liu v bnh tt v s tn thng trc , nhm ngn nga
vic gian ln v bo him v phn nn v lng.
tin cy ca kim tra sc khe c th khng thc s cao. Bc s, nhng
ngi khng c kin thc v yu cu cng vic c th khng ng v vic ng
vin ph hp, hoc c th thc hin c bn cc chc nng cng vic hay khng.
Hn na, mt vi nh gi v sinh l, chng hn nh p lc mu, l khng tin
cy cao qua thi gian. Hiu lc ca kim tra sc kho cng l mt vn . Khi
cng vic yu cu sc mnh hoc kh nng chu ng c bit, trc nghim sc
kho thc t c th l hiu lc hn kin ca cc bc s. Xt v mt li ch,
kim tra sc kho tn km, v phi kim sot tng c nhn. V vy, kim tra sc
kho nn c s dng ch cho nhng l do chnh ng hn l th tc thng
thng cho tt c cng vic.
Trc nghim sc bn v s ph hp
i vi nhng cng vic yu cu th lc, ngi s dng lao ng thng
khn ngoan hn khi nh gi trc tip sc kho v s ph hp ca ng vin nh
l mt phn ca tin trnh la chn. Tuy nhin, kh nng thc hin cng vic
yu cu trong thi gian ca mu cng vic chnh khng nht thit c ngha rng
mt ngi thch hp thc hin cng vic tng t c ngy.
Trc nghim s dng cht kch thch
Ngy cng nhiu ngi s dng lao ng p dng chng trnh r sot cht
kch thch v ru cho c ng vin v nhn vin hin ti. Nhng ngi lm dng
cht kch thch v ru thng c t l vng mt v tai nn cao. Hn na, ngi
s dng lao ng c trch nhim php l vi vic thu mn tu tin, ba bi
nu nhn vin s dng ma tu l nguyn nhn gy ra cc tai nn m lm hi
ngi khc.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trc nghim c v nh l ng tin cy. Cn tin hnh trc nghim ln th

hai xc nhn i vi mu ng vin cho kt qu dng tnh mu th 1. V vy,
cng bng i vi ng vin, iu quan trng l phi la chn phng th
nghim c chng thc thch hp thc hin trc nghim ma tu. N cng
cn thit phi c quy trnh tng bc, m bo rng mu c dn nhn mt
cch chnh xc v thc s c cung cp bi nhng ngi tham gia trc nghim.
5.2. Phng vn
Phng vn l mt cng c c cc doanh nghip s dng cho nhiu loi
cng vic, trong c tuyn dng. Trong tuyn dng, phng vn l c hi
nh tuyn dng v ng vin c th hiu nhau hn trc khi hai bn cng hp tc
lm vic. Phng vn khng phi l dp nh tuyn dng ban mt c hi vic
lm cho ng vin.
Trc khi nhn c ngh ngh vic lm, cc ng vin thng c phng
vn qua t nht hai ngi, gm mt chuyn gia nhn lc v mt ngi gim st
trc tip ng vin sau ny. i vi cc cng vic qun tr v cc cng vic
chuyn nghip, thng phi cho ng vin c mt cuc phng vn th ba vi
nh qun tr cp cao hn. Thm ch c nhng v tr phi qua nhiu vng phng
vn hn, ty theo qui trnh la chn ca tng doanh nghip.
Xu hng mi trong phng vn l thc hin phng vn s b vi cc ng
vin t xa, thng qua cuc tho lun qua bng video (video conferencing). Do
phng vn l qu ph bin, nn mt ngi c th k vng rng, n l cng c
la chn rt hu hiu, nhng tt nhin, khng c g l lun lun ng trong mi
trng hp.
5.2.1. Cc hnh thc phng vn
C th k ra mt s hnh thc phng vn ph bin hin nay, gm:
Phng vn khng cu trc. Trong phng vn khng cu trc, cc cu hi
khng c d nh trc, v phng vn cc c nhn khc nhau c th nhiu
lnh vc khc nhau v qu kh lm vic, thi hoc k hoch tng lai. Phng
vn khng cu trc c tin cy gia nhng ngi phng vn thp, v nh vy,
hiu lc chung l thp nht. V cu hi khng c ln k hoch, cc lnh vc
quan trng lin quan n cng vic c th khng c khai thc, v cc cu hi
khng hp php c th c hi. Phng vn vin cng c dnh nhiu thi gian
vo mt cu hi a thch no .
Phng vn bn cu trc. Phng vn bn cu trc bao gm vic ln k
hoch mt phn cc cu hi cho phng vn vin, nhng vn cho php s linh
hot cho phng vn vin hi ng vin. Phng vn bn cu trc c hiu lc
cao hn phng vn khng cu trc, nhng thp hn phng vn cu trc. Trong
mt cun sch hay v cc k thut phng vn bn cu trc, Thomas Moffatt
ngh rng phng vn vin d nh mc tiu ca h theo kha cnh nhng iu
m h hy vng bit c v ng vin v sau s dng cch tip cn hnh
nn c c nhng thng tin ny. Hnh 5.1. l mt phn v d v hnh nn
theo cng vic va qua ca ng vin.
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Hnh 5.1. Mt phn v d v hnh nn theo cng vic va qua ca ng vin
Phng vn cu trc. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng phng vn cu trc c

tin cy v hiu lc cao nht. Trong phng vn cu trc, cc cu hi c
hoch nh trc v c hi cho mi ng vin theo cng cch thc. S khc
bit duy nht gia cc phng vn vi cc ng vin khc nhau c th l vic
thm d, hoc t cc cu hi tip theo, nu ng vin khng tr li cu hi
mt cch y . Cc phng vn cao nhng cu hi cu trc cng lun cung
cp thang im nh gi cu trc m qua nh gi ng vin sau khi phng
vn. Ba loi phng vn cu trc c tho lun trong ti liu nghin cu:
phng vn theo mu, phng vn tnh hung v phng vn m t hnh vi.
Phng vn tnh hung. Nhng tnh hung a ra l nhng tnh hung
ging nh trong thc t ngi thc hin cng vic thng gp v yu cu ng
vin phi trnh by cch thc gii quyt vn . Cc tnh hung c xy dng
cn c vo quyn hn, trch nhim, iu kin, cc mi quan h trong cng vic
thc t. C ba loi cu hi phng vn tnh hung:
(i) Loi u tin l tnh hung, hoc c tnh cch gi thuyt. Phng vn
vin hi ng vin nhng iu m anh hoc c y s lm mt tnh hung cng
vic c th.
(ii) Loi cu hi th hai lin quan n kin thc cng vic, chng hn nh
nh ngha mt thut ng, gii thch mt quy trnh hoc minh ho mt k nng.
Cc cu hi kin thc cng vic c th c tr li trn giy hn l ni, tu
thuc vo s lng ng vin.
(iii) Loi cu hi phng vn th ba tp trung vo s sn sng ca nhn vin
tun theo cc yu cu cng vic, chng hn nh cc ca lm vic khc nhau,
s i li hoc cng vic yu cu th lc.
Phng vn lin tc. ng vin b nhiu ngi phng vn hi lin tc,
ring bit v khng chnh thc, ng vin thng khng bit l mnh ang b
phng vn, nn hnh vi, cch ni nng d bc l tnh cch ca ng vin mt
cch chn thc nht. Hnh thc ny c kt qu ng tin cy hn so vi hnh thc
phng vn thun ty khng ch dn.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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Phng vn nhm. Nh tuyn dng t chc gp g nhiu ng vin cng

lc. Nh tuyn dng c th t ra cc vn cc ng vin cng suy ngh v
trnh by kin ring ca bn thn. Qua cuc phng vn, nh tuy dng c th
pht hin ra cc ng vin nhanh, nhy v c quan im c gi tr nht.
5.2.2. Mt s vn trong qu trnh phng vn
5.2.2.1. tin cy ca phng vn
Trong bi cnh ca phng vn, tin cy l s nht tr, hoc ng gia
hai phng vn vin v nh gi ca h i vi cng mt ng vin. iu ny gi
l tin cy gia nhng ngi phng vn. Nghin cu ch ra rng chng thng
l thp. Cc phng vn vin c th hon ton nht tr v nh gi ton din mt
ng vin (mt ngi l xut sc, mt ngi l trin vng m m) v v cc vn
thc s (ng vin lm hoc khng lm cng vic tng t trc ),
nhng phng vn vin dng nh khng th ng v cc c im nh hng
n tng lai hoc ch quan (liu rng ng vin c nng ng sng to hoc c
kh nng lm vic m khng c s gim st gt gao hay khng?)
5.2.2.2. Hiu lc ca phng vn
Phng vn cng c khuynh hng nm bt c mt s cc kha cnh khc
nhau ca ng vin hn l trc nghim kh nng nhn thc. Phng vn c thc
hin chnh xc v thch ng c th gip cho vic d bo thnh tch cng vic.
Vn cn nhiu phng vn khng hiu qu. Thng l do cc phng vn vin
thng phm cc li phn on v gic quan v lm tc ng n hiu lc nh
gi ca h.
Li tng t
Phng vn vin thng nhanh chng c thin cm v u i vi nhng ng
vin ging nh h (v s thch, s quan tm, v nn tng c nhn). H s th
i vi nhng ngi khng ging h. Khi s ging nhau v khc nhau khng
lin quan n cng vic, th s nh gi ca phng vn vin t nhiu cng to ra
s khc nhau v s khng cng bng trong nh gi cc ng vin.
Li tng phn
Khi mt vi ng vin c phng vn k tip nhau, ngi nh gi c xu
hng so snh mi ng vin vi cc ng vin trc hn l so snh vi tiu
chun tuyt i. V vy, ng vin trunh bnh c th c nh gi cao hn mc
trung bnh, nu c phng vn sau mt hoc hai ng vin km; v c th c
nh gi thp hn mc trung bnh, nu theo sau ng vin xut sc.
Qu nhn mnh vo thng tin bt li
Phng vn vin c khuynh hng nhn nhn cng vic ca h nh l ngi
tm kim cc thng tin tiu cc hoc cc thng tin khng thuyt phc v cc
ng vin. V vy, h c th phn ng thi qu v mt im nh ca thng tin
ny; cng vy, h c kh nng thay i kin ban u ca h v ng vin t
tch cc sang tiu cc hn l t tiu cc sang tch cc.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
102
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Thnh kin v gii tnh, chng tc v din mo

Phng vn vin c th t ra tin cy nhiu hoc t v ng vin trn c s ca
chng tc, gii tnh hoc tui, thnh kin v din mo. iu ny khng
nhng thiu cng bng, m cn c th v tnh b lt mt ng vin ph hp thc
s cho cng vic.
Li n tng u tin
Mt vi phng vn vin c xu hng hnh thnh n tng ban u v ng
vin mt cch nhanh chng, da trn vic xem xt h s xin vic hoc thi gian
u ca phng vn. n tng ny da ch yu trn mt t thng tin v ng vin.
Ngi ta cnh bo rng phng vn vin b nh hng bi n tng u tin s
quyt nh v ng vin trong vng 3 -5 pht u tin. Tuy nhin, vic nh gi
s b ny c th thay i khi thu thp c thng tin thm. Nhng phng vn
vin c th la chn cc cu hi k tip da trn n tng ban u, trong n lc
xc nhn n tng tt hoc xu.
Li vng ho quang (Li Halo)
Li vng ho quang xy ra khi phng vn vin b n tng bi mt c
im no ca ng vin v nh hng n vic nh gi ca h v cc c
im khc ca ng vin. V d, nu ng vin to n tng cho phng vn vin
nh l s nhit tnh, phng vn vin c th nh gi ng vin cao trn cc c
im khc, nh kin thc cng vic, lng trung thnh v tnh ng tin cy. iu
ny c bit xy ra, khi ng vin t cu hi i vi phng vn vin, nh ,
phng vn vin nh gi c c im kh quan st trong phng vn ngn.
Cc nhn t khng li
Phng vn vin c th b tc ng bi cc nhn t khng li trong phng
vn. Cc ng vin n mc o qun thch hp, giao tip bng nh mt, mm ci,
th hin s hng hi, ni lu lot v iu chnh ging nhm to n tng tt i
vi phng vn vin. i vi nhng cng vic lin quan n k nng k thut v
t tip xc vi ngi khc, vic ny c hiu lc km v t ra khng thch hp.
Mt khc, iu ny c th gy ra sai bit ln trong vic d bo s thnh cng
trong cng vic ca cc ng vin ny.
Li nghe v nh
Phng vn vin c th khng nghe ht nhng iu ng vin ni, do khng
lng nghe hoc b tc ng bi nhng cu hi tip. Ngay sau khi phng vn,
phng vn vin khng ghi ch li, c th qun n 75 % nhng thng tin c
cung cp bi ng vin. S khc nhau xy ra v cc l do:
La chn tiu chun v trng s khc nhau. H tm kim phm cht
khc nhau ca ng vin v bt ng v nhng phm cht no l quan trng nht.
C quan im khc nhau v ng vin l tng s nh th no?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
103
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
S khc bit v chin lc la chn. C mt s phng vn vin phn

tch v xem xt nhiu tiu chun ring bit d t n quyt nh cui cng; mt
s khc thin v trc gic v ch yu da trn n tng chung.
S khc bit v kh nng quan h vi ng vin. Nhng phng vn vin
xy dng quan h, giao tip tt vi ng vin c kh nng thu thp c nhiu
thng tin hn trong sut thi gian phng vn.
Nhng s khc bit ny lm cho tin cy gia nhng ngi nh gi thp
v gim thiu hiu lc ca phng vn c s dng nh l cng c la chn.
Tuy nhin, cc nh qun tr thch s dng phng vn, v h cm thy linh hot,
c th kim sot cc quyt nh la chn khi so snh vi cc phng php nh
lng chng hn nh trc nghim kh nng v bn cu hi tiu s.
R rng phng vn c th l cng c la chn hu hiu, Mc d n khng
c s dng mt cch thch hp. Mt cch l tng, phng vn nn: (1) c
da trn phn tch cng vic xuyn sut, (2) c cu trc, (3) bao gm hoc l
tnh hung hoc l chi tit m t hnh vi, v (4) c thc hin bi nhm cc
phng vn vin nhng ngi c o to trnh cc li thng thng.
Hiu lc dng nh c gia tng nu cc phng vn vin hnh ng nh
l ngi thu thp thng tin nhiu hn l nhng ngi ra quyt nh. Cng vy,
s kt hp thng k gia cc tiu ch ca nhng phng vn vin hoc tiu thc
nh gi thng cho hiu lc d bo cao hn phn on ch quan ca ng
phng vn vin. t hiu qu, mc tiu nh gi cc c im quan trng
ca ng vin trong phng vn nn c lp k hoch k, r rng v hp l.
5.2.4. Nguyn tc phng vn v ch dn ng vin trong phng vn
5.2.4.1. Nguyn tc phng vn
Nhng nguyn tc phng vn c tp trung vo 03 kha cnh: (1) Nhng
vic cn chun b trc cuc phng vn; (2) Nhng vic cn ch khi ang
phng vn; v (3) Phong cch phng vn.
Nhng vic cn chun b trc cuc phng vn
Kin thc hon chnh v v tr cn tuyn
Phm cht cn thit i vi ng vin
B cu hi phng vn
Bng chm im ng vin
Nhng vic cn ch khi ang phng vn
Quan st v lng nghe cc ng vin
t cu hi ly thm thng tin
Lun nh r mc tiu c bn ca phng vn
Chun b sn sng cc cu tr li cc cu hi ca ng vin
Phong cch phng vn
Ngi ngang vi ng vin v cch bn mt cht
____________________________________________________________________________________________
104
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trnh hi nhng cu ghi r trong h s

Sp xp c mt cch thn thin, gn gi
m bo khng c g quy ry
Xc nh trc nhng vn ch yu
Gii thch mc ch phng vn t u
Hi nhng cu thn thin gy thin cm
c v nh gi cc ti liu lin quan trc
Vit nhng cu hi quan trng ra trc
Cho ng vin ni t nht 2/3 thi gian
Nhn ng vin thng xuyn khi ngi y ni
Vch ra mt ni dung c trnh t
S dng nhng cu hi m, ngn v r rng
ng tm trng ring chi phi
Tnh trc cch thc hi thm
Nn chp nhn cch tr li thn thin
Tnh trc thi gian cho cc vn
ng s dng phng qu lnh hoc qu nng
Ghi ch ngn gn trong sut cuc phng vn
Thnh thong gt u, mm ci
ng hi cu gn nh ch c mt cch tr li
Nn hi tng cu mt
Trnh gy p lc khng cn thit ln ng vin
Nn c thi gian, ng hi thc
Thoi mi khi gp tnh hung khng khip
5.2.4.2. Ch dn ng vin trong phng vn
Cc ng vin nn nh rng mi vic cha hn xong khi bn hon thnh
mt cuc phng vn. Khng th ngi th ng ch c cung cp vic lm, v
vy, nn xem xt nhng quy tc v chin lc sau y trong thi gian sau cuc
phng vn:
Nhng vic nn lm
Nn hi vo cui cuc phng vn khi no nh tuyn dng c th ra quyt
nh tuyn ngi
Nn gi th tin phong v xem vic theo di hu phng vn l mt phn
chin lc trong qu trnh tm vic ca bn. Theo di hu phng vn to cho bn
li th bn cn c th ginh c mt v tr m nhiu i th khc ang tranh
ua vi bn.
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105
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Nn thu thp chc danh v tn gi chnh xc ca tt c nhng ngi

phng vn bn (l tng nht l nn thu thp danh thip ca h).
Nn vit th cm n ti tng ngi phng vn bn trong vng 2 ngy
sau . Cc l th c th ging nhau, nhng hy c gng lm cho chng khc
nhau mt cht trong trng hp nhng ngi nhn so snh li l trong th ca
bn.
Nhng vic khng nn lm
Khng nn qun gi th cm n ngay c khi bn khng chc rng mt v
tr no s khng thuc v mnh
Khng nn qu lo lng v th cm n vit tay so vi th nh my,
nhng nn chc chn bn s dng cch tt nht th n c ngi nhn,
bng bu in, e-mail hay fax ty bn. V iu quan trng l bn khng nn
mc li chnh t trong cc th cm n.
Khng nn ngng sn tm vic lm, ngay c khi bn thy t tin rng
mnh s nhn c mt vic lm no . Nn tip tc tham gia vo cc cuc
phng vn khc c gng tm thm cc c hi.
Khng nn nghim trng ha mt cng vic hay mt cuc phng vn
no , s c nhng c hi khc ang ch i bn.
Khng nn "on tuyt" vi nh tuyn dng khi bn khng c h
tuyn. Thay vo , nn tch cc ha tnh hnh bng yu cu nh tuyn dng gii
thiu cho bn cc mi lin h khc.
Nhng k thut phng vn nh trn s phn no chng t lng nhit thnh
v s thit tha ca bn i vi mt v tr no , nhng khng nn c biu hin
nh th bn khng cn hy vng no khc na.
5.3. Kim tra s tham kho v l lch
Nhiu t chc kim tra s tham kho ca ng vin theo mc chi tit
khc nhau, v xem nh l mt phn ca tin trnh la chn.
Mc ch ca kim tra s tham kho c th l thm tra thng tin m ng
vin cung cp cho t chc, chng hn nh bng cp, ngy lm vic, trch
nhim cng vic v lng.
Su tra l lch v s tham kho cng c s dng pht hin ra thng
tin mi v lch s hoc thnh tch trc y ca ng vin, chng hn nh tin n
tin s lin quan hoc l do t b cng vic trc y. Vic thm tra ny c th
c thc hin bi t chc hoc bi hng dch v iu tra do t chc thu.
Thu thp thng tin tham kho
Cc thng tin tham kho lun c thu thp t ngi s dng lao ng
trc hoc t gio vin trc y, hoc t ngi c kin thc khc m ng vin
cung cp. Tt nht, mt t chc nn kim tra tm kim cc thng tin tham kho
thm t nhng ngi khc hn l nhng ngi m ng vin cung cp. c
c nhng thng tin ph thm ny, ngi s dng lao ng nn yu cu ng
____________________________________________________________________________________________
106
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
vin lit k s tham kho v tn ca nhng ngi khc m c th bit v ng

vin nhiu dn gii v nng lc ca anh hoc c y. Thng tin tiu s cng
c th thu thp c t ngi lng ging, cc i l tn dng v d liu ca to
n hoc cnh st.
Hiu lc v tnh hp php ca thng tin tham kho
Cc nghin cu v hiu lc ca thng tin tham kho u nht tr rng hiu
lc d bo c xu hng l thp, nhng i khi, hiu lc v tnh hp php ca n
cng ng k.
Ngi tham kho cung cp nhiu tin tc nht l ngi gim st trc hoc
hin ti, nhng ngi am hiu nhiu v cng vic ca ng vin v nhng ngi
quan st ng vin thc hin cng vic tng t. Hn na, thng tin tham
kho c th chnh xc nu (1) ngi tham kho bit rng ng vin ang c
nh gi xuyn sut; v (2) nu s tham kho khng du gim s ng vin,
chng hn nh gi cho ng vin khi ri cng vic hin ti hoc chuyn vn
ca nhn vin sang ngi s dng lao ng mi.
S tham kho c th c s dng thm tra s di tr ca ng vin hoc
nhng ngi c vn v hnh vi mt vi cng vic trc y hn l d bo
thnh tch cng vic ca ng vin kh nng.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
107
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 5.1- Cc cu hi phng vn thng thng

A. Phn m u
1. Ti c th lm g cho ng ?
2. Ti sao ng li thch lm vic cho cng ty chng ti?
3. Ti sao ng thy ng c iu kin lm cng vic ny?
4. ng ngh rng ng c th lm g cho chng ti?
5. iu g hp dn ng n vi chng ti?
6. Hy ni cho ti bit v kinh nghim ca ng.
B. Lin quan n ng c xin vic
1. Sp ca ng c c thng bo l ng mun i vic khng?
2. Ti sao ng mun i vic?
3. Nguyn nhn no khin ng tham gia vo lnh vc hot ng ?
4. Ti sao ng mun thay i lnh vc hot ng trong cng vic?
5. V sao ng khng phc v trong qun i?
6. ng mun lm g trong 5 nm ti? ng mun khi no ngh hu?
7. Cng vic l tng cho ng l g?
8. Nu ng c ton quyn t do la chn thnh cng trong ngh nghip, ng s chn
ngh g? Ti sao?
C. Lin quan n gio dc, hc vn
1. Xin cho bit v trnh hc vn ca ng hnh thc o to?
2. ng la chn cc mn hc chnh n Xp loi trong lp.
3. Lnh vc hot ng chnh ca ng?
4. ng c bng danh d no?
5. im trung bnh hc tp?
6. im s c ph hp vi kh nng hc tp ca ng khng v sao khng?
7. Cc mn hc a thch nht, c cm nht v sao?
8. ng c c o to g v cng vic ny khng?
D. Lin quan n kinh nghim lm vic
1. V sao nn thu mn ng?
2. ng c th tha mn yu cu ca ng vic ny bng cch no?
3. ng mun lm g ci tin (hay pht trin) cc hot ng ca chng ti?
4. Ngi c kinh nghim nh hng mnh m nht ti ng l ai? Bng cch no?
5. Nhng trch nhim no cng v ca cng vic c m ng ght hoc a thch nht v
sao?
6. Nhng im mnh v hn ch nht ca ng trong cng vic ny?
7. Nhng im hn ch nht ca vin thanh tra c ca ng l g?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
108
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
ng thch loi thanh tra no nht v sao?

ng gim st bao nhiu ngi? Loi no?
Trng trch ln nht m ng tng thc hin?
ng c th lm vic vi loi trang b, dng c no?
Ti sao ng thng xuyn thay i cng vic nh vy?
ng bao gi b buc thi vic ch v sao vy?
M t cuc khng hong ln nht trong ngh ca ng?
ng lm g trong nhng giai on khng ghi trong bn tm tt?
Ti sao ng ngh vic lu vy?
Thc cht bnh tt ca ng trong thi gian ng bnh vin?
Ti c th xem mu cng vic ca ng?
E. Lin quan n tr lng

1. ng yu cu bao nhiu?
2. Lng ti thiu ng chp nhn l bao nhiu?
3. Tin lng cao nht trong 5 nm cui ca ng?
4. Theo ng th v sao ng xng ng hng lng nh th?
5. Chng ti khng tr s lng m ng nn c nhn. ng c th vui lng vi tin lng
thp hn v dn dn t ti mc khng?
6. ng mong i c thu nhp bao nhiu trong 5 nm ti?
Mu 5.2. Cc cu hi phng vn c thu thp t cc cuc phng
vn ca cc cng ty vn u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Tell me about yourself.

Hy cho ti bit v chnh bn thn bn.
Tell me about your strong points.
Ni cho ti bit v im mnh ca bn.
Describe your weaknesses.
M t nhng im yu ca bn
What is your greatest achievement to this date ?
Cho n ngy ny, thnh cng ln nht ca bn l g ?
How would you convince me that you are right for this job ?
Lm th no bn thuyt phc ti rng bn thch hp cho cng vic ny?
You have been job hunting for quite a while why do you think you have a problem a
job ? (Why do you want to change your job ?)
Bn tm vic trong thi gian kh lu Ti sao bn khng ngh l bn c vn tm
vic ? (Ti sao bn mun thay i cng vic ca bn ?)
What did you achieve in this job ? (from CV)
Bn hon thnh c g trong cng vic ny ? (theo s yu l lch)
You were a long time in this job, didoanh nghipt you go stale ?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
109
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Bn thc hin cng vic ny trong thi gian di, bn c cm thy nht nho khng?
What is the most annoying aspect of your current job ?
Kha cnh no lm cho bn kh chu nht trong cng vic hin gi ca bn ?
What mistakes have you made in the last 2 years ?
Bn phm nhng sai lm no trong 2 nm va qua ?
How conversant are you with MBO (Management By Objective) ?
Bn thnh tho vic qun tr theo mc tiu nh th no ?
How have you developed your managenment skill ?
Bn lm th no pht huy kh nng qun l ca bn ?
Have you kept pacewith technical developments in your industry ?
Bn c theo kp nhng pht trin k thut trong cng nghip ca bn khng ?
Would you say were a winner, why ?
Bn c th ni rng bn l ngi thng cuc khng ? Ti sao ?
We have a lot of applicants for this job, why should we appoint you ?
Chng ti c nhiu ngi xin vic, ti sao chng ti nn chn anh ?
What has been your most valuable experience ?
Kinh nghim qu gi ca bn l g ?
What are you most proud of having done in your present job ?
Bn t ho nht v nhng vn g m bn lm trong cng vic hin ti ca bn ?
What is the best idea youve had in the last month ?
kin hay nht ca bn trong thng va ri l g ?
Dont you think youre a little young / old for this job ?
Bn khng ngh l bn hi nh / ln tui i vi cng vic ny sao ?
Dont you think your age will be a problem ?
Bn khng ngh tui tc ca bn s l mt vn sao ?
Are you creative ? Give an example.
Bn l ngi c c sng tc khng ? Cho V d.
What was your favorite subjects ? Why ?
Nhng mn hc m bn a thch nht trc y l g ? Ti sao ?
What can you do for us ?
Bn c th lm g cho cng ty chng ti ?
Isnt this position above / below your salary / ability level ?
Chc v ny khng cao hn / thp hn mc lng / kh nng ca bn ?
How long have you been out of work ? What have you been doing meantim
Bn tht nghip trong bao lu ? Bn lm g trong thi gian ?
Are you good at report writing ?
Bn vit bo co gii khng ?
Do you come under pressure in your job ?
Bn chu c sc p trong cng vic ca bn khng ?
What makes you enjoy working for us ?
iu g khin bn hng th lm vic cho cng ty chng ti ?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
110
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
29. What interests you most about this job ?
Cng vic ny c im no lm bn hng th nht ?
30. What is your main complaint against your company ?
iu phn nn chnh ca bn i vi cng ty ca bn l gi ?
31. What makes you think you enjoy working for us ?
iu g khin bn vui thch khi lm vic cho cng ty ca chng ti ?
32. Tell me what you know about our company ?
Ni cho ti bn bit g v cng ty chng ti
33. Do you take work home ?
Bn c em vic v nh lm khng ?
34. What would you like to know about the company / the job in our company ?
Bn mun bit g v cng ty, cng vic chng ti ?
35. When will you be available for enployment ?
Khi no bn c th lm vic ?
36. Why do you want to work for our company ?
Ti sao bn mun lm vic cho cng ty chng ti ?
37. How long do you stay with us if you were appointed ?
Bn s lm vic vi chng ti trong bao lu nu bn c tuyn dng ?
38. What do you see as the next step in your career ?
Bn chun b g v bc tip theo trong s nghip ca bn ?
39. Which comes first: job satisfaction or salary or status ?
iu g quan trng nht: cng vic va hay tin lng hay a v ?
40. Are you interested in serving mankind, or is money your primary motivation?
Bn quan tm n phc v con ngi hay tin bc l ng c chnh ca bn ?
41. What are your long rang goals ?
Mc tiu di hn ca bn l g ?
42. Are you an ambitious person ?
Bn l ngi c nhiu hoi bo khng ?
43. What would you like to be doing ten year from now ?
Bn thch lm g trong 10 nm ti ?
44. What is your ruling passion ?
am m ln nht ca bn l g ?
45. Where do you see yourself in five years ?
Bn d kin bn s u trong nm nm na ?
46. What would you like to be doing ten year from now ?
Bn thch lm g trong mi nm ti ?
47. Why arent you earning more at your age ?
Ti sao bn khng kim nhiu tin tui bn ?
48. How do you behave in crisis ?
Bn c x nh th no khi Chm ngp trong kh khn ?
49. What was the worst problem you have had in your present job and how did you solve it
____________________________________________________________________________________________
111
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Vn t hi nht xy ra trong cng vic hin ti ca bn l g v bn gii quyt nh

th no ?
Describe your present job, what do you find rewarding about it ?
M t cng vic hin ti ca bn ? Bn thy vic g ng lm ?
What difficulties do you anticipate in starting job ?
Bn d on nhng kh khn no khi khi s cng vic mi ?
How do you set about planning ?
Bn khi s vic lp k hoch nh th no ?
Tell me about a problem youve faced and how you handled it.
Ni cho ti ngh v mt vn bn gp phi v bn x l nh th no ?
What was the wost problem in your job and how did you solve it ?
Vn t hi nht xy ra trong cng vic ca bn l g? v bn gii quyt nh th no?
What was the biggest problem you had to overcome ? (personal level/work oriented)
Vn ln nht bn phi vt qua l g ? (c nhn/Cng vic)
You do not appear to be technically qualified enough for the job. How would you cope ?
Bn c v khng kh nng k thut i vi cng vic. Bn lm th no i ph vi
n?
What is the most annoying aspect of your current/last job ? Why ?
Kha cnh no lm bn kh chu nht trong cng vic hin thi hay gn y ? Tai sao ?
How prepared are you to take lower salary ?
Bn chun b th no chp nhn tin lng thp hn ?
How do you keep fit ?
Bn lm rh no gi gn sc kho ?
How do think other people would describe you ? Your boss, subordinate staff.
Bn ngh th no khi ngi khc m t bn? - Ch ca bn, nhn vin cp di ca bn.
What sort of person do you find it difficult to work with ?
Bn thy kh lm vic vi loi ngi no ?
Do you have a sense of humour ?
Bn c tnh hi hc khng ?
What personal characteristics do you have that affect the way you work ?
Bn c c tnh no nh hng n cch lm vic ca bn ?
What was the most recent person/thing to make you very anoyed ? Why ?
Ngi no vic g gn y nht lm bn kh chu ? Ti sao ?
Would you say you were an intolerant person ?
Bn mun ni rng bn l ngi khoan dung khng ?
What do you fear the most ?
Bn s nht l ci g ?
What is your worst fault and what is your best quality ?
Khuyt im ln nht v phm cht tt p nht ca bn l g ?
How would you rate your present / last boss ?
Bn nh gi th no v ng ch hin ti hay gn y nht ca bn ?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
112
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
69. Do you enjoy responibilities: being in charge of people ?
Bn thch nhn trch nhim: ph trch nhng ngi khc ?
70. What sort of boss would you not like to work for ?
Loi ng ch no bn khng thch lm vic di quyn ?
71. Describle your ideal boss.
M t ngi ch l tng ca bn.
72. Describle the worst person you ever work for.
Hy m t ngi xu nht m bn lm vic di quyn.
73. How would you describe your pesonalities ?
Bn m t nhn cch ca bn th no ?
74. When did you lose temper ? Describle what happened.
Bn ni gin khi no ? M t n.
75. How do you think your secretary describe you ?
Bn ngh th k ca bn miu t bn nh th no ?
76. Can you accept criticism ?
Bn chp nhn ph bnh khng ?
77. What are you views on (a problem of day) ?
Quan im ca bn v (mt vn trong ngy) ?
78. Tell me about the worst person you ever had ?
Ni cho ti nghe v ng ch hay ngi ti t nht m bn tng gp.
79. Are you sure you could do for this job ?
Bn chc rng bn c th lm c cng vic ny khng ?
80. Rate yourself on a scale from one to ten.
Bn hy t nh gi bn trn thang im t mt n mi.
81. How often do you doubt your own capabilities ?
Bn thng hoi nghi v chnh kh nng ca bn nh th no ?
82. If you were appointed, what would you do to change the position of the company, to help
the company stand up firmly in the competitive market ?
Gi s bn l ngi trng tuyn, bn s a ra nhng chnh sch no lm thay i v th
ca cng ty, gip cng ty ng vng hn trn v th cnh tranh.
83. Who buy your clothes ?
Ai mua qun o cho bn ?
84. What do you find interesting in todays newspaper ?
Bn thy iu g th v trn bo ngy hm nay ?
___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
113
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 5.3 Th mi nhn vic

Knh gi: ng L Thanh Tng
Tha ng Tng,
Vi th ny, chng ti xc nhn li mi ng n lm vic ti cng ty Ba tia chp sau
cuc phng vn va qua.
Chng ti hn hnh mi ng gi chc Trng phng Hnh chnh ti tr s chnh ca
chng ti. Mc lng ban u s l 10.000.000 /thng, tr lm 2 ln. Chng ti cng gi
km theo y ti liu nu r cc khon phc li dnh cho thnh vin ca cng ty. Xin lu
rng vic nhn vo lm vic cn ph thuc vo kt qu khm sc khe ca ng ti cng ty
chng ti.
Chng ti mong ng s thng bo quyt nh ca mnh trong vng hai tun k t ny
hm nay v ng s bt u lm vic sau hai tun.
Chng ti hy vng ng s nhn li lm vic cho chng ti v tin rng iu ny s em
li mi quan h c li cho c i bn.
Knh th,
Bi Thin Trn Th
Gim c Nhn s
______________________________________________________________________
Mu 5.4 Th cm n tham gia phng vn

Knh gi: Anh Bi Thin Tinh T
Ban lnh o cng Ty TNHH Bn thnh by t cm n chn thnh n Anh/Ch
nhit tnh hng ng li mi cng tc ca cng ty chng ti trong t tuyn dng va qua.
Khng c s vinh d v nim hnh phc no bng khi nhu cu ca cng ty chng ti
c Anh/Ch dnh nhiu thi gian quan tm n. S nhit huyt, tnh nng ng v nim
am m c lm vic v cng hin cho cng ty ca Anh/Ch l ngun ng lc qu bu gip
chng ti c c s vng chc tin v mnh dn u t, pht trin nhng d n mi trong
tng lai.
Tuy nhin, do s lng nhn s trong t tuyn dng ny cng ch c gii hn nht
nh, chng ti nh phi hn Anh/Ch mt t cng tc khc.
Vic tr h s xin vic qua bu in c nhiu trng hp b tht lc. Do nu c nhu
cu, mong Anh/Ch vui lng n cng ty nhn li h s xin vic t ngy n ngy.
Mt ln na chng ti chn thnh cm n v chc Anh/Ch gt hi c nhiu thnh
cng trong cuc sng.
Bch Ct Thin Tinh
Gim c nhn s
____________________________________________________________________________________________
114
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Knh gi: ng Vng Thanh Sn

Tha ng Sn,
Chng ti nh gi rt cao c hi c phng vn ng vo v tr tr l Ch tch Hi
ng Qun tr ca cng ty chng ti. Va qua, chng ti hon thnh qu trnh la chn. C
mt ng vin khc, tuy kh c th so snh vi vi ng, nhng chng ti cm nhn rng anh ta
c nhng c im ph hp hn vi yu cu ca v tr ny.
H s xin vic ca ng s c lu gi trong thi gian 6 thng v chng ti s lin lc
li vi ng nu c c hi thch hp trong thi gian .
Xin cm n s quan tm ca ng i vi cng ty Ba tia chp. Chng ti chc ng
thnh cng trong vic t m kim ngh nghip tng lai ca mnh.
Nguyn Y Vn
Gim c Nhn s
______________________________________________________________________
Knh gi: Ch Trng Ngc Uyn Nhi
Tha ch Nhi,
Qua qu trnh la chn ng vin cho chc danh Th k Tng Gim c, chng ti thc
s kh khn quyt nh khi phi la chn mt ng vin khc, tuy kh c th so snh vi ch,
nhng c l ph hp hn vi yu cu ca v tr ny.
D cha ph hp vi yu cu ca cng vic, chng ti vn nh gi cao nng lc, tnh
cch, cng nh kinh nghim ca ch. Tt c nhng ngi tham gia phng vn u c n tng
rt tt v ch.
Xin cm n s quan tm ca ch i vi cng ty Ba tia chp. Chng ti chc ch gp
may mn trong ngh nghip tng lai ca mnh. Vi nhng u im ca mnh, chc chn ch
s l mt ti sn qu gi ca mt doanh nghip no , nhng tic rng khng phi l
doanh nghip chng ti.
V Nh Ma
Gim c Nhn s
____________________________________________________________________________________________
115
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 5.5. Kt thc phng vn

Cng ty TNHH Bn Ph Tri Phiu nhn xt sau khi phng vn
573 Ng Thi Nhim Q3
Tn ngi d tuyn ...................................... :
Cng vic m nhn: ......................................
Ngy phng vn : .......................................
Cng vic ph trch: ......................................
Phn dnh cho b phn HC- nhn s
Cc chi tit
1. S thch hp ca hc vn kinh nghim vi
cng vic lm
qua cc lp hun luyn
Kh nng cho cng vic nh giao
Kin thc v kinh nghim cho cng vic
2. Phong cch thch hp cho cng vic
Nhn cch
S t tin.
Khc (tnh lch s, ging ni)
3. Kh nng khc thch hp cho cng vic
Kh nng tip thu
Mi quan tm v x hi
Hiu bit v ni lm vic
Thi i vi vic hun luyn
4. Cc yu cu khc
Rng buc gia nh (hon cnh gia nh)
Khong cch t nh n ni lm vic.
Kh nng gn b lu di vi cng ty
Phn kim tra tay ngh
1. Ni dung kim tra (do ngi phng vn ghi )
..................................................................................................................................................
2. Nhn xt sau khi kim tra tay ngh
kh nng cho cng vic i hi
Khng kh nng
Gn kh nng, cn hun luyn thm (nu r ni dung cn hun luyn).
Ngh:
tuyn dng chnh thc
Th vic . thng
D phng
Khng tuyn
Ngy.. thng nm ..
B phn nhn s Trng n v Ban gim c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
116
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Ph lc 5.6. Phiu nhn xt nhn vin th vic
TP. H Ch Minh, ngy. thng. nm
(Dng cho CNV nghip v khi cng ty, PX)
H v tn CNV: . Nm sinh
Chc v: n v
Ngy vo lm vic:
Ngy nhn xt :
1. Nhn xt v cng vic
: s hiu:
:.
..
..
Nht xt v kt qu cng vic c giao

Thang im
(Lit k cc vic chnh lm trong thi gian th vic v
CNV t cho
nh gi kt qu thc hin)
Cp trn trc
tip xc nh
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nht xt v CNV
CNV t cho
Cp trn trc
Tip xc nh
1. Cch n mc
2. S t tin
3. Kh nng trnh by/ din t
4. Lanh li (p ng)
5. nng ng, hay xng (ch ng)
6. S hiu bit v n v/ ni lm vic.
7. Tip xc vi cp trn, ng nghip
8. Kh nng hc tp
9. S chnh xc trong cng vic
10. Lm ng thi hn
11. Sc kho
12. Lng nhit thnh
13. Thi v s chp nhn cng vic.
14. Cch s dng thi gi (tit kim hay ph phm )
15. Cch t chc cng vic lm xong nhim v
16. S trng thnh trong suy nhg
____________________________________________________________________________________________
117
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
2. Kt lun:
2.1 Sau khi xem xt cc yu t trn nhn xt ca ti v CNV l:
Xut sc
Tt, c nhiu trin vng
Trung bnh, chp nhn c
c nhng cn nhiu hn ch v kh nng
CNV cn thi gian hc hi thm
Cha xc nh r, cn thm mt thi gian na
Cc nhn xt khc: .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
2. 2 ngh:
Tuyn dng chnh thc t .............................. v k hp ng vi thi hn .......................................
Tip tc th vic thm n .............................
Khng tuyn dng ....................................................
ngh CNV c hng thu nhp

- Bng: ......................... Mc: ......................... MLCB: ............................. MLCT: ...............................
- Ph cp, tr cp: ................................................................................... S tin: ..................................
- Ph cp, tr cp ..................................................................................... S tin: ..................................
- Thu nhp:
Cha tnh thng: .....................................................................................................................................
tnh thng: .........................................................................................................................................
Gim c Phng Nhn lc Trng n v
Ni dung im s
im 5
Xut sc- thng vut yu cu
im 4
ng khen thng t yu cu i khi vt yu cu.
im 3
nng lc thng t theo yu cu
im 2
Yu i khi t theo yu cu v cn ta hoc nhc nh thm
im 1
Km khng t yu cu
____________________________________________________________________________________________
118
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 6
NH HNG V PHT TRIN NGH NGHIP
__________
6.1. Mc ch nghin cu nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip
Nghin cu nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip nhm gip cho c nhn
pht trin ra kh nng ngh nghip, c quyt nh la chn ng ngh. Nghin
cu nh hng ngh nghip gip nh qun tr to ra gi tr cho mi nhn vin
v tuyn dng nhn vin c nng khiu ph hp vi cng vic, khai thc ng
kh nng ca h.
6.1.1. Gi tr to ra cho mi nhn vin
nh hng ngh nghip ng n s gip to ra nhng gi tr v cng ln
cho nhn vin ca doanh nghip. Nhng gi tr c th thu nhn c t vic
pht hin ra cc kh nng ngh nghip ca nhn vin. T , nh qun tr c th
a ra quyt nh chn la ngh nghip ng n v c k hoch u t vo
gio dc, o to mt cch chnh xc, tit kim; bn cnh , va c th lm
nhn vin tha mn i vi cc mc tiu ngh nghip ca h, to nn s ng
gp tt nht cho t chc.
6.1.2. Tuyn nhn vin c nng khiu ph hp vi cng vic
Mt mc ch khc ca nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip ca nhn
vin l la chn c nhng nhn vin c nng khiu ph hp vi cng vic. T
, c th:
Khuyn khch nhn vin trung thnh, tn ty vi doanh nghip
ng vin nhn vin thc hin cng vic tt hn
Khai thc v gip nhn vin pht trin cc kh nng tim tng ca h
6.2. Cc giai on pht trin ngh nghip
Cuc i ngh nghip ca con ngi tri qua nhiu giai on thay i khc
nhau, bt u l giai on khm ph - thm d; giai on pht trin; thit lp;
duy tr v cui cng l giai on suy tn. (Xem Hnh 6.1)
6.2.1. Giai on pht trin (t mi sinh - 14 tui)
Con ngi pht trin qu trnh t nhn thc, t khng nh mnh thng
qua cuc sng, cc mi quan h.
Cc tr chi, cch c x ca ngi ln gip tr dn hiu c cch cn
c x nh th no.
Pht trin nhng nhn thc ban u v la chn ngh nghip.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
119
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
1
Thnh qu hot ng
Cao
3a 3b
3c
Tui
Thp
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Hnh 6.1- Cc giai on pht trin ngh nghip.
Ch thch:
Pht trin
Khm ph Thm d
Thit lp - (3a) Th thch; (3b) n nh; (3c) Thit lp
Duy tr
Suy tn
6.2.2. Giai on khm ph, thm d (14 - 25 tui)

Va lm vic va thm d, hoc va hc va lm, va tm hiu ngh
nghip trong tng lai.
Cui giai an con ngi chn c mt ngh ph hp v bt u c
gng phn u theo ui mc ch ca ngh nghip.
Pht hin ra cc kh nng ngh nghip ch thc ca mnh v a ra
quyt nh hp l v vic tham gia cc kha o to cn thit cho s pht trin
ngh nghip.
6.2.3. Giai on thit lp (25 - 44 tui)
Gm 3 giai an nh
Giai on th thch (25 30 tui): khm ph xem cng vic h chn c
thch hp khng? Nu khng h s tm cch thay i.
Giai on n nh (30 40 tui): con ngi c cc mc tiu ngh
nghip v a ra cc chng trnh, k hach ngh nghip nhm t mc tiu
ngh nghip.
Giai on khng hong ngh nghip (35 45 tui): con ngi c nhng
so snh gia nhng g m h phi ht sc c gng, theo ui nhng g h
phi hy sinh hoc chu thit thi v ngh nghip.
6.2.4. Giai on duy tr (40 tui - ngh hu)
Con ngi thng c mt v tr n nh, vng vng trong cng vic
____________________________________________________________________________________________
120
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Nhng c gng trong giai an ny u nhm cng c v tr ngh nghip.

y l giai an h tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim, kin thc cn thit
v lm vic c hiu qu nht.
6.2.5. Giai on suy tn
Khi tui i con ngi cao v phi i din vi s tht au lng l
sc khe khng tt, tr nh b gim st, kh nng lm vic km i r rt.
Phi bng lng vi s gim st v mc trch nhim trong cng vic
v n lc phi chp nhn vai tr mi ca lp tr.
6.3. nh hng ngh nghip c nhn
6.3.1. Cc nh hng ngh nghip
V nh hng ngh nghip c nhn, tu thuc vo nhu cu, quan im, s
hng th, cc gi tr ng vin, c nhn c th c nhng nh hng ngh
nghip sau:
nh hng thc tin: B thu ht bi cc cng vic, hot ng ngoi tri,
c kh nng lm vic thuc ngnh c kh, my mc, trang thit b,
nh hng nghin cu khm ph: Thin v s quan st, hc hi, phn
tch, nh gi, gii quyt vn ,
nh hng x hi: Thch tip xc ngi khc, thch gip , c vn cho
ngi khc,
nh hng cc ngh c truyn, thng thng: Thch lm trong s quy
nh r rng, lun thc hin tt mnh lnh ca cp trn, t chc nh th k, k
ton,
nh hng kinh doanh: C nng khiu nh hng, thu ht, thuyt phc
ngi khc nhm t c cc mc ch v kinh t,
nh hng ngh thut: Thu ht bi nhng cng vic i hi phi biu
l tnh cm c nhn, xc ng, sng to ngh thut, t do ngh nghip v cc
hot ng mang tnh cht c nhn,
6.3.2. Nhng im then cht trong ngh nghip
Nhng im then cht trong ngh nghip l nhng quan tm hay gi tr m
mt ngi khng mun t b mt khi h c s la chn. C 8 loi then cht
trong ngh nghip:
c lm vic trong lnh vc k thut hoc chuyn mn
c lm cng vic qun tr
c lm vic sng to
c lm cng vic c lp
c lm cng vic n nh, an ton
c phc v ngi khc
c c quyn hnh, s nh hng, kim sot ngi khc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
121
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
c lm cng vic a dng, phong ph.

Nghin cu nhng kha cnh nu trn, nh qun tr c th tip cn vic
qun tr ngun nhn lc mt cch su st hn trn mi c nhn; ng thi, c th
ra cc chng trnh hot ng v nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip cho
nhn vin trong doanh nghip qua cc cuc hi tho, c vn, cung cp thng tin
v tnh hnh thc hin cng vic, ra cc tiu chun v c hi cho nhn vin
phn u.
6.4. nh hng ca mi trng n pht trin ngh nghip
6.4.1. Tm hiu v ngh nghip
Nhn vin c th tm hiu ngh nghip thng qua cc phng tin, nh:
T in danh mc ngnh ngh
S tay tra cu ngh nghip
Sch bo, phim nh
Cc thng bo tuyn dng, cc c quan dch v lao ng
Ngoi ra, trong cuc sng, thng qua cc mi quan h, nhn vin cng c
th pht hin ra nh hng ngh nghip thch hp cho bn thn.
6.4.2. nh hng ca mi trng n pht trin ngh nghip
C ba yu t ca mi trng nh hng n pht trin ngh nghip, gm:
bc ngot lm cha m; ngh nghip ca ngi phi ngu; v mi trng kinh
doanh trong x hi.
Bc ngot lm cha m s c nh hng n ngh nghip v s thng
tin c ngi cha v ngi m. Chng hn nh, sau khi sinh con, nhiu ph n
phi ngh vic nh ni tr v chm sc con, nn thng phi chp nhn lm
nhng cng vic km th v, t th thch v tin lng t hn. Hoc ngi cha
phi c gng hn trong vai tr tr ct ca gia nh, nn c th c nhiu xo trn
trong ngh nghip.
Ngh nghip ca ngi phi ngu cng c nh hng n ngh nghip
ca bn thn. Khi chn ngh, ngi ta c xu hng tm ra s kt hp hi ha
nht v ngh nghip, ni lm vic ca c hai. Nhiu trng hp, ngi ph n
thng chn ngh nghip, cng vic sao cho thch ng vi cng vic ca ngi
nam.
nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh, nh: thu nhp, cc yu t tm l
x hi, vn tinh gim bin ch, thay i c cu t chc trong doanh nghip,
cng c nh hng ln n nh hng ngh nghip. C nhiu ngi cha bao
gi ngh n s chn mt ngh (A) no , nhng do mi trng tc ng, h
i theo ngh ny, i khi sau ny, h li thy ngh nghip l mt s th v.
6.4.3. Thc hin mc tiu ngh nghip
thc hin mc tiu ngh nghip nh hng, nhiu ngi phi n
lc khng ngng. Nhng hnh ng c th c th k ra l:
To c hi thc hin mc tiu ngh nghip ca bn thn
____________________________________________________________________________________________
122
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Cun ht bn thn vo cng vic

T c hoc t gii thiu mnh vo nhng v tr ph hp
Tm kim s hng dn trong ngh nghip d t n thnh cng
M rng cc mi quan h giao tip
6.5. nh gi nng lc ngh nghip ca nhn vin
Bn cnh s n lc ca mi bn thn trong nh hng ngh nghip, nh
qun tr ngun nhn lc cng cn h tr thm cho h, thng qua vic nh gi
nng lc ngh nghip ca h. Hai vic c bn phi lm l: (1) Tm hiu s
trng ca nhn vin; v (2) Xc nh nng lc, s trng ngh nghip ca mi
nhn vin p ng nhu cu chin lc.
6.5.1. Tm hiu s trng ca nhn vin
Nh qun tr ngun nhn lc c th tm hiu mc tiu ca nhn vin hng
n trong tng lai, da vo nhng yu t:
Trnh chuyn mn ca nhn vin
Nhng thnh tch c trong qu trnh lm vic
Kh nng c nhn, nng lc v kinh nghim ca nhn vin
Tui tc ca nhn vin
Cc bi test trc nghim nh gi nng lc ca nhn vin
Bn m t cng vic
S trao i, tm hiu nh hng pht trin ngh nghip ca nhn vin
6.5.2. Xc nh nng lc, s trng ngh nghip ca mi nhn vin
p ng nhu cu chin lc
lm c vic ny, mt s cu hi c th t ra i vi nh qun tr
ngun nhn lc l:
ng vi mi chin lc, doanh nghip cn nhng ngi c nhng k
nng v kin thc no?
Hin ti, nhn vin cn nhng k nng no tin hnh cng vic?
Cc nhu cu v k nng trong tng lai ca doanh nghip l g?
S thiu ht gia k nng hin c vi nhu cu tng lai l g?
Tin hnh nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip nh th no c kt
qu tt nht?
6.6. Doanh nghip c th gip g cho nhn vin trong qu trnh nh
hng v pht trin ngh nghip?
Qu trnh nh hng gip cc nhn vin mi hiu r cc mc tiu ca
doanh nghip, gp g ng nghip v bit c c ngi ta k vng g h
trong v tr cng vic mi.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
123
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
6.6.1. Nhng hot ng chung

Thc hin cc cuc hi tho, c vn ngh nghip
Thit lp mc tiu ngh nghip, cung cp thng tin v c hi ngh
nghip
Cung cp thng tin phn hi v nng lc thc hin cng vic
t cc yu cu, tiu chun cao, to c hi cho nhn vin lm vic c
lp, sng to
nh k lun phin thay i cng vic, m rng phm vi thc hin cng
vic.
6.6.2. V d v nhng hot ng c th
6.6.2.1. Chun b:
Thng bo cho nhn vin tip tn
Yu cu b phn hnh chnh chun b bn lm vic v cc th tc hnh
chnh khc
Dn ln bng thng bo cc thng tin gii thiu s b v ngi mi:
nng lc, kinh nghim v nhim v
Ch nh mt ngi ng nghip chu trch nhim hng dn
Lit k cc nhim v ca nhn vin mi
Chun b danh sch nhng vic s giao trong tun u tin
Dnh 1 gi u tun ca sang th 2 n nhn vin mi
Dnh 1 gi cui cng ca chiu th su tng kt tun lm vic u
tin v thong tin thm v hot ng ca cc b phn
6.6.2.2. Ngy u tin
Cho mng nhn vin mi
Gii thiu nhn vin mi vi cc thnh vin trong b phn
Pht s tay nhn vin nhn vin mi t nghin cu v ngh h
chun b cho mt bi kim tra nhanh vo cui tun
Giao vic ca tun u tin vi mt s hng dn cn thit
Gii thiu Ngi bn ng hnh v ngh ngi hng dn nhn
vin mi thm ton b khun vin ca cng ty
6.6.2.3. Tun u tin
Gii thch cc hot ng ca cc b phn cho nhn vin mi
Gii thch cc mi quan h trong cng vic cho nhn vin mi
Gii thch nhim v ca nhn vin mi cng vi chun mc cng vic:
bang mo ta cng vic v tiu chun cng vic
t mc tiu cng vic cho 3 thng u v tho lun k hoch nh gi
hiu qu lm vic ca nhn vin
____________________________________________________________________________________________
124
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Tng kt tun lm vic u tin, xc nh cn h tr cho nhn vin mi

nh th no
Tr li nhng cu hi ca nhn vin mi
Kim tra xem nhn vin mi hiu r cc qui nh ca cng ty cha
6.6.2.4. Ba thng u tin
Khuyn khch nhn vin mi tham gia tch cc vo cc hot ng ca b
phn h ang lm vic chung
Lun quan tm n cng vic ca nhn vin mi v phn hi thng tin
kp thi cho h.
6.7. Cu trc t chc mi v thay i m hnh ngh nghip
Kinh t pht trin chm, cnh tranh ton cu khc lit, v s bng n s
lng nhn vin trong tui sinh n lm pht sinh cc thay i ng k
trong cu trc t chc v cc vn ngh nghip nhn vin. Xu hng ph bin
vo thp nin 1980 c gi l ti cu trc, gim kch c, hoc theo cch ni
hoa m l kch c thch hp.
Cc t chc ang ct gim chi ph lao ng bng cch gim s lng nhn
vin thng xuyn. S ct gim ny nh hng n cp qun tr trung gian. Cc
t chc hu b qun tr cp c s tr nn gn nh hn, nhanh chng p ng
vi tnh hnh hn, v theo st khch hng hn.
p ng nhu cu lao ng khc nhau, cng ty c kch c thch hp mi
s thu cc nhn vin tm thi hoc hp ng vi bn ngoi. Cng c s gia
tng tim tng v nhn vin bn thi gian, v thu nhn vin bn thi gian th t
tn km hn v h nhn t phc li hn, v v nhng nhn vin ny t ra linh
hot cao hn thi im nhu cu nh im v nhn lc.
Ni chung, c mt iu cn ni rng, i vi nhiu nhn vin, ngi s
dng lao ng thay i t nu bn thc hin cng vic tt, chng ti s s
dng bn cho n khi v hu sang chng ti s s dng bn chng no m
chng ti cn s ng gp ca bn gip chng ti kinh doanh thnh cng.
Cc m hnh ngh nghip ang thay i ln lt. M hnh ngh nghip
truyn thng vi ng ngh nghip tuyn tnh (Hnh 6.2.), m trong , nhn
vin gia nhp vo t chc v tr thp, lm cho cng mt cng ty trong mt thi
gian di v dn dn, thng ln nhng chc v cao hn, v hu v tr cao trong
cng cng ty. Nghin cu gi rng m hnh ngh nghip ny c th l ngoi l
trong mt vi thp nin n. S bng n dn s, nhng ngi tr t ra cnh tranh
hn trong vic thng tin, vic lm gn nh c cu t chc gim thiu s
lng cc chc v qun tr ngay khi nhu cu gia tng v s sa thi hng lot
hu hoi li ha xem n nh l ngun m bo di hn i vi ngi s dng
lao ng. S thay i ny lm v mng nhng nhn vin tui trung nin tht bi
trong vic thng tin khi h k vng. Nh mt chuyn vin 24 tui nhn nhn,
Nhn vin m nhim vic lm m chng ti mun l 34 tui, c v v con. V
th, anh ta khng ri b.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
125
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 6.2 - Cc m hnh ngh nghip

Cc t chc ang c gng duy tr s ng vin v s sng to s n nh
ngh nghip cho nhn vin bng cch to ra cc gii php thay th i vi m
hnh ngh nghip truyn thng. Trong mt vi phm vi, ngha thnh cng ngh
nghip ang thay i. Mt vi ngi cm thy rng thnh cng ngh nghip by
gi c nhiu iu phi lm hn l t th hin, pht trin k nng, v s t mn
hn l hn l vt qua mt thang cng vic c nh. Cn bng gia gia nh v
cam kt cuc sng vi cng vic dng nh l mt vn quan trng i vi
nhiu nhn vin.
Mt ng ngh nghip ph bin l ng ngh nghip xon c (Hnh
6.2.), qua , lin quan n s lng ln cc dch chuyn gia cc lnh vc chc
nng trong cng mt t chc. Vic kt hp ny m rng kinh nghim v cc
thch thc lin tc ca cc phn vic mi vi vic thng tin chm hn. V d
nh, mt ngi c th bt u vi cng vic bn hng, chuyn sang sn xut sau
mt vi nm, n mt cng vic sn xut khc v sau chuyn sang lnh vc
ti chnh khi giai on gia ca ngh nghip.
lm cho cc ng ngh nghip xon c phc tp ny hot ng, t
chc cn phc tho hoch nh ngh nghip cng phu v h thng thng tin ngh
nghip pht ra v ph bin thng tin v cc c hi ngh nghip v sau trong
ton t chc. Mt ng thng thng ang gia tng l ng ngh nghip tm
thi. Theo cch ny, ngh nghip xy ra gn nh c lp ca bt c t chc
ring l no. Nhn vin c th di chuyn vo v ra khi t chc v ngay c cc
cng vic, hoc l tm kim cc cng vic tt hn v thch thc hn hoc bi v
c t s chn la khi cc cng vic m bo l him. Mt vi hoc thm ch hu
ht cc ngh nghip tm thi c th dnh cho cng vic nh l t vn hoc cc
nh thu c lp, nhn vin hp ng ngn hn, nhn vin bn thi gian, hoc
cc doanh nghip.
Hoch nh ngh nghip v pht trin l then cht cho cc c nhn ng
ngh nghip tm thi nhng h c kh nng ln chin lc ngh nghip cho
ring mnh hn l l thuc vo h thng hoch nh ngh nghip do ngi s
dng lao ng chnh thng cung cp. (Xem Hnh 6.3.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
126
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 6.3 - Hoch nh ngh nghip ti Corning Glass Works

Ngun: Gutteridge, Thomas G., Organizational Carrer Development Systems: The State of the
Practice, Jossey-Bass Inc, 1986, p. 61
____________________________________________________________________________________________
127
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 7
O TO V PHT TRIN
__________
7.1. Khi nim nguyn tc v o to v pht trin
7.1.1. Khi nim v o to v pht trin
Chc nng o to c gi mt cch ph bin l pht trin ngun nhn
lc, phi hp hot ng o to v pht trin trong t chc.
Pht trin ngun nhn lc theo ngha rng l tng th cc hot ng hc
tp c t chc c tin hnh trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh to ra
s thay i v hnh vi ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng c thc hin bi
doanh nghip. Pht trin ngun nhn lc nh vy l bao gm tt c cc hot
ng hc tp, thm ch ch vi ngy, vi gi.
o to v pht trin l tin trnh n lc cung cp cho nhn vin nhng
thng tin, k nng v s thu hiu v t chc, cng vic trong t chc, cng nh
mc tiu ca n. Thm vo , o to v pht trin c thit k gip , h
tr nhn vin tip tc c nhng ng gp tch cc cho t chc, c th l:
o to: gip nhn vin hon thnh cng vic thc ti tt hn.
Pht trin: chun b nhn vin cho tng lai. N ch trng v vic hc
tp v pht trin c nhn.
M hnh nhng ngi chu trch nhim v pht trin ngun nhn lc c th
m t Hnh 7.1. sau:
Hnh 7.1- M hnh ngi chu trch nhim v pht trin ngun nhn lc (Theo Martin Hilb)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
128
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
7.1.2. Nguyn tc ca o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc

o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc da trn 4 nguyn tc sau:
Con ngi hon ton c nng lc pht trin. Mi ngi trong mt t
chc u c kh nng pht trin, v s c gng thng xuyn pht trin
gi vng s tng trng ca doanh nghip cng nh c nhn h.
Mi ngi u c gi tr ring; v vy, mi ngi l mt con ngi c
th khc vi nhng ngi khc v u c kh nng ng gp nhng sng kin
ca bn thn h cho t chc.
Li ch ca ngi lao ng v nhng mc tiu ca t chc c th kt hp
vi nhau, hon ton c th t c mc tiu ca doanh nghip v li ch ca
ngi lao ng. S pht trin ca mt t chc ph thuc vo ngun lc ca t
chc . Khi nhu cu ca ngi lao ng c tha nhn v m bo th h s
phn khi trong cng vic.
o to ngun nhn lc l mt ngun u t sinh li ng k, v o to
ngun nhn lc l nhng phng tin t c s pht trin ca t chc c
hiu qu nht.
7.2. Mc ch, vai tr ca o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc
7.2.1. Mc ch o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc
Mc ch chung ca o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc l s dng ti a
ngun nhn lc hin c v nng cao tnh hiu qu ca t chc thng qua vic
gip cho ngi lao ng hiu r hn v cng vic, nm vng hn v ngh
nghip v thc hin chc nng, nhim v ca mnh mt cch t gic hn vi
thi tt hn cng nh nng cao kh nng thch ng ca h vi cng vic
trong tng lai.
7.2.2. Vai tr ca o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc
Chc nng o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc c vai tr ln xt trn
nhiu phng din: x hi, doanh nghip v ngi lao ng.
V mt x hi: o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc l vn sng cn
ca mt quc gia, n quyt nh s pht trin ca x hi, l mt trong nhng gii
php chng li tht nghip. u t cho o to v gio dc l nhng khon
u t chin lc ch cht cho s phn vinh ca t nc.
V pha doanh nghip: o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc l p
ng c yu cu cng vic ca t chc, ngha l p ng c nhu cu tn ti
v pht trin ca doanh nghip. l mt hot ng sinh li ng k.
V pha ngi lao ng: o to v pht trin p ng nhu cu hc tp
ca ngi lao ng, l mt trong nhng yu t to nn ng c lao ng tt.
Nhng mc tiu c bn ca o to v pht trin ngun nhn lc trong mt
doanh nghip gm 05 ni dung sau:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
129
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Xy dng v thc hin mt k hoch pht trin ngun nhn lc ca ton

doanh nghip bng nhng hot ng pht trin v o to c t chc ca nhng
nhm khc nhau, thc hin phn tch, nh gi nhu cu o to ca ngi lao
ng mi trnh ;
Chun b chuyn gia qun l, iu khin v nh gi chng trnh
pht trin v o to;
Xy dng mt phng n ngh nghip v mt k hoch pht trin tng
thi k nht nh, ph hp vi tim nng ca cng ty, sp xp theo th t nhng
ngh ch yu;
Nghin cu v nhn lc, chun b nhng s liu v c cu lao ng, v
lnh vc c lin quan;
To thun tin cho thng tin ni b gia cc b phn qun l v ngi
lao ng, thng tin ngc lin quan n b phn, ng c ca ngi lao ng.
7.3. Phn loi cc hnh thc v phng php o to
M hnh chung ca hot ng o to v pht trin c th tham kho theo
m hnh h thng o to Hnh 7.2. di y.
Hnh 7.2 - M hnh h thng o to

Ngun: Training in Organizations, Goldstein, 1993
7.3.1. Hnh thc o to
Ty mc ch ca o to c da trn tiu ch no, hnh thc o to s
c tin hnh mt cch ph hp. Bng 7.1. sau y s tm tt iu ny.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
130
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bng 7.1 Hnh thc o to

Tiu ch
Hnh thc
Theo nh hng ni dung o to
o to nh hng cng vic.

o to nh hng doanh nghip.
o to, hng dn cng vic cho nhn vin.
Theo mc ch ca ni dung o to
o to, hun luyn k nng.

o to k thut an ton lao ng.
o to v nng cao trnh chuyn mn k thut.
o to v pht trin nng lc qun tr.
o to chnh quy.
Theo hnh thc t chc
o to ti chc.
o to cnh x nghip.
Km cp ti ch.
Theo a im hoc ni o to.
o to ti ni lm vic.
o to ngoi ni lm vic.
Theo i tng hc vin
o to mi.
o to li.
7.3.2. Phng php o to

7.3.2.1. o to ti ni lm vic
o to ti ni lm vic l phng php o to c s dng rng ri
nht. c on rng hn 60% hot ng o to xy ra ti ni lm vic. Nhn
vin giu kinh nghim hoc gim st vin s b tr nhn vin ngay ti ni lm
vic thc t, ch dn h v cng vic v nhng th thut ngh nghip.
Chng trnh ny c v n gin v t tn km, nhng nu n khng c
qun l mt cch ng n, th chi ph c th cao, v d nh c th gy hng hc
my mc, khng lm tho mn khch hng, hnh mu khng chun v nhn vin
hng dn thiu kh nng s phm, trnh trng hp ny, ngi o to
phi c la chn v hun luyn k cng. Ngi hc vic nn c i km vi
ngi ph trch tng ng v nn tng, kin thc v tnh cch. Ngi o to
nn s dng nhng k thut hiu qa trong vic hng dn ngi hc.
Cch tip cn h thng v o to ti ni lm vic l h thng o to
hng dn cng vic (JIT-job instruction training) c pht trin trong sut
chin tranh th gii th II. Trong h thng ny, ngi o to s hun luyn
gim st vin hoc ngi hng dn trc tip, ngi ny sau s o to nhn
vin.
7.3.2.2. Phng php tnh hung
Phng php tnh hung da trn vic s dng bn m t mt tnh hung
ra quyt nh ti doanh nghip hoc t chc c th. Nh qun tr c yu cu
nghin cu tnh hung nhn din, phn tch vn , xut cc gii php v
chn la gii php tt nht thc hin n. Nu c s tng tc gia nh qun
____________________________________________________________________________________________
131
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
tr v ngi hng dn th vic hc s c kt qu hn. Ngi hng dn nh l

cht xc tc gip hc vin nm bt c nhng yu cu cng vic cng nh cc
thao tc thc hin cng vic. Ngi hng dn gii l ngi c kh nng dn
dt, cun ht mi ngi tham gia vo vic gii quyt vn .
7.3.2.3. Phng php ng vai
Phng php ng vai l phng php mi ngi c n nh mt vai tr
c th trong mt tnh hung v c yu cu th hin vai tr, nh hng v
tng tc vi ngi khc. Ngi thc hin c yu cu ng vai, th hin vai
tr ca mnh trong tnh hung. Ngi ng vai c cung cp cc thng tin nn
tng. Mt bn m t chnh, ngn gn s c cung cp cho ngi tham gia.
Thnh thong, vic ng vai s c ghi hnh v phn tch li, nh l mt phn
ca tnh hung pht sinh.
Biu 7.2 - S khc nhau gia nghin cu tnh hung v ng vai
Nghin cu tnh hung
ng vai
1. Gii thiu vn phn tch v tho lun
1. t vn vo tnh hung thc t.
2. S dng cc tnh hung thc s xy ra ti
2. S dng cc tnh hung ang tn ti hoc
cng ty hoc mt t chc c th .
ang xy ra trong cng vic.
3. Gii quyt vn lin quan n ngi khc
3. Gii quyt tnh hung m trong bn thn
4. Gii quyt vn trong kha cnh cm xc
ngi tham gia l lin quan.
v tnh cht da trn mc thng minh.
4. Gii quyt vn trong kha cnh cm xc
5. Nhn mnh vo vic s dng cc s kin v gi
v tnh cht da trn kinh nghim.
nh.
5. Nhn mnh vo cm gic.
6. o to theo cch thc kim tra, nh gi.
6. o to theo cch kim sot cm xc.
7. To thc hnh phn tch vn .
7. Thc hnh k nng giao tip.
Thng thng, ng vai c thc hin nhm nh khong 12 ngi.

Mc thnh cng ca phng php ny tu thuc vo kh nng ca ngi
ng vai. Nu c thc hin tt, ng vai c th gip nh qun tr nhn thc
su sc hn cm gic ca ngi khc.
7.3.2.4. K thut gi (dng c m phng)
Mt phng php khc pht trin kh nng ra quyt nh qun tr l k
thut gi. Ngi tham gia c cung cp cc vt liu (bn ghi nh in hnh
hoc bn m t cc cng vic phi lm), Nhng vn quan trng v cp
thit, chng hn nh mc thiu hng trong kho, phn nn t khch hng, yu
cu bn bo co t cp trn, c sp xp ln ln vi lch cng tc, chng hn
nh yu cu pht biu ti bui n ti hoc quyt nh v d ngoi bn tun ca
cng ty, Ngi c o to sau khi a ra kin xut cho cc quyt nh
ca cc gi cng vic , s c phn tch v b nh gi da theo s lng
cc quyt nh thc hin, xt trn cc kha cnh thi gian, cht lng ca quyt
nh, v mc u tin trong vic chn la chng. to ra s hng th, cc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
132
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
vt liu cho k thut ny phi thc tin, lin quan n cng vic v c kh nng
ra quyt nh.
7.3.2.5. Tr chi qun tr
Tr chi qun tr m t cc c tnh hot ng ca cng ty, ca ngnh. Tr
chi qun tr nhn mnh vic pht trin k nng gii quyt vn . Trong th tc
tr chi qun tr c vi tnh ho, nhm ngi tham gia c yu cu ra mt
lot cc quyt nh qun tr.
V d, trong mt tr chi, ngi tham gia c yu cu ra quyt nh v
cc vn lin quan chng hn nh gi sn phm, mua nguyn vt liu, k
hoch sn xut, vay n ti chnh, marketing, v chi ph R&D. Khi mi ngi
trong i ra quyt nh, s tng tc ca cc quyt nh ny c tnh ton
(bng tay hoc bng my) tng ng vi m hnh. Nu gi c l tuyn tnh vi
sn lng, mt s gim gi x % vo s nh hng n sn lng, tng ng vi
mc gi chung. Cc thnh vin trong nhm phi hp nhau trong vic ra quyt
nh v xem xt vi nhm khc trc khi quyt nh cui cng c a ra.
Quyt nh ca nhm s c so snh vi nhm khc. Kt qu ca mi nhm v
li nhun, th phn...c so snh vi nhau, v nhm tt nht hoc nhm thng
cuc s c xc nh.
7.3.2.6. M hnh hnh vi
Mt phng php nng cao, ci thin k nng giao tip l m hnh hnh
vi m thng c gi l qun tr giao t. Mu cht ca phng php ny l hc
thng qua quan st v tng tng.
Phng php ny c tin hnh bng cch s dng mt file ghi hnh,
c chun b c bit, minh ha cho cc hc vin thy cc nh qun tr gii
x s nh th no trong cc tnh hung khc nhau ng thi cng qua m
to iu kin cho cc hc vin rn luyn k nng giao tip ca mnh. Cc hc
vin hc tp bng cch quan st v rt ra kt lun vn dng trong cng tc
ca mnh. Chng hn nh, trong bng m t mt kim sot vin no ng vai
k lut mt nhn vin bo co tr. Do cc tnh hung trnh chiu ra ch l
nhng in hnh cc vn kh khn ca mt doanh nghip no , cho nn cc
thnh vin c th lin h thi ng x i vi cc cng vic ca ring mnh.
7.3.2.7. Chng trnh nh hng ngoi tri
Tnh hung, tr chi, m hnh v ng kch l ph bin, mt phng php
mi c bit n nhiu l nh hng ngoi tri hoc cuc sng thc, chng
trnh nh hng vo hnh ng. Kh nng lnh o, lm vic nhm v i din
nguy him l u tin hng u trong chng trnh nh hng ngoi tri. Th b
tri sng, leo ni, truy tm ban m, ganh ua nhm, thi bi thuyn, v cc bi
tp gii quyt vn l nhng loi ph bin ca o to ngoi tri. Mt hot
ng mo him hn c th k ra l vt vch ni bng cp. Mt u ca cp s
c ko t nh cao ca ngn ni trn dng sng v mt u kia b bn kia,
tng c nhn s nm, leo theo day cp vt sng su v cao. Nhm lm vic
v s tin tng l mc tiu m chng trnh ngoi tri mun hng n. Tt
____________________________________________________________________________________________
133
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nhin, i vi nhng chng trnh nh hng ngoi tri c mc nguy him

cao, th cc nh t chc cng phi lng trc nhng ri ro v c gii php gii
nguy kp thi khi ri ro c th xy n.
Ngoi 07 phng php o nu trn, tt nhin s cn c nhiu phng
php khc na. Biu 7.3. sau y s trnh by thm v trng hp p dng cho
16 phng php khc nhau ( bao hm 07 phng php c trnh by chi tit
trn).
Biu 7.3 p dng cc phng php o to v pht trin
p dng cho
Phng php
Ni thc hin
Qun tr
gia v
chuyn
vin
Cng
nhn
C
hai
cp
Ti ni
lm vic
Ngoi ni
lm vic
1. Dy km
2. Tr chi kinh doanh
3. in cu qun tr
4. Hi ngh/ tho lun
5. M hnh ng x
6. Thc luyn ti bn giy
7. Thc tp sinh
8. ng kch
9. Lun phin cng vic
10. Ging dy theo th t tng chng

trnh
11. Ging dy nh my vi tnh h tr
12. Bi thuyt trnh trong lp
13. o to ti ch
14. o to dy ngh
15. Dng c m phng (gi)
16. o to xa ni lm vic
(Ngun: R. Wayne Mondy Robert M. Noe, Op. Cit, p. 280.)

Ghi ch:
- : p dng cho c hai cp qun tr gia cng v cng nhn.
0 : khng p dng.
x : p dng.
7.3.3. Quyt nh chn phng php o to

Quyt nh v phng php hoc s kt hp l da trn nh gi cc tiu
chun khc nhau. S la chn c tin hnh trn c s s lng nh qun tr,
chi ph lin quan n mi nh qun tr cho mi phng php, tnh sn sng ca
cc vt liu trong cc hnh thc khc nhau (bao hm c kh nng ca hng dn
vin), v tnh hiu qu lin quan n nhn vin trong o to. Phng php c
s dng nn phn nh mc tch cc tham gia vo mi chng trnh. Biu 7.4
____________________________________________________________________________________________
134
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
sau y s tm tt u nhc im ca mt s phng php o to cc nh

qun tr ngun nhn lc tham kho khi ra nhng quyt nh lin quan.
Biu 7.4- Cc phng php o to v u, nhc im
Cc phng
php o
to
o to
cng ty
o to
ngoi
ti
bn
o to trn
cng vic.
Ging bi
Chng trnh
o to tp th
Lun chuyn
cng vic
C vn
Hun luyn
ni b
u im
Nhc im
Tha mn nhu cu ring ca cng ty

Cc k nng v hiu bit v bn thn cng ty
tng ln.
Hnh thnh v duy tr vn ha, cc quy nh v
cch thc hot ng ca cng ty.
Rt c hiu qu i vi cc n v phn tn
Nng cao s nhy cm i vi mi trng bn
ngoi.
Pht trin kh nng linh hot.
Tc ng ca mi trng khc bit.
M rng quan h vi cc t chc khc.
C c nhng cch tip cn v t tng
mi.
Chp nhn nhng th thch.
C th khng bao gm nhng thay

i t bn ngoi.
n gin v l hnh thc o to c bn nht.

Nhn vin c c nhng kinh nghim mt
cch trc tip v sn xut ngay c khi hc tp.
Cho php cc nh o to tri qua cc iu
kin lm vic thc t.
Gio vin kim sot ton b ti liu v thi

gian.
Ton b ti liu c sp xp mt cch logic.
y l phng php an ton.
D dng thay i ngi o to.
To ra quan im v cch suy ngh chung.

Cc k nng lm vic nhm c pht huy
To ra tinh thn ng i.
Tit kim chi ph v s lng ngi ng.
Cho ngi lao ng nhng kinh nghim rng

nhiu lnh vc.
To ra cch nhn khc nhau, nhu cu khc
nhau cho ngi lao ng.
To ra c hi, tng, k nng mi v cc
chuyn gia mi xut hin.
Thu ht nhng ngi hng dn gii.
Cung cp cc ch dn thc t.
C th b qua vic nh gi kt qu hot
ng.
Nng cao c kh nng giao tip.
To ra Ngi u cho nhn vin.
Ph hp vi cng vic.
Lin h nhu cu ca c nhn.
To iu kin tng cng mi quan h giao
tip.
C kh nng p dng ngay kin thc v kinh
nghim.
Hng ti mc tiu.
D lin h vi nh gi kt qu hot ng.
Thu ht nhn vin vo qu trnh pht trin.
C th khng ph hp vi nhng
nhu cu ca cng ty.
Chi ph cao.
Chy theo chng trnh (mt)
i khi cc kha o to c coi
nh nhng k ngh.
Kh p dng cc kin thc vo cng
vic.
C th to ra mt s cn tr mi cho
t chc.
Nhng ngi hng dn (qun c,
t trng) c th thiu kh nng
truyn t v o to.
Tn thi gian ca cc t trng,
qun c
Ngi ang hc s khng c nng
sut lao ng, thm ch gy hng
my mc thit b.
Vic ch c trnh by mt chiu ca
gio vin l khng hiu qu.
Bi ging lp i lp li.
Ngi nghe th ng.
Thiu nhng thng tin ngc t
pha hc vin.
C th to ra ng tp th khng
c li cho cng ty.
Trnh v kh nng ngi hc
khng ng u.
i hi cao i vi ngi ging.
Yu cu phi iu chnh cng vic
thng xuyn.
Can thip vo qu trnh hot ng
bnh thng ca doanh nghip.
Hc i ph; to ra quan nim Ci
nga xem hoa
Xem nh l mt s e da.
Tn thi gian ca cc hng dn
vin.
C th to ra s li.
C th to ra s ghen t v so snh.
Phi gi nh cc cng vic l ph
hp.
C th p dng ngay ti mt thi
im vi mt cng vic.
Ph thuc vo k nng o to ca
cn b qun l.
D b b qua.
Kh gim st.
C th khng hiu qu.
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135
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
7.4. Cc nguyn tc c bn trong hc tp

Mt khi chuyn gia o to xc nh nhu cu o to v chun b cc
mc tiu hnh vi, bc k tip l xy dng chng trnh o to thch hp nhm
t c cc mc tiu t ra. iu ny c hon tt bng cch la chn
phng php o to v pht trin cc ti liu o to nhm truyn ti kin thc
v k nng c xc nh trong cc mc tiu thuc v hnh vi. iu khng km
phn quan trng l lm th no nhng ngi hc hiu c cc nguyn tc
hc. Cc nguyn tc ny l c s thit k mt chng trnh o to hiu qu.
7.4.1. Cc nguyn tc chung
Ngi lp k hoch o to cng cn quan tm n nhng nguyn tc hc
m bo cho mt chng trnh o to t cht lng tt. mt chng
trnh o to c hiu qu, n phi c thit k kt hp nhng nguyn tc
c a ra sau y nhm to thun li cho qu trnh hc tp ca hc vin.
Nguyn tc phn hi
Phn hi l cc thng tin ngc thng bo cho hc vin bit kt qu ca
h. Thng tin ngc cung cp cho hc vin cc thng tin nh kt qu ca h c
ng hay khng v h c tin b hay khng. Thng tin ngc cng c th cng
c nhng kt qu mong mun hoc nhng thay i v kt qu. Phn hi l tiu
biu cho c vic ng vin v vic hc. Nu phn hi khng c cung cp, hc
vin c th hc nhng k thut sai hoc nh mt s ng vin hc. Phn hi
lm cho tin trnh hc tr nn thch th hn, ti a ho s sn sng ca hc vin.
Phn hi cng cn thit cho mc tiu duy tr hoc ci thin thnh tch.
Ngi o to nn lp k hoch a ra nhng thng tin phn hi chnh
xc, thn thin v khuyn khch giai on u ca chng trnh o to. u
tin, ngi o to nn nh gi cao bt c ci thin no. Dn dn, khi k nng
ca hc vin c gia tng, ngi o to nn tng mc thnh tch c
ng vin, nhn c thng tin phn hi.
Vo cui chng trnh, ngi o to nn dy cho ngi hc lm th no
nh gi thnh tch ca h, v ngi hc nn dch chuyn sang hng phn hi
t chnh nhng g m h xy dng hn l phn hi t ngi khc. iu ny gia
tng kh nng ca hc vin c th tip tc thc hin mt cch chnh xc khi tr
li cng vic.
Nguyn tc cng c
Cng c l vic p dng nhng kt qu c ch sau mt thi quen lm vic
mong mun c hnh thnh. Cc chng trnh o to thng dng k thut
rn luyn cng c mt kt qu ngy cng cao.
Chng trnh cng c c th c thay i to thun li cho cc mc
tiu o to khc nhau. Cng c lin tc (cng c sau mi kt qu mong mun)
l cch tt nht to thi quen lm vic mi; Cng c gin on (ch cng c
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136
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
sau khi c nhng kt qu nht nh) l cch tt nht gi hnh vi ngh nghip
sau khi hc c.
Qu trnh cng c cn cho cc hc vin hc v duy tr mt ngh nghip
s c chuyn t cc ngun bn ngoi vo ngun bn trong theo thi gian.
Nguyn tc thc hnh
Thc hnh bao gm s nhc li hoc tp li nh hoc ci thin mt phn
x, mt thi quen lm vic. Vic thc hnh mt cch ch ng cc k nng hoc
phn vic c hc c th gia tng vic hc v gip ngi hc xuyn sut cc
giai on. V vy, nhn t then cht trong vic thit k o to l liu rng cng
vic c c hc v thc hnh nh l mt n v hay l phi chia nh thnh
tng phn cng vic. Nu cng vic n gin, n c th c hc v thc hnh
gc chung. Nu cng vic phc tp, th nn c chia nh ngi hc c
th hc n mt cch ring bit. Mi mt cu thnh c thc hnh lp i lp li,
v ngi hc sau mt thi gian thun thc s kt ni li vi nhau. Ch rng,
mt vi cng vic c bit phc tp vi nhiu bc c lp khng th chia nh
thnh cc b phn c ngha v phi c hc gc tng th.
7.4.2. Cc nguyn tc hc ca ngi ln
Ngi trng thnh sn c kin thc v kinh nghim m h c th t hc
v chia s vi ngi khc. Ngi trng thnh mun chu trch nhim v chnh
h v v vic hc ca h.
Ngi trng thnh thng ch tm n vn ; h mun hc nhng iu
m hu ch cho vic gii quyt vn hin ti ca h. c im ny khin
ngi ln c th bc bi khi c i x nh tr con trong nhng tnh hung
hc tp, hoc trong trng hp ngi hc bit rt t vn c hc v kinh
nghim ca h khng lin quan n vic hc tp. Khi , h hc mt cch km
hiu qu. C ngi cn ch ra rng, nhng nhn vin tt nht thng n trnh
cc chng trnh o to ca t chc, bi v cc chng trnh nh hng gio
dc thng lng m tr thng minh ca h (!?).
Nguyn tc v s tham gia
S tham gia ni ln s tch cc tham gia ca cc hc vin vo qu trnh o
to. Cc hc vin hc c nhiu hn t cc chng trnh o to, i hi nhiu
s tham gia ca hc vin so vi cc chng trnh i hi t s tham gia . Vic
hc s hiu qu hn nu ngi hc mun hc, tt nht l ngi hc nn thy nhu
cu v nhng k nng mi v thu hiu s thnh cng ca o to s em li li
ch cho h nh th no.
Nguyn tc v ng dng nhng iu hc c
Cc chng trnh o to c hiu qu s c ch ng thit k to
thun li cho vic ng dng nhng iu hc c vo cng vic. Nu ni dung
hc khng c chuyn i vo cng vic, th chng trnh o to c th s
lng ph ngun lc ca cng ty.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
137
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trn thc t, c nhiu chng trnh o to b ph bnh v s thiu ht tc

ng ca nhn vin vo thc hin cng vic thc t. C th to thun li p
dng c hiu qu nhng iu hc c, bng cch ti a ha s ng nht gia
nhng iu hc vi hon cnh cng vic hin ti; bng qu trnh thc hnh
tch cc; bng cch phn bit nhng yu t quan trng ca kin thc v hnh vi
ngh nghip v xc nh mi lin quan ca nhng yu t ny vi cng vic;
bng s cung cp thng tin ngc v s cng c qu trnh ng dng vo cng
vic.
7.5. Phn tch nhu cu o to
Khng xem xt n phng php c th no c s dng nh gi nhu
cu, bt k n lc nh gi nhu cu xuyn sut no phi ch tm n 3 lnh vc
chnh yu: t chc, cng vic v nhim v v c nhn.
7.5.1. Phn tch t chc
nh gi nhu cu mc t chc i hi s nh gi rng ln v hiu
qu ca ton t chc v cc nhu cu duy tr t chc. V d: Doanh nghip thit
k li cng vic c th dn ti nhu cu v o to; Doanh nghip thay i cc
qui trnh m bo sc khe v an ton lao ng cng c th dn ti vic phi
o to; K hoch nhn s ch ra khi no doanh nghip cn ti cc chng trnh
o to m bo cc nhu cu tng lai ca doanh nghip v nhn lc.
7.5.2. Phn tch cng vic
Phn tch cng vic s xc nh cc k nng v hnh vi cn thit cho nhn
vin thc hin tt cng vic. Phn tch cng vic ch trng xem nhn vin cn
lm g thc hin cng vic tt.
Mt vi cch tip cn v phn tch cng vic c trnh by k
chng phn tch cng vic. Trong s cc phng php th h s v cng vic
v phng php s kin in hnh l c bit c ch cho vic nh gi nhu cu
o to. H s cng vic c th xc nh cc phn vic c th c thc hin ti
cng vic, v phng php s kin in hnh h tr trong vic xc nh nhng
phn vic m khng c thc hin mt cch chnh xc.
7.5.3. Phn tch nhn vin
Loi phn tch ny ch trng n cc nng lc v c tnh c nhn ca
nhn vin, c s dng xc nh ai l ngi cn thit c o to v nhng
k nng, kin thc cn thit c lnh hi hay ch trng trong qu trnh o to.
Cc chng trnh o to ch nn ch trng n cc i tng tht s cn o
to. Phn tch nhn vin i hi phi nh gi ng kh nng ca c nhn v k
nng ngh nghip ca nhn vin.
Ngi o to c th la chn c nhn o to da trn thnh tch qu
kh ca h hoc la chn mt nhm lm vic hoc tt c nhng ngi thc hin
cng vic vi mt v tr cng vic c th. Sau , ngi o to nh gi hoc t
nht c on mc k nng v kin thc ca hc vin c la chn o
to khng qu n gin hoc phc tp.
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138
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
7.6. Thc hin qu trnh o to v pht trin nh qun tr

7.6.1. o to nh qun tr ti ni lm vic
Km cp v hng dn
Mt phng php tt nht v c s dng rng ri nht o to nh
qun l tr l c nh qun l gii, kinh nghim hng dn. Qun tr cp trn
lm nhng v d sinh dng m cc nh qun tr thc hin. Ngi hng dn
cng tr li cu hi v l gii ti sao phi lm nh th. Mt k thut m cp trn
c th s dng l to hi ngh ra quyt nh vi ngi c o to. Cp trn
phi giao quyn ra quyt nh v thm ch c cc sai lm. Cch ny khng
ch to c hi hc m cn i hi s u quyn hp l, v to ra cm gic t
tin hn. Tuy nhin, phng php ny s tht bi nu khng cung cp thi
gian cho hc vin, hc vin khng c php mc sai lm, nu c s tranh ua
v nu nhu cu c lp ca hc vin khng c nhn thy v chp nhn bi cp
trn.
Kinh nghim trc k hn nht thi
Khi mt ngi c xc nh l s c bt cho mt cng vic c th,
s chun b c tin hnh trong giai on ngn trc khi bt cng v mi
l ngi hc cng vic mi, thc hin mt s nhim v mi trong khi vn
thc hin hu ht cc nhim v c. S sp xp trung gian ny s c nhng tn
gi khc nhau trong cc cng ty: tr l thay th, a qun tr hoc thi gian hc
qun l. c im chnh ca loi chng trnh ny l cung cp trc cho mt
ngi mt phn kinh nghim v cng vic m h s m nhim trong v tr
tng lai.
Lun chuyn cng vic
y l phng php lun chuyn nhn vin hoc cp qun tr t cng tc
ny sang cng tc khc nhm mc ch cung cp cho h nhng kin thc v
kinh nghim rng hn. Kin thc thu c trong qu trnh lun chuyn cng
vic ny rt cn thit cho h sau ny m nhim cc cng vic khc v tr
cao hn. Phng php ny ngy nay c s dng rt rng ri Nht bn cng
nh Hoa k, ngoi mc ch trn, phng php ny cn to ra s hng th cho
cn b, nhn vin nh thay i cng vic nn trnh c s nhm chn trong
cng vic, ngoi ra, n cn m bo cho cn b, nhn vin tr thnh nhng
ngi a nng, a dng i ph vi mi tnh hung thay i sau ny.
7.6.2. o to nh qun tr ngoi ni lm vic
Tho lun bi ging
y l phng php o to bng cch s dng cc ti liu c bin
son sn mt cch k lng di hnh thc mt cun sch gio khoa hoc mt
cun bng. Ni dung son tho ca ti liu phi tha mn cc yu cu sau y:
Phi a ra c cc d kin, cc cu hi, cc ni dung vn m hc
vin cn nm bt.
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139
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Phi cho php hc vin t kim tra nhn thc ca mnh qua hc tp bng
cch t tr li cc cu hi c sn.
Phi m bo thng tin phn hi li c cho hc vin v kt qu ca
cc cu tr li m h tr li.
Phng php ging dy ny da vo s t nghin cu ca hc vin m
khng cn s can thip ca ging vin. Hc vin c mt on sch hoc nghe
mt on ghi m, sau , h phi tr li ngay cc cu hi c sn. Khi tr li
xong, th hc vin c th bit c tnh chnh xc trong cc cu tr li ca
mnh bng vic kim tra i chiu vi p n c sn ngay trong sch hoc trong
on ghi m tip theo. Nu cc cu tr li l ng th hc vin s tip tc i vo
nghin cu phn tip theo, nu cu tr li l sai, khi hc vin phi quay li
nghin cu li phn va hc.
Ging dy nh my tnh
Theo phng php ny, cc hc vin s c hc ngay trn my vi tnh v
c tr li ngay nhng thc mc ca mnh nh nhng chng trnh my tnh
c chun b t trc.
Phng php ny ng thi cn cho php kim tra kin thc ca cc hc
vin, cho cc hc vin bit h cn thiu cc kin thc v k nng no, h cn
phi tham kho ti liu g. Vng mc ln nht ca phng php ny l i hi
trang b k thut rt tn km; ng thi, phi xy dng c mt phn mm
phc v cho cng tc o to thng l rt mt thi gian v chi ph cao.
7.6.3. Pht trin qun tr
Cc t chc tn ti trong mi trng lin tc thay i, chnh v vy, rt cn
s nng ng ca t chc. Ngy nay, nh qun tr lun phi ng u vi s
pht trin ca cng ngh mi, s thm nhp ca cc i th cnh tranh trn th
trng, tc lm pht gia tng, s bin ng v nng sut. Do , pht trin
cc nh qun tr v nhn vin l tin trnh c coi trng v tin hnh lin tc
trong hu ht cc cng ty thnh cng. Pht trin qun tr nn c hoch nh, v
n cn cch tip cn h thng, pht trin chng trnh, v s huy ng cc
ngun lc (ngi o to, ngi tham gia, phng tin h tr ging dy). N
lin quan n c h thng hay n v.
7.6.3.1. K thut pht trin c nhn
Mt cch phn loi k thut pht trin l da trn nn tng mc tiu m
chng nh hng. C ba loi mc tiu chnh: (1) c nhn, (2) nhm, v (3) t
chc. Thit lp mc tiu c thit k ci thin kh nng c nhn to lp
v t mc tiu. Hiu chnh hnh vi l vic s dng vic hc c nhn thng qua
cng c. Xy dng nhm ch trng vo nhm v mc tiu qun tr cht lng
ton din (TQM).
Thit lp mc tiu
Mc tiu l ch ca hnh ng, l iu m mt ngi c gng t c.
Thit lp mc tiu l tin trnh cng nhn mt vi li ch thc t. Cc mc tiu
____________________________________________________________________________________________
140
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
quan trng v nh hng ca c nhn l nhng nh hng chnh ca hnh vi.

l mt trong s cc phm cht c quan st thng thng ca hnh vi nh
hng l tip tc i cho n khi n hon tt. Khi mt ngi bt u lm vic g
(v d mt cng vic, mt d n mi), ngi y c c gng thc y cho n khi
t c mc tiu. nh hng ng mt vai tr chnh yu trong vic thit lp
mc tiu. Tm quan trng ca cc mc tiu s l gii cc hnh vi thc y. Mc
tiu cng thch thc, th s cho kt qu thc hin cao, nu mc tiu c c
nhn chp nhn.
Tin trnh thit lp mc tiu
Cc c tnh ca mc tiu l c trng, th thch v tng cng. c trng
l cp chnh xc c th nh lng c ca mc tiu. Cng lin quan
n tin trnh thit lp mc tiu hoc xc nh lm th no t c n. Ngy
nay, cng khng c nghin cu rng ri, mc d cc vn lin quan
c xem xt trong mt vi nghin cu. Cam kt l tt c n lc c s dng
t c mc tiu.
Cc bc chnh trong thit lp mc tiu l: (1) chn on; (2) chun b
nhn s cho thit lp mc tiu bng vic gia tng cc tng tc nhn s, truyn
thng, o to v cc k hoch hot ng; (3) nhn mnh cc c tnh ca mc
tiu m cc nh qun tr v cp di nn hiu; (4) thc hin cc kho st kp thi
c s hiu chnh cn thit trong vic thit lp mc tiu; v (5) xem xt li ln
cui kim tra cc mc tiu c thit lp, c iu chnh v hon thnh.
Mi mt bc ny cn c hoch nh v thc hin k cng nu coi thit lp
mc tiu l k thut ng vin hu hiu.
Hnh 7.3 - Cc bc trong chng trnh pht trin

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141
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng cc mc tiu c th cho kt qu thc hin

cao hn mc tiu m h chng hn nh Lm ht sc ca bn. Mt vi th
nghim s dng nhn vin th k, nhn vin bo tr, nhn vin marketing, li xe,
k s, nhn vin nh my v cng nhn sn xut so snh mc tiu c th vi
mc tiu Lm ht sc ca bn. Cc mc tiu c th dn n vic thc hin tt
hn mc tiu m h.
Hn ch ca thit lp mc tiu
C mt vi l do trnh n thit lp mc tiu hoc tr nn qu hng hi v
chng. Mt vi qun tr gia v nh nghin cu tm thy cc iu sau:
Thit lp mc tiu l kh phc tp v kh khn duy tr.
Thit lp mc tiu l thch hp, tt cho cc cng vic n gin (nh th
k, nhn vin nh my, tiu phu v cc k thut vin, ), nhng n khng cho
cc cng vic hon tt.
Thit lp mc tiu vi cc cng vic m mc tiu khng d o lng (v
d nh ging dy, y t, k s, k ton,) tt nhin c nhng vn , kh khn
nht nh.
Thit lp mc tiu thc y cc hot ng. Thit lp mc tiu thp
tm kim kt qu tt, sau , l mt cch m cp di p dng trnh vic
khng hon thnh mc tiu. Nh qun tr p dng cch thit lp mc tiu ban
u m thng thng l khng t c, v sau , tm hiu cch thc cp di
phn ng li.
Thit lp mc tiu l mt cch kim tra nhn vin khc. N l cng c
kim sot qun l vic thc hin.
Hon thnh mc tiu tr thnh ni m nh. Trong mt vi trng hp,
ngi thit lp mc tiu tr nn b m nh, bi do c hon thnh mc tiu , h
li th cc lnh vc quan trng khc ca cng vic.
Di cc iu kin thch hp, thit lp mc tiu c th l mt k thut c
tc ng mnh thc y nhn vin. Khi c s dng chnh xc, c qun
l k cng v c h tr bi nh qun tr, n c th ci thin s thc hin. Mc
kh khn ca mc tiu v s chp nhn mc tiu l hai c tnh m nh qun tr
cn xem xt. Nh qun tr thu ht c nhn vin trong vic thit lp v t
c mc tiu nht l cc mc tiu th thch c th dn n s ng vin mnh
m nhn vin.
7.6.3.2. Hiu chnh hnh vi
Hiu chnh hnh vi t chc l thut ng chung l thit k, to ra h thng
cng c cc hnh vi c t chc mong i v khng cng c hoc trng pht
cc hnh vi t chc khng mun.
Cc nguyn tc ca iu kin tc nhn hot ng
Mt vi nguyn tc ca iu kin tc nhn hot ng c th gip nh
qun tr c gng nh hng n hnh vi. Cng c l nguyn tc bn ngoi quan
____________________________________________________________________________________________
142
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
trng bc nht ca vic hc. Thng thng, ng vin l tc nhn bn trong ca

hnh vi, trong khi cng c l tc nhn bn ngoi. S cng c tch cc bao gm
bt c iu g k c vic gia tng cc p ng v to ra s lp li cc hnh vi v
to ra s cng c. Nu khng c s cng c, nhn mnh, s o lng hiu chnh
hnh vi khng th thc hin.
Nh qun tr thng s dng cc tc nhn tch cc (positive reinforcement)
iu chnh hnh vi. i khi, s nhn mnh tch cc c ni trc; trong mt
vi trng hp khc, ngi ta khng hiu chnh hnh vi theo ch dn mong i,
bi v vic thc hin, hon tt s nhn mnh mt cch tnh c. Khi s cng c
khng c to ra lin tc bi nh qun tr, hnh vi mong i s khng xy ra.
Cng vy, s nhn mnh c to ra sau khi cc hnh vi mong i xy ra, th s
lm gim kh nng lp li cc hnh vi ny.
Tc ng tiu cc (negative reinforcement) lin quan n vic gia tng
mc thng xuyn cc p ng tip sau vic loi b tc thi nhn t sau p
ng . Mt s kin c gi l tc nhn tiu cc, nu s loi b n sau khi
thc hin lm gia tng s thc hin hnh ng . Mt v d cho tc nhn tiu
cc l vic tip tc bt iu ho nhit khi ma h nng i qua.
S trng pht (punishment) l s ph phn mt hnh vi c th. Gio s tr
10 im cho nhng ai np bi tr l mt v d v s dng cch ny. Khi dng s
trng pht l mun gi thng ip khng nn lm mt vi iu no . N l
mt phng php c tranh lun nhiu nht trong vic hiu chnh hnh vi. Mt
s ngi tin rng s trng pht l i lp vi s s tng thng v l cch hiu
qu trong vic thay i hnh vi.
Hiu chnh hnh vi- Kha cnh qun l
Hiu chnh hnh vi da trn gi nh rng, hnh vi l quan trng hn cc
tc nhn tm l nh nhu cu, ng c, v gi tr. V vy, nh hnh vi hc nh B.
F. Skinner ch trng vo cc hnh vi c th, khng ch trng vo cc nhn t
khng nhn thy c, chng hn nh s knh trng. Cc hnh vi ring l v
c th phn bit c l quan trng xy dng bt k mt k hoch iu chnh
hnh vi no hng n hiu chnh vn v thc hin. S p dng m hnh iu
chnh hnh vi trong t chc theo tin trnh gii quyt vn gm 5 bc nh sau
(xem Hnh 7.4.):
B1. Nh qun tr phi xc nh v nh ngha cc hnh vi c th. Mt hnh
vi c nh v khi n c th c quan st v ghi chp. i vi hnh vi c
xc nh l quan trng, phi tr li hai cu hi sau: (1) N c th c nhn thy
khng? (2) N c th c o lng khng?
B2. Nh qun tr phi o lng hoc m tn sut xut hin hnh vi c
xc nh. Vic ny cung cp cho nh qun tr bc tranh r rng v cng ca
hnh vi thc ti, hoc trc s thay i.
B3. Qun tr vin tin hnh phn tch ABC v hnh vi- mt tin trnh cn
c gi l phn tch chc nng hnh vi. Thomas Connellan xy dng mu
phn tch thc hin tm nguyn nhn ca vn .
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143
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
B4. Ba bc u tin trong vic p dng chng trnh iu chnh hnh vi

to ra giai on cho iu chnh thc s.
B5. Lin quan n vic nh gi.
Hnh 7.4 - Th tc iu chnh hnh vi

7.6.3.3. K thut pht trin nhm
Mt s lng ln k thut pht trin ci thin tnh hiu qu ca nhm,
chng hn nh t vn tin trnh, thng tin phn hi t kho st, v xy dng
nhm. Xy dng nhm l tin trnh pht trin m qua gip hoc chun b
cho cc thnh vin ca t chc lm vic hiu qu hn hoc c kt qu hn trong
cc nhm. N c thit k gia tng k nng lm vic nhm, giao tip truyn
thng, v kh nng nh hng n ngi khc. S thnh cng ca t chc tu
thuc vo s hp tc ca cc thnh vin trong t chc. Do vy, nhm lm vic
phi lm vic trong s ho hp, d trong ngn hn hoc di hn. Trong mt t
chc, xy dng nhm theo cc mu sau:
Hi tho k nng nhm. Cc nhm sn xut trong cng ty tin hnh
cuc hi tho bao gm cc bi tp kinh nghim khc nhau.
Thu thp thng tin. c tnh v d liu cng vic c thu thp t tt c
cc nhm (tng c nhn).
i chiu. Nh t vn gii thiu d liu cho cc nhm. N c tho
lun, v vn c phn loi. Th t u tin c thit lp cho mi nhm.
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144
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
K hoch hnh ng. Cc nhm pht trin, xy dng cc k hoch thm

d ring gii quyt vn .
Xy dng nhm. Cc nhm ln k hoch cui cng gii quyt tt c
cc vn c xc nh trong bc 4 v xem xt hnh lang vt qua.
Xy dng nhm gia cc nhm. Cc nhm m ph thuc ln nhau thit
lp k hoch c chp nhn gia cc nhm.
7.6.3.4. K thut pht trin t chc
Qun tr cht lng ton din (TQM) l trit l, tin trnh, tp hp cc
nguyn tc nhm cung cp cho t chc cc iu cn thit tip tc, ln lt ci
thin tnh hiu qu. TQM lin quan n mi ngi trong t chc trong vic xy
dng v pht trin tin trnh m nh hng vo khch hng, linh hot v thun
li ci thin cht lng ca mi hot ng v chc nng ca t chc.
7.7. nh gi hiu qu o to
Giai on cui cng trong chu k o to l giai on nh gi. nh gi l
vic xc nh mc cc hot ng o to p ng mc tiu. nh gi chng
trnh o to l xc nh xem chng trnh o to c p ng c mc tiu
o to a ra khng (ngha l, hiu qu lm vic ca hc vin c thay i theo
hng mong mun khng), v nhng thay i v hiu qu ca hc vin c
th kt lun l do chng trnh o to mang li khng. Tuy nhin, nh gi
thng c hon tt mt cch ngho nn hoc hon ton b qua. L do c th
l nh qun tr n gin qu mc tin trnh o to. Mt l do khc l nhng nh
qun tr chin thng trong chng trnh o to c th cm thy b e do
bi vin cnh b nh gi bt li.
Cch tip cn c bn v nh gi nn c xc nh phm vi, m thng
qua , chng trnh o to p ng c mc tiu c xc nh trc i vi
o to. Lp k hoch nh gi nn bt u vo cng thi im vi lp k hoch
o to. Nu mc tiu ca chng trnh c pht biu r rng nh l nhng
mc tiu c th, cc phng php nh gi thch hp c th c tin hnh
thi im vi chng trnh o to.
Vic nh gi phi c tin hnh da trn cc chng trnh o to v
mc tiu o to. Tiu chun v hiu qu cn c nh gi trong v ngay sau
qu trnh o to. Hiu qu ca hc vin trc v sau kha o to cn phi
c so snh xc nh liu chng trnh o to c p ng c cc mc
tiu o to hay khng. C th nh gi chng trnh o to bng mt s cch
nh: Thm d kin ca tt c nhng ngi quan tm n chng trnh o to
(c th bng bn cu hi); Trao i trc tip vi nhng ngi mi c o to
bit kin v nh gi ca h v tc dng ca chng trnh o to; nh gi
tng qut mi mt ca chng trnh o to; Hi kin ca cn b qun l cc
b phn v tinh thn, thi ca nhng nhn vin cp di va mi c o
to; Tin hnh so snh nhng ngi mi c o to v nhng ngi cha
c o to; Phn tch li ch v chi ph ca chng trnh o to.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
145
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 8
NH GI THNH TCH CA NHN VIN
___________
8.1. Khi nim, vai tr v mc ch ca nh gi thnh tch nhn vin
8.1.1. Khi lc
nh gi thnh tch l tin trnh nh gi nhng ng gp ca nhn vin
cho t chc trong mt giai on. Thng tin phn hi t nh gi thnh tch s
gip nhn vin bit c mc hon thnh cng vic ca h khi so snh vi
tiu chun m t chc ra. nh gi thnh tch l qu trnh c th b chi phi
nhiu bi tnh cm; nh hng trc tip n thi ca nhn vin v chnh bn
thn h. Nu s dng mt cch khng thch hp, tin trnh nh gi c th c
nhng tc ng tai hi.
Hu ht cc nghin cu v nh gi thnh tch u c gng tr li cc cu
hi: nh gi ci g? nh gi nh th no? ai nh gi? khi no v mc
thng xuyn m nh gi cn thc hin? v mc tiu no m thng tin nh gi
thnh tch c s dng?.
Ngy nay, thnh tch ca nhn vin phi c hiu khng ch bao gm hiu
qu cng vic, m cn gm nhiu yu t khc na. Do vy, cm t nh gi
thnh tch ch l cch ni ngn gn, cn ni y th l qu trnh nh gi
nng lc thc hin cng vic ca nhn vin, tc n bao gm bt k hot ng
no nhm nh gi mt cch c h thng hiu qu cng vic v nng lc ca
nhn vin, bao gm kt qu cng vic, phng php lm vic, nhng phm cht
v k nng c lin quan n cng vic.
8.1.2. Vai tr (hay tm quan trng)
nh gi thnh tch l hot ng rt quan trng trong qun tr ngun nhn
lc. Trn thc t, hu nh mi t chc u c gng thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Thit k cng vic v xc nh h thng cng vic nhm t c mc
tiu t chc.
Thu nhn vin vi kh nng v c mun thc hin cng vic mt
cch hu hiu v hiu qu.
o to, ng vin v khen thng nhn vin v thnh tch v hiu sut
cng vic.
Chui hnh ng ny cho php t chc truyn t mc tiu chin lc n
tn tng phng ban, n v v c nhn. nh gi thnh tch chnh l c ch kim
sot, em li thng tin phn hi khng ch cho tng c nhn m cn nh gi t
chc v cc phn vic ang tin hnh. Nu khng c thng tin thc hin cng
vic, cc nh qun tr khng th bit c liu rng nhn vin ang i n ng
mc tiu, theo ng cch thc v tiu chun mong mun hay khng.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
146
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Qu trnh nh gi thnh tch ca nhn vin ng vai tr quan trng trong

s n lc t c hai iu cn thit: (1) S nht qun gia hnh vi cng vic
v chin lc t chc; v (2) S nht qun gia hnh vi cng vic v gi tr t
chc.
(1) S nht qun gia hnh vi cng vic v chin lc t chc
nh gi thnh tch ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo hnh
vi m nhn vin thc hin trn cng vic nht qun vi chin lc ca t chc.
Thc t cho thy, trong cc t chc, nhn vin s cam kt thc hin nhng hnh
vi m h cm nhn l s c tng thng. Nhn vin mong mun c t
chc cng nhn v thng, v th, h tm mi cch thc hin nhng iu m t
chc nhn mnh. V d, nu trng tm ca t chc l dch v, nhn vin c gng
phn u v gp phn trong vic cng hin cc dch v tt c tng
thng. Nu trng tm ca t chc tp trung vo kim sot chi ph, nhn vin s
tm cch kim sot v h thp chi ph. Nu mc tiu l hiu sut, nhn vin s
phn u cho hiu sut cng vic.
nh gi thnh tch tr thnh phng tin nhn bit hnh vi ca nhn
vin c nht qun vi mc tiu chin lc ca t chc hay khng, v nh gi
thnh tch tr thnh cch thc gip t chc i ph vi cc bt n, nguy hi n
chin lc chung. V d, khi t chc nhn mnh vo hiu sut ca tng c nhn,
c th gy nn hu qu tim n nh gim thiu cht lng v s hp tc gia cc
thnh vin, b phn.
(2) S nht qun gia hnh vi cng vic v gi tr t chc
nh gi thnh tch l cng c c s dng cng c gi tr v vn ho
t chc. V d nh, gi tr c truyn thng v chia s trong ton t chc l
pht trin con ngi th nh gi thnh tch s gp phn vo vic xem xt liu
rng nh qun tr c chia s gi tr ny trong t chc hay khng? Hn na, nu
nh qun tr chu trch nhim v pht trin nhn vin v trong bn nh gi
thnh tch c khon mc ny th h s dnh nhiu thi gian hn pht trin, tr
gip cp di ca mnh.
Mt thnh t quan trng chin lc khc ca nh gi thnh tch l s lin
kt nh gi vi vn ho ca t chc. nh gi thnh tch s m bo v iu
chnh hnh vi ca nhn vin th hin ti ni lm vic sao cho nht qun vi vn
ha t chc. Nu vn ha ca nhm ch trng vo lm vic nhm v to ra bu
khng kh ci m, m cc thnh vin ca t chc chia s thng tin vi nhau
th nh gi thnh tch s ch trng hn vo qun tr nhm. Cc hnh vi cng c
vn ha c nhn v khng chia s s khng c tn thnh. Hn na, cch nh
gi truyn thng (nh gi mt ngi trn c s so snh vi ngi khc) c th
b phn tc dng. Mt h thng nh th s sinh ra s cnh tranh hn l s hp
tc trong cc nhn vin. Trong mi trng nh th, h thng nh gi thnh tch
nhn mnh vo vic hun luyn v pht trin, v lin quan n thng tin phn
hi t nhn vin, c th l thch hp hn vic nh gi truyn thng da trn
ngi gim st.
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147
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
8.1.3. Mc ch
Biu 8.1. sau y s tm tt cho chng ta thy c mt cch tng qut v
cc mc ch ca vic nh gi thnh tch nhn vin
Biu 8.1- Cc mc ch t chc ca thng tin nh gi thnh tch
ng dng chung
Cc mc ch c th
Mc ch pht trin
Xc nh nhu cu o to c nhn
Thng tin phn hi v thnh tch
Xc nh cc chuyn i v nhim v cng vic
Xc nh im mnh ca tng c nhn v nhu cu pht trin
Mc ch quyt nh
hnh chnh
Lng
Thng tin
Duy tr hoc sa thi
Cng nhn thnh tch ca c nhn
Thi vic tm thi (tht nghip tm thi)
Xc nh cc nhn vin yu km
Mc ch duy tr mc tiu
t chc
Hoch nh ngun nhn lc

Xc nh nhu cu o to ca t chc
nh gi vic t c mc tiu ca t chc
Thng tin cho vic to lp v xc nh mc tiu
nh gi cc h thng ngun nhn lc
Cng c, duy tr nhu cu pht trin ca t chc
Tiu chun cho nghin cu hp l
Mc ch tao lp ti liu
Ti liu cho cc quyt nh v ngun nhn lc

Tr gip vic t c cc yu cu lut php
8.1.3.1. nh gi thnh tch nh l cng c pht trin nhn vin

nh gi thnh tch c th c s dng theo mt vi cch thc khc nhau
khuyn khch pht trin nhn vin. nh gi thnh tch ng vai tr quan
trng trong vic cng c v ci thin thnh tch cng nh trong vic xc nh
hng ngh nghip v nhu cu o to.
Cng c v duy tr thnh tch
S dng nh gi thnh tch nh l cng c pht trin nhn vin. Bng
cch cung cp thng tin phn hi v thnh tch qu kh, ngi gim st c th
khuyn khch nhn vin tip tc theo chiu hng thnh tch tt m h t
c. Nhn vin hon thnh cng vic tt s c tn dng, khen ngi v nhn
c s tng thm hay phn thng ti chnh. Vic nh qun tr tha nhn v
tng thng cho nhn vin hon thnh tt cng vic khng nhng s cng c
thnh tch ca chnh nhng nhn vin m cn s to ng lc cho cc nhn
vin khc n lc hn na duy tr thnh tch ca chnh mnh trong tng lai.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
148
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Ci thin thnh tch

Trn c s thng tin v nh gi thnh tch, ngi gim st c th ngh
cch thc gip cho nhn vin thc hin cng vic tt hn trong tng lai. Ngi
gim st c th ch ra im mnh, im yu v gip nhn vin xc nh, tm
ra cch thc hu hiu hon thnh cc cng tc quan trng. Thm vo ,
ngi gim st c th tho lun mc tiu cng vic vi nhn vin cng nh thi
gian t c cc mc tiu ny. Chng ta s tho lun su hn v cch lm
th no s dng phn hi v thnh tch ci thin thnh tch ca nhn vin
phn sau ca chng ny.
Xc nh mc tiu pht trin ngh nghip
Cc cuc hp nh gi thnh tch mang li cho ngi gim st v nhn
vin c hi tho lun cc mc tiu v k hoch ngh nghip di hn ca nhn
vin. Ngi gim st c th ch ra cho nhn vin hoc a ra li khuyn t
c cc mc tiu ny. Da trn c s cc k nng qu kh, ngi gim st c
th a ra cc gi c th, ngn hn cho nhn vin v vic lm th no ci
thin thnh tch theo cch tr gip nhn vin t c mc tiu ngh nghip
trong di hn. V kt qu l, nh gi thnh tch c nhn nhn nh l cch
thc cn thit t c mc tiu cui cng.
Xc nh nhu cu o to
nh gi thnh tch l tin cho vic xc nh nhu cu o to ca nhn
vin. Nu mt nhn vin c th khng t c yu cu v cng vic, chng
trnh o to c th gip h hiu chnh cc k nng cn thit hoc s thit ht
v kin thc. Vi nhng nhn vin thc hin cng vic trn mc yu cu (tiu
chun), c th c a vo chng trnh pht trin chun b cho vic bt
ln cc chc v cao hn. nh gi thnh tch cng em li nhng thng tin hu
ch trong vic pht trin cc chng trnh o to chuyn su cho t chc, v d
nh, nu k nng giao tip ca nhn vin c nh gi l thp v nhy,
cng ty c th pht trin mt chng trnh p ng nhu cu ny.
8.1.3.2. nh gi thnh tch nh l cng c hnh chnh
Bn cnh mc ch pht trin nhn vin, nh gi thnh tch cng ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic ra cc quyt nh hnh chnh. nh gi thnh tch c
s dng kt ni tng thng vi thnh tch v nh gi hiu qu ca cc
chnh sch v hot ng ngun nhn lc ca cng ty.
Kt ni phn thng vi thnh tch
nh gi thnh tch l cu thnh ca h thng thng pht ca mt t
chc. Cc nhn vin, nhng ngi nhn c kt qu nh gi tt c xu hng
nhn cc phn thng ca t chc, chng hn nh tng lng v thng, trong
khi cc nhn vin c nh gi thp s nhn c hnh pht ca t chc, bao
gm s ging chc hoc sa thi. Cc quyt nh nhn s khc thng c kt
ni vi nh gi thnh tch bao gm thng tin, ngh vic tm thi, thuyn
chuyn v cc quyt nh pht khc.
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149
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nh gi cc chnh sch v chng trnh ngun nhn lc

Thng tin nh gi thnh tch c th cng c s dng nh gi hiu
qu cc chng trnh qun tr ngun nhn lc. nh gi c th c thc hin
trc v sau khi c s an xen vi cc chng trnh ngun nhn lc nh gi
nhng thay i, tc ng xy ra. Cc chng trnh ny c th bao gm cc
chng trnh o to, lm giu cng vic hoc ti thit k cng vic, cc vng
trn cht lng, ... iu ny c ngha l thng tin nh gi thnh tch c th
c s dng h tr vic nh gi tnh hiu qu ca cc chng trnh qun tr
ngun nhn lc, v cc chng trnh ny c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau, v
d, ni dung ca chng trnh o to ph thuc phn ln vo kt qu nh gi
thnh tch nhn vin.
8.2. Xy dng mt h thng nh gi tt
Cc quyt nh c bn v loi nh gi no c s dng, tiu chun nh
gi no cn c trong bng nh gi thnh tch, c xc nh trn 4 tiu
chun: tnh hp l, tin cy, loi b cc li, v tnh thc t. Nhng tiu chun
ny khng th thiu s chp nhn ca ngi s dng.
8.2.1. Tnh hiu lc
S nh gi thnh tch, mun c xem l c hiu lc, cn phi o lng
c nhng c im quan trng ca cng vic v khng ph thuc vo cc nh
hng nhng yu t khng lin quan n vn ang cp hoc yu t gy
nhiu t bn ngoi v n phi c bao qut cng vic.
Nh c tho lun chng Qu trnh tuyn dng, nh gi c
gi l hiu lc v ni dung nu n o lng nhng kha cnh quan trng ca
cng vic v th hin tnh tiu biu. nh gi c xem l hiu lc v cu trc
nu n nh gi nhng iu cn c nh gi- trong trng hp ny chnh l
thnh tch cng vic. Mi quan h gia tnh hiu lc ca vic nh gi (nhng
kha cnh quan trng ca cng vic v th hin tnh tiu biu) vi cc khi nim
v s lin quan, s thiu ht v nhiu l hon ton r rng (xem Hnh 8.1). S
nh gi phi o lng n nhng kha cnh lin quan n thnh tch, v nhng
kha cnh l quan trng thc s xc nh tnh hu hiu ca cng vic.
Mt h thng nh gi thnh tch yu cu phi hp l. iu then cht l
thc hin phn tch cng vic trc khi xy dng cc tiu chun nh gi thnh
tch nhm xem xt tt c nhng kha cnh lin quan ca thnh tch v loi b
nhng nhn t lm nhiu vic nh gi.
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150
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 8.1- Mi quan h gia s thiu ht, lin quan v nhiu

8.2.2. tin cy
nh gi o lng vic thc hin phi m bo tnh nht qun. D phng
php thu thp thng tin l g i chng na, th kt qu tng hp mang li phi
cho cng kt qu v i n cng mt quyt nh.
tin cy gia nhng ngi nh gi l ng quan tm nht. tin cy l
cao khi hai hoc nhiu ngi nh gi nht tr v thnh tch ca mt nhn vin
v thp khi h khng nht tr. tin cy gia nhng ngi nh gi thng l
cao khi ngi nh gi thnh tch n t cng mt cp bc trong t chc, chng
hn nh, hai ngi cp trn hoc ng nghip ca ngi c nh gi. Tuy
nhin, thng c s bt ng gia nhng ngi nh gi cc cp khc nhau,
chng hn nh mt ng nghip v mt gim st vin hoc cp trn v cp di.
V vy, c th tin vo tin cy gia nhng ngi nh gi l cao khi nhng
ngi nh gi cng mt cp bc trong t chc.
tin cy nht qun ni b v tin cy theo thi gian thng khng qu
quan trng trong nh gi thnh tch, v s thc hin t n khng th nht qun
ni b hoc n nh theo thi gian. Mt ngi c th rt tt nhng kha cnh
chnh ca mt cng vic, nhng li hon ton yu cc cng vic khc, v th,
khi nh gi mt cch chnh xc nhng kha cnh khc nhau ny ca thnh tch
s khng biu hin c nht qun ni b cao. Tng t, bi v thnh tch c
th c ci thin thng qua kinh nghim nhn vin t c ti cng vic theo
thi gian hoc thng qua o to v thnh tch c th bin ng khi c n lc
hoc may mn, vic n nh cao theo thi gian l khng nht thit qu k vng.
o lng khch quan hn i vi s thc hin, nhng kha cnh khc
ca tin cy l quan trng. Gi s vng mt ni lm vic c s dng nh
mt thc o nh gi thnh tch ca nhn vin. Nu thnh thong ngi
____________________________________________________________________________________________
151
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
gim st mi ghi chp v s vng mt ca nhn vin, th s o lng ny v s

thc hin l khng ng tin cy. V vy, khi nh gi tin cy ca nh gi
thnh tch, iu cc k quan trng l phi bit chnh xc loi thc o hay tiu
chun no c s dng v trong trng hp s xp loi l ch quan v s thc
hin, th ai ang thc hin cc s phn loi, sp xp.
Hn na, cc tiu chun c xy dng c xem l c tin cy cao, khi
s phn bit v mc l r rng, hay cn gi l nhy. Bt k mt tiu chun
no cng phi c kh nng phn nh s khc nhau gia mc cao v thp ca
vic thc hin. l mc khc nhau ca vic thc hin cng vic phi c
cho im lm sao phn bit c.
8.2.3. Loi b cc li
Trong nh gi thnh tch, tiu chun loi b li c hai thnh t. Thnh t
th (1) lin quan n nhng vn lut php v i x cng bng vi nhn vin;
thnh t th (2) l mc ch quan trong nh gi v thnh tch ca nhn vin.
(1) Vn php lut v cng bng
V phng din ny, nh gi c xem l khng c thnh kin nu n
cng bng vi tt c nhn vin, khng phn bit v mu da, chng tc, gii tnh,
xut x, tnh trng hn nhn v gia nh,... Mc d khng c s y nhim lut
php no i vi cc t chc phi c v s dng h thng nh gi p ng
nhng yu cu hin thi, phng php nh gi m t chc s dng khng nn
c nh hng ngc n cc nhm c php lut bo v. Mt h thng c th
c xem l c tnh phn bit i x, nu c bt k l do no sau y:
Ni dung nh gi khng lin quan n cng vic hoc khng hiu lc
Ni dung nh gi khng c xy dng t phn tch cng vic
Ngi nh gi khng quan st ngi b nh gi thc hin cng vic.
Vic phn loi, xp hng da trn cc nh gi ch quan ca ngi nh
gi, hoc da trn cc nhn t khng r rng.
Ngi s dng lao ng c th gim thiu cc thch thc v mt lut php
theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Nguyn tc ct li l ch s dng nhng h
thng nh gi thnh tch da trn phn tch cng vic t m. Tin trnh nh gi
nn kt hp cht ch vi nhng nhim v hoc c tnh quan trng i vi s
thc hin cng vic. Gim st vin nn c o to s dng cc cng c
nh gi mt cch chnh xc, v kt qu phi c xem xt cn thn v lu tr
thnh vn bn phc v cho mc ch lu tr ti liu. Nu c th, mt c ch
nh gi v h tr chnh thng nn c thit lp v nh qun tr cp cao hay
nh qun tr ngun nhn lc nn xem xt kt qu nh gi, xp hng. Cui cng,
nn c mt vi hnh thc t vn, nhm gip nhng ngi nh gi yu.
(2) Loi b cc li ch quan khi nh gi
Khi mt h thng nh gi cn cc c nhn a ra s nh gi ch quan v
s thc hin ca ngi khc, th vic loi b cc li tr nn quan trng. Vic
____________________________________________________________________________________________
152
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nh gi, xp loi c th b sai lch, hoc l c hoc l v . Hnh 8.2 m t

cc li thng thng trang sau. Mt s li trong c th xy ra trong phng
vn ng vin - tnh hung mt ngi nh gi ngi khc.
Li bao dung. Thnh thong ngi nh gi, nh gi thnh tch ca nhn
vin cao hn mc m h xng ng c hng. Khi c s lng ln nhn vin,
mi ngi k vng l thnh tch thc ca nhn vin c nh gi ri vo
ng gia ca hnh 8.2(a). Khi li bao dung xy ra, hu ht nhn vin u
c nh gi thnh tch mc cao (xem ng biu din li bao dung). Bao
dung l loi li thng thng nh gi, Mc d cc nghin cu gn y gi
rng chnh l tnh cht vn c ca ngi nh gi.
Li nghim khc. i khi, ngi nh gi nh gi nhn vin thp hn
mc l ra h ng c nhn. Khi li nghim khc xy ra, phn b thnh tch
dch chuyn sang tri so vi thnh tch thc ca nhn vin hnh 8.2(a). Li
nghim khc l ngc li vi li bao dung.
Hnh 8.2 - Li bao dung, nghim khc, xu hng trung tm v li vng ho quang
Li xu hng trung tm. i khi, gim st vin nh gi tt c nhn vin

gn vi im gia ca thang thnh tch. C mt t nhn vin nhn c nh gi
qu cao hoc qu thp. Nh Hnh 8.2(b) ch ra li xu hng trung tm l do c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
153
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nh gi tt c vo trung tm so vi thnh tch thc ca nhn vin. Li xu hng

trung tm thng l do vic tht bi trong quan st nhn vin ca gim st vin
hoc l do vic m t km cc tiu thc thnh tch.
Khi li xu hng trung tm, bao dung hoc nghim khc xy ra thng
xuyn, h thng nh gi thnh tch khng t c mc ch phn bit gia
nhn vin hon thnh tt v km. Khi cc li ny xy ra, gn nh tt c nhn
vin nhn c nh gi nh nhau - cao, thp hoc trung bnh, ty thuc vo li
nh gi.
Li vng ho quang (li Halo). Trong khi li xu hng trung tm, bao
dung v nghim khc xy ra khi nh gi mt vi nhn vin, th li vng ho
quang li lin quan n vic nh gi mt c nhn trn mt vi kha cnh thnh
tch. Hnh thc lan ta ca li nh gi ny c bit n nhng cha c
nghin cu v thu hiu. Jack M. Feldman nh ngha li Halo nh l s tng
quan rt cao gia cc nh gi trn nhiu phng din, hoc n gin l khuynh
hng m ngi nh gi t hng thnh tch ca ngi c nh gi theo chiu
hng tt. V d, gim st vin c yu cu nh gi cp di v cht lng v
khi lng cng vic thc hin, lm vic vi ngi khc, lnh o v hon
thnh d n ng tin . Thng thng, chng ta ngh rng nhn vin c th
xut sc mt vi cng vic, t mc trung bnh kha cnh khc v c l l
yu mt vi lnh vc. Nhn vin s nhn c mt vi im nh gi cao, mt
t l thp, mt t l trung bnh, l thuc vo kha cnh nh gi. Mi tng quan
gia nhng nh gi ny thng l trung bnh hoc thp. Khi li Halo xy ra,
nhn vin nhn c cc nh gi gn nh ng nht trn tt c cc kha cnh,
v kt qu l s tng quan gia cc nh gi ny l rt cao. V d v li Halo
c minh ha hnh 8.2(c).
Ti sao cc li nh gi li xy ra? C hai trng hp: li khng c v
li c s c .
Li khng c . Cch thc phn tch ti sao li nh gi xy ra l s
dng cch tip cn c gi l x l thng tin lin quan n nhn thc
(Cognitive information processing - CPI). Nhng ngi xng CPI bin lun
rng nh gi thnh tch c nhn nhn nh l cng vic ghi nh phc tp m
cc nh nh gi phi lm:
Thu thp thng tin v thc hin cng vic ca nhn vin
M ha v lu tr thng tin trong b nh
Gi li cc thng tin lu tr khi c yu cu nh gi thnh tch nhn vin
Xc nh tm quan trng ca thng tin v kt hp chng vo nh gi
thnh tch tng th.
Thng tin sn c v thnh tch ca nhn vin l rt ln. Ngi nh gi c
th ghi nh v lu li s lng hn ch cc thng tin v mi nhn vin, v
nghin cu ch ra rng, h s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau c ng
cc thng tin h nhn c. iu ny c th l nguyn nhn gy ra li nh gi.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
154
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mt bin php nhn thc nhanh chng m con ngi s dng x l thng tin
v ngi khc l gin . Gin l loi n gin m c nhn s dng t
chc thng tin v phn loi con ngi. V d, gim st vin c th s dng hai
gin trong vic phn loi nhn vin: gin cng nhn tt v gin cng
nhn km. Lin quan n mi gin l mt tp hp nhng thuc tnh, c gi
l khun mu, i din cho nhng c tnh nn tng tng ng vi gin .
V vy, khun mu cho gin nhn vin tt c th bao gm: khng bao gi
vng mt, vit tri chy, lun hon thnh cng vic ng tin , v c mi
quan h tt vi nhn vin. Nhn vin c nh gi khng cn th hin tt c
nhng c tnh khun mu c phn loi trong gin . V d, lu rng mt
nhn vin khng bao gi vng mt ti ni lm vic, gim st vin c th xp
ngi vo loi nhn vin tt thm ch khng c bng chng trc tip rng
nhn vin s vit tri chy, hon thnh cng vic ng hn v c quan h tt
vi ng nghip.
Khi c yu cu nh gi thnh tch ca mt nhn vin, gim st vin tm
kim trong tr nh ca mnh xc nh gin no ph hp vi nhn vin.
Gim st vin nh li thng tin v nhn vin, bao gm khun mu gin . nh
gi ca gim st vin v nhn vin khng nhng da vo cc hnh vi quan st
c m cn l thuc vo khun mu tng ng vi gin . Vic khng thu
thp cc thng tin ny thc s l ngun ca li vng ho quang. Thng thng
mt nhn vin c nh gi cao mc tham gia vo cng vic cng s c
nh gi tch cc cc kha cnh khc ca thnh tch thm ch h khng thc s
thc hin tt cc kha cnh ny. Tng t, mt nhn vin loi nhn vin km
c th c nh gi thp cho tt c cc tiu chun Mc d gim st vin c th
khng thc s quan st c thnh tch km mt vi kha cnh. Tin trnh ny
c minh ha Hnh 8-3.
Hnh 8.3 - Vic x l thng tin to ra li

Li bao dung v nghim khc cng c th b nh hng bi bn cht ca
khun mu gin . Nu c im khun mu ca nhn vin tt l qu cao n
ni m ch c mt vi nhn vin t c th li nghim khc c th xy ra. Nu
____________________________________________________________________________________________
155
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
mt vi c im khun mu ca nhn vin tt l qu d i vi hu ht nhn

vin th li bao dung xy ra.
Li c . i khi gim st vin nh gi nhn vin khng chnh xc mt
cch ch ch, do nguyn nhn chnh tr hoc l do khc. Nhiu nghin cu
ch ra nh hng ca cc nhn t chnh tr n nh gi thnh tch. V d, li bao
dung c ch ch xy ra do nhiu nguyn nhn. Gim st vin c th cm thy
rng khi nhn vin cp di ca ng c nh gi cao v thnh tch, h s gia
tng v th ca h trong cng ty, hoc h s cc tc ng tiu cc khi nh gi
thnh tch ca nhn vin thp. Cng vy, nh qun tr cm thy kh khn khi
phn hi tiu cc v thnh tch ca nhn vin v h c khuynh hng thi phng
vic nh gi nhm n trnh cng vic t nh ny.
8.2.4. Tnh thc t
xy dng, thc hin, v s dng h thng nh gi thnh tch cn phi
c thi gian, n lc v tin bc. Li ch ca vic s dng h thng nh gi i
vi t chc c gi tr hn nhiu so vi chi ph. H thng nh gi nn tng i
d s dng; c nhn vin v nh qun tr nht tr cao. Ngay c h thng nh
gi c xy dng tt nht cng s v ch nu n khng c s dng.
Vic pht trin v s dng mt h thng nh gi c th l rt tn km. V
chi ph bng tin l cao, mt tiu chun thc t quan trng nh gi h thng
nh gi l khon tit kim m n mang li cho t chc. Thng tin phn hi,
ging nh la chn v o to k lng, c th ci thin thnh tch ca nhn
vin. Trn c s li ch mang li ca nh gi thnh tch, ngi nh gi c th
tnh ton hiu qu ca nh gi thnh tch. V vy, mc d h thng nh gi
thnh tch l kh tn km xy dng v thc hin, chng em li nhiu li ch
tim tng.
8.3. Ni dung, trnh t thc hin
cung cp thng tin phc v cho mc tiu ca t chc v p ng yu
cu lut php, h thng nh gi cng vic phi cung cp nhng thng tin xc
thc v ng tin cy. Su bc sau y cung cp nn tng cho mt tin trnh h
thng (Hnh 8.4.):
Hnh 8.4- Tin trnh nh gi thnh tch

R rng, trong s trn, bc 1 (kt qu phn tch cng vic) s c ly
t hot ng phn tch cng vic m chng ta c dp nghin cu Chng 3.
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156
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Ring cc bc 6 (tho lun k hoch hnh ng tng lai s c bn phn

sau ca chng ny. Sau y, chng ta nghin cu cc bc 2-3-4-5.
8.3.1. Thit lp tiu chun nh gi
Cc tiu chun thnh tch c xc nh t thng tin phn tch cng vic.
Da vo thng tin ny, cc cp thnh tch t mc thp n mc cao c xy
dng. V c bn, cng vic ny xc nh cc tiu chun nhm so snh vi mc
thc hin ca nhn vin. Mt tiu chun thnh tch tt m t nhng g nhn
vin nn thc hin v hon thnh. Tiu chun thnh tch tp trung vo kt qu
hoc mc hon thnh cng vic ca nhn vin. Tiu chun nn tr li cc cu
hi nh ci g, bao nhiu v khi no. V d, tiu chun thnh tch cho i din
thng mi l t mc doanh s 20 triu ng t cc khch hng mi vo cui
qu. Tiu chun ny thng bo cho i din bn hng bit iu g (khch hng
mi), bao nhiu (20 triu), v lc no (cui qu). Tiu chun thnh tch phi
tun th cc yu cu sau:
Tiu chun c xy dng phi d hiu, gip ngi c nhn bit s
khc bit gia hnh vi ng tng thng v hnh vi khng c chp nhn.
Trong v d trn, bt k qu no, i din thng mi khng k c hp ng
20 triu vi khch hng mi l hnh vi khng c chp nhn.
Tiu chun nn mang tnh thch thc v thc t cho nhn vin. Tuy
nhin, thit lp tiu chun qu cao nhm khuyn khch nhn vin n lc ht
mnh c th gy nn tc ng ngc. Thay v ng vin nhn vin lm vic ht
mnh t mc tiu, n c th l nguyn nhn khin nhn vin t b v khng
c gng thc hin cng vic v tt c u tin rng vic t c thnh tch ny l
khng th. Xc nh phng php thc hin cng vic cng rt hu ch. V
d, i din thng mi chim khch hng t cc i din thng mi khc c
th t c mc tiu ra nhng s lm tn hi ngi khc. V vy, tiu chun
phi c cng b r rng (thu ht khch hng mi).
iu thc s quan trng l khung thi gian phi c th, mc tiu phi
d thy v o lng c. n gin yu cu i din thng mi gia tng mc
tha mn khch hng l cha . Phi chnh xc v bao nhiu v khi no iu
ny cn phi hon thnh cng phi c cng b r.
8.3.2. Thit k h thng nh gi thnh tch
8.3.2.1. Thi gian nh gi
Ngi tin hnh nh gi phi thit lp cc chnh sch v ngi nh gi,
thi gian v mc thng xuyn. Khi no vic nh gi hon tt? i vi cc
t chc tin hnh nh gi hng nm, c 2 s la chn v thi gian tin hnh
nh gi: (1) nh gi da vo thi gian xc nh nh ngy tin hnh thu mn
lao ng; v (2) c th tin hnh nh gi theo lch hng nm. Mc d nh gi
hng ngy l chnh xc v c cc nh qun tr dng, nhng n khng phi l
kin hay v n rt tn km. Thi gian nh gi ty thuc nhiu vo tnh hung
v nh hng qun tr ca tng t chc. Nu lnh o ca cng ty ch trng
vo kim tra sau, th thi gian nh gi c th di (hng qu hoc nm). Nu
____________________________________________________________________________________________
157
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
kim tra qu trnh c s dng trong cng tc qun tr th nh gi lin tc,

theo qu trnh s c p dng.
8.3.2.2. Ni dung nh gi
Tiu chun nh gi h thng nh gi thnh tch c m t phn
trc cung cp c s ra cc quyt nh quan trng khi pht trin h thng
nh gi. Quyt nh quan trng l la chn loi thnh tch nh gi. C ba
loi thng tin thnh tch c bn. H thng nh gi da trn c im nh gi
kh nng hoc cc c im c nhn khc ca nhn vin. H thng nh gi da
trn hnh vi o lng phm vi m mt nhn vin thc hin cc hnh vi c th,
c lin quan trong khi thc hin cng vic. Cui cng, h thng nh gi da
trn kt qu nh gi nn tng lin quan vi cng vic ca nhn vin: Cng
vic c hon tt hay khng, v li ch no to ra? Mi mt loi nh gi c
mt vi thun li v hn ch.
8.3.3. Tin hnh nh gi v xem xt thnh tch
nh gi da trn c im
nh gi da trn c im c s dng nh gi tnh cch hoc cc
c im c nhn ca nhn vin, chng hn nh kh nng ra quyt nh, s trung
thnh vi cng ty, k nng giao tip, hoc cp ca s sng to. Loi nh gi
ny ch trng vic tm hiu nhn vin l ngi nh th no nhng li rt t ch
trng v nhng iu m h thc s lm. Mc d nh da trn c im l d
xy dng, n cng bc l nhiu hn ch.
nh gi da trn hnh vi
nh gi loi ny nghing v xem xt hnh vi ca nhn vin, hn l v c
im c nhn ca h. nh gi hnh vi l thch hp khi tin trnh s dng
hon thnh cng vic l rt quan trng, v v vy, nh gi hnh vi c s dng
nhn mnh n cch thc hon thnh cng vic. V d nh, nhn vin bn
hng nn cho khch khi h i vo ca hiu, gip h tm th h cn, thu tin
nhanh chng, v cm n h mua sm ti ca hng. iu c th xy ra l nhn
vin bn hng khng cho hi hoc tr gip khch hng, li c th thc hin tt
v t nhng mc tiu v bn hng, nhng cc c nhn ny s khng i din
cho ca hiu theo cch m nh qun tr mong mun.
nh gi da trn kt qu
trnh cc vn vn c nh gi da trn hnh vi, ngi ta s dng
cch thc nh gi da trn kt qu t c. Cch ny p ng cc vn nn
tng nh l bao nhiu xe hi c bn hoc nhn vin mang li bao nhiu li
nhun cho cng ty trong thng. Khi m cch thc s dng t c kt qu l
khng quan trng, hoc khi c nhiu cch thc thnh cng, nh gi da trn
kt qu s thch hp. Theo cch thc ny, c hai nhn vin bn hng c m t
phn trn s nhn c im nh gi nh nhau, ngay c khi h t cng mt
kt qu nhng s dng nhiu phng tin khc nhau.
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158
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nh gi da trn kt qu l rt kh o lng trong mt vi trng hp v

i vi mt vi cng vic. Nh thnh tch ca mt gio vin trung hc l g?
Phi chng n c phn nh qua s lng hc sinh thi trt (ch yu do hc
sinh khng chu hc)? Hn na, kt qu l khng nht qun di s kim sot
ca tng nhn vin. S h hng thit b, chuyn i kinh t, s khng may mn,
khng ngn sch hoc thiu s h tr ca nhn vin, hoc cc nhn t khng
chu s kim sot trc tip ca nhn vin c th nh hng ln n kt qu cng
vic. nh gi kt qu, v vy, b tc ng bi nhng nhn t ngoi lai ny. Mt
vn khc l, nh gi da trn kt qu c th nui dng mt trng thi tm
l c kt qu bng bt c gi no trong s nhn vin. V d, mt t chc nh
gi thnh tch ca nhn vin nhn n t hng qua in thoi da vo tiu
chun doanh thu t cc n hng ny, nhn vin b phn in thoi s tm
cch tr hon tip nhn cc cuc gi n hu n hng ca khch hng hoc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
159
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
sp xp cuc gi li, v nhng iu ny nh hng n doanh thu bn hng.

Nhng hot ng nh vy khng phi l nhng iu m t chc hng n, v
chng s lm tn hi n cng vic kinh doanh trn nn tng ca qun tr quan
h khch hng.
Thnh tch ca nhm s b tc ng nu cc c nhn lo cho kt qu ca
mnh v khng gp phn gip ng nghip. nh gi da trn kt qu bc l
hn ch, v khng cp n cc kha cnh khc ca thnh tch, chng hn nh:
s hp tc, nhn t ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra li ch cho t
chc, Hn ch cui cng ca cch nh gi ny l khng hu ch gc
pht trin nhn vin. Mc d nh gi ch ra rng kt qu l thp hn mc
chp nhn, chng khng thng cung cp thng tin r rng v cch ci thin
thnh tch cng vic.
Ngi nh gi nn cn trng trong vic xc nh loi thnh tch no l
thch hp nh gi cho mt cng vic c th. Tr phi c s lin kt r rng
gia c im v hiu qu cng vic, nh gi da trn c im nn trnh;
thng thng, rt t vn pht sinh vi h thng nh gi da trn hnh vi v
kt qu. S kt ni cu trc mt cch r rng ca cch tip cn da trn hnh vi
v kt qu c th l thch hp nht cho nhiu cng vic. Phn k tip s m t
cc phng php c th ca nh gi thnh tch.
8.4. Cc phng php nh gi
Thnh tch c th c nh gi theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Hu ht
nhng cch thc nh gi hin ang c s dng c th phn loi hoc l ch
quan hay khch quan. nh gi khch quan c tiu biu l cch thc nh gi
da trn kt qu, trong khi , nh gi ch quan c th c s dng nh
gi c im, hnh vi hoc kt qu.
8.4.1. nh gi khch quan (objective measures)
nh gi khch quan nh gi thnh tch di gc cc con s, chng
hn nh s lng sn phm m nhn vin lm ra hoc tiu th, s cc sn phm
khuyt tt to ra, s ln vng mt hoc i lm tr, hoc nhng ch s s hc trc
tip khc v mc v thi gian m nhn vin thc hin ti cc cng vic chnh.
Mt vi tiu chun cng vic c th l khch quan, nhng khng c tiu chun
no l khch quan hon ton. V d, s sn phm li sn xut ra c th xut pht
t vic hng my hoc cht lng nguyn vt liu mua vo t nh cung cp. C
nm loi chnh ca nh gi khch quan: nh gi s lng sn xut, doanh s
bn, d liu nhn s, nghim thnh tch v nh gi n v kinh doanh.
nh gi s lng sn xut
Ngnh cng nghip ch to s dng nh gi s lng sn xut hn 100
nm. Vic nh gi n gin lin quan n vic m s lng sn phm do mt
cng nhn sn xut ra hoc s lng sn phm hng hoc cc s liu nh lng
khc. nh gi sn lng l thch hp khi nhn vin sn xut ra cc sn phm
vt cht v c th o lng c. Tuy nhin, cng nh bt k nh gi da trn
kt qu no, nh gi sn lng c th khng ph hp cho nhiu cng vic trong
____________________________________________________________________________________________
160
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
t chc hoc chng c th b nh hng bi nhng nhn t ngoi tm kim sot

ca nhn vin. V d, nu ng nghip thng chm tr trong vic cung cp
nguyn liu cho nhn vin th t l hiu sut ca nhn vin b gim. Hoc nu
nhn vin c giao nhim v vi cc my mc c v c nguy c ngng hot
ng th hiu sut ca nhn vin ny thng l thp.
i vi yu cu hiu lc ca nh gi sn lng, phi p ng ba iu kin
sau: (1) vic sn xut phi da trn c s lp li, (2) S sn phm sn xut nn
c tnh ton, (3) v nhn vin nn chu trch nhim cho sn phm lm ra.
nh gi doanh s bn
Thnh tch v sn lng bn thng c nh gi thng qua ch tiu
doanh s bn trong mt giai on thi gian. Thng thng, doanh nghip a ra
mc doanh s c th chp nhn c, v thnh tch vt qua ngng ny s
c thng. nh gi doanh s bn l nh gi da trn c im v c nhiu
thiu st nh nh gi sn lng.
V d, nhn vin bn hng ph trch khu vc nng thn phi dnh nhiu
thi gian i li gia cc th trn, trong khi nhn vin bn hng chu trch nhim
thnh ph ln c th dnh nhiu thi gian cho nhng hp ng vi khch hng
thc s. Sn lng bn ca nhn vin thnh ph ln s nhiu hn so vi nhn
vin ph trch khu vc nng thn, thm ch c hai u n lc v c k nng nh
nhau. Tiu chun doanh s ny b nhiu bi s khc bit v khu vc ph trch,
cng c bit n vi tn xu hng c hi. V th, s dng doanh s bn nh
l ch s so snh thnh tch khi c nhn c th kim sot thnh tch sn lng
ca h, v khi c s iu chnh nhm trnh tc ng ca nhim yu t bn
ngoi, nh s khc bit khu vc phc v.
D liu c nhn
Thng tin t h s nhn vin i khi c s dng nh gi thnh tch.
nh gi nhn vin s bao gm nhng chi tit nh s ln vng mt hay i tr
hoc s lng cc khin trch hoc k lut m nhn vin nhn c.
C nhng vn nghim trng ny sinh khi s dng d liu nhn vin.
l s nhim yu t bn ngoi. Nu nhn vin vng mt ni lm vic l do b au
m hoc do b h xe, iu ny khng c ngha rng nhn vin c thnh tch
km. D liu nhn vin cn cn nhc n tnh lin quan. Nu mt nhn vin
thng i lm tr nhng to ra nhiu sn phm v c cht lng cao hn ng
nghip, liu nhn vin c phi l ngi thc hin cng vic km hay khng?
nh gi nhn vin c th t c tin cy, v mt vi gim st vin ghi li
s vng mt v tr mt cch cn thn hn gim st khc. D liu c nhn c
s dng nh mt cng c nh gi thnh tch khi c s lin h mt thit gia
tiu chun v hiu qu cng vic thc t, chng hn nh tr hon vic sn xut l
bt ngun t vic i tr ca nhn vin.
Trc nghim thnh tch
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161
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Trc nghim thnh tch l vic thc hin cng vic mu hoc m phng
cng vic trong nhng iu kin chun ha. V d, phi cng c cho thc hin
vic iu hnh bay trong khoang li m phng nhm nh gi kh nng x l
thng thng v trong cc trng hp khn cp. Trc nghim thnh tch l hu
ch trong trng hp kh thu thp cc thng tin so snh hoc d liu thnh tch
b nhiu, nhng chng tn ti nhiu hn ch. Trc kt, n khng y v ch
mt vi kha cnh ca cng vic c m phng. Th hai, nu nhn vin bit
c h ang c kim tra, h s n lc ht mnh t thnh tch cao. Vn
cui cng l tnh thc t, cc trc nghim thnh tch thng l rt tn km v
thi gian v tin bc pht trin v thc thi.
nh gi n v kinh doanh
Cc nh gi khch quan trn t khi hu ch cho tt c nh qun tr. Tuy
nhin, thnh tch ca nhng nh qun tr cp cao thi thong c o lng bng
cch nh gi khch quan thnh tch ca n v m h ph trch. Cc tiu chun
c th bao gm gi c phiu, sinh li trn ti sn, li nhun, hoc th phn. R
rng, cc nh gi ny c th b nhiu bi cc nhn t kinh t ngoi kim sot
ca nh qun tr nhng chng c th l hu ch khi so snh vi tiu chun
ngnh.
Tm li, mi loi nh gi khch quan c im mnh v hn ch ring. V
d, nh gi khch quan c thun li gim li v sai lch so vi nh gi ch
quan. Tuy nhin, nh gi khch quan him khi thu ht s ng gp ca c nhn
vo t chc. o lng s lng, cht lng, s tham gia v thm ch li nhun
c th i din cho nhng tiu thc cng vic quan trng nhng loi b cc nhn
t khc chng hn nh s hp tc hoc s sn sng tham gia vo vic thc hin
cng vic. Nhiu t chc tin rng nh gi khch quan l trn vn hn kha
cnh i din cho thnh tch, v v vy, s dng nh gi khch quan hoc l
h tr hoc thay th nh gi ch quan trong h thng nh gi.
8.4.2. nh gi ch quan (subjective measures)
V nh gi ph thuc nhiu vo yu t con ngi, nn nh gi ch quan
s vp phi cc li nh gi. Hu ht cc h thng nh gi thnh tch nhn
mnh nhiu vo nh gi thnh tch ch quan. Mt nghin cu bo co rng
trong s 96 n v cng an cc thnh ph ln, gn 90% s dng nh gi gim
st nh l cng c nh gi thnh tch chnh. Bt c ngi no c th quan st
thnh tch ca nhn vin, bao gm gim st vin, ng nghip, cp di, khch
hng v bn thn nhn vin, c th nh gi ch quan.
Khng ging vi nh gi khch quan, nh gi ch quan c th c s
dng khi nhn vin khng to ra cc sn phm vt cht. nh gi ch quan c
s dng nh gi hnh vi hoc c im c nhn cng nh kt qu. Vn
chnh ca nh gi thnh tch ch quan l ngi nh gi phi quan st v nh
gi hnh vi lin quan n cng vic. Ngi nh gi c th khng c c hi
quan st hnh vi ca nhn vin, v tt nhin, vic nh gi c th b sai lch.
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162
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
8.4.2.1. Cc th tc so snh.
So snh ch quan thnh tch ca nhng c nhn ring l theo mt th hng
t gii nht n km nht. Ba loi th tc so snh c s dng trong nh gi
thnh tch l: xp hng, so snh cp v phn phi trng s.
(i) Xp hng (Ranking)
Khi s dng phng php xp hng, ngi ta so snh trc tip cc c nhn
vi nhau. u dim ca phng php ny l d gii thch, hiu v s dng, khng
nhng th n cn i hi t thi gian v chi ph hn cc k thut nh gi khc.
Quy trnh xp hng n gin nht l xp hng thng, trong ngi nh
gi sp xp nhn vin t tt nht n km nht trn c s thnh tch ton din
ca nhn vin. Trc tin nhn vin tt nht c xc nh, ri th n ngi
th hai, v tip tc cho n nhn vin km nht. Cch th hai gi l xp hng
lun phin.
Theo cch ny, trc ht ngi nh gi tin hnh xp hng nhn vin tt
nht, k tip n nhn vin km nht, sau n nhn vin tt th hai, ri nhn
vin km tip theo, quy trnh tip tc cho n khi nh gi ht tt c nhn vin.
(ii) So snh cp
Tt c cc cp so snh phi c hnh thnh. Ngi nh gi phi xc nh
nhn vin no trong mi cp l tt hn ngi kia. Th hng ca nhn vin c
xc nh bi s ln ngi c nh gi cao trong mi cp. Nhn vin c
la chn nhiu nht c xp hng ln nht.
S dng phng php ny i hi vic so snh nhiu cp ngay c khi s
lng nhn vin khng ln. Cng thc tnh s cp l n(n-1)/2, trong n l
s nhn vin. V d, nu c 10 nhn vin trong mt nhm, th s so snh phi
thc hin l 10(9)/2= 45. Trong trng hp ca 20 nhn vin, s cp phi nh
gi l 190. So snh cp l phc tp hn xp hng thng, nhng so snh cp cho
kt qu nht qun v tin cy hn.
Biu 8.2- V d v so snh cp
H c xp hng cao nht.

Ghi ch: Du (+) c ngha l tt hn, v du (-) c ngha l km hn
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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(iii) Phn phi trng s

Phn phi trng s l k thut phn b th hng v c th c tch hp
vi bt k phng php nh gi no. Tuy nhin, phng php ny i hi s so
snh gia cc c nhn trong nhm xem xt. Vi phn phi trng s, th hng
thnh tch ca nhn vin c phn b theo ng phn phi chun. S dng
phn phi trng s, v d, y t trng s nh gi cc y t theo thang nh gi
phn nh mc phn trm mi mc thnh tch. V d, cc loi thnh tch
c thit lp vi yu cu rng 10% khng p ng yu cu, 20% di yu cu,
40% p ng yu cu, 20% gii v 10% xut sc nh minh ha hnh 8.5.
Vn chnh ca phn phi trng s l nhm nhn vin c th khng tun
theo phn phi trng s c xc nh. Cc gim st vin thng khng thch
h thng phn phi trng s bi v chng hn ch s t do ca ngi nh gi.
Hnh 8.5- V d v phn phi trng s

8.4.2.2. Cc tiu chun tuyt i
Thay v so snh thnh tch ca nhn vin vi cc ng nghip khc, h
thng nh gi c th s dng cc tiu chun thnh tch cng vic tuyt i.
Thnh tch ca nhn vin c nh gi trn tiu chun xy dng. Cc tiu
chun tuyt i to iu kin cho vic so snh nhn vin t cc b phn khc
nhau. Cc cch thc ca k thut tiu chun tuyt i bao gm thang im nh
gi, lit k kim tra, k thut s kin quan trng, thang im nh gi hnh vi v
thanh quan st hnh vi.
(i) Thang im nh gi (Graphic rating scales)
y l k thut nh gi c s dng rng ri nht. Ngi nh gi tin
hnh nh gi nhn vin trn mi tiu thc thnh tch thng qua vic s dng
thang im lin tc. Hnh 8.6 l mt v d v thang im nh gi nhm o
lng thnh tch theo tiu thc cht lng. Nhng tiu thc ny uc xy dng
trn c s phn tch cng vic.
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hnh 8.6 - V d v thang im nh gi

u im ca thang nh gi l d xy dng v s dng cng nh c
ngi nh gi chp nhn. Nu c xy dng mt cch chnh xc, phng
php thang im ng tin cy v hiu lc hn cc k thut phc tp khc do c
th hn ch cc li nh gi. Tuy nhin, phng php thang im bc l hn ch
v tiu thc thnh tch s dng nh gi v thang im khng c xc nh
v m t r s gy kh khn cho ngi nh gi. Trong v d trn, thang im A
khng nh ngha tiu thc c nh gi, v thang nh gi l m h.
Trn thc t, s dng hiu qu thang im nh gi, ngi pht trin
thang im phi nh ngha r mc ca mi cp thnh tch trn thang cho
mi tiu thc nh gi: nh th no l phc v khch hng t yu cu...
(ii) Lit k kim tra (Weighted Cheklists)
Biu 8.3. Lit k kim tra cho cng vic gim st
(mu nh gi mt gim st vin)
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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(iii) K thut s kin in hnh (Critical-Incident technique)

Khi s dng s kin in hnh nh gi thnh tch, ngi nh gi phi
ghi chp v lu tr cc thng tin v nhn vin, ghi chp nhng s kin v hnh
vi hoc thnh tch l hiu qu hoc khng hiu qu. Cc s kin c thu thp
ngay khi c th. Vo cui giai on nh gi, d liu ny c s dng nh
gi thnh tch ca nhn vin. (Biu 8.4. l v d v phng php ny).
Biu 8.4- V d v mu ghi chp v vic quan trng
Ghi ch: Mc A ni v trch nhim cung cp thng tin hng dn cho

khch hng. Mc B ni v s phi hp.
K thut s kin in hnh i hi ngi nh gi dnh nhiu thi gian v
thc s kh l phi xc nh bao nhiu v cu trc cc s kin nh th no cho
nh gi cui cng. Tuy nhin, v hu ht ngi thc hin nh gi bn tm n
vic nh cc hnh vi ca nhn vin trong giai on nh gi, phng php ny
rt hu ch trong vic h tr cc phng php khch quan c m t trn.
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng phng php ny gim thiu li bao dung v
phn bit mt cch chi tit hn. m bo tnh kh thi v thnh cng ca
phng php ny, ngi quan st phi tin hnh quan st thng xuyn cp di
trong sut giai on nh gi v ghi li nhng s vic quan st c.
(iv) Thang im nh gi hnh vi-BARS (Behaviorally anchored rating scale)
Thang im nh gi hnh vi nh ngha mt cch chi tit v y tng
im nh gi trn thang trong s dng mu hnh vi i din cho cc mc
thnh tch c th. S dng cch xy dng thang nh gi ny cho cc tiu thc
quan trng ca thnh tch, ngi nh gi s c thang im tng hp. Trn c s
, khi tin hnh nh gi thnh tch nhn vin, ngi nh gi phi nh du
mc i din tt nht cho thnh tch ca nhn vin.
Hnh 8.7. m t phng php BARS cho tiu thc thnh tch gii quyt
vn / ra quyt nh cho cng vic ca nh qun tr cp trung. Pht trin thang
im nh gi hnh vi l tin trnh mt nhiu thi gian, tn km v chi ph v
i hi s n lc ca nhiu ngi. Cc bc nh sau:
Mt nhm nhng nhn vin tham gia (bao hm c cng nhn v ngi
gim st) xc nh cc tiu thc quan trng to nn thnh tch. Yu cu i vi
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166
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
cc thnh vin ca nhm l am hiu v cng vic m nhn vin thc hin. Tip
theo, nhm s vit nh ngha, bn m t cho mi mt tiu thc thnh tch.
Hnh 8.7 V d v thang im nh gi hnh vi

Nhm th hai nu ln cc s kin in hnh minh ha cc mc
thnh tch: hiu qu, trung bnh v khng hiu qu cho tng tiu thc. Bc ny
chng ta s trin khai cc tiu thc thnh cc mc nh nh gi cho tiu
thc . Trong v d trn, tiu thc v gii quyt vn c trin khai thnh 07
mc .
Nhm th ba c cung cp bn lit k ca cc tiu thc v mt chng
cc th, mi th cha mt trong s cc s kin in hnh cho tiu thc. Cng
vic ca mi thnh vin trong nhm l n nh mi s kin in hnh vo tng
tiu thc thch hp nht. N c gi l ti dch thut. Cc s kin in hnh
khng c t cng mt v tr bi phn ln cc c nhn trong nhm ti dch
thut s b loi ra do khng r rng.
Nhm th t nh gi mc thnh tch trn mi s kin i din cn
li. V d nh, gi s rng s kin mm ci v cho khch hng c lit vo
tiu thc dch v khch hng ca thnh tch. Cc thnh vin ca nhm ny s
nh gi s kin ny liu n i din cho mc xut sc, trn trung bnh, trung
bnh hoc di trung bnh. Trung bnh v lch chun ca nhng nh gi ny
s c tnh ton cho mi s kin in hnh. S kin s b loi nu cc thnh
vin khng nht tr vi mc thnh tch i din.
bc cui cng, thang nh gi s c th nghim trong t chc.
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167
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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Lu rng BARS c th c pht trin ch vi hai nhm hn l bn

nhm. Trong trng hp ny, nhm mt thc hin bc 1 v 2 v nhm th hai
hon tt bc 3 v 4.
Phng php BARS cn nhiu thi gian xy dng v n lin quan n
nhiu ngi. ng ngc nhin l hn ch ny cng chnh l im mnh chnh
ca phng php. Cc nhn vin c nh gi bng phng php ny c th h
tr xy dng n. S tham gia ca ngi c nh gi to c hi cho BARS
gia tng tnh hiu lc v nhn vin d chp nhn chng.
V BARS lin quan mt thit n cng vic nn phng php ny t chu
thch thc trc lut php hn so cc phng php nh gi khc. Tuy nhin, s
dng phng php ny c th l khng thc t. Mi loi cng vic cn mt
BARS ring, v iu ny nhiu khi l khng th i vi t chc, v l do kinh t
hoc do c qu t nhn vin trong mt cng vic c th cho k thut kh thi.
(v) Thang quan st hnh vi BOSs (Bihavioral observation scale)
Cc nh gi vin s dng BARS nh gi cm thy kh khn trong
vic tm kim im c th i din cho thnh tch ca nhn vin, ngi thi
thong c nhng hnh vi tch cc nhng ti thi im khc th thc hin km.
Phng php quan st hnh vi c pht trin nhm khc phc nhc im ny
(Xem hnh 8.8).
Cp thnh tch ton din

Khng t 5-9 t 10-14
Gii 15-19 Xut sc 20+
Hnh 8.8 - V d thang im quan st hnh vi

cho tiu thc thnh tch giao tip vi cp di
pht trin BOSs, trc tin cc chuyn gia cng vic xc nh cc nhm
s kin in hnh tng t v t chc chng thnh cc tiu thc thnh tch.
Trong hnh 8.8, mt vi s kin hnh vi c nhm gp hnh thnh tiu thc
thnh tch giao tip vi cp di. Cc chuyn gia nh gi cc s kin hnh
vi, nhm m bo chng lin quan n tiu thc v quan trng nhm phn bit
gia nhn vin thnh cng v nhn vin km. Nu cc chuyn gia khng ng
v mc lin quan ca s kin, chng s b loi. Thang im 5 s c s dng
gip cho ngi nh gi bit mc thng xuyn ca hnh vi m nhn vin
th hin.
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168
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
u im ca thang quan st hnh vi l chng da trn phn tch k v cng

vic. Hiu lc ni dung ca s kin BOS c nh gi trc tip v BOSs c
php lut tha nhn. BOSs cng hu ch trong vic cung cp thng tin phn hi
cho nhn vin. Hn na, BOSs khng nhng ch ra hnh vi no i din tt nht
cho thnh tch ca nhn vin m n cn th hin mc thng xuyn ca hnh
vi ny, n cung cp thng tin v thnh tch su hn.
8.4.3. i tng nh gi
T nh gi
i khi nhn vin c yu cu t nh gi thnh tch ca mnh, v dng
iu ny l hp l, v nhn vin l ngi nh gi tt nht cho thnh tch ca h,
c bit trong trng hp gim st vin khng th quan st nhn vin. Nu cc
nhn vin hiu c mc tiu v tiu chun hon thnh cng vic, h s c th
t mnh nh gi vic hon thnh cng vic ca mnh. Khi i tng nh gi l
chnh nhn vin, iu ny s ng vin chnh h v h s tham gia vo tin trnh
nh gi.
Cp trn trc tip
Cp trn trc tip nh gi thnh tch ca cp di l mt phng php
ph bin nht. Trn thc t, trong mt cuc nghin cu ti M, kt qu cho thy
96% cc cng ty tin hnh theo phng php ny, v y cng chnh l phng
php thng c s dng ti Vit nam. C nhiu l do gii thch ti sao cc
cng ty p dng phng php ny: (1) v cp qun tr trc tip bit rt r vic
mc hon thnh cng vic ca cp di; (2) cp qun tr trc tip c trch
nhim qun tr n v mnh cho nn cn phi trc tip nh gi nhn vin mnh;
(3) v o to pht trin l mt yu t quan trng trong cc chng trnh nh
gi v y cng chnh l nhim v ca mi cp qun tr, do , cc chng trnh
nh gi v pht trin nhn vin cn phi kt hp cht ch.
Cp di
Mt s nh qun tr cp cao ng h vic s dng cp di nh gi cc nh
qun tr ca h. H cho rng nhng nhn vin cp di s l ngi c s nh
gi xc ng nht v tnh hiu qu trong cc hot ng ca cp trn lin quan
n hoch nh, t chc, lnh o, y tuyn v giao tip. Vi cch tip cn ny,
ngi ta tin rng, cp trn s tn tm hn i vi cc nhu cu ca cp di v
lm tt hn cng vic qun l thuc phn hnh ca mnh. Tuy nhin, nhiu
ngi li lo rng, nh qun tr s b bn lun trong cc cuc bn, hoc l nhn
vin e ngi, s b tr a. cho cch tip cn ny thnh cng, cn m bo
giu tn ngi nh gi, nhu7ngt y l mt cng vic kh khn, c bit l
cc phng, ban nh. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cp trn d c khuynh
hng xu xa, bnh dn ha v d di vi cp di lm va lng h.
ng nghip
So snh vi cp trn nh gi, th ng nghip nh gi c v tt hn, v h
c th nm bt cc tiu thc quan trng ca thnh tch, tp trung vo nhng k
____________________________________________________________________________________________
169
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nng lin quan n thnh tch. Mt cuc nghin cu ch ra rng ng nghip

nh gi chnh xc nht thnh tch ca nhn vin. ng nghip nh gi c s
dng khi nh gim st vin khng c c hi quan st thnh tch ca cp di,
nhng ng nghip th thc hin c.
Khch hng nh gi
Mt ngun thng tin nh gi khc xut pht t khch hng. Nhng nh
gi ny l ph bin theo kha cnh ca cung cp dch v, ni m c mc tham
gia cao ca khch hng v khi nhn vin dch v l xa so vi nhn vin khc
hoc ngi gim st. Khch hng c th l khch hng bn trong v khch hng
bn ngoi. V khch hng bn trong, c th v d i vi cc chuyn vin ngun
nhn lc, s bao gm tt c nhn vin ca t chc. Cn v khch hng bn
ngoi, s kh khn cho ch doanh nghip hoc nh qun tr, v kh bit ht c
liu dch v ca doanh nghip c c thc hin theo tiu chun qui nh hay
khng, nu nh khng c phn hi t khch hng. Phn hi ny c th c thu
thp thng qua phng vn qua in thoi vi khch hng hoc t phng vn
thng thng.
nh gi 3600
Ngy cng nhiu cng ty ang tin hnh nh gi 3600, l cch m vic
nh gi thnh tch c thu thp ng thi t cp di, ng nghip, ngi
gim st v chnh nhn vin,... Phng php 3600 cung cp mt bc tranh hon
ton v hnh vi cng vic, v n xem xt mi ngi mi gc v kha cnh.
nh gi 3600 thng c s dng cho mc ch pht trin v phn hi.
Trng tm l nh gi nhng k nng lin quan n vic thc hin cng vic.
Thng tin c th thu thp thng qua cc hnh thc nh gi, cc gi ng- m,
hoc kt hp c hai. Cch tip cn 3600 s tt nht, khi kt qu c chn lc
thng qua vic hng dn v t nh gi. Mc d nhiu t chc ang s dng
nh gi 3600, vic nh gi ny s thnh cng nht trong cc t chc to ra bu
khng kh gi m v hp tc, cng vi h thng pht trin ngh nghip.
8.5. Nng cao hiu qu cng tc nh gi nng lc thc hin cng vic
ca nhn vin
8.5.1. o to ngi nh gi
Mt vi chng trnh o to ngi nh gi c xy dng nhm tr gip
ngi nh gi t c cc nh gi chnh xc v ng tin cy. Nhng chng
trnh ny c phn lm 3 loi: o to li ngi nh gi, o to h quy chiu
v o to x l thng tin.
o to trnh li ngi nh gi. Nhn vin c th c dy
gim thiu li nh gi, chng hn nh li thin kin, bnh qun...Trong vic o
to ny, ngi nh gi xem xt mu ca cc li thng thng v nhn c gi
lm th no trnh n.
Bo v lng nghe. Theo cch thc bo v lng nghe phn hi v
phng vn, ngi gim st ni vi nhn vin iu g ng v sai vi thnh tch
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Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
qu kh ca nhn vin v cho h c hi phn ng li. Phm vi ca phn ng

ca cp di l rt a dng. Cp di n gin c th c cho c hi phn
ng li pht biu (nh gi) ca ngi gim st hoc c th c php ngh
mt bn t nh gi y , c th thch thc vi nhng g gim st vin
nh gi.
Gii quyt vn . Nhn vin nh gi thnh tch ca chnh h v thit lp
mc tiu cho thnh tch tng lai. Ngi gim st ch yu l ngi gip , l
ng nghip hn l ngi nh gi, v c trch nhim a ra li khuyn theo
cch thn thin. Cc cuc tho lun ch ng v gi m c tin hnh vi mc
ch l dn ci thin thnh tch.
8.5.2. Yu cu i vi cp lnh o
Yu cu i vi cp lnh o i vi qu trnh nh gi c th lu l:
Lm cho nhn vin tin rng nh gi thc hin cng vic l cng bng
v khuyn khch h ch ng, tch cc tham gia vo trong tin trnh nh gi.
nh k thc hin cng tc nh gi thc hin cng vic. Nu nhn vin
lm tt, cc nhn xt, nh gi v vic thc hin cng vic s lm cho h phn
khi, hng say lm vic, ngc li nu h cha lm tt, h cng c c hi tm
hiu v cc khim khuyt v t hon thin.
Quan tm i vi nhn vin v hiu bit cng vic ca nhn vin. Gia
lnh o v nhn vin cn c s nht tr v nhng yu cu, trch nhim, tiu
chun trong thc hin ca nhn vin. Khi nhn vin thc hin cng vic cha
tt, lnh o cn hng dn c th cho nhn vin bit cch thc sa cha nhng
khuyt im trong thc hin cng vic.
8.6. Phng vn nh gi nng lc thc hin cng vic ca nhn vin
Phng vn nh gi nng lc thc hin cng vic ca nhn vin l mt
cuc hp chnh thc vo cui k gia nh qun l v nhn vin, nhm trao i
nhng vn lin quan n vic nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca nhn vin. y
l hnh thc cung cp phn hi chnh thc quan trng v ph bin nht trong cc
t chc, doanh nghip hin nay.
8.6.1. Khu chun b
chun b cho mt cuc phng vn, nh qun tr phi quan tm n hai
im chnh:
n nh lch phng vn;
thu thp thng tin v la chn phng php phng vn.
8.6.1.1. n nh lch trnh phng vn
Nh qun tr cn n nh lch phng vn v thng bo cho nhn vin ca
mnh bit trc kp chun b. Lch phng vn phi c ln k hoch ngay
sau khi kt thc giai on nh gi thnh tch cng tc. Nhn vin thng bit
khi no s c mt cuc phng vn, nhng nu chng ta tr hon, th ni lo u ca
h s gia tng. Cc nh qun tr thng thch phng vn nhng nhn vin no
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171
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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hon thnh tt cng tc v c khuyng hng min cng i vi nhng ngi

lm vic km. iu ny l khng nn.
Thi gian dnh cho phng vn thay i ty theo chnh sch ca cng ty v
ty theo v tr ca ngi c phng vn. Nu c c cuc phng vn ln lng,
th chng ta nn tch thnh hai cuc phng vn: Phng vn nh gi thnh tch
cng tc v phng vn tng lng. L do l nu chng ta tin hnh hai phm vi
cng mt lc th nhn vin hay cp di thng thch tp trung vn vo
chuyn tng lng hn.
8.6.1.2. Thu thp thng tin v chn phng php phng vn
Trc khi phng vn, nh qun tr cn thu thp y thng tin v s hon
thnh cng tc ca cp di.
Ngoi loi phng vn tng lng nh trnh by, cc nh qun tr c th
la chn mt trong bn loi phng vn sau y:
Phng vn ni v thuyt phc (tell - and - sell - ch sell y c ngha
l thuyt phc ch khng c ngha l bn hng hay cho hng);
Phng vn ni v nghe (tell - and - listen);
Phng vn gii quyt vn (problem solving)
Phng vn tng hp (mixed interview).
(i) Phng vn ni v thuyt phc
Phng vn ni v thuyt phc cn c gi l phng vn hng dn
(directive interview). Cp qun tr cho cp di bit h hon thnh cng vic tt
xu th no, v thuyt phc h ra mc tiu ci tin cng tc nu cn. Loi
phng vn ny c hiu qu trong vic ci tin cng tc, c bit l i vi nhng
nhn vin c thc v c c vng hi nhp.
(ii) Phng vn ni v nghe
y l loi phng vn khng theo mt cng thc cng nhc no, nhng
li i hi ngi nh gi phi c k nng t cu hi v bit lng nghe cng
nh i hi cp qun tr chun b cc cu hi tht k. Cuc phng vn ny to
c hi cho cp di c c hi i thoi vi cp trn.
Mc ch ca cuc phng vn ny nhm truyn t cc nhn xt ca cp
trn v cc im mnh v im yu ca cp di, v cho h tr li. Cp trn
tm tt v lp li mt s kin ca cp di, nhng li khng ra mc tiu
hon thnh cng tc. Kt qu l cp di c th cm thy vui v hn nhng vic
hon thnh cng tc ca h c th s khng thay i g.
(iii) Phng vn gii quyt vn
Cc phng php trn c mt c mt s nhc im, do mt s cng ty
coi cuc phng vn nh gi nh l mt din n hai bn cng nhau gii
quyt vn . y cuc i thoi tch cc v ci m. Cc gii php cng nh
cc d bit u c a ln bn m x v tho lun. Cc mc tiu ci tin cng
vic u c hai bn tho lun. Loi phng vn ny tng i kh iu khin,
v v th cn phi o to cho cp di bit cch gii quyt vn .
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172
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
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(iv) Phng vn tng hp

Phng vn tng hp l s kt hp hai phng php phng vn ni v
thuyt phc v phng vn gii quyt vn . Cuc phng vn bt u bng vic
cp di nghe li nhn xt nh gi ca cp trn. Sau , c hai bn tho lun v
vic cn phi ci tin ci g v lm cch no ci tin hon thnh cng vic (gii
quyt vn ), v sau cng l c hai bn tha thun v cc mc tiu ci tin.
8.6.2. Khu tin hnh cuc phng vn nh gi
Khi bt u cuc phng vn, nh qun tr nn lu nhng iu sau y:
To s thoi mi cho nhn vin
Lp li mc ch cuc phng vn
Thng bo trnh t phng vn
Trong khi phng vn, nh qun tr nn lu nhng iu sau y:
Ghi nhn v biu dng nhng vic lm tt
So snh kt qu cng vic vi cc mc tiu
Tho g nhng vng mc, kh khn
a ra nhng li t vn, nu cn
Tha thun v hiu qu lm vic trong tng lai
Ghi chp
Khuyn khch nhn vin ni
t cu hi
Lng nghe
Thng bo kt qu nh gi
ng x khi nhn vin ng
ng x khi nhn vin khng ng
Khi kt thc cuc phng vn, nh qun tr nn lu nhng iu sau y:
Kim tra xem cc ghi chp c r rng v hon chnh cha
Tm tt li nhng ni dung tho lun
a ra nhng li ng vin tip tc
8.6.3. H s nh gi: (Xem cc mu cui chng)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
173
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 8.1: NH GI QU TRNH LM VIC V KH NNG PHT TRIN
(S dng cho v tr nhn vin)
H v tn
: M s nhn vin:
B phn
: Chc v
Ngy vo lm vic :.Thi gian nh gi: t n

Mc ch nh gi :
Th vic
Cc yu t nh gi
Hng nm
1
Tng bc
4
Khc:
Thi lm vic
Kin thc,k nng chuyn mn
Quan tm n s pht trin

ca cng ty
Bo m ngy gi cng
Quan h vi ng nghip
Hon thnh cng vic ng hn
Tinh thn trch nhim
Cht lng/kt qu cng vic
Kh nng gii quyt vn
Chp hnh ni qui v k lut
Trung thc, chnh trc, t tin
K nng trao i thng tin
Tinh thn hc hi
Nhng k nng khc:

Ngoi ng
Tin hc
Khc
Kh nng pht trin:

Sn sng chp nhn th
thch
Sng kin
Kh nng t chc gim st
Kh nng hng dn
NH GI CHUNG (Yu cu ghi chi tit phn nhn xt)
Nhn xt :
u im :
Khuyt im :
ngh :
Ngi nh gi
Ph duyt ca cp trn
Tn :
B phn :
Ngy :
Ngy :
K tn :
K tn :
Ch thch:
4-Rt tt
Thc hin cng vic vt xa mc tiu chun/ch tiu v hon thnh mc tiu mt
cch xut sc
3-Tt
Thc hin cng vic trn mc tiu chun v hon thnh nhim v/ch tiu
2-Kh
Thc hin cng vic ng mc tiu chun ra v hon thnh c bn
1-Cn c gng
Thc hin cng vic km v di mc yu cu
0-Khng nh gi
Cha thi gian nh gi (ngi mi) hoc khng ph hp nh gi
____________________________________________________________________________________________
174
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 8.2: NH GI QU TRNH LM VIC V KH NNG PHT TRIN
(S dng cho v tr qun l)
H v tn
: M s nhn vin:
B phn
: Chc v

Mc ch nh gi :
Th vic
Cc yu t nh gi
Hng nm
1
Tng bc
4
Khc:
Thi lm vic
Kin thc,k nng chuyn mn
Nhit tnh
Kh nng hc hi
T tin
Bo m ngy gi cng
Chnh trc
Hon thnh cng vic ng hn
ng tin cy
Cht lng/kt qu cng vic
Kh nng pht trin

Sn sng nhim v
Sng kin
Gim st, t chc
Kh nng lnh o
Lm vic c lp
Tinh thn tin ch
Tinh thn hp tc ng i
Chp hnh ni qui v k lut
Tinh thn trch nhim
Quan h vi ng nghip
K nng ngoi ng
Tn ty vi cng vic
NH GI CHUNG (Yu cu ghi chi tit phn nhn xt)
Nhn xt :
u im :
Khuyt im :
ngh :
Ngi c nh gi
Ngi nh gi
Ph duyt ca cp trn
K tn :
K tn :
K tn :
Ngy :
Ngy :
Ngy :
Ch thch:
4-Rt tt
Thc hin cng vic vt xa mc tiu chun/ch tiu v hon thnh mc tiu mt
cch xut sc
3-Tt
Thc hin cng vic trn mc tiu chun v hon thnh nhim vu / ch tiu
2-Kh
Thc hin cng vic ng mc tiu chun ra v hon thnh c bn
1-Cn c gng
Thc hin cng vic km v di mc yu cu
0-Khng nh gi
Cha thi gian nh gi (ngi mi) hoc khng ph hp nh gi
____________________________________________________________________________________________
175
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mu 8.3: NH GI HIU QU LM VIC (khi p dng phng vn nh gi)

H v tn
: M s nhn vin:
B phn
: Chc v

Mc ch nh gi :
Th vic
Hng nm
Tng bc
Khc:
NHIM V (Lit k nhng nhim v c bn ca nhn vin)
Qui nh v cc mc hiu qu cng vic:

Xut sc (A)
Lun lm vic t kt qu c bit cao
Tt (B)
Thng xuyn lm tt hn mc yu cu
t yu cu (C)
Hiu qu cng vic lun tt hn mc yu cu
Cn c gng (D)
Hiu qu cng vic i khi cha t mc yu cu, cn n lc thm
Km (E)
Hiu qu cng vic lun thp hn mc yu cu nhiu, khng th chp nhn c
Khng p dng(O)
Tiu ch ny khng dng nh gi
TIU CH NH GI
Nhn xt
K nng chuyn mn (p dng i vi cc nhn vin lm cc cng vic k thut)

Kin thc chuyn mn
Kh nng phn tch vn
Kh nng xut cc kin ngh ci tin cng vic
p dng thnh tho cc cng c lm vic
Cht lng cng vic
chnh xc
hon thin
tin cy
Tinh thn trch nhim p ng cc yu cu cung cp
dch v
K nng giao tip c nhn
Tng tc vi ng nghip
Tng tc vi cp trn
Tham gia hot ng nhm
ng gp cho hot ng nhm
Quyt tm v thnh cng ca nhm
____________________________________________________________________________________________
176
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
K nng trao i thng tin (nu ph hp vi tnh cht cng vic)
K nng vit
K nng ni
Sn sng chia s thng tin
T nh v lch s
Phng php lm vic (tnh cch th hin trong khi lm vic)
Tch cc tm cch ci tin qui trnh
Sn sng tip nhn nhng tng, cch lm vic mi
Sng to
C k hoch v t chc
Linh hot
Theo ng ch dn
m bo ngy cng
Khi lng cng vic
Khi lng cng vic hon thnh
Khi lng cng vic hon thnh ng thi hn
K nng lnh o (p dng cho v tr qun l)
Hun luyn v pht trin nhn vin
Lm ng trch nhim v quyn hn
Thng xuyn nh gi nhn vin
Dm ng u vi cc vn v hiu qu lm vic
Kim sot chi ph v qun l ngun lc
t yu cu cao cho bn thn v cho ngi khc
Chp nhn nhng ph bnh mang tnh xy dng
NH GI CHUNG (nh du x vo nhng di y)
Xut sc
Tt
t yu cu
Cn c gng
Km
Nhn xt ca ngi nh gi
Cc k hoch hnh ng/ Cc mc tiu o to v pht trin (nu c, ghi tm tt)
kin ca nhn vin (nu c)
Ti c v tho lun vi cp trn v bn nh gi ny. Ti hiu r ni dung vit trong bn nh

gi. Bng vic k tn di y, ti cng nhn ti c thng bo v kt qu nh gi. Tuy nhin,
iu khng c ngha l ti hon ton nht tr vi kt qu nh gi cng nh cc ni dung vit
y.
Ngy:Nhn vin k tn:
Ngi nh gi
Ngy:K tn:
Cp trn ph duyt:
Ngy:K tn:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
177
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 9
TR CNG LAO NG
__________
9.1. Khi nim v ngha ca tr cng lao ng
9.1.1. Khi nim
Mi t chc tn ti t c cc mc tiu v mc ch c th. Nhng c
nhn lm vic cho t chc cng c nhng nhu cu ring. Mt trong nhng nhu
cu l tin, n cho php h mua cc hng ha v dch v khc nhau hin hu
trn th trng. V vy, c c s cho s trao i: nhn vin phi thc hin nhng
hnh vi lao ng m t chc mong i nhm t c mc tiu v mc ch ca
t chc i li vic t chc s tr cho h tin bc, hng ho v dch v.
Tp hp tt c cc khon chi tr di cc hnh thc nh tin, hng ho v
dch v m ngi s dng lao ng tr cho nhn vin to thnh h thng tr
cng th lao lao ng.
Khon tr cng th hin di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, nhng ch yu
l tin lng, tin cng. Tin lng lun l mt vn thi s nng bng trong
i sng sn xut v i sng x hi ca mt quc gia. N hm cha nhiu mi
quan h mu thun gia sn xut v nng cao mc sng, gia tch ly v tiu
dng, gia thu nhp ca cc thnh phn dn c, v.v
i vi hng triu ngi lm cng n lng, tin lng l mi quan tm
hng ngy i vi h. Tht vy, tin lng l ngun thu nhp chnh nhm duy tr
v nng cao mc sng ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h. mt gc khc,
tin lng c th c xem l bng chng th hin gi tr, a v, uy tn ca
ngi lao ng i vi c nhn v x hi.
9.1.2. ngha ca tr cng trong doanh nghip
i vi doanh nghip
Tin lng l mt yu t quan trng ca chi ph sn xut, trong khi , ch
doanh nghip li mong mun thu c li nhun ti a, v do vy, i vi h
gim thiu chi ph tin lng c th l gim php cn thit. Tuy nhin, iu ny
khng hon ton ng, v tin lng ngoi bn cht l chi ph n cn l phng
tin to ra gi tr mi.
Vi mt mc chi ph tin lng thp, doanh nghip s khng huy ng
c sc lao ng cn thit cho hot ng ca doanh nghip. iu ny dn n
vic gim quy m hot ng ca doanh nghip, ng thi lm gim li nhun.
Mt khc, vi mc tin lng thp, ngi lao ng s khng c ng lc lm
vic mnh m, nn nng sut lao ng thp lm cho t l chi ph tin lng
trong sn phm tng ln ko theo t sut li nhun gim.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
178
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Vi mt mc lng cao, doanh nghip s c kh nng li ko thm lao

ng gii m rng sn xut, tng quy m hot ng lm tng quy m li
nhun. Vic mc lng cao s c tc dng tch cc trong vic to ra ng lc
lm vic mnh m cho ngi lao ng, nh m nng cao nng sut, ci thin
t sut li nhun. Tuy nhin, vic tr lng cao c th nh hng trc tip n
vic gia tng quy m chi ph, c bit l trng hp tc tng tin lng
nhanh hn tc tng ca nng sut lao ng.
Tm li, i vi ch doanh nghip, tin lng va l yu t chi ph cn
c kim sot, song tin lng cng li va l phng tin kinh doanh nn cn
c m rng. gii quyt mu thun ny, doanh nghip cn phi xy dng
mt chnh sch tin lng m bo li ch cho doanh nghip v li ch ca
ngi lao ng.
i vi ngi lao ng
Tin lng chnh l s b p nhng hao ph lao ng m ngi lao ng
b ra. l ngun thu nhp ca h. kha cnh ny, h mong mun c
tr lng cao.
Tin lng tha ng s kch thch s nhit tnh lao ng ca nhn vin,
qua , to iu kin tng nng sut, cht lng dn n tng li nhun cho
doanh nghip, v gin tip lm tng phc li cho ngi lao ng. Tin lng
thp s lm kit qu sc lc ca ngi lao ng, lm hn ch nhit tnh lm vic
ca h. iu ny c th dn n tnh trng cng nhn b vic lm, nh cng
hoc lm vic u oi, nng sut thp. Kt qu l li nhun doanh nghip gim,
thua l.
Ngi lao ng cng khng th i hi tng lng qu cao, v iu s
lm cho doanh nghip phi xem xt li k hoch s dng lao ng khi chi ph s
dng lao ng cao ln, nh: ct gim quy m sn xut, ngng sn xut, u t
chiu su tng nng sut lao ng. Tt c nhng iu ny u dn n kt qu
l gim quy m s dng lao ng, cng c ngha l lm cho c hi c vic lm
n nh ca ngi lao ng b mt i.
Xt kha cnh khc, tin lng cn c xem l s tn trng v tha
nhn. Gi tr ca lao ng c o lng thng qua tin lng, ng thi, n
cng th hin s cng bng thng qua mi quan h tin lng gia cc c nhn.
i vi x hi
V mt x hi, chnh sch tin lng th hin quan im ca nh nc i
vi ngi lao ng cc doanh nghip, phn nh cung cu v sc lao ng trn
th trng, iu kin kinh t v t l lao ng tht nghip trn th trng, ch
u i khuyn khch khc nhau theo vng v a l. Tin lng l mt trong
nhng hnh thc kch thch li ch vt cht i vi ngi lao ng. V vy, s
dng n by tin lng nhm m bo sn xut pht trin, duy tr i ng lao
ng c trnh k thut nghip v cao vi thc k lut vng, i hi cng
tc t chc tr lng trong doanh nghip phi c c bit coi trng.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
179
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
9.2. C cu thu nhp ca ngi lao ng

Tr cng lao ng bao gm hai phn: vt cht v phi vt cht. Hnh 9.1.
minh ha s nt v cu trc ny.
Lng c ban
Thu lao
vat chat
C CAU
HE THONG
TRA
LNG
Phu cap
Thng
Phuc li
Thu lao
phi
vat chat
C hoi thang tien

Cong vic thu v
ieu kie n la m vie c
Hnh 9.1 C cu h thng tr cng trong doanh nghip

Tr cng vt cht
Tr cng vt cht bao gm tr cng trc tip v tr cng gin tip. Tr
cng vt cht trc tip bao gm lng cng nht, lng thng, tin hoa hng v
tin thng. Tr cng vt cht gin tip bao gm cc chnh sch m cng ty p
dng nh: bo him nhn th, y t, cc loi tr cp x hi; cc loi phc li bao
gm cc k hoch v hu, an sinh x hi, n b cho cng nhn lm vic trong
mi trng c hi, lm vic thay ca, lm vic ngoi gi, lm vic vo ngy
ngh l...; cc tr cp v gio dc; tr lng trong trng hp vng mt v ngh
h, ngh l, m au, thai sn, ...
Tr cng phi vt cht
Cc doanh nghip khng ch n thun quan tm n lng bng vi t
cch l tr cng lao ng mang tnh cht vt cht, m cn phi quan tm n
nhng i ng phi vt cht hay cn gi tinh thn. Vt cht nh lng bng v
tin thng ch l mt mt ca vn , i ng phi vt cht ngy cng c quan
tm hn. C th k ra mt s yu t quan trng sau:
Bn thn cng vic c hp dn khng? c thch i hi sc phn u
khng ngng? nhn vin c c giao trch nhim khng? cng nhn c c hi
c cp trn nhn bit thnh tch ca mnh hay khng? h c cm gic vui khi
hon thnh cng vic hay khng? v h c c hi thng tin khng?
Vin cnh lm vic cng l mt yu t quan trng trong x hi hin nay
trn th gii. Khi ngi lao ng lm vic v cm nhn c s th v trong
tng lai m h c th c c hi c hng th, th chc chn h s lm vic
vi nng sut v trch nhim tt hn trng hp ngc li.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
180
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Cc chnh sch hp tnh hp l, vic kim tra kho lo, ng nghip hp

, v tr cng vic thch hp, iu kin lm vic thun li, thi gian lm vic linh
hot, ... l nhng yu t h tr tinh thn mnh m i vi ngi lao ng, bi h
cm nhn c s an ton ca ni lm vic v cng vic hin ti ca h. i khi
mc tin lng ca doanh nghip cha phi l hp dn nht trong ngnh, nhng
cha chc h ri khi doanh nghip, bi h cn nhc s lin quan n nhng
yu t ny.
H thng tr cng m cc t chc s dng ng vai tr quan trng trong
vic to lp li th cnh tranh v t c mc tiu chin lc ca t chc trn
c s p ng tt nht nhu cu ca nhn vin.
9.3. Mc tiu ca h thng tin lng
H thng tin lng trong mt doanh nghip, nhn chung, c thit lp ra
tc ng ti ngi lao ng 04 mc tiu: thu ht, duy tr, kch thch v p
ng nhu cu ca php lut.
Mc tiu ca h thng tin lng l to ra h thng khen thng hp l
cho c ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng, vi mong mun l khuyn
khch ngi lao ng lm vic v ng vin h hon thnh tt cng vic.
Cc tiu ch trong chnh sch v lng mang tnh hiu qu c th gm:
Tnh tho ng: Cc cp ti thiu t pha chnh ph, cng on v
qun l phi c p ng.
Tnh hp l: Mi nhn vin phi c tr cng bng, tng xng vi n
lc, kh nng ca nhn vin.
Tnh cn i: Lng, phc li v nhng khon thng khc phi hp l.
Tnh hi ha chi ph- hiu qu: Lng khng nn cao qu, phi cn nhc
n kh nng chi tr ca t chc.
Tnh an ton: Lng phi v hp l m bo cng bng cho cng
nhn cm thy an ton, p ng c nhng nhu cu c bn.
Tnh khuyn khch: Lng phi khuyn khch, to ra tnh hiu qu v
nng sut lm vic.
c nhn vin chp nhn: Ngi lao ng hiu c h thng tr
lng v cm thy n hp l cho c cng ty v bn thn ngi lao ng.
9.4. Cc hnh thc tin lng
C hai hnh thc tin lng c bn m ngi s dng lao ng c quyn
la chn tr lng cho nhn vin: lng thi gian, lng sn phm. Cc hnh
thc khc c th l s vn dng hay s kt hp hai hnh thc c bn ny.
9.4.1. Lng theo thi gian
Hnh thc lng theo thi gian thng p dng i vi cc cng vic qun
l v cc b phn vn phng; cn trong cc b phn sn xut ch thng c s
____________________________________________________________________________________________
181
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
dng nhng b phn khng th tin hnh nh mc c do tnh cht ca cng

vic i hi tnh chnh xc cao hoc hot ng sn xut theo dy chuyn.
Hnh thc tin lng ny n gin, d tnh ton, nhng bc l nhiu nhc
im, nh vic tr lng khng gn lin vi thnh tch, k nng ca nhn vin,
v v th, n s khng khuyn khch nhn cng s dng thi gian hp l, khng
tit kim nguyn vt liu v khng kch thch tng nng sut lao ng. C th
khc phc cc hn ch ca hnh thc tin lng ny bng cch nh gi cng
vic chnh xc theo cc phng php nh gi cng vic (s nghin cu phn
sau ca chng ny).
Lng theo thi gian c hai hnh thc: (1) lng thi gian gin n v (2)
lng thi gian c thng.
Lng thi gian gin n
Hnh thc tin lng ny ph thuc vo lng cp bc v thi gian lm
vic thc t ca nhn vin. Tin lng thi gian gin n c th tnh theo lng
gi, lng ngy, v lng thng.
Tr lng thi gian c thng
V bn cht, th y l hnh thc tin lng gin n, nhng cng thm vi
tin thng, khi nhn vin t c s lng v cht lng cng vic quy
nh.
Hnh thc tin lng ny khuyn khch cho nhn vin s dng hp l thi
gian lm vic, tit kim trong vic dng nguyn vt liu, s dng thit b hiu
qu tng nng sut lao ng.
Hnh thc tin lng ny c th s dng i vi cng nhn lm cng vic
phc v, nh hiu chnh my, sa cha nh trong qu trnh sn xut, hoc cng
nhn lm vic nhng khu t ng ha cao hoc l cng vic phi tuyt i
m bo cht lng, ...
9.4.2. Lng theo sn phm
Hnh thc tr lng theo sn phm ang c p dng rng ri trong cc
doanh nghip, v c nhiu cch tr lng rt linh hot theo hnh thc ny. V
bn cht, tr lng theo sn phm cho cng nhn gn lin vi n gi tin lng
cho mt n v sn phm v s lng sn phm p ng yu cu m h thc
hin c. V th, hnh thc lng ny c th s dng i vi c nhn hoc
nhm cng nhn cng lm vic vi nhau, m kt qu hot ng ca h c th o
lng mt cch chnh xc, c th.
y l hnh thc lng c tnh kch thch cao, to ra ng lc lm vic
mnh m, v n gn lin vi tin cng m h nhn c. ng thi, n to ra
mt tinh thn hc tp nng cao cc k nng c mt phng php lm vic tt
hn, nhm tng nng sut, v nh th, khon tr cng s ln hn. Tuy nhin,
s dng hnh thc tin lng ny mt cch hu hiu trong t chc, cn lu n
mt s vn cn bn:
Phi xy dng mt h thng nh mc c c s khoa hc, iu ny
chng ta nghin cu cc chng trc.
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182
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Tnh ton c th v chnh xc khi lng sn phm ca tng c nhn

hoc ca c nhm, ty theo cch tr lng theo c nhn hay theo nhm.
Rn luyn thc cho cng nhn trong vic m bo cht lng sn
phm, s dng tit kim cc cc ngun lc sn xut chung, bo qun v s dng
hiu qu my mc thit b, tng cng phi hp hot ng vi c nhn khc.
Lng theo sn phm c th tnh cho tng c nhn hoc cho c nhm.
Lng theo sn phm c nhn
Lng theo sn phm c nhn ch p dng cho nhng cng nhn m kt
qu hot ng lao ng ca h c th o lng mt cch c lp, c th v
chnh xc theo tng c nhn ring bit. C th c nhng hnh thc tr lng theo
sn phm linh hot nh sau:
Lng theo sn phm c nhn trc tip: Tin lng c tr trc tip
cho ngi lao ng cn c vo s lng sn phm m h lm ra theo ng quy
nh v n gi tin lng tr cho mt n v sn phm.
Tr lng theo sn phm ly tin: Trong trng hp khi lng sn
phm c th tnh ton trc tip c cho mi cng nhn hoc mt nhm cng
nhn, v khi n v c nhu cu gia tng khi lng sn phm lm ra trong mt
khong thi gian ngn. Lc ny, chng ta c th p dng hnh thc lng theo
sn phm ly tin. Tin lng ca mi c nhn s c tnh ton trn c s s
lng sn phm lm c cc mc sn lng quy nh khc nhau v n gi
tin lng quy nh cho cc mc sn lng theo nguyn tc lu tin, tc l
mc sn lng cng ln th n gi tin lng cng cao.
Tr lng theo gi chun: Tr lng bng cch nh mc s sn phm
theo thi gian v tin lng c tnh theo n gi tin lng bnh qun ca mt
n v thi gian.
Tr lng theo gi chun di mc: Tng t nh hnh thc lng theo
gi chun, ch khc l khi cng nhn cha t c nh mc c thng.
Hnh thc ny thng c p dng khi cng nhn n lc cng khng hon
thnh c mc lao ng, tc l mc xy dng khng hp l, n qu cao so
vi tnh hnh thc t.
Tr lng chia theo t l thng: Phng php ny cng ging nh
phng php tr lng theo gi chun, nhng khc l phn sn phm vt
thi gian ch c tr cho cng nhn theo mt t l no m thi. Hnh thc
ny thng c p dng khi cng nhn thc hin cng vic nhanh hn mc
quy nh, hay ni khc i, mc hin ti ca doanh nghip khng cn ph hp
vi tnh hnh thc t.
Tr lng kch thch hon thnh mc: Tr lng kch thch hon thnh
mc l hnh thc tr lng th hin khi cng nhn t di nh mc th ch
c tnh theo n gi thng cn nu cng nhn t c trn nh mc s
c tnh theo n gi cng vi t l tin thng cho ton b thi gian quy i.
Hnh thc tr lng ny thng s dng trong iu kin sn xut c chi ph c
____________________________________________________________________________________________
183
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
nh cao v cn phi gp rt hon thnh cng vic, v hnh thc ny c tc dng

khuyn khch cng nhn tng sn lng rt nhanh.
Lng theo sn phm gin tip: Lng theo sn phm gin tip thng
c p dng cho nhng cng nhn ph m cng vic ca h c nh hng
nhiu n kt qu lao ng ca cng nhn chnh (nh cng nhn sa cha, phc
v my si, dt trong nh my dt; cng nhn hiu chnh, bo hnh my mc
thit b trong nh my c kh,...). c im ca hnh thc tin lng ny l tin
lng ca ngi lao ng phc v ph thuc vo tin lng ca cng nhn sn
xut chnh, chnh v th, h n lc hon thnh cng vic phc v ca mnh tt
hn. Mc lng c nhn ca nhn vin phc v gn lin vi n gi lng
ca cng nhn phc v v s lng n v sn phm m cc cng nhn chnh do
anh ta phc v lm c thc t trong k.
Tin lng sn phm theo nhm
Hnh thc tin lng ny thng c p dng cho nhng cng vic m
kt qu c th o lng c th, chnh xc c, nhng hon thnh cng vic
, th cn phi c nhiu ngi cng hp tc, lin kt. Cc cng vic c th l
lp rp my mc thit b, sn xut mt s b phn trn dy chuyn, sa cha
my mc ln,
9.5. Chnh sch tin lng trong doanh nghip
9.5.1. Cc yu t nh hng n tr lng
C bn nhm yu t chnh nh hng n vic tr lng, gm: cc yu t
thuc v bn thn cng vic; cc yu t thuc v bn thn nhn vin; cc yu t
thuc v mi trng cng ty; v cc yu t thuc v mi trng x hi.
(1). Nhm cc yu t thuc v bn thn cng vic
S phc tp ca cng vic. Cc cng vic phc tp i hi trnh v
k nng cao mi c kh nng gii quyt c s buc phi tr lng cao. Thng
thng, cc cng vic phc tp gn lin vi nhng yu cu v o to, kinh
nghim, v nh vy, s nh hng n mc lng. S phc tp ca cng vic
phn nh mc kh khn v nhng yu cu cn thit thc hin cng vic.
S phc tp ca cng vic c phn nh qua cc kha cnh:
yu cu v trnh hc vn v o to,
yu cu cc k nng cn thit hon thnh cng vic,
cc phm cht c nhn cn c,
trch nhim i vi cng vic.
Tm quan trng ca cng vic. N phn nh gi tr ca cng vic. Cc
cng vic c tm quan trng cao s c nh hng mnh m n hiu qu hot
ng ca t chc.
iu kin thc hin cng vic. Cc iu kin kh khn nguy him
ng nhin s c hng mc lng cao hn so vi iu kin bnh thng.
S phn bit b p nhng tn hao sc lc v tinh thn cho ngi lao
ng, cng nh ng vin h bn vng vi cng vic.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
184
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
(2). Nhm cc yu t thuc v bn thn nhn vin

Trnh lnh ngh ca ngi lao ng. R rng yu t ny kh tch ri
vic tr lng. S lnh ngh thng gn lin vi mt mc nng sut v hiu sut
lm vic cao, v ng nhin, ngi lao lao ng s xng ng c hng
mc tr cng cao.
Kinh nghim ca bn thn ngi lao ng: Kinh nghim c coi nh
mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nh hng n lng bng ca c nhn. Hu
ht cc c quan t chc trn th gii u da vo yu t ny tuyn chn v
tr lng.
Mc hon thnh cng vic: Thu nhp tin lng ca mi ngi cn ph
thuc vo mc hon thnh cng vic ca h. Cho d nng lc l nh nhau
nhng nu mc hon thnh cng vic l khc nhau th tin lng phi khc
nhau. cng l s phn nh tt yu ca tnh cng bng trong chnh sch tin
lng.
Thm nin cng tc: Ngy nay trong nhiu t chc yu t thm nin c
th khng phi l mt yu t quyt nh cho vic tng lng. Thm nin ch l
mt trong nhng yu t gip cho bt, thng thng nhn vin.
S trung thnh: Nhng ngi trung thnh vi t chc l nhng ngi
gn b lm vic lu di vi t chc. Tr lng cho s trung thnh s khuyn
khch nhn vin lng tn ty tn tm v s pht trin ca t chc. S trung thnh
v thm nin c mi quan h vi nhau nhng c th phn nh nhng gi tr khc
nhau. Cc t chc ca ngi Hoa cao cc gi tr trung thnh cn ngi Nht
cao gi tr thm nin trong tr lng.
Tim nng ca nhn vin: Nhng ngi c tim nng l nhng ngi
cha c kh nng thc hin nhng cng vic kh ngay, nhng trong tng lai h
c tim nng thc hin c nhng vic . Tr lng cho nhng tim nng
c coi nh u t cho tng lai gip cho vic gi chn v pht trin ti nng
cho tim nng ca tng lai. C th c nhng ngi tr tui c tr lng cao
bi v h c tim nng tr thnh nhng nh qun tr cp cao trong tng lai.
(3). Nhm cc yu t thuc v mi trng cng ty
Chnh sch tin lng ca cng ty
Kh nng ti chnh ca cng ty
Nng sut lao ng
(4). Nhm cc yu t thuc v mi trng x hi
Tnh hnh cung cp sc lao ng trn th trng
Mc sng trung bnh ca dn c
Tnh hnh gi c sinh hot
Sc mua ca cng chng
Cng on, x hi
Nn kinh t, lut php
____________________________________________________________________________________________
185
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Khi xy dng h thng tin lng ngi ta c xu hng trc tin da vo

cng vic sau s dng cc yu cu v k nng v kt qu lm vic xc
nh mc lng cho mi nhn vin. Hnh 9.2. minh ha cc yu t nh hng
n tr cng va trnh by trn.
1-BAN THAN CONG VIE C
ANH GIA CONG VIEC
4-TH TRNG LAO ONG

Lng bong tren th
trng
Chi ph sinh hoat
Xa ho i
Nen kinh te
Luat phap
AN NH MC LNG
LNG BONG VA
AI NGO CHO
TNG CA NHAN
2-BAN THAN NHAN VIE N

Mc hoan thanh cong
viec
Tham nien
Kinh nghiem
Thanh vie n trung thanh
Tiem na ng cua nhan vie n
3-MOI TRNG CU A CONG TY

Chnh sach
Bau khong kh van hoa
C ca u to chc
Kha nang chi tra
Hnh 9.2.- Cc yu t nh hng ti tin lng

9.5.2. Nhng quyt nh v tr lng trong doanh nghip
9.5.2.1. Nhng qui c chung
Lng tr cho mt v tr c th lin quan n 3 nhm sau:
Nhn vin lm chung mt cng vic trong cc t chc khc nhau (A)
Nhn vin lm cng vic khc nhau trong cng t chc (B)
Nhn vin lm cng mt cng vic trong t chc (C)
Quyt nh xc nh mi quan h tr lng cho nhm A, l cp
lng, hay c gi l quyt nh v mc lng. Mc ch ca quyt nh
ny l gi cho cc t chc c th cnh tranh trn th trng lao ng. Cng c
chnh c s dng trong quyt nh ny l nghin cu, kho st lng.
Quyt nh tr lng cho nhm B c gi l quyt nh cu trc lng.
Cu trc lng lin quan n vic thit lp gi tr cho mi cng vic trong t
chc lin quan n cc cng vic khc. Cch tip cn s dng l nh gi cng
vic.
Quyt nh lin quan n nhm C c gi l xc nh lng c nhn.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
186
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
9.5.2.2. Thit k h thng tr cng cng bng l nh th no?

S cng bng c th c phn bit l cng bng bn trong, bn ngoi v
c nhn. Cng bng bn trong m ch n mi quan h gia cc cng vic trong
mt n v hoc trong t chc.
Nhn vin k vng ngi ng u cng ty (ch tch) s kim nhiu tin
hn ph ch tch iu hnh, ngi c thu nhp cao hn gim c phn xng, ...
Trong s nhng iu ny, tr cng c cho l c lin quan n mc ca
kin thc, k nng, v kinh nghim cn thit thc hin cng vic. V vy,
khng c g ngc nhin khi ngi v tr cao trong c cu t chc c th lao cao
hn ngi v tr thp hn. Cng bng bn trong tn ti khi s khc bit v tr
cng gia cc cng vic trong t chc c nhn thc l cng bng khng ln
qu v cng khng nh qu.
Cng bng bn ngoi l s so snh cc cng vic ging nhau trong cc t
chc khc nhau. Thc s, khng ngc nhin khi bit rng ch tch ca mt cng
ty c doanh thu 1000 t s c thu nhp cao hn ch tch mt cng ty c doanh
thu 500 t. C l l cng ty c quy m gp i cn nhiu kin thc, k nng, v
kinh nghim v pha nh lnh o ca n. Khi mt nhn vin th k cho mt
gim c nh my sn xut in lo lng v cng bng bn ngoi, s c s so
snh vi cc th k cc nh my t ng trong vng hn l vi cc cng ty
in ton quc.
Nhn t cui cng, cng bng c nhn l s so snh gia cc c nhn c
cng mt cng vic trong cng mt t chc. Nu cu hi ny khng c gii
p mt cch tho ng, s ch n cng bng bn trong v bn ngoi c th
b lng ph. Gi s rng, nh qun tr ngun nhn lc, thng qua so snh bn
trong v bn ngoi, rng tt c cc th k trong t chc nn nhn t 3.000.000
n 5.000.000 mi thng. Vn by gi l phi xc nh t l tr lng cho
mi th k. C nn tr cho nhng nhn vin thm nin lu hn s c tr nhiu
hn so vi nhng ngi mi lm vic? Nu c th iu g l gi tr ca mt nm
phc v thm? C nn tr phn bit da trn thnh tch hay khng? Nu c, mc
thnh tch nh th no s c o lng?
Mc khc nhau v thnh tch s c din gii qua s khc bit v tr
cng nh th no? Nhn vin phi nhn thc rng nhng cu hi nh th ny
phi c tr li tho ng tn ti cng bng c nhn.
9.5.2.3. Phng thc to s cng bng bn trong
to ra s cng bng bn trong, ngi ta s dng cc phng php nh
gi cng vic. Mc ch chnh ca nh gi cng vic l xc nh gi tr ca cc
cng vic trong t chc.
vic nh gi c hiu qu, trong tin trnh nh gi cn c s tham gia
ca cc nhn vin ang thc hin cc cng vic c nh gi. Khi nh gi, cn
phi quan tm nhng cu hi sau:
Cc quy trnh nh gi cng vic c th c s dng l g?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
187
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mt quy trnh nh gi s c s dng xuyn sut t chc, hoc l cc

quy trnh khc nhau c s dng cho mt lot cc cng vic?
Nu quy trnh c la chn c tnh n mt vi nhn t lng, nhng
nhn t no nn bao hm v mc chng c nh lng nh th no?
Hnh 9.3 - Cc phng php nh gi cng vic

Bn phng php nh gi cng vic thng c s dng nhiu nht l
(1) xp hng cng vic (2) phn loi cng vic, (3) phng php im, v (4) so
snh nhn t. Hnh 9.3. trn ch ra cng vic v so snh nhn t, l so snh mt
cng vic vi cng vic khc; ngc li, cc phng php khc li so snh cng
vic vi mt hoc mt vi thang nh gi.
Xp hng cng vic
Xp hng cng vic l phng php n gin nht nh gi cng vic,
c s dng chnh cc t chc quy m nh. Thng thng, hi ng cc nh
qun tr xem xt tt c cc bn m t cng vic v xp hng chng theo trt t v
gi tr lin quan hoc tm quan trng i vi t chc.
Phng php xp hng l n gin, t tn km, nhanh v d hiu. Tuy
nhin, n l phng php khng nh lng v da trn ch quan, mc d cc
cng vic c so snh vi nhau nhng cc nhn t lng khng c so snh
m ch yu da trn tng th cng vic.
Ngoi ra, phng php xp hng khng cung cp thng tin v khong cch
gia cc cng vic, gy kh khn cho vic n nh cp lng. Mc d nhiu
ngi ng rng cng vic A l gi tr hn cng vic B, nhng s khc nhau
v lng l khng bit c.
Cui cng, phng php ny hon ton l l thuyt. Ngoi tr trong cc t
chc rt nh, s khng c ai am hiu y mi cng vic trong t chc, th
mi nn p dng phng php xp hng cng vic.
Phn loi cng vic
Phn loi cng vic l k thut nh gi cng vic khng nh lng, n so
snh ton b cng vic vi tiu chun xc nh trc. Theo cch tip cn ny,
cc cng vic c sp xp vo cc loi hoc nhm cng vic c xc nh
____________________________________________________________________________________________
188
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
trc. Phn loi cng vic thng c dng cc doanh nghip nh nc.
l s so snh vi cng vic chun, v gii quyt c cc vn trong phng
php xp loi cng vic.
Trc ht, ngi nh gi cng vic quyt nh cu trc s loi hoc nhm
(v d, c 8 loi, nm dao ng trong khong t 5 n 15). Bc tip theo l vit
nh ngha v mi loi. Nhng nh ngha ny l tiu chun trnh by xy
dng h thng lng. Mt khi loi c nh ngha, cng vic c nh gi
s c so snh vi nh ngha v xp vo loi thch hp.
Phng php nh gi ny cung cp tiu chun c th cho lng v iu
tit bt c thay i no v gi tr ca tng cng vic. H thng phn loi cng
vic c th c xy dng nhanh chng, n gin v kinh t. N cng d hiu
v d thng tin n nhn cng. Tuy nhin, cch ny cng c tr ngi, l s chi
tit ca n ngm nh c mi quan h cng nhc gia nhn t cng vic v gi
tr. Sau y l v d v h thng phn loi cho nhn vin th k:
Loi I: Cng vic n gin, khng c trch nhim gim st, khng lin
lc chung
Loi II: Cng vic n gin, khng c trch nhim gim st, c s lin
lc chung
Loi III: Cng vic c mc phc tp trung bnh, khng c trch
nhim gim st, c s lin lc chung....
Phng php im
Phng php im chia nh cng vic thnh cc thnh t v nh gi da
trn cc thnh t theo mt thang c cu trc. Theo cch tip cn nh lng,
phng php im l phc tp thit k, nhng li d hiu v d qun l.
y l phng php nh gi cng vic c s dng rng ri nht; hn
mt na cc cng ty hin nay Hoa K s dng phng php im nh gi
cng vic. Phng php tnh im l mt phng php n nh gi tr bng s
cho cc yu t ca cng vic v tng s cc gi tr ny cung cp mt bng nh
gi gi tr tng i ca cng vic . Phng php ny i hi s la chn cc
yu t cng vic theo bn cht cc nhm cng vic c nh gi. N gm cc
bc sau:
Bc 1: Chn la cc cng vic in hnh ch yu trong cng ty. Cc
cng vic ny c phn theo nhm cng vic nh nhm cng vic ti vn
phng, nhm cng vic bn hng...
Bc 2: Cc chuyn vin tin hnh phn tch cng vic ri vit bn m
t cng vic.
Bc 3: Da vo vic phn tch bn m t cng vic, nh phn tch
chn lc v xc nh xem cc yu t cn thit thc hin cng vic.
Bc 4: Tnh t l % tm quan trng ca cc yu t cng vic .
____________________________________________________________________________________________
189
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bc 5: Xc nh xem mi yu t c my bc. Th d nh, trnh gio

dc c 5 bc, yu ttrch nhim c 4 th bc, th lc c 5 th bc, v iu kin
lm vic ch c 3 th bc.
Bc 6: n nh thang im l 500 hay 1000. Ti M, cc cng ty
thng s dng h thng im l 500, v ti Php thng s dng h thng
im l 1000.
Bc 7: Phn b s im cho tng th bc ca tng yu t. Khong
cch ca cc th bc c tnh theo cng thc sau:
M (Maximum) l im ti a
m (Minimum) l s im ti thiu
N (Number) l s th bc
Bc 8: y ban s tin hnh nh gi tt c cc cng vic trong doanh

nghip bng cch so snh i chiu bng im xy dng vi bn m t cng
vic ca mi cng vic bt k.
Bc 9: Hon tt ti liu nh gi cng vic ca ton cng ty.
Bc 10: Chuyn t im sang bc theo h thng thang bc xy
dng trc.
So snh nhn t
Phng php so snh nhn t l phng php so snh nh lng cng vic
ny vi cng vic khc. y l phng php t c s dng nht ca nh gi
cng vic. Phng php ny do Eugene Benge sng kin vo nm 1925. Ging
nh phng php cho im, n cho php tin trnh nh ga cng vic c
hon tt theo tng nhn t nh gi. Cc nhn t c so snh, thay v cho im
s, v s dng nm nhn t cng vic tng qut sau y:
iu kin v tr c phn nh cc yu t tinh thn nh s thng minh,
kh nng l lun, v c tng tng.
K nng, tay ngh.
iu kin v th lc nh ngi, ng, i li, nng vt nng...
Trch nhim bao qut cc phm vi, nh vt t, tin, h s v kim sot.
iu kin lm vic phn nh mi trng lm vic nh nh hng ca
ting n, s thong mt, ri ro tai nn, v gi gic.
9.5.2.4. S cng bng bn ngoi (kho st lng)
Cng nh khng c gi cho trc i vi mt cn to, khng c t l lng
tuyt i cho mt cng vic. Bn k vng rng tr t hn cho cc qu to ti th
____________________________________________________________________________________________
190
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
trng nng sn (ti nng tri) hn l ti siu th v t hn ti siu th hn l cc

ca hng tin li. V cc vn cy n qu to ra nhiu qu to hn, bn k vng
nhng qu to nh s c gi thp hn cho mi cn. Bn ngh rng s tr nhiu
hn cho cc qu to cc ma khc nhau v tr nhiu hn ti thnh ph New
York hn l Albany, New York. V nu gi ca cc qu to l qu cao, th
lun c kh nng mua th khc, t tn km hn, chng hn nh tri cy khc.
i vo th trng th bn mi c th bit gi ca cc qu to l bao nhiu tin, v
vic tr lng cho nhn vin ca mnh cng vy.
Ngi s dng lao ng cn c nhng k nng v kin thc iu hnh
kinh doanh- v th thu ht cc nhn vin vi k nng cn thit v ng
vin v duy tr nhng nhn vin hin c. Phi tin hnh kho st lng bit
rng cc t chc khc ang tr lng cho nhng k nng c th ny nh th no.
Sau , trong vic thit lp t l tr lng, phi tm cch tch hp nhng thng
tin bn ngoi vi nhng iu nghin cu thng qua nh gi cng vic ni b.
Tin trnh ny c gi l nh gi cu trc lng.
thit lp cu trc lng cnh tranh, cc t chc thng da trn d liu
kho st lng thu thp c t cc t chc khc. Quy trnh kho st bao gm
vic xc nh cc cng vic cn kho st, la chn t chc kho st, v sau
, tin hnh thu thp thng tin. Sau , d liu c bin dch xy dng t
l tr lng theo ni dung v chnh sch lng ca t chc. Hn 90% tt c cc
cng ty thng s dng kho st lng thit lp tiu chun tr lng ring
ca t chc.
Xc nh cc cng vic then cht. Trong thc t, ngi s dng lao ng
khng tm d liu th trng v tt c cng vic. Thay vo , h thu thp thng
tin kho st ch i vi cc cng vic then cht, m thng c cc c im sau:
Ni dung cng vic n nh qua thi gian
Cc cng vic thng xy ra trong t chc v cc t chc kho st.
Cc cng vic c th c nh ngha mt cch hon ton chnh xc.
Cc cng vic c tin hnh theo cng mt cch thc trong hu ht
cc t chc.
Cc cng vic then cht nn c m rng trong cu trc lng, nh xc
nh cc cng vic then cht cp thp v c cng vic mc trung v
cao. Hn na, cc cng vic cn phi c xc nh mt cch k cng. V d,
cng vic ca mt th k dng nh p ng tt c cc c tnh ca mt cng
vic then cht. Tuy nhin, trong thi i vi tnh ngy nay, cng vic th k
c chuyn i. iu cn thit l phi c th ho cc k nng v trch nhim
lin quan.
La chn t chc kho st
La chn ng t chc cn phi kho st l rt quan trng. Cc t chc
c la chn kho st lng cn phi hi nhng iu kin sau:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
191
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Phi thu cng nhn cng k nng vi doanh nghip

cng khu vc a l sao cho nhn vin c th sn sng dch chuyn t
cng ty ny sang cng ty khc.
Trong cng ngnh, tuy nhin, c th cn phi cn nhc la chn cc
cng ty khc nhau cho vic kho st nhng cng vic khc nhau. S khng c
kh khn ng k no, khi kho st nhng cng vic thng thng nh th k
hoc ti x xe ti cc cng ty trong cng ngnh.
Mt vn khc cng rt quan trng l vic la chn t chc mu
kho st. V d: B phn sn xut lp t ca cng ty GM ti nh my bang
West Virginia cn kho st lng trn th trng lm c s cho vic iu
chnh chnh sch tr lng ca mnh. Kt qu kho st lng a phng
cho thy lng ca cng nhn cc cng ty khc trong khu vc nhn chung l
thp hn so vi cng nhn ca nh my. Tuy nhin, do xu hng lm vic
khng lin tc ca cng nhn trong ngnh sn xut xe hi (UAW) nn cc nh
lnh o ca nh my thu thp thm thng tin v lng v phc li ca cc
thnh vin UAW trong cc nh my khu vc khc trong nc. Mc tr
lng thc t c la chn cn phn nh c s cn i so vi khu vc v so
vi ngnh.
Thu thp thng tin
C kh nhiu cch thu thp thng tin v lng, nh: mua li nhng
thng tin kho st sn c; tham gia vo kho st lng.
Tin hnh kho st: thc hin kho st thng qua in thoi n cc i
th cnh tranh v Thu thp thng tin t cc bn bo co.
Khi kho st, cn xem xt cc vn : cng vic c nghin cu, ai
tin hnh kho st, phng php s dng, thng tin c thu thp,
X l thng tin v bo co kt qu
Khi t chc c c nhng thng tin thng qua cc phng php thu
thp, th bc k tip l phi x l cc thng tin nhm bo m cc thng tin
chnh xc v ph hp nht. Vic ny phi s dng cc k thut phc tp v c
chnh xc cao, v n s nh hng trc tip n cc chnh sch v quyt nh
tr cng. Hu ht cc cng ty u s dng cc phng tin k thut v s tr
gip ca my tnh thc hin phn tch v x l thng tin thu thp. Bc cui
cng ca tin trnh ny l th hin kt qu nghin cu qua hnh thc bo co
trnh ln cp lnh o ca cng ty.
Khi t chc hon tt vic nh gi cng vic ni b v thu thp thng tin
kho st lng, n cn phi chuyn dch thng tin ny sang t l lng cho tng
cng vic. Tin trnh ny lin quan n vic chuyn dch kt qu kho st th
hin vic kt hp nh gi cng vic ni b vi d liu kho st, xem xt
n chnh sch v cp lng trong t chc.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
192
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bc u tin trong vic kt hp d liu bn trong v bn ngoi l quyt

nh chin lc v nh v t chc theo kha cnh cnh tranh. C ba s la chn
c bn, l: tng ng, thp, v cao hn lng trn th trng.
Bng cch thit lp mt bng lng tng ng vi lng bnh qun
trn th trng hoc tng ng vi lng ca i th cnh tranh, t chc c
gng gi chi ph lao ng ca n ngang bng vi i th cnh tranh. Xu hng
tr lng ny lm mt tc dng ca h thng tr cng nh l mt nhn t thu
ht, duy tr v ng vin nhn vin trong khi c gng m bo rng chi ph lao
ng l nhn t cnh tranh.
Trong khi , vi chnh sch lng dn o th trng, ngha l tr lng
cao hn so vi cc i th cnh tranh, cng ty hy vng rng s thu ht v duy tr
cc nhn vin cht lng cao, trong khi vn ti a ho s tho mn ca nhn
vin hin ti. Cc cng ty vi chnh sch lng dn o mun tr thnh ngi
s dng lao ng tt nht h c th la chn cc ng vin tt nht, nhm hn
ch kh nng ca i th cnh tranh thu ht nhn vin hin ti ca hng. Thng
thng, nhng doanh nghip nh th thng l c chi ph lao ng chim t l
nh trong chi ph sn xut hoc c nng sut cao.
Mt vi t chc theo ui cch tip cn thp hn th trng, tc l thit
lp mt chnh sch tr lng thp hn i th cnh tranh. Nhn b ngoi, dng
nh chnh sch tr lng ny chc chn s kh khn trong vic thu ht, ng
vin v duy tr cc nhn vin gii. Chin lc ny c s dng ti hu ht cc
t chc c kh nng chi tr b gii hn bi cc yu t bn ngoi ln bn trong
chng hn nh gii hn v ngn sch lao ng hoc d bo v gim st trong
doanh thu v li nhun. Tuy nhin, cc cuc nghin cu chng t rng tr
lng thp khng c ngha l tit kim c mt khon tin v chi ph lao ng.
Ngc li, cng ty s tn km hn, bi v cng nhn lm vic s khng c nng
sut, s ngi lm vic tt b i tm ni khc tr lng cao hn s gia tng.
Cui cng, mt t chc khng cn phi c mt chnh sch lng cho tt c
cc cng vic. V d, t chc bit ngun cung cp lao ng n nh cho cng
vic vn phng v thng mi, c th p dng chnh sch tr lng thp hn i
th cnh tranh cho nhm ny. Tuy nhin, thu ht nhng ngi c chuyn
mn gii, cng ty c th s dng chnh sch lng dn o th trng cho
nhm ny.
9.6. Tin lng trong cc th trng lao ng
9.6.1. Yu t lut php trong tr cng lao ng Vit Nam
9.6.1.1. Lut php lin quan n tin lng
Theo Chng VI, Lut lao ng ban hnh nm 1994, p dng t 1.1.1995
(n nay vn ang cn hiu lc), c cc iu lin quan n tin lng nh sau:
iu 55
Tin lng ca ngi lao ng do hai bn tho thun trong hp ng lao
ng v c tr theo nng sut lao ng, cht lng v hiu qu cng vic.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
193
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Mc lng ca ngi lao ng khng c thp hn mc lng ti thiu do

Nh nc quy nh.
iu 56
Mc lng ti thiu c n nh theo gi sinh hot, bo m cho ngi
lao ng lm cng vic gin n nht trong iu kin lao ng bnh thng b
p sc lao ng gin n v mt phn tch lu ti sn xut sc lao ng m
rng v c dng lm cn c tnh cc mc lng cho cc loi lao ng
khc.
Chnh ph quyt nh v cng b mc lng ti thiu chung, mc lng
ti thiu vng, mc lng ti thiu ngnh cho tng thi k sau khi ly kin
Tng lin on lao ng Vit Nam v i din ca ngi s dng lao ng. Khi
ch s gi sinh hot tng ln lm cho tin lng thc t ca ngi lao ng b
gim st, th Chnh ph iu chnh mc lng ti thiu bo m tin lng
thc t.
iu 57
Chnh ph cng b thang lng, bng lng lm c s tnh cc ch
bo him x hi, bo him y t, tin lng khi lm thm gi, lm m, ngng
vic, ngh hng nm v cc trng hp ngh vic khc ca ngi lao ng sau
khi ly kin Tng lin on lao ng Vit Nam v i din ca ngi s dng
lao ng.
iu 58
1- Ngi s dng lao ng c quyn chn cc hnh thc tr lng theo thi
gian (gi, ngy, tun, thng), theo sn phm, theo khon nhng phi duy tr hnh
thc tr lng chn trong mt thi gian nht nh v phi thng bo cho
ngi lao ng bit.
2- Ngi lao ng hng lng gi, ngy, tun c tr lng sau gi,
ngy, tun lm vic y hoc c tr gp do hai bn tho thun, nhng t nht
15 ngy phi c tr gp mt ln.
3- Ngi lao ng hng lng thng c tr lng c thng mt ln
hoc na thng mt ln.
4- Ngi lao ng hng lng theo sn phm, theo khon, c tr lng
theo tho thun ca hai bn; nu cng vic phi lm trong nhiu thng th hng
thng c tm ng lng theo khi lng cng vic lm trong thng.
iu 59
1- Ngi lao ng c tr lng trc tip, y , ng thi hn v ti
ni lm vic.
Trong trng hp c bit phi tr lng chm, th khng c chm qu
mt thng v ngi s dng lao ng phi n b cho ngi lao ng mt khon
tin t nht bng li sut tin gi tit kim do ngn hng Nh nc cng b ti
thi im tr lng.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
194
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
2- Lng c tr bng tin mt. Vic tr lng mt phn bng sc hoc

ngn phiu do Nh nc pht hnh, do hai bn tho thun vi iu kin khng
gy thit hi, phin h cho ngi lao ng.
iu 60
1- Ngi lao ng c quyn c bit l do mi khon khu tr vo tin
lng ca mnh. Trc khi khu tr tin lng ca ngi lao ng, ngi s
dng lao ng phi tho lun vi Ban chp hnh cng on c s; trng hp
khu tr th cng khng c khu tr qu 30% tin lng hng thng.
2- Ngi s dng lao ng khng c p dng vic x pht bng hnh
thc cp lng ca ngi lao ng.
iu 61
1- Ngi lao ng lm thm gi c tr lng nh sau:
a) Vo ngy thng, c tr lng t nht bng 150% ca tin lng gi
ca ngy lm vic bnh thng;
b) Vo ngy ngh hng tun hoc ngy l, c tr lng t nht bng
200% ca tin lng gi ca ngy lm vic bnh thng. Nu lm thm gi vo
ban m th cn c tr thm theo quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny. Nu ngi
lao ng c ngh b nhng gi lm thm, th ngi s dng lao ng ch phi
tr phn tin chnh lch so vi tin lng gi ca ngy lm vic bnh thng.
2- Ngi lao ng lm vic vo ban m quy nh ti iu 70 ca B lut
ny, th c tr thm t nht bng 30% ca tin lng lm vic vo ban ngy.
iu 62
Trong trng hp phi ngng vic, ngi lao ng c tr lng nh sau:
1- Nu do li ca ngi s dng lao ng, th ngi lao ng c tr
tin lng;
2- Nu do li ca ngi lao ng th ngi khng c tr lng;
nhng ngi lao ng khc trong cng n v phi ngng vic c tr lng
theo mc do hai bn tho thun nhng khng c thp hn mc lng ti
thiu;
3- Nu v s c v in, nc m khng do li ca ngi s dng lao ng
hoc v nhng nguyn nhn bt kh khng, th tin lng do hai bn tho thun,
nhng khng c thp hn mc lng ti thiu.
iu 63
Cc ch ph cp, tin thng, nng bc lng, cc ch khuyn khch
khc c th c tho thun trong hp ng lao ng, tho c tp th hoc quy
nh trong quy ch ca doanh nghip.
iu 64
Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim trch t li nhun hng nm
thng cho ngi lao ng lm vic ti doanh nghip t mt nm tr ln,
theo quy nh ca Chnh ph ph hp vi c im ca tng loi doanh nghip.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
195
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
iu 65
1- Ni no s dng ngi cai thu hoc ngi c vai tr trung gian tng
t th ngi s dng lao ng l ch chnh phi c danh sch v a ch ca
nhng ngi y km theo danh sch nhng ngi lao ng lm vic vi h v
phi bo m vic h tun theo quy nh ca php lut v tr cng lao ng, an
ton lao ng v v sinh lao ng.
2- Nu ngi cai thu hoc ngi c vai tr trung gian tng t tr thiu
hoc khng tr lng v khng bo m cc quyn li khc cho ngi lao ng,
th ngi s dng lao ng l ch chnh phi chu trch nhim tr lng v bo
m cc quyn li cho ngi lao ng. Trong trng hp ny, ngi s dng
lao ng l ch chnh c quyn yu cu ngi cai thu hoc ngi c vai tr
trung gian tng t n b hoc yu cu c quan Nh nc c thm quyn gii
quyt tranh chp theo quy nh ca php lut.
iu 66
Trong trng hp sp nhp, phn chia doanh nghip, chuyn quyn s hu,
quyn qun l hoc quyn s dng ti sn ca doanh nghip th ngi s dng
lao ng k tip phi chu trch nhim tr lng v cc quyn li khc cho
ngi lao ng. Trong trng hp doanh nghip b ph sn th tin lng, tr
cp thi vic, bo him x hi v cc quyn li khc ca ngi lao ng theo
tho c tp th v hp ng lao ng k kt l khon n trc ht trong th
t u tin thanh ton.
iu 67
1- Khi bn thn hoc gia nh gp kh khn, ngi lao ng c tm ng
tin lng theo iu kin do hai bn tho thun.
2- Ngi s dng lao ng tm ng tin lng cho ngi lao ng phi
tm thi ngh vic lm cc ngha v cng dn.
3- Vic tm ng tin lng cho ngi lao ng b tm gi, tm giam theo
quy nh ca Chnh ph.
9.6.1.2. Lut php lin quan n cc loi bo him
Theo cc Lut bo him x hi Vit Nam, Lut Bo him Y t, Lut Bo
him tht nghip, v theo cc Ngh nh, Thng t hng dn ca nh nc mi
nht, mc ng v phng thc ng bo him x hi (BHXH), bo him y t
(BHYT), bo him tht nghip (BHTN) cho cn b, cng chc, vin chc v
ngi lao ng p dng trong nm 2011 nh sau:
Mc ng BHXH, BHYT, BHTN bt buc
(1). Mc ng BHXH:
Hng thng, ngi lao ng ng BHXH vi mc ng bng 6% mc tin
lng, tin cng thng ng BHXH. Ngi s dng lao ng, ng bng 16%
trn qu tin lng, tin cng thng ng BHXH ca nhng ngi lao ng vi
cc mc c th nh sau:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
196
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
3% vo qu m au thai sn; trong ngi s dng lao ng gi li 2%

chi tr kp thi cho ngi lao ng iu kin hng ch v thc hin
quyt ton vi c quan BHXH theo quy nh.
1% vo qu tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.
12% vo qu hu tr v t tut.
Trng hp mc tin lng, tin cng thng lm cn c ng BHXH cao
hn 20 thng lng ti thiu chung th mc tin lng, tin cng thng ng
BHXH bng 20 thng lng ti thiu chung.
(2). Mc ng BHYT
Hng thng tin BHYT bng 4,5% mc tin lng, tin cng thng ca
ngi lao ng, trong ngi s dng lao ng ng 2/3 ( 3%) v ngi lao
ng ng 1/3 (1,5%). ng thi, mc tin cng, tin lng ti a tnh mc
ng bo him y t l 20 ln mc lng ti thiu.
(3). Mc ng BHTN
Ngi lao ng ng bng 1% tin lng, tin cng thng ng BHTN.
Ngi s dng lao ng ng bng 1% qu tin lng, tin cng ng
BHTN ca nhng ngi lao ng tham gia BHTN.
Nh nc h tr t ngn sch bng 1% qu tin lng, tin cng thng
ng BHTN ca nhng ngi lao ng tham gia BHTN.
Phng thc ng BHXH, BHYT, BHTN bt buc
Thc hin iu 18 Lut BHXH v iu 15 Lut BHYT, hng thng ngi

s dng lao ng c trch nhim ng BHXH, BHTN, BHYT cho ngi lao
ng v trch t tin lng, tin cng ca ngi lao ng theo quy nh np
cng mt lc vo qu BHXH, BHYT, BHTN. Do , ngi s dng lao ng c
trch nhim np tin BHXH, BHYT, BHTN vo ti khon thu ca c quan
BHXH y , dt im hng thng (trc ngy cui cng ca thng).
9.6.2. Tin lng v thu nhp trong khu vc nh nc Vit Nam
9.6.2.1. Thut ng lin quan
Thang lng: Thang lng dng xc nh quan h t l v tin
lng gia nhng cng nhn cng ngh khi h m nhim nhng cng vic c
mc phc tp khc nhau. Mi thang lng gm cc bc lng nht nh v
cc h s lng ph hp vi cc bc lng y. Thng thng, s bc ca thang
lng v h s lng gia cc bc ph thuc vo c im sn xut (mc
phc tp cng vic, trnh lnh ngh cng nhn, yu t trch nhim, iu kin
lao ng).
H s mc lng: ch r rng lao ng ca cng nhn bc no phi
c tr cao hn mc lng ti thiu bao nhiu ln.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
197
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Bi s thang lng: l s so snh gia bc cao nht v bc thp nht

trong mt thang lng, hay ni cch khc mc lng cng nhn bc cao nht
cao gp my ln bc thp nht (bc 1).
Mc lng: l s lng tin t c quy nh tr cng lao ng
trong mt n v thi gian (gi, ngy, thng) ph hp vi cc h s trong thang
lng.
Bng lng: cng nh thang lng c s bc v h s lng nhng p
dng ch yu cho cn b chuyn mn nghip v trong doanh nghip, cho mt s
cng vic m mc thnh tho (chnh lch gia cc bc) ch yu da vo yu
t thm nin ngh. V d nh li xe, li tu, vn hnh, iu hnh h thng in,
th ln, nhn vin bu chnh vin thng...
9.6.2.2. Quy nh hin hnh ca nh nc v h thng thang lng
Quy nh h thng thang lng, bng lng v ch ph cp lng trong
cc cng ty nh nc c qui nh trong Ngh nh ca Chnh ph S
205/2004/N-CP, ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004. Sau y, gii thiu s nt v cc
iu 1-4:
iu 1. Phm vi p dng h thng thang lng, bng lng v ch ph
cp lng quy nh ti Ngh nh ny, bao gm:
1. Cng ty nh nc:
- Tng cng ty nh nc;
- Cng ty nh nc c lp.
2. Cng ty thnh vin hch ton c lp ca Tng cng ty do Nh nc
quyt nh u t v thnh lp.
Cc Tng cng ty, cng ty nu trn c gi tt l cng ty.
iu 2. i tng p dng:
1. Cng nhn, nhn vin trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh;
2. Thnh vin Hi ng qun tr, thnh vin Ban kim sot;
3. Tng gim c, Gim c, Ph Tng gim c, Ph Gim c, K ton
trng (khng k Tng gim c, Gim c, Ph Tng gim c, Ph Gim
c, K ton trng lm vic theo hp ng);
4. Vin chc chuyn mn, nghip v; nhn vin tha hnh, phc v.
iu 3. Ban hnh km theo Ngh nh ny h thng thang lng, bng
lng, bng ph cp gi chc v Trng phng, Ph trng phng, bao gm:
1. Cc thang lng cng nhn, nhn vin trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh;
2. Cc bng lng cng nhn, nhn vin trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh;
3. Bng lng ca thnh vin chuyn trch Hi ng qun tr;
4. Bng lng ca Tng gim c, Gim c, Ph Tng gim c, Ph
Gim c, K ton trng;
5. Bng lng chuyn gia cao cp v ngh nhn;
____________________________________________________________________________________________
198
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
6. Bng lng vin chc chuyn mn, nghip v v bng ph cp gi chc

v Trng phng, Ph trng phng;
7. Bng lng nhn vin tha hnh, phc v.
iu 4. Cc ch ph cp lng, bao gm:
1. Ph cp khu vc: p dng i vi ngi lm vic vng xa xi, ho
lnh v kh hu xu.
Ph cp gm 7 mc: 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 0,7 v 1,0 so vi mc lng ti
thiu chung.
2. Ph cp trch nhim cng vic: p dng i vi thnh vin khng
chuyn trch Hi ng qun tr, thnh vin Ban kim sot (khng k Trng
Ban kim sot) v nhng ngi lm mt s cng vic i hi trch nhim cao
hoc phi m nhim cng tc qun l khng thuc chc danh lnh o.
Ph cp gm 4 mc: 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 v 0,5 so vi mc lng ti thiu chung.
3. Ph cp c hi, nguy him: p dng i vi ngi lm ngh hoc cng
vic c iu kin lao ng c hi, nguy him, c bit c hi, nguy him m
cha c xc nh trong mc lng.
Ph cp gm 4 mc: 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 v 0,4 so vi mc lng ti thiu chung.
4. Ph cp lu ng: p dng i vi ngi lm ngh hoc cng vic
thng xuyn thay i a im lm vic v ni .
Ph cp gm 3 mc: 0,2; 0,4 v 0,6 so vi mc lng ti thiu chung.
5. Ph cp thu ht: p dng i vi ngi n lm vic vng kinh t mi,
c s kinh t v o xa t lin c iu kin sinh hot c bit kh khn.
Ph cp gm 4 mc: 20%; 30%; 50% v 70% mc lng cp bc, chc v
hoc lng chuyn mn, nghip v.
Thi gian hng t 3 n 5 nm.
Mt s bng lng thng c p dng:
(1)- Bng lng chuyn gia cao cp v ngh nhn:
Chuyn gia cao cp c 3 bc lng, h s lng: 7,00 7,50 8,00
Ngh nhn c 2 bc lng, h s lng: 6,25 6,75
(2)- Bng lng ca Tng gim c, gim c, ph tng gim c, ph
gim c, k ton trng: c thit k theo lng chc v, mi chc danh c
2 bc lng theo hng doanh nghip:
i vi Tng cng ty c 2 dng: (1) Tng cng ty c bit v tng
ng; v (2) Tng cng ty v tng ng.
i vi Cng ty c 3 hng I, II v III: Cao nht l Tng gim c Tng
cng ty c bit v tng ng c 2 bc lng vi h s l 7,85 v 8,2; Thp
nht l k ton trng Cng ty hng III c 2 bc lng vi h s l 4,33 v 4,66.
(3)- Bng lng vin chc chuyn mn nghip v: gm c 4 chc danh
____________________________________________________________________________________________
199
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Chuyn vin cao cp, kinh t vin cao cp, k s cao cp : c 4 bc

lng: 5,58 5,92 6,26 6,60
Chuyn vin chnh, kinh t vin chnh, k s chnh: c 6 bc: 4,0 4,33
4,66 4,99 5,32 5,65
Chuyn vin, kinh t vin, k s: c 8 bc: 2,34 - 2,65 2,96 3,27
3,58 3,89 4,2 4,51
Cn s, k thut vin: 12 bc: bc 1: h s 1,80; bc 12: 3,89
(4)- Bng ph cp chc v trng phng, ph trng phng
i vi chc danh ny, theo quy nh ch hng lng chuyn mn nghip
v v cng vi ph cp chc v lnh o theo hng cng ty.
H s ph cp cao nht l Tng cng ty hng c bit: Trng phng h
s 0,7; Ph phng h s 0,6.
H s ph cp thp nht l cng ty hng III: Trng phng h s 0,3;
Ph phng h s 0,2.
(5)- Thang lng cng nhn, nhn vin trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh:
Thang lng 7 bc p dng cho 12 ngnh, mi ngnh 3 nhm (I, II, III).
Thang lng 6 bc dng cho cc ngnh ch bin lng thc, thc
phm; dt, thuc da, giy may; nng nghip thu li, thu sn; lm nghip; xy
dng; du kh; khai thc hm l.
(6)- Bng lng cng nhn, nhn vin trc tip sn xut, kinh doanh
Gm 15 loi khc nhau. V d, bng lng cng nhn vin sn xut
in c 5 bc lng, cc bc c h s lng 4,00 4,40 4,8 5,2 5,6.
i vi cng nhn li xe: c 4 bc v chia 6 loi. Loi 1(xe con) c h
s 2,18 2,57 3,05 3,60; v loi 6 (xe ti, xe cu 40 tn tr ln) c h s 3,2
3,75 4,39 5,15.
(Chi tit c th tham kho thm Ngh nh 205/2004 N-CP).
9.6.3. Ni dung, trnh t xy dng bng lng tng qut trong cc
doanh nghip ngoi quc doanh
9.6.3.1. Ni dung chung v nhng iu cn cn nhc
C ch tr lng lun l mi quan tm hng u ca ngi lao ng trong
doanh nghip bn cnh cc yu t quan trng khc nh ngnh ngh, uy tn ca
doanh nghip, mi trng lm vic ny c hi thng tin
Mt c ch tr lng ph hp c tc dng nng cao nng sut v cht
lng lao ng, gip doanh nghip thu ht v duy tr c nhng cn b, nhn
vin gii. m bo c ch tr lng pht huy tnh hiu qu trong thc tin,
thc s tr thnh n by kinh t, cc doanh nghip cn nghin cu v cn nhc
k lng ti cc yu t sau:
Mt bng lng chung ca x hi ca ngnh v khu vc
Doanh nghip khng ch chu sc p cnh tranh v u ra ca sn phm,
dch v m cn chu s cnh tranh gay gt ca cc yu t u vo m nhn lc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
200
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
lun lun l yu t quan trng nht. Cc doanh nghip phi xc nh c mt

bng mc lng bnh qun ca cc v tr lao ng trong cng ngnh v trong
cng khu vc a l. iu ny gip doanh nghip a ra c cc mc tin
lng cnh tranh, c kh nng thu ht v lu gi nhn vin.
Quy nh ca php lut
Tm hiu v tun th ng cc quy nh ca php lut v cc vn lao
ng trc khi xy dng c ch tr lng l vic lm bt buc. Doanh nghip
cn lu n cc vn nh mc lng ti thiu nh nc quy nh hp ng
v lng th vic, lng thi v, lng trong k thai sn, m au, ngh vic
Chnh sch pht trin nhn lc ca doanh nghip
Cc doanh nghip phi xc nh r c mnh cn nhng loi lao ng no
v bao nhiu? Doanh nghip cn h cng hin ci g v nh th no? V doanh
nghip s lm g c iu ?
Tnh c th cng vic v mc u tin i vi cc v tr chc danh
Hy lit k v s b phn loi lao ng trong doanh nghip theo c th
cng vic v yu cu nng lc, trnh khc nhau. Loi lao ng hay nhm v
tr chc anh no l then cht trong doanh nghip, chu s cnh tranh ln nht t
th trng lao ng v cn c mc u tin thch ng. Tuy nhin, d lng
cao nhng nu tr lng co bng, khng gn vi tnh cht cng vic, mc tiu
v kt qu lao ng th li khng pht huy hiu qu, thm ch phn tc dng.
Vic phn loi lao ng thnh cc nhm c v tr, tnh cht cng vic, mc
trch nhim khc nhau tr lng s gip bn trong vic xc lp nn mt c
ch tr lng cng bng hn.
Cch thc tnh tr lng
Ty thuc vo c th kinh doanh, doanh nghip cn la chn cch thc
tr lng cng hay khon, hoc ng thi c hai. Lng cng l s tin c nh
m doanh nghip tr cho ngi lao ng hng thng tng ng vi v tr chc
danh cng vic.
Quan im v kin ca ngi lao ng
Thng qua trng cu kin ca ngi lao ng, bn c th bit c u,
nhc im ca c ch tr lng hin ti v nhng vn cn khc phc. Cc
doanh nghip c th nm r mong mun nguyn vng v quan im ca h v
tnh hp l, s cng bng trong cch tnh lng iu ny, gip bn trnh
c nhng sai lm mang tnh ch quan, p t. Mt khc, lm cho ngi lao
ng cm thy c tn trng v vic tr lng l do chnh h xy dng v
quyt nh.
Kh nng chi tr ca doanh nghip
Vn cui cng cc doanh nghip cn xem xt l kh nng chi tr ca
mnh. Lng l mt b phn chi ph c bn nh hng n kt qu kinh doanh.
Doanh nghip cn tnh ton t l tin lng hp l trn doanh thu k hoch
va m bo tr lng v khuyn khch c ngi lao ng, va m bo
hiu qu kinh doanh. Cng cn lu , khng phi lc no vic c li hay khng
____________________________________________________________________________________________
201
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
v li bao nhiu cng l c s tr lng. Nu d n kinh doanh ca bn ang

trong giai on bt u th sao?
Cc doanh nghip hot ng theo Lut doanh nghip, doanh nghip FDI c
th vn dng, p dng thang, bng lng theo quy nh i vi cng ty Nh
nc cho doanh nghip ca mnh. Trng hp doanh nghip t xy dng thang
lng, bng lng, th phi tun theo quy nh ti iu 57 ca B Lut lao ng,
Thng t 13 - 14/2003 ca B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi hng dn.
C th l:
iu 57 B Lut lao ng: khi xy dng thang lng, bng lng,
nh mc lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng phi thm kho kin BCH cng
on c s, thang lng, bng lng phi ng k vi c quan qun l Nh
nc v lao ng tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, ni t tr s chnh ca
ngi s dng lao ng v cng b cng khai trong doanh nghip.
Thng t 13 v 14/2003-TT hng dn: Doanh nghip c trch nhim
xy dng thang lng, bng lng, tiu chun cp bng k thut, cng nhn,
chc danh tiu chun chuyn mn, nghip v, vin chc lm c s k kt hp
ng lao ng v tho c lao ng tp th, xc nh qu lng, tr lng v
gii quyt cc ch khc cho ngi lao ng.
Xy dng thang, bng lng phi m bo nguyn tc:
Thang lng, bng lng c xy dng cho lao ng qun l, lao
ng chuyn mn k thut, nghip v v cng nhn trc tip sn xut, kinh
doanh theo cng vic v ngnh ngh c o to.
Bi s ca thang lng, bng lng l h s mc lng cao nht ca
ngi lao ng c trnh qun l chuyn mn k thut, nghip v cao nht so
vi ngi c trnh thp nht.
S bc, thang lng, bng lng ph thuc vo mc phc tp qun
l, cp bc cng vic i hi, khong cch ca bc lng lin k phi m bo
khuyn khch nng cao trnh chuyn mn, nghip v cc ti nng tch lu,
kinh nghim.
Mc lng bc 1 ca thang lng, bng lng phi cao hn mc lng
ti thiu do Nh nc quy nh. Mc lng ca ngh hoc cng vic c hi,
nguy him v c bit c hi nguy him phi cao hn mc lng ca ngh
hoc cng vic c iu kin lao ng bnh thng.
9.6.3.2. Cc bc xy dng Quy ch tr lng trong mt doanh nghip
Cc doanh nghip cn c th ha c ch tr lng bng vn bn, cng b
v p dng trong doanh nghip. Vn bn ny thng c gi l Quy ch tr
lng hay quy ch tin lng trong doanh nghip. Cc bc xy ng nn c
tin hnh theo mt trnh t nh sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh n gi v Qu tin lng k hoch c nm.
Cn d bo doanh nghip cn phi chi bao nhiu cho tin lng v t l
trn doanh thu l bao nhiu v chnh l n gi tin lng trong nm. n
____________________________________________________________________________________________
202
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
gi ny s l c s bn xc nh lng c bn cho cc nhm chc danh, cn

c tnh lng khon trn doanh thu hay n v sn phm.
Bc 2: Xy dng h thng chc danh v h s dn cch
bc ny, doanh nghip cn lit k v nhm cc cng vic c cng tnh
cht, mc phc tp v trch nhim thnh mt nhm chc anh. Vic ny i
hi cn c bn m t cng vic v yu cu chi tit cho tng v tr chc danh theo
cc nhm yu t c bn, v d nh: Trnh o to, kinh nghim chuyn mn,
kin thc v k nng cn c thc hin cng vic; Tnh trch nhim v p lc
trong cc cng vic thc t m nhn.
Trn c s nhng yu t ny, doanh nghip xc nh h s hoc s im
tng ng vi mi chc danh. Cc doanh nghip cn cn nhc k lng n h
s dn cch gia cc v tr chc danh sao cho m bo s hp l gia ngi cao
nht v thp nht trong cng ty v cc v tr lin k.
Bc 3: Xc nh cch thc tnh tr lng n tng lao ng
Vi mi loi tnh cht lao ng, vi mi b phn trong doanh nghip m
doanh nghip c th p dng mt cch tnh tr lng cho ph hp. Lng c
nh c th p dng cho cc v tr hnh chnh, lng khon p dng cho nhng
v tr trc tip sn xut sn phm hoc to ra doanh thu. Cng c th p dng c
hai cch tnh lng, tc l va c phn lng c nh va c phn lng khon
nhm tn dng u im ca c hai hnh thc.
Bc 4: Xy dng h thng nh gi hon thnh cng vic, khen
thng x pht.
m bo tnh khuyn khch v cng bng trong quy ch tr lng, cc
doanh nghip cn xy dng cc tiu chun hon thnh cng vic, c bit i
vi nhng v tr lao ng khi vn phng gin tip sn xut. Vic ny i hi
bn m t cng vic c xy dng tng i st vi thc t, cng tc lp v
gim st k hoch lm vic tng b phn, c nhn c thc hin trit v
nghim tc. Mc hon thnh cng vic c th c quy i thnh cc mc h
s nh 0,8 0,9 v ti a l 1,0 tng ng vi loi lao ng A, B, C.
Bc 5. Quy nh v thi im v quy trnh tnh tr lng v cc
chnh sch lng c bit.
Ngi lao ng cn c bit r v quy trnh tnh lng v thi im h
c tr lng hng thng. Bn cnh , quy ch cn xc nh r cc trng hp
tr lng khi ngi lao ng c cng ty c i hc, lng lm thm gi, lng
trong thi k thai sn i vi lao ng n
Bc 6. Ban hnh, p dng v lin tc nh gi, sa i, b sung Quy
ch tin lng
Quy ch cn c vit ngn gn, sc tch v d hiu. Trc khi ban hnh
chnh thc, doanh nghip cn t chc hp ph bin v ly kin ca ngi lao
ng. nhiu doanh nghip, ai nhn c g v ti sao chnh l nguyn nhn
gy ra s bt bnh, n i, mu thun v mt on kt. C ch lng cng r
rng, minh bch th tinh thn v ng lc ca nhn vin cng cao. ng gi b
____________________________________________________________________________________________
203
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
mt quy ch lng hoc vit nh ngi c. Mc tr cho mi ngi l b

mt, nhng cch tnh lng ca doanh nghip phi r rng v d hiu. Ngi lao
ng cn bit doanh nghip tr lng cho h nh th no. H phi bit r cch
tnh lng cho c nhn, b phn mnh, nhng chnh sch khuyn khch, i ng
ca doanh nghip. Khi p dng, cn nh rng c ch hoc chnh sch tr lng
khng th l bt bin, m n cn lin tc c xem xt, nh gi v sa i cho
ph hp vi bi cnh kinh doanh v nhng yu cu mi.
9.6.3.3. Qui trnh tnh lng c nhn trong doanh nghip
Hin nay, mi doanh nghip c qui trnh tnh lng ring, nhng nhn chung
u bao gm nhng bc cng vic tng t nhau. Hnh 9.4 sau y m t mt v
d v lu tnh lng kh ph bin.
B phn k ton
B phn tnh l ng
B phn qun l
sn xut kinh doanh
B
Bt
t u
u
CCung
ungcp
cpthm
thm
thng
thngtin
tin
CChm
hmcng
cng
ngy
ngy
Lp
Lpbng
bngquyt
quyt
ton
toncng
cng
Lp
Lpbng
bngchm
chm
cng
cngthng
thng
Lp
Lpbng
bngquyt
quyt
sn
snphm
phm
Lp
Lpbng
bng
l
l ng
ngthng
thng
GGiao
iaoc
chai
haibng
bng
trn
cho
b
trn cho bphn
phn
tnh
tnhl
lng
ng
Thu
Thuthp
thptm
tm
ng,
ng,truy
truythu
thu
BBng
ngl
lng
ng
chnh
chnhth
thcc
KKim
imtra
tra
trnh
trnhduyt
duyt
KKIm
Imtra
tra
chi
tr
chi trl
lng
ng
CChu
huyn
ynphng
phng
k
kton
ton
CChu
huyn
ynb
bphn
phn
tnh
l
tnh lng
ng
L
Luuh
hs
s
K
Kt
t thc
thc
Hnh 9.4- Lu tnh lng thng thng trong cc doanh nghip

____________________________________________________________________________________________
204
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
M t qui trnh tnh lng

Bc
cng
vic
Cng vic
Chm cng hng ngy tt

c cc b phn
Chm cng tng ca
Tng kt Bng chm cng
thng
Tng kt s ngy cng Gi
cng
Lp Bng lng thng t
danh sch thc t ca Bng
chm cng thng
Lp Bng quyt ton cng t
danh sch thc t ca Bng
chm cng thng
Lp Bng quyt ton sn
phm
Bnh bu h s cng theo

Bng quyt ton cng
Hon tt Bng lng thng
Ngi ph trch
Ghi ch thi
gian (c th
thay i ty
doanh nghip)
Nhn vin nhn s
Nhn vin nhn s
Ngy 25 hng
thng
Th k nhn s
Nhn vin nhn s
Thc hin trong

hai ngy 23-24
hng thng
Qun c
xng
phn
Qun c phn
xng + Trng
Phng nhn s
Th k nhn s +
nhn vin nhn s
Kim tra kt qu
Chuyn phng t chc k
ton
Trng
nhn s
Nhn tin t th qu
Bn giao lng cho cc b
phn
Kt thc
Trng
Phng
nhn s
Th k nhn s
Phng
Hon tt vo
ngy 27 hng
thng
Hon tt vo
ngy 27 hng
thng
Hon tt vo
ngy 28 hng
thng
Trnh Gim c
nhn s. Lu
vo c s d
liu
Hon tt sau khi
nhn tin t
phng ti chnh
k ton mt
ngy
____________________________________________________________________________________________
205
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
CHNG 10
QUAN H LAO NG
___________
10.1. Cng on
10.1.1. S cn thit ca t chc cng on trong quan h lao ng
Nn kinh t Vit Nam hin ang vn hnh theo c ch th trng, v vy, tnh
cht ca quan h lao ng so vi nn kinh t k hoch ho trc y thay i.
S thay i v tnh cht ca quan h lao ng nh hng trc tip n hot
ng ca cng on.
Trc y, quan h lao ng l do nh nc v cng nhn lao ng to thnh
v ly li ch chung lm im xut pht; cn hin nay, quan h lao ng l do
doanh nghip v ngi lao ng to thnh trn c s hai bn gip ln nhau
cng c li. Do tnh cht quan h lao ng thay i, nn nhng xung t trong
quan h lao ng nhng nm gn y ngy cng c xu hng gia tng.
S thay i ca quan h lao ng i hi cng on phi ly lnh vc lao
ng lm lnh vc hot ng c bn v ly vic iu ho, n nh quan h lao
ng lm nhim v x hi c bn. Trong iu kin kinh t th trng nh hng
XHCN, cng on c vai tr iu ho v n nh quan h lao ng x hi. y l
vai tr khng mt t chc no khc c th thay th.
V cng on l i din mt bn ca quan h lao ng, nn thiu cng on
th khng th to thnh quan h lao ng hon chnh. V s iu tit quan h lao
ng trong c ch th trng l do hai bn trong quan h lao ng qua c ch th
trng t iu tit, nn nu khng c s tham gia ca cng on, quan h lao
ng s khng th vn hnh bnh thng.
10.1.2. Vai tr iu tit quan h lao ng ca cng on
Hot ng ca cc cp cng on trong nhng nm gn y ang thch ng
dn vi nhu cu thay i ca quan h lao ng, song vn cn thiu kinh nghim,
cha p ng c yu cu iu chnh quan h lao ng ngy mt phc tp trong
qu trnh pht trin kinh t th trng XHCN. tip tc khng nh v thc hin
tt hn vai tr, cng on cn ch ng hn na trong vic iu tit quan h lao
ng. Trong , cn ch cc vn sau:
Trong iu tit quan h lao ng, cng on khng xut hin l ngi
trung gian, m phi l i din mt bn, ng vai tr mt bn ch th quan h lao
ng trc tip tham gia.
Cng on nu mun iu tit v n nh quan h lao ng, phi ly s
pht trin ca doanh nghip v kinh t x hi lm mc ch cui cng. Ngi lao
ng thu c li ch cui cng phi da vo vo s pht trin ca doanh nghip
v kinh t x hi. Do , trong qu trnh cng on i din ngi lao ng x l
quan h lao ng, phi ngh ti li ch ca doanh nghip. Khi nu yu cu bo v
____________________________________________________________________________________________
206
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
li ch cng nhn lao ng, cn phi xt ti tnh hnh thc t v sc chu ng ca

doanh nghip.
Qu trnh cng on iu tit v n nh quan h lao ng phi trn c s
chp hnh php lut lao ng ca nh nc. y chnh l yu cu ca php lut
i vi t chc cng on trong vic iu ho v n nh quan h lao ng, va l
cn c php lut cng on da vo iu ho v n nh quan h lao
ng.
Cng on iu tit v n nh quan h lao ng trn c s thng qua
phng thc tha c l chnh. Gim st, n c vic thc hin tt giao kt hp
ng lao ng ti doanh nghip v ch ng thng lng, m phn, k kt,
thc hin tt tho c lao ng tp th v tng cng vic t chc i thoi gia
ngi s dng lao ng vi ngi lao ng trong doanh nghip.
Nng cao nng lc ca cng on cp trn trc tip c s v cng on c
s trong hot ng i thoi, tham vn, thng lng.
Khi thnh lp mi cng on c s, th cng on cp trn trc tip, trc
ht, cn nghin cu, xc nh r i tc ca cng on phi l i din cho ngi
s dng lao ng. Nu khng c i din s dng lao ng, th khng nn hnh
thnh t chc cng on.
Cng on thc hin tt iu tit v n nh quan h lao ng hi ho th
mi c iu kin thc hin tt chc nng, nhim v chnh tr ca mnh, mi thc
hin c nhim v l chic cu ni lin gia ng vi cng nhn lao ng.
10.2. Tho c lao ng tp th
10.2.1. Tc dng ca Tho c lao ng tp th trong quan h lao ng
Tho c lao ng tp th l vn bn tho thun gia tp th lao ng v
ngi s dng lao ng v cc iu kin lao ng v s dng lao ng, quyn li
v ngha v ca hai bn trong quan h lao ng. Chnh v vy, Tho c lao ng
tp th c nhng tc dng rt ln trong quan h lao ng:
L cng c c th ha cc quy nh ca php lut ph hp vi tnh cht,
c im ca doanh nghip; lm c s php l quan trng doanh nghip k hp
ng lao ng vi ngi lao ng.
To nn s hp nht trch nhim ca hai bn trong vic thc hin cc
quyn v ngha v pht sinh trn c s php lut lao ng; to iu kin cho
ngi lao ng thng qua sc mnh tp th thng lng t c nhng li
ch cao hn so vi quy nh ca php lut.
L c s php l quan trng bo m quyn v li ch hp php, chnh
ng ca cc bn quan h lao ng. Trn c s , xy dng mi quan h lao
ng hi ho, n nh, cng nhau hp tc v s pht trin bn vng ca doanh
nghip.
To iu kin cho t chc cng on nng cao vai tr, v tr trong qu
trnh thc hin chc nng, nhim v ca cng on.
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207
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
10.2.2. Nhng ni dung chnh ca Tho c lao ng tp th

Tho c lao ng tp th bao gm 7 ni dung sau:
(1) Vic lm v m bo vic lm
Ni dung ny phi c th, r rng v cc hnh thc v thi hn s tin hnh
k hp ng lao ng cho tng loi cng vic, tng chc danh v bc th trong
doanh nghip. Cc nguyn tc v ch c th khi tuyn dng, thay i ni lm
vic, nng cao tay ngh, o to, k li hp ng lao ng. Nhng bin php bo
m vic lm, ch cho cng nhn khi doanh nghip thu hp phm vi sn xut.
Quyn hn v trch nhim ca i din tp th lao ng trong vic gim st thc
hin v gii quyt tranh chp v hp ng lao ng.
(2) Thi gi lm vic, thi gi ngh ngi
Cn quy nh c th thi gi lm vic ti a cho tng b phn, chc danh
cng vic; nguyn tc huy ng v thi gian cho php lm thm gi, tin lng
tr cho ngi lao ng khi lm thm gi, phng thc tr, n gi tr lng cho
thi gian lm thm.
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca ni dung ny l ch i vi ngi
lao ng khi ngh php nm, tin lng tr cho h v cng vic m khng ngh
php nm hoc cha ngh ht s ngy c ngh.
(3) Tin lng, tin thng v ph cp lng
Tho thun mc tin lng, ph cp lng c th cho tng cng vic ph
hp vi kh nng, hiu qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip, c bit l phi tho
thun mc lng ti thiu, mc lng trung bnh doanh nghip tr cho ngi lao
ng, phng thc iu chnh tin lng khi gi c th trng bin ng, nguyn
tc nng bc lng, thi gian tr lng, nguyn tc chi thng, mc thng.
(4) nh mc lao ng
Vic xc lp nh mc lao ng tng ng vi xc nh n gi tin lng
phi ph hp vi tng loi cng vic, tng loi ngh trn c s iu kin thc t
v tnh cht, mc phc tp hay nng nhc ca cng vic v kh nng thc hin
nh mc, nguyn tc thay i nh mc.
(5) An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng
Tho thun c th v ni quy an ton, v sinh lao ng v cc quy nh v
bo h lao ng, bin php ci thin iu kin lm vic; ch i vi ngi lao
ng lm nhng cng vic nng nhc, c hi; ch trang b phng h c nhn,
bi dng sc kho v trch nhim bi thng hoc tr cp i vi ngi lao
ng khi b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.
(6) Bo him x hi, bo him y t
Tho thun quy nh r trch nhim, quyn li ca gim c doanh nghip
v ngi lao ng trong vic thc hin ngha v ng gp, thu np, chi tr cc
loi bo him, cc ch bo him x hi m ngi lao ng c hng theo
tng loi hp ng lao ng.
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208
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
(7) Nhng ni dung tha thun khc

V phc li tp th; n gia ca; tr cp hiu, h; phng thc gii quyt
tranh chp lao ng pht sinh trong quan h lao ng
10.3. Tranh chp lao ng
Th tc ha gii tranh chp lao ng c php lut quy nh nh sau:
10.3.1. Th l v vic
Khi thnh vin ca Hi ng ha gii c s nhn c n yu cu gii
quyt tranh chp, th phi gi ngay cho Ch tch hi ng; th k phi vo s, ghi
r ngy thng nhn n. Ch tch Hi ng ha gii c trch nhim thng bo cho
cc thnh vin, phn cng ngi tm hiu v vic. Trong thi gian 7 ngy k t
ngy th l, Hi ng ha gii phi t chc ha gii tranh chp lao ng.
Sau khi tm hiu v vic, Ch tch Hi ng ha gii t chc cuc hp ca
Hi ng a ra phng n ha gii, nh ngy ha gii v thng bo triu tp
cc bn tranh chp v nhng ngi lm chng (khi cn). Phng n ha gii phi
c cc thnh vin nht tr; phng n ho gii c th:
(i). Chp nhn yu cu ca nguyn n, nu yu cu ca nguyn n ng;
(ii). Ha gii nguyn n hy b yu cu, nu nguyn n yu cu sai;
(iii). a ra phng n c tnh cht trung gian hai bn tranh chp cng
xem xt, thng lng.
10.3.2. T chc ha gii tranh chp lao ng
(i). Ti phin hp ha gii, Hi ng phi kim tra s c mt ca cc bn
tranh chp, nhng ngi c mi. Trng hp cc bn tranh chp khng c mt
m y quyn cho ngi khc lm i din th phi kim tra giy y quyn. Nu
cc bn vng mt m khng c ngi i din, hoc c m khng c giy y
quyn th hng dn cho cc bn lm ng th tc hoc hon phin hp ha gii
sang bui khc. Ht thi hn 7 ngy k t ngy th l, m cc bn khng n hoc
khng c i din ti phin hp ca Hi ng ha gii theo giy triu tp, th Hi
ng ha gii lp bin bn ha gii khng thnh.
(ii). Khi cc bn c mt y ti phin hp th Hi ng tin hnh ha
gii theo trnh t sau:
+ Tuyn b l do ca phin hp ha gii tranh chp lao ng;
+ c n ca nguyn n;
+ Bn nguyn n trnh by;
+ Bn b n trinh by;
+ Hi ng ha gii cht vn cc bn, nu cc chng c v yu cu nhn
chng pht biu (nu c).
+ Ngi bo cha ca ng s pht biu (nu c);
(iii). Hi ng ha gii cn c vo php lut lao ng, cc ti liu, chng c,
kin ca cc bn, phn tch nh gi v vic, nu nhng im ng, sai ca cc
____________________________________________________________________________________________
209
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
bn t ha giivi nhau hoc a ra phng n ha gii cc bn xem xt,

thng lng v chp thun.
+ Trng hp cc bn t ha gii c hoc chp nhn phng n ha gii,
th Hi ng gha gii lp bin bn ha gii thnh. Bin bn ha gii phi lp
thng 3 bn c ch k ca ch tch, th k Hi ng ha gii, ca cc bn tranh
chp v gi cho cc bn tranh chp. Cc bn tranh chp c ngha v chp hnh
tha thun ghi trong bin bn ha gii thnh.
+ Trng hp cc bn khng t ha gii c, hoc khng chp thun
phng n ha gii, th Hi ng ha gii lp bin bn ha gii khng thnh trong
ghi r kin ca cc bn; bin bn phi c ch k ca Ch tch, Th k Hi
ng ha gii; cc bn tranh chp v c sao gi cho cc bn tranh chp trong
thi hn 3 ngy, k t ngy ha gii khng thnh, ng s c quyn khi kin ra
Ta n (nu tranh chp lao ng c nhn) hoc yu cu Hi ng trng ti cp
Tnh gii quyt (nu tranh chp lao ng tp th).
+ Hi ng ha gii c trch nhim chuyn h s ln c quan, t chc c
thm quyn theo yu cu ca t chc, c quan , bao gm: n yu cu gii
quyt tranh chp ca ng s, bin bn ha gii khng thnh, ti liu, chng c
lin quan n v tranh chp.
(iv). Ting ni v ch vit trong qu trnh ha gii tran chp lao
ng l ting Vit. Nu ngi tham gia ha gii tranh chp lao ng khng s
dng c ting Vit, th ngi s dng lao ng phi c phin dch tham gia
trong qu trnh ha gii v gii quyt tranh chp lao ng.
10.4. Cng nhn tham gia qun l doanh nghip
10.4.1. C ch
Vit Nam, trong doanh nghip nh nc, ngi lao ng tham gia qun l
qua: tham gia cng on, tham gia trong cc Hi ng doanh nghip, tham d v
c kin trong cc i hi Cng nhn vin chc, c bu vo Ban thanh tra
nhn dn, Ngoi ra, trong cc doanh nghip ni chung, cng nhn c th c
tham gia qun l mt s d n m doanh nghip thy ph hp vi nng lc ca
h.
10.4.2. Bin php tng cng s tham gia qun l ca nhn vin
10.4.2.1. Tm hiu s tha mn ca nhn vin
Nhm tng cng mi quan h, s gn b, kch thch s nhit tnh, nng
ng ca ngi lao ng, cc doanh nghip nh k cn phi kho st xem xt
mc tha mn ca nhn vin, vi cc yu t:
Lnh o doanh nghip: c tm chin lc, phong cch lnh o ph hp,
gn gi, h tr cp di, phn bit r tnh cm v hiu qu cng vic.
Tnh cht cng vic: sng to, thch thc, to c hi th hin nng lc c
nhn, tng thu nhp v thng tin,
Uy tn, thng hiu ca doanh nghip.
Doanh nghip to c hi o to, th thch, pht trin v thng tin.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
210
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Quan h ng nghip vui v, chn thnh, hp tc, h tr, quan tm,

Vn ho doanh nghip thu ht ngi lao ng on kt, chia s kh khn,
vt qua tr ngi
Tin lng: cng bng v sng phng.
Phc li: m bo theo yu cu lut php nh bo him x hi, y t, n
tra, ... v hn na, nh ngh mt, tri h cho con em, qu sinh nht,
iu kin lm vic an ton, v sinh, trang b bo h, mi trng lm vic.
10.4.2.2. Tm hiu s gn b ca nhn vin
S gn b ca nhn vin th hin qua:
C gng ht mnh thc hin cng vic, hiu qu cao, cht lng tt, hi
sinh c nhn nh lm thm gi, cng tc xa nh, a ra tng mi hon thin
cng vic, tit kim nng lng, chi ph, ci tin nng sut,
T ho, yu mn, pht trin thng hiu, uy tn doanh nghip, nng cao
u th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip.
Trung thnh, gn b d c kh khn trc mt, ni khc ngh lng
tr cao hn.
10.4.2.3. S khc bit vai tr lao ng trong cng ty gia cc quc gia
S khc bit v vai tr lao ng trong doanh nghip gia cc quc gia trn
th gii l do:
Lch s pht trin vn ha, x hi, kinh t, chnh tr, php lut ca mi
quc gia,
C cu doanh nghip,
Chc nng cng on mi quc gia,
Phng php ngi lao ng tham gia qun l doanh nghip mi nc,
Tha c lao ng tp th,
Cch thc gii quyt tranh chp lao ng,
Vai tr cc c quan nh nc trong qun l cc mi quan h lao ng.
10.5. Quan h lao ng quc t
10.5.1. T chc lao ng quc t
10.5.1.1. Ngun gc
T chc lao ng Quc t (ILO) c thnh lp nm 1919, vo thi im
Chin tranh Th gii Th nht kt thc. Khi xng vic thnh lp ILO l ng
Robert Owen - nh cng nghip x Wales (1771-1853), v ng Daniel Legrandnh cng nghip ngi Php (1783-1859). Lc mi thnh lp, ILO l t chc c
lp lin kt vi Hi Quc Lin. n nm 1946, ILO k Hip nh quy nh cc
mi quan h vi Lin hp quc (LHQ) v tr thnh t chc chuyn mn u tin
ca LHQ. T nm 1920, ILO ng Tr s ti Gi-ne-v, Thu S.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
211
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
10.5.1.2. Thnh vin ca ILO

Khi thnh lp nm 1919, ILO ch c 45 nc tham gia. n nay, ILO c
180 quc gia thnh vin trong Bruny l thnh vin tr nht - va gia nhp ILO
u nm 2007. Ngun kinh ph cho cc hot ng ca ILO bao gm: ngun ngn
sch thng xuyn do cc nc thnh vin ILO ng gp nin lim theo t l ca
Lin hp quc, v cc ngun ti chnh do cc nh ti tr song phng v a
phng h tr.
10.5.1.3. Mc tiu v hot ng
ILO c thnh lp trn c s ba mc tiu c bn l mc tiu nhn o (ci
thin iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao ng); mc tiu chnh tr (m bo cng
bng x hi v bo v cc quyn lao ng v quyn con ngi s to bnh n x
hi); v mc tiu kinh t. thc hin cc mc tiu trn, ILO xy dng cc tiu
chun lao ng quc t thng qua hnh thc cc Cng c (CW) v Ngh quyt
trong qui nh cc tiu chun ti thiu v quyn ca ngi lao ng (v d
quyn t do thng hi, quyn c t chc v m phn tp th, quyn xo b
lao ng cng bc, khng b phn bit i x ti ni lm vic v trong vic lm
vv). ILO thng qua nhiu Cng c v Khuyn ngh. Trong s , c 8 CW
c coi l cc Cng c c bn tp trung vo 4 lnh vc: T do lp hi v t
chc; Chng lao ng cng bc; Xa b lao ng tr em; Chng phn bit i
x. Cc Cng c v Khuyn ngh ca ILO c coi l c s ca B lut lao
ng quc t.
10.5.1.4. C cu t chc
ILO l mt t chc quc t chuyn mn ca LHQ. ng u ILO l 1 Tng
Gim c (TG) vi nhim k 5 nm. Cc c quan chnh ca ILO gm: Hi ngh
lao ng quc t; Hi ng qun tr; Vn phng lao ng quc t (Ban Th k);
Cc vn phng khu vc; Cc u ban cng nghip v cc nhm chuyn gia; Hai c
quan h tr l Trung tm o to Quc t v Hc vin Quc t v Nghin cu
Lao ng.
- Hi ngh lao ng quc t (International Labour Conference-ILC):
Hi ngh Lao ng Quc t (ILC) l s kin hng nm quan trng nht ca
ILO, v th cn c tn gi khc l i hi ng ILO. Cc ni dung ca ILC s
c la chn lun phin theo ch ca 4 cp CW ILO c bn nu trn. Do tnh
cht c th, cc nc thnh vin c i biu d ILC bt buc phi gm ba thnh
phn l chnh ph, i din gii lao ng (gii th) v i din gii s dng lao
ng (gii ch). C ba thnh phn ny c ting ni v quyn bu c bnh ng
nh nhau ti ILC v tt c cc din n ca ILO. Ti i hi ng ILO, cc i
biu ba bn s nh gi cc hot ng ca ILO trong nm trc; tho lun v b
sung cc chnh sch lao ng; theo di vic cc nc thc hin cc Cng c
ILO; xem xt hy b cc CW li thi; thng qua ngn sch hot ng ca ILO
(hai nm /ln) v quyt nh mc nin lim ca cc nc thnh vin.
- Hi ng Qun tr (Governing Body)
Hi ng Qun tr (HQT) qun l cc hot ng v quyt nh chnh sch
ca ILO trong thi gian gia hai Hi ngh ILC. HQT hp 3 ln/ nm, gm 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________
212
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
kho bn v ni dung (vo thng 3 v thng 11) v 1 kho bn v t chc - hp

ngay sau khi kt thc kho ILC thng nin bn v vic trin khai thc hin
cc quyt nh ca kho hp ny v ch ko di 1 ngy. HQT c cc nhim v:
xy dng chng trnh v ngn sch ca ILO trnh ILC thng qua; b nhim
Tng Gim c vi nhim k 5 nm. V c cu, HQT c nhim k 3 nm v
gm 56 thnh vin chnh thc v 66 ph thnh vin - cc Ph thnh vin khng c
quyn b phiu ti HQT.
- Vn phng Lao ng Quc t (International Labour Office:
Vn phng Lao ng Quc t l Ban Th k ca ILO, ng thi l trung tm
nghin cu v xut bn n phm ca ILO. Ngoi Vn phng Lao ng Quc t ti
Gi-ne-v, Thu S, hin nay ILO c cc Vn phng chi nhnh v khu vc ti
hn 40 quc gia trn th gii.
- Trung tm o to Quc t (International Training Centre)- Turin ()
Bt u hot ng nm 1965, Trung tm tp trung ging dy cc chng
trnh lin quan ch yu n cc vn c bn nht ca ILO nhm mc ch h tr
gii lao ng v gii s dng lao ng ca cc quc gia thnh vin v cc vn
chnh sch lao ng, vic lm vv n nay c khong 70,000 lt ngi n
t 172 quc gia v vng lnh th c o to ti Trung tm.
- Hc vin Quc t v Nghin cu Lao ng (International Institute on
Labour Studies) ng ti Gi-ne-v, Thy S
Cc hot ng chnh ca Hc vin gm: nghin cu quan h gia cc th ch
lao ng, tng trng kinh t v cng bng x hi, to ra cc din n v chnh
sch x hi, ging bi/t chc cc kho hc v hi tho, cc chng trnh thc tp
lin quan n nghin cu lao ng.
10.5.1.5. Hnh thc h tr ca ILO
Cc quc gia thnh vin c ILO h tr di hnh thc cc chng trnh,
d n do ILO iu hnh. Cc hot ng tr gip khc l: t vn; nghin cu k
thut; tng cng nng lc, th ch; o to, thm quan kho st, hi ngh/hi
tho v cc chuyn lin quan n chin lc v chnh sch lao ng, vic lm.
Mi hot ng tr gip ca ILO u phi tun th cc nguyn tc c bn trong
iu L ILO, l tn trng quyn c bn ti ni lm vic; to thm nhiu c hi
cho ph n cng nh nam gii c c vic lm ng hong vi thu nhp ph
hp v c bo v v nhn phm.
10.5.2. Chnh sch v hot ng hin nay caa ILO
10.5.2.1. Chnh sch chung ca ILO
Chnh sch chung, xuyn sut mi hot ng ca ILO c qui nh c th
trong Hin Chng (ILO Constitution). B Hin Chng ILO c 9 thnh vin
y Ban Lao ng (Labour Commission) vit trong khong t thng Ging n
thng T nm 1919. im ni bt nht trong Hin chng l qui ch lm vic ba
bn (Tripartie Organization) bao gm i din ca Chnh ph, Gii ch v Gii
th vi ting ni bnh ng ti tt c cc din n ILO. y l t chc quc t duy
nht trn th gii lm vic theo c ch ny.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
213
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
Hin Chng qui nh c th cc lnh vc hot ng chnh ca ILO bao gm:

Tng cng c hi cho ph n cng nh nam gii c c vic lm ph hp
trong iu kin c m bo t do, bnh ng, an ninh v phm gi; Khuyn
khch cc nguyn tc v quyn c bn ni lm vic; ng h vic to thm nhiu
c hi cho ph n cng nh nam gii c c vic lm v thu nhp hp l; H tr
vic m rng phm vi h tr v nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc bo tr x hi v
m bo vic tng cng c ch ba bn v i thoi. Ton b cc chnh sch v
hot ng h tr ca ILO u c xy dng da trn nn tng ca B Hin
Chng ny. Hin chng cng c cc nc thnh vin ILO b sung v sa i
cho ph hp vi iu kin tnh hnh mi.
10.5.2.2. Phng hng hot ng hin nay ca ILO
Nm 1998, Tng Gim c ILO, ng Juan Somavia a ra sng kin
Chng trnh Ngh s v Vic lm Bn vng (Decent Work Agenda) nhm
khng nh mnh m hn na cam kt tn trng, xc tin v cng nhn cc quyn
t do nghip on v tha c tp th ca c 3 bn Chnh ph, ngi s dng lao
ng v ngi lao ng. Chng trnh cng yu cu cc nc thnh vin ILO cam
kt hnh ng nhm xa b hon ton cc hnh thc lao ng cng bc, lao
ng bt buc, v xa b s phn bit i x trong vic lm v ngh nghip.
Chng trnh Ngh s v Vic lm Bn vng c coi l tiu ch v nn tng cho
mi hot ng ca ILO hin nay. Chng trnh c tp trung h tr 6 lnh vc
chnh l (1) C hi vic lm dnh cho mi i tng lao ng; (2) T do la chn
vic lm; (3) Vic lm hiu qu; (4) Cng bng trong vic lm; (5) An ton v an
sinh x hi trong cng vic; (6) Tn trng nhn phm ngi lao ng. Cc chin
lc, chnh sch v phng hng gip ca ILO hin nay v thi gian ti u
phi c xy dng trn c s cc lnh vc nu trn.
10.5.2.3. Cc hnh thc h tr hin nay ca ILO
Trn c s chnh sch chung qui nh trong iu l ILO v 6 ni dung c
bn nu trong Chng trnh Ngh s v Vic lm Bn vng, ILO h tr cc quc
gia thnh vin thng qua cc chng trnh, d n lin quan n quan n h tr
hoch nh chin lc, xy dng chnh sch lao ng v vic lm m bo ph
hp vi u tin ca c ILO v ca quc gia thnh vin. Trn c s cc nguyn tc
trn, cc lnh vc c th c ILO u tin tr gip l: (1) h tr o to v ti o
to ngh; (2) xy dng cc chnh sch vic lm; (3) qun l lao ng; (4) xy
dng lut lao ng v quan h lao ng; (5) ci thin iu kin lm vic; (6) pht
trin qun l; (7) xy dng hi, nghip on; (8) bo m an sinh x hi; (9) tp
hp t liu v lao ng, an ton v sc kho ngh nghip.
Nhn chung, nh hng chin lc cc hot ng ca ILO th hin trong
Chng trnh Ngh s v Vic lm Bn vng ca Tng Gim c ILO c cc
nc thnh vin tch cc hng ng. Hi ng kinh t x hi ca LHQ hp thng
7/2006 dnh thi gian Phin Tho lun Cp cao tho lun v ng h
Chng trnh ny. Cho ti nay, cc hot ng h tr ca ILO c nh gi l
hiu qu, kp thi v gp phn h tr tch cc cc quc gia trong lnh vc xy
____________________________________________________________________________________________
214
Qun tr Ngun nhn lc
________________________________________________________________________
dng chnh sch lao ng, ci thin quan h lao ng v iu kin lm vic cho
ngi lao ng.
10.5.3. Quan h vit nam-ILO
10.5.3.1. V pha Vit Nam
Chnh ph Vit Nam lun gi vng cc cam kt vi ILO. Trong nc, Chnh
ph xy dng cc B lut quan trng nh B Lut Lao ng, Dn s, Hnh s..
nhm to mi iu kin thun li v bo v quyn li cho ngi lao ng. Cc
chnh sch v cc B Lut c Chnh ph sa i, b sung cho ph hp vi tnh
hnh mi, ng thi cng l tng thch vi cc tiu chun lao ng qui nh
trong cc Cng c (CW) ca ILO m Vit Nam l thnh vin. n nay Vit Nam
ph chun nhiu Cng c ca ILO, trong c 5/8 CW c bn gm: CW s
100 v tr cng bnh ng gia lao ng nam v n cho loi cng vic c gi tr
ngang nhau; CW s 111 v chng phn bit i x ti ni lm vic; CW s 138
qui nh tui ti thiu c i lm vic v CW s 182 v cm v hnh ng ngay
lp tc loi b cc hnh thc lao ng tr em ti t nht, v CW 29 v chng lao
ng cng bc.
Vic Vit Nam c bu lm Ph thnh vin HQT-c quan u no ca
ILO - c ngha quan trng v hin nay, Chnh ph quyt nh tip tc l trnh
vn ng ng c v tr Ph thnh vin 1 giai on 2008-2011 v tin ti ng c v
tr Ph thnh vin chnh thc (Titular Member) giai on 2011-2014.
10.5.3.2. V pha ILO
Hot ng ca ILO ti Vit Nam tng ln ng k c bit t gia nhng
nm 1990 tr li y. Cc h tr ca ILO tp trung gip Chnh ph hoch nh
chin lc v chnh sch v lao ng, vic lm nhm gip ci thin iu kin sng
v iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao ng. Theo tinh thn Chng trnh ngh s
vic lm bn vng (Decent Work Agenda), trong thi gian ti, ILO s tp trung
h tr cho cng tc ngn chn v xo b tnh trng lao ng tr em, tng cng
bnh ng nam n, pht trin cc doanh nghip, bo tr x hi, an ton v sc
kho ngh nghip, thc y cc mi quan h lao ng v i thoi x hi. Nhn
chng, cc hot ng hp tc u gn vi cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi
ca Chnh ph v ph hp vi bn mc tiu chin lc v chng trnh vic lm
ca ILO.
ILO gip Vit Nam ch yu thng qua cc chng trnh, d n v cc hot
ng tng cng th ch nhm nng cao nng lc trong lnh vc qun l lao ng
v vic lm. Ngun ngn sch ILO h tr cho Vit Nam khong 2,5 triu USD
giai on 1999-2002. n cui nm 2003, tng s vn ti tr tng ln khong 5,7
triu USD. Ti Hi ngh T vn cc Nh ti tr cui nm 2003 ti H Ni, ILO
cam kt ti tr thm cho Vit Nam 2,7 triu la. K t nm 2006 tr i, cc hot
ng hp tc Vit Nam-ILO s tp trung vo cc ni dung c bn ca Chng
trnh ngh s vic lm bn vng hai bn k kt 7/2006.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
215

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B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. H CH MINH

Tin s NGUYN HU QUYN

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Chng 2 Hoch nh ngun nhn lc

Chng 3- Phn tch cng vic.

Chng 4- Qu trnh tuyn dng ngun nhn lc.

Chng 5- Trc nghim v phng vn..

Chng 6 nh hng v pht trin ngh nghip...

Chng 7- o to v pht trin

Chng 8- nh gi thnh tch ca nhn vin

Chng 9- Tr cng lao ng.

Chng 10 - Quan h lao ng

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Gip nhn vin thch nghi v

Tin v thng tin ngh nghip

Qun tr ngun nhn lc

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

1.1.2. c trng ca qun tr ngun nhn lc

Bnh qun, theo thm nin

Theo kt qu thc hin cng vic

Nhiu t chc cng on

S khc bit ny l do s khc bit v vn ha hai khu vc.

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Bng 1.3. - So snh cc c im vn ha M v Nht

Quan tm x hi quan trng hn vt

Nhm l c s ca x hi. tnh tp th

Quyn c nhn c xp u tin

Bao gm c h hng, dng tc, dn

Nhn nhn v cng

Cng vic c nh gi cao, nhn

Tm quan trng ca cng vic gim:

Gio dc l trch nhim ca cha m

Gio dc l hnh thc u t c

Chc v, a v x hi quan trng

Chc v a v t quan trng; hiu

Nhn nhn v xung

Ha hp quan trng hn xung t

Chp nhn xung t, xung t c th

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Trong th k th 13, hun luyn ngh th cng tr nn ph bin Bc u.

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

1.2.4. Khoa hc t chc

Hnh 1.2. Chc nng qun tr ngun nhn lc

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Lp k hoch ngun nhn lc thng hng vo tr li nhng cu hi:

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

1.3.4. Xc lp h thng thng tin v dch v v nhn lc

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

1.4.3. Duy tr hnh vi v nhng chun mc

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

th cnh tranh bng gii php tm kim nhng th trng mi hoc c th l tm

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

1.5.5. Mong mun ca ngi lao ng

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Nng lc kinh doanh: nhng kin thc v ti chnh, tc nghip, chin

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

Hnh 2.1 - Tin trnh hoch nh ngun nhn lc

Thng tin th hai xut pht t bn trong t chc. N bao gm cc k hoch

Qun tr Ngun nhn lc

mc k nng ca h nh th no v bao nhiu nhn vin k vng l s ri