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MC LC.
MC LC................................................................................................................ 1
LI M U..........................................................................................................4
Chng I: NHNG HIU BIT C BN V NHIN LIU ETHANOL
(XNG PHA CN, GASOHOL)...........................................................................5
I. Vi nt v lch s s dng nhin liu ethanol. ....................................................................5
II. Li ch v hn ch khi s dng nhin liu Ethanol.............................................................6
II.1. Li ch................................................................................................................................................6
II.1.1. Li ch v kinh t........................................................................................................................6
II.1.2. Li ch v mi trng.................................................................................................................6
II.2. Hn ch khi s dng nhin liu ethanol.............................................................................................7

III. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng nhin liu ethanol hin nay trn th gii........................7
IV. Mt s thng tin v gi c ethanol nhin liu.....................................................................8
V. Tnh hnh sn xut v kh nng s dng ethanol nhin liu nc ta.............................9

Chng II: CC PHNG PHP SN XUT ETHANOL NHIN LIU.. .12

I. Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu cha tinh bt (sn, ng)..................................................12
I.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu..................................................................................................................12
I.1.1. Thnh phn quan trng v ch yu i vi nguyn liu cha tinh bt sn xut ethanol......12
I.1.2. Nguyn liu cha tinh bt sn xut ethanol. ........................................................................13
I.1.2.1. Sn......................................................................................................................................13
I.1.2.2. Ng. ..................................................................................................................................14
I.2. Cc cng on chnh trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol t tinh bt. ................................................15
I.3. Thuyt minh cc cng on sn xut ethanol t tinh bt..................................................................17
I.3.1. Lm sch....................................................................................................................................17
I.3.2. Nghin nguyn liu....................................................................................................................17
I.3.3. Nu nguyn liu.......................................................................................................................17
I.3.4. ng ho..................................................................................................................................18
I.3.5. Ln men.....................................................................................................................................20
I.3.6. Chng ct v tinh ch ru........................................................................................................25

II. Sn xut ethanol t r ng..............................................................................................29

II.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu................................................................................................................29
II.1.1. Gii thiu nguyn liu..............................................................................................................29
II.1.2. Bo qun nguyn liu...............................................................................................................30
II.2. Cc cng on chnh ca vic sn xut ethanol t r ng. .........................................................31
II.2.1. Chun b dch ln men..............................................................................................................33
II.2.1.1. Pha long..........................................................................................................................33
II.2.1.2. Acide ha..........................................................................................................................33
II.2.1.3. B sung cht st trng.......................................................................................................34
II.2.1.4. B sung cht dinh dng..................................................................................................34
II.2.3. Chng ct v tinh ch..............................................................................................................35

III. Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu cha cellulose (rm r, mn ca)...........................36

III.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu v phng php sn xut......................................................................36
III.1.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu.......................................................................................................36
III.1.2. Tng quan v phng php sn xut.......................................................................................38
III.2. Chun b nguyn liu......................................................................................................................40
III.2.1. Mc ch.................................................................................................................................40
III.2.2. S khi...............................................................................................................................41

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III.2.3. Thuyt minh s ...................................................................................................................41

III.3. Tin x l.........................................................................................................................................41
III.3.1. Mc ch..................................................................................................................................41
III.3.2. S khi...............................................................................................................................41
III.3.3. Thuyt minh s ...................................................................................................................42
III.4. ng ho v ln men....................................................................................................................44
III.4.1. Mc ch..................................................................................................................................44
............................................................................................................................................................44
III.4.3. Thuyt minh s cng ngh qu trnh ng ha v ln men.............................................46
III.5. Tinh ch sn phm..........................................................................................................................50
III.5.1. Mc ch..................................................................................................................................50
III.5.2. S ........................................................................................................................................50
III.5.3. Thuyt minh s ...................................................................................................................52
III.6. X l nc thi...............................................................................................................................55
III.6.1. Mc ch..................................................................................................................................55
III.6.2. S ........................................................................................................................................55
III.6.3. Thuyt minh s ...................................................................................................................57

IV. Cc phng php thu nhn cn khan..............................................................................57

IV.1. Mc ch.........................................................................................................................................57
IV.2.1. Chng ct chn khng.............................................................................................................58
IV.2.2. Dng Na2SO4, CaSO4, CaCO3, CuSO4 khan hp ph nc...........................................59
IV.2.3. Bc hi thm thu qua mng lc.............................................................................................59
IV.2.4. Chng ct ng ph.................................................................................................................60
IV.2.5. Hp ph ry phn t................................................................................................................62
IV.2.5.1. S cng ngh..............................................................................................................62
IV.2.5.2. Thuyt minh s ...........................................................................................................64
IV.2.5.3. Tnh hnh lm khan cn Vit Nam bng Zeolit:..........................................................65
IV.3. Nhn xt..........................................................................................................................................66

IV. nh gi cc phng php sn xut ethanol...................................................................66

Chng III: NGHIN CU KH NNG PHI TRN ETHANOL VO

CONDENSATE CA VIT NAM.......................................................................69
I. Tng quan v Xng...............................................................................................................69
I.1. Cc tnh cht ca xng.......................................................................................................................71
I.1.1. Cc ch tiu v tnh cht vt l...................................................................................................71
I.1.1.1. Khi lng ring................................................................................................................71
I.1.1.2. p sut hi bo ha............................................................................................................71
I.1.1.3. Thnh phn ct...................................................................................................................72
I.1.2. Cc ch tiu v tnh cht s dng...............................................................................................73
I.1.2.1. Tr s octane.......................................................................................................................73
I.1.2.2. Nhit chp chy............................................................................................................76
I.1.2.3. Tnh n nh ha hc.........................................................................................................76
I.1.2.4. Cc ch tiu khc................................................................................................................76
I.2. Li ch v tc hi ca xng................................................................................................................77
I.2.1. Li ch........................................................................................................................................77
I.2.2. Tc hi........................................................................................................................................77
I.2.2.1. i vi sc khe con ngi [2].........................................................................................78
I.2.2.2. i vi mi trng.............................................................................................................79
I.3. Cc bin php k thut lm gim mc gy nhim ca ng c xng.......................................82
I.3.1. Ci thin ng c v ti u qu trnh chy................................................................................82
I.3.2. X l kh x bng b xc tc......................................................................................................82
I.3.3. Ci thin nhin liu bng cch s dng nhin liu sch hay dng nhin liu thay th. ............83

II. Nghin cu kh nng phi trn ethanol vo condensate Vit Nam.................................87

II.1. Gii thiu chung v condensate Vit Nam.......................................................................................87

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II.1.1. Condensate................................................................................................................................87
II.1.2. Thnh phn v c tnh ca condensate Vit Nam...................................................................87
II.1.3. Tnh hnh khai thc v tr lng condensate Vit Nam...........................................................87
II.1.4. Tnh hnh s dng condensate ti Vit Nam hin nay..............................................................88
II.2. Thun li v kh khn ca vic pha ethanol vo condensate...........................................................89
II.2.1. Thun li...................................................................................................................................89
II.2.1. Kh khn...................................................................................................................................89
II.3. Kho st nh hng ca ethanol ln cc tnh cht s dng ca nhin liu khi phi trn vo
condensate ...............................................................................................................................................89
II.3.1. nh hng ca ethanol n tr s octane ca xng..................................................................90
II.3.2. nh hng ca ethanol n p sut hi bo ha ca xng.......................................................90
II.3.4. nh hng ca ethanol n s tch lp ca Gasohol..............................................................98
II.3.5. nh hng n s pht thi ca cc cht gy nhim............................................................98
II.4. Xy dng quy trnh pha trn Gasohol............................................................................................100
II.4.1. Nguyn tc pha trn................................................................................................................100
II.4.2. S pha trn.........................................................................................................................100

III. Tnh ton phi trn..........................................................................................................102

III.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................................102
III.2. Nguyn tc phi trn.....................................................................................................................102
III.2.1. Tnh ch s octane (RON).....................................................................................................102
III.2.2. T trng (d154).....................................................................................................................103
III.2.3. Tnh % khi lng lu hunh (%S)......................................................................................103
III.2.4. Tnh hm lng Aromatic (%Ar). ........................................................................................103
III.2.5. Tnh p sut hi bo ha (TVV)...........................................................................................104
III.3. Cc tnh cht v ngun phi trn..................................................................................................105
III.3.1. Condensate............................................................................................................................105
III.3.2. Ethanol 99,5% khi lng.....................................................................................................105
III.3.3. Reformate..............................................................................................................................105
III.3.4. Xng FCC..............................................................................................................................106
III.3.5. Butane....................................................................................................................................106
III.4. Tin hnh phi trn.......................................................................................................................107
III.4.1. Condensate v ethanol...........................................................................................................107
III.4.2. Condensate, ethanol v reformate.........................................................................................108
III.4.3. Condensate, ethanol v xng FCC........................................................................................109
III.4.4. Condensate, ethanol, xng FCC, reformate v butane..........................................................109

KT LUN..........................................................................................................113

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LI M U.
t rt lu, du m lun gi mt vai tr quan trng trong chin lc pht
trin kinh t ca mi quc gia. Hn 90% lng du m khai thc c phc v cho
nhu cu nng lng nh xng nhin liu, nhin liu phn lc, diesel, nhin liu t
l C th ni du m l nn tng ca s tng trng v pht trin kinh t ca bt
k mt quc gia no.
Trong nhng nm gn y, vi s leo thang ca gi xng du gy nhiu tc
ng tiu cc n nn kinh t th gii. V vy vic tm kim nhng ngun nng
lng sch, c kh nng ti to thay th mt phn xng du tr thnh mt vn
cp thit v c nhiu quc gia quan tm. Mt trong nhng hng i hiu qu l
s dng ethanol pha vo xng va lm tng ch s octane, va lm gim nhim
mi trng nn xng pha cn ngy cng tr nn ph bin trn ton th gii.
Hn na, nc ta l mt nc nng nghip c ngun nguyn liu sn
xut ethanol l rt phong ph. Vit Nam s hu hai ng bng rng ln l ng
bng Sng Hng v ng bng Sng Cu Long. y l vng nguyn liu l tng,
l tin cho s ra i ca nh my sn xut ethanol t cellulose (rm r).
Vi nhng l do nh trn, ti nghin cu tng quan kh nng sn xut
v s dng ethanol lm nhin liu cho ng c l mt bc i ban u cho vic
sn xut ethanol nhin liu phc v cho nhu cu nng lng ngy cng gia tng
nc ta.

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Chng I: NHNG HIU BIT C BN V NHIN LIU ETHANOL

(XNG PHA CN, GASOHOL).
I. Vi nt v lch s s dng nhin liu ethanol.
Thi gian u ethanol c dng trong y t, trong m phm, dng lm dung
mi v sau ny n c bit n nh ngun nhin liu cho ng c t trong c
ng dng nhiu nc nh Anh, Php, M, Canada, Brazil
Ethanol l cu t phi trn lm tng ch s octane ca xng:
tng cng sut ca ng c, ta phi tng ch s nn. Khi tng ch s nn ta
cn phi tng ch s octane ca xng trnh hin tng chy kch n ca nhin
liu. Trc y, tng ch s octane, ngi ta thng dng Tetra etyl ch nhng
hin nay n b cm s dng v ch rt c, gy tn thng cho h thn kinh trung
ng, gy nhim mi trng. Nghin cu cho chng ta thy dng nhm ph gia l
hp cht hu c cha oxy nh: metyl ter butyl ete (MTBE), etyl ter butyl ete
(ETBE), methanol, ethanol, khi pha xng s lm tng ch s octane ca xng, lm
xng chy tt hn, gim pht thi cc kh gy nhim. Mt khc, cng ngh sn
xut cng khng phc tp, gi thnh tng i r, th trng d chp nhn.
Ngy nay c th thy ethanol hon ton c kh nng dng lm nhin liu cho
ng c t trong, thay th mt phn nhin liu ha thch. Ethanol c dng 2
dng c th sau:

Ethanol c pha vo xng vi t l nh hn 15%. Vi t l ny th

khng cn thay i hay hiu chnh g ng c xng. Tui th, bn ca ng c

khng h thay i [1].

Ethanol l nhin liu thay th hon ton cho xng dng cho nhng

ng c t trong c ci tin. Dng xe FFV (Flex-Fuel Vehicles- -t nhin liu

linh hot). Xe FFV c th t ng nhn bit hm lng cn trong bnh nhin liu
t iu chnh gc nh la sm v thay i lng phun nhin liu. Dng xe FFV
c tnh kinh t nhin liu cao hn cc xe khng FFV, v xe c thit k ti u
v vt liu, v kt cu bung chy v h thng nhin liu. Nhin liu E85 (c 85%
ethanol trong xng) l loi nhin liu tt nht cho xe FFV. Ring trong nm 2000

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M sn xut 750.000 chic FFV. Hin nay M c khong 5 triu xe FFV cng
vi 169.000 trm bn l E85. Hng GM trong nm 2005 cho ra i hng lot
mc xe chy bng nhin liu E85 nh xe Chevrolet Avalanche, Suburban v GMC
Yukon XL, Chevrolet Silverado v GMC, Chevrolet Tahoe cho cnh st. Cc nc
khc cng c xe FFV nh BMW E85 Z4 3.0 ca c. Xe FFV hiu Falcon v
Taurus ca M ti chu u [1].

II. Li ch v hn ch khi s dng nhin liu Ethanol.

II.1. Li ch.
S dng ethanol lm nhin liu khng ch l mt bin php tnh th nhm
lm tng ch s octane ca xng, thay th cho nhng ph gia gy nhim mi
trng sinh thi, m cn m bo an ton nng lng cho mi quc gia v y l
ngun nng lng c kh nng ti to c (Energie renouvelable).
II.1.1. Li ch v kinh t.
Sn xut ethanol lm nhin liu gp phn thc y nn nng nghip pht
trin v ethanol c sn xut theo dy chuyn cng ngh sinh hc, nguyn liu sn
xut ethanol l tinh bt ca cc loi c ht nh: sn, khoai, ng, la, go, tri cy
y l ngun nguyn liu di do trong t nhin, to ra nhiu cng n vic lm cho
nhiu lao ng nng thn, gii quyt c lng lng thc b t ng v c
bit khuyn khch c tinh thn lao ng sn xut ca ngi dn.
Ngoi ra vic s dng nhin liu sinh hc ni chung cng nh gasohol ni
ring gip cho cc quc gia ch ng trong chnh sch nng lng ca mnh. Nc
no cng c nhiu xng sinh hc th cng t ph thuc vo nc khc v t c th
pht trin nn kinh t ca mnh mt cch bn vng.
II.1.2. Li ch v mi trng.
Vic dng ethanol lm nhin liu, c tc dng ngn chn hiu ng nh knh.
V vy n c mnh danh l xng xanh. Theo cc tnh ton cho thy: nu thay
th vic t mt lt xng bng mt lt ethanol th s gim 40% lng pht sinh kh
CO2 vo kh quyn gip mi trng c xanh, sch hn. Khi t ethanol s chy
xy ra hon ton hn so vi khi t xng. Ta thng thy trong cc ng c xng

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thng xut hin cc bi bn chnh l do cc hydrocacbon chy khng ht. iu

phi tn thi gian lau chi, sa cha ng c. Khi pha ethanol vo xng lm cho
xng chy hon ton hn, gim pht thi cc kh gy nhim mi trng. Hn na,
ethanol c iu ch t sn phm nng nghip s lm tng din tch t trng cy.
iu ny c ngha lm tng din tch l phi ca tri t ln [2].

II.2. Hn ch khi s dng nhin liu ethanol.

Hn ch c bn ca ethanol nhin liu l tnh ht nc ca n. Ethanol c
kh nng ht m v ho tan v hn trong nc. Do gasohol phi c tn tr v
bo qun trong h thng bn cha t bit.
V hin tng gy nhim: tuy gim cc hm lung cc cht gy nhim
nh HC, CO nhng li gy ra mt s hp phn khc nh cc andehyt, NO x cng l
nhng cht gy nhim [1].
Do nhit tr ca ethanol ni ring (PCI ethanol =26,8 MJ/kg) v cc loi ancol
khc ni chung u thp hn so vi xng (PCI xng =42,5 MJ/kg) nn khi dng
ethanol pha trn vo xng s lm gim cng sut ng c so vi khi dng xng.
Tuy nhin s gim cng sut ny l khng ng k nu ta pha vi s lng t [3].
Tm li, vic s dng gasohol c nhiu u im nhng cng c nhng mt
hn ch. Tuy nhin khi phn tch tng quan gia cc mt li v hi ngi ta vn
thy mt li ln hn, mang ngha chin lc hn.

III. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng nhin liu ethanol hin nay trn th
gii.
Ethanol c th sn xut bng nhiu phng php khc nhau:
Cng ngh sn xut ethanol tng hp:
Tng hp ethanol c ngha l sn xut ethanol bng phng php ho hc,
trn th gii ngi ta sn xut ethanol bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Trong
cng ngh tng hp ho du ethanol c sn xut bng dy chuyn cng ngh
hydrat ho i vi kh etylen hoc cng ngh cacbonyl ho vi methanol.
Hydrat ho: CH2=CH2 + H2O

C2H5OH

Cacbonyl: CH3OH + CO + 2 H2

C2H5OH + H2O

Trang 8

Cng ngh sn xut ethanol sinh hc:

Cng ngh ny da trn qu trnh ln men cc ngun hydratcacbon c trong
t nhin nh: nc qu p, nc thi men bia, ng, sn, mn, g...
(C6H10O5)n + n H2O

nC6H12O6

2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q

Trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol sinh hc c th phn thnh 2 cng on l

cng on ln men nhm sn xut ethanol c nng thp v cng on lm khan
sn xut ethanol c nng cao phi trn vo xng.
Hin nay, tnh hnh sn xut v s dng ethanol trn th gii pht trin rt
mnh m [4].
Brazil: sn lng tiu th ethanol t ti 1415 triu tn/nm ng u th gii.
M: Hnh thnh vnh ai nng nghip gm nhiu ban chuyn sn xut ng,
lm nhiu liu cho hn 50 nh my sn xut ethanol sinh hc vi sn lng tiu th
13 triu tn/nm.
Cc nc Canada, Mexico, Php, Thy in, c, Nam Phi, Trung Quc...
u tng bc pht trin cng ngh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc, ch yu l
nhin liu ha thch pha ethanol sinh hc.
Ti ng Nam , Thi Lan l nc ng u v sn xut v s dng ethanol
lm nhin liu, khong 1,5-1,6 triu tn/nm.

IV. Mt s thng tin v gi c ethanol nhin liu.

Gi gasohol ph thuc nhiu vo gi ethanol nhin liu. Khi sn xut ethanol
qui m ln, cng ngh tin tin t mt ng, rm r hay ng cc gi r th gi
thnh ethanol s h. Trn th gii, gi thnh ethanol nhin liu trung bnh khong
0,35 n 0,39 USD/Lt (vo thi im nm 2004) [4].
Brazil, gi ethanol 95,57% khong 0,15 n 0,24 USD/Lt, ethanol tuyt
i 99,8% khong 0,25 n 0,28 USD/Lt.
Thailan, mt lt gasohol pha trn 10% th tch ethanol c gi bn thp hn
xng thng thng t 0,5 n 1,5 Bath.
Trung Quc, gasohol pha trn 10% th tch ethanol khong 3,16 T/Lt.

Trang 9

nc ta, cha c nh my sn xut ethanol nhin liu m ch c cc nh

my sn xut cn cng nghip. Ethanol tuyt i phi nhp khu t nc ngoi vi
gi rt cao. Hin nay, nh nc ang ch trng sn xut ethanol nhin liu gim
bt gnh nng t vic nhp khu xng du.

V. Tnh hnh sn xut v kh nng s dng ethanol nhin liu nc ta.

nc ta, cng ngh sn xut ethanol cn rt nh b v lc hu. Ch c
ngnh sn xut ethanol sinh hc m ngun nguyn liu ch yu t tinh bt (sn,
ng, khoai) v t r ng. Hon ton cha c nh my sn xut ethanol t cc
ngun nguyn liu cha cellulose (rm r, mn ca, cy c). Sn phm ch yu
l ethanol thc phm (nng 40% n 45%) v cn cng nghip (nng t
95,57% n 96%), mt lng nh c lm khan thnh ethanol tuyt i (nng
99,5%).
Hin ti c mt s t nh my sn xut ethanol cng nghip c cng sut tng
i nh nh my ru H Ni, nh my ru Bnh Ty, nh my ru Tam Hip.
Do cha p ng c nhu cu nn hin nay ta vn phi nhp khu mt
lng ethanol tuyt i ng chai ch yu lm ho cht cho cc nhu cu khc
nhau. Khng c kh nng s dng ethanol tuyt i lm nhin liu v gi thnh t
(Gi ti thi im hin ti cn 99,5% loi Trung Quc c gi 55.000/lt).
nc ta, mun pht trin vic dng ethanol lm nhin liu cn phi c
chng trnh sn xut ethanol tm c quc gia. Vic i hi nhng bc i tht
c th theo mt chin lc hoch nh r rng.
Trong my thng u nm nay, tnh hnh sn xut ethanol nhin liu nc
ta c bc khi sc. Ch trong vng hn 1 thng, nc ta chng kin 2 s
kin quan trng pht trin vic dng ethanol nhin liu. l:

Ngy 09/03/2007 Petrosetco (thuc PetroVietnam) k kt tha thun

hp tc thnh lp lin doanh xy dng nh my sn xut ethanol sinh hc u tin

ti Vit Nam vi tp on Itochu ca Nht Bn. Ton b sn phm ca nh my l
cn 99,8% s cung ng cho th trng trong nc pha vo xng, phc v cho cc
hot ng cng nghip v giao thng vn ti. Vi cng sut 100 triu lt

Trang 10

ethanol/nm, lin doanh gia Petrosetco & Itochu mi p ng c 1/7 nhu cu

hin ti. Trong tng lai Petrovietnam s xy dng t nht 6 nh my na vi ngun
nguyn liu u vo khng ch l sn lt m cn t mt r, ng v go. C th ni
vic ra i lin doanh gia Petrosetco & Itochu trong d n ny l bc ngot quan
trng m ng cho s pht trin ca xng pha cn ni ring v nhin liu sinh hc
ni chung Vit Nam [5].

Khng lu sau l k lin doanh gia Petrosetco & Itochu, Vit Nam

c thm mt nh my sn xut ethanol khan na. Ngy 12/04/2007 va qua,

cng ty ng Xanh hp tc vi UBNN tnh Qung Nam tin hnh khi cng xy
dng nh my sn xut ethanol 99,5% ti i Tn, i Lc, Qung Nam. Mt d
sn phm ca nh my khng trc tip phc v cho nhu cu trong nc m c
a i xut khu nhng s ra i ca nh my khuy ng phong tro sn xut
ethanol khan nc nh m ng l ra n phi c pht trin t lu [6].

Trang 11

TI LIU THAM KHO.

[1] kin nh khoa hc: Nn dng ethanol sinh hc lm nhin liu,
Nhandan.com.vn.
[2] Nhin liu sinh hc c thay xng du? Vietnamnet.com.vn.
[3] ADEME/DIRME
Rapport technique: Bilans nergtiques et gaz effet de serre des filires de
production de biocarburants.
[4] Ti liu ca trung tm nghin cu v pht trin du kh.
[5] Ethanol Vit Nam, Nhandan.com.vn.
[6] L khi cng xy dng nh my cn i Tn, tuoitre.com.vn.

Trang 12

Chng II: CC PHNG PHP SN XUT ETHANOL NHIN LIU.

Nh trn trnh by, sn xut ethanol ta c th i t nhiu phng php
khc nhau. Tuy nhin, xut pht t iu kin Vit Nam l mt nc nng nghip c
sn phm nng nghip rt phong ph nn ti ny ch cp n vic sn sut
ethanol t ngun nguyn liu chnh:

Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu cha tinh bt (sn, ng).

Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu l r ng.

Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu cha cellulose (rm r, mn ca).

I. Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu cha tinh bt (sn, ng).

I.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu.
I.1.1. Thnh phn quan trng v ch yu i vi nguyn liu cha tinh bt
sn xut ethanol.
i vi sn xut ru th thnh phn quan trng nht l gluxit ln men c,
gm tinh bt v mt s ng. Trong a s gluxit ni chung th t l gia H v O
u tng t nh trong nc C n(H2O)m. Tuy nhin cng c nhng gluxit t l gia
H v O khng ging nh trong nc chng hn nh ramnoza.
Gluxit trong t nhin chia lm ba nhm chnh l mono, oligo, polysaccarit.
Trong :

Monosaccarit l nhng gluxit n gin khng th thy phn c.

Trong t nhin ph bin nht l hai loi hexoza v pentoza. Hexoza l guluxit ln
men c, di tc dng ca nm men a s hexoza bin thnh ru v CO 2.
Pentoza thuc gluxit khng ln men c, gm arabinoza, ribozakhng c kh
nng chuyn ha thnh ru bng nm men.

Oligosaccarit l nhng gluxit cha t 2 n 10 gc monosaccarit.

Trong thin nhin ph bin nht l oligo cha 2 hoc 3 mono v cn gi l

disaccarit hay trisaccarit. i din cho disaccarit l mantoza v saccaroza cn i
din cho trisaccarit l rafinoza. Mantoza v saccaroza d dng chuyn ha thnh
ru v CO2 di tc dng ca nm men, cn rafinoza ch ln men c 1/3.

Trang 13

Polysaccarit l nhng gluxit cha t 10 gc mono tr ln cu to t

nhiu gc mono mch thng hay mch nhnh. Di tc dng ca acide, nhit
hoc enzyme chng s b thy phn v to thnh cc phn t thp hn l oligo hay
cui cng l monosaccarit. Nhng polysaccarit in hnh:

Tinh bt: l gluxit d tr ph bin nht trong thc vt. Tinh bt l

cht keo ho nc in hnh, cu to t amyloza mch thng v amylopectin. Ngoi

ra trong tinh bt cn cha mt lng nh cc cht khc nh mui khong, cht bo,
protit Hm lng chung ca chng khong 0,2 n 0,7%. Di tc dng ca ca
acide hoc amylaza tinh bt s b thy phn. Khi un vi acide, tinh bt s bin
thnh glucose, cn di tc dng ca amylaza thc mm th dch thy phn gm 70
n 80% mantoza v 30 n 20% dextrin. Nu dng amylaza ca mt s nm mc
hay nm men th dch thy phn cha ti 80 n 90% l glucose [1].

Cellulose (cht s) l thnh phn ch yu ca mng t bo thc vt.

Di tc dng ca acide v c long nhit v p sut cao, cellulose s bin

thnh glucose.

Hemicellulose (cht bn s) cng cha nhiu trong thnh t bo thc

vt. Trong hemicellulose c cha hexozan v pentozan, d b thy phn hn so vi

cellulose.
I.1.2. Nguyn liu cha tinh bt sn xut ethanol.
I.1.2.1. Sn.
L mt loi cy lng thc ph bin ca cc nc vng nhit i chu ,
chu Phi, chu M. Sn l cy d trng, c th thch hp vi t i, g. Sn lng
sn tng i n nh v cao. C sn nhiu tinh bt, nn sn lng tinh bt trn mt
n v din tch canh tc kh hn so vi nhiu loi cy trng khc.
Vit Nam, sn c trng t Bc ti Nam, c trng nhiu vng trung
du. Hng nm vi 1,2 triu tn sn lt xut khu, chng ta c th sn xut c t nht
400 triu lt ethanol/nm v vi t l 10% ethanol pha vo xng th lng ethanol ni
trn p ng 50% nhu cu ethanol sinh hc hin ti ca th trng xng [2].

Trang 14

Thnh phn ho hc ca sn [3].

Thnh phn ca sn ti dao ng trong gii hn kh ln: tinh bt 2034%,
protein 0,81,2%, cht bo 0,30,4%, cellulose 13,1%, cht tro 0,54%, polyphenol
0,10,3% v nc 60,074,2%.
Thnh phn sn kh bao gm: nc 13,12%, protit 0,2%, gluxit 74,7%,
cellulose 11,1%, tro 1,69%.
Ngoi cc cht k trn, trong sn cn c mt lng vitamin v c t.
Vitamin trong sn thuc nhm B, trong B1 v B2 mi loi chim 0,03mg%, cn
B6 chim 0,06mg%. Cc vitamin ny s b mt mt phn khi ch bin, nht l khi
nu trong quy trnh sn xut ru. Hm lng HCN trong sn ti nh hn
50mg/kg th cha gy c hi cho con ngi, t 50 100mg s gy ng c v ln
hn 100mg/kg, ngi n s b t vong. Do sn trc khi luc cn ngm v b v
ci. Sn ti thi lt v phi kh s gim ng k lng c t ni trn. Trong
sn xut ru, khi nu lu nhit cao pha long nc nn hm lng c t
trn l rt b cha nh hng ti nm men. Hn na, cc mui xyanat (CN -) khi
chng ct khng bay hi nn b loi cng b ru.
Sn dng trong sn xut ru ch yu l sn lt kh. Ngoi sn ngi ta cn
dng ng sn xut ra cn c cht lng cao.
I.1.2.2. Ng.
Ng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. nc ta ng l
mt trong nhng nng sn chnh, l loi cy lng thc quan trng sau la.
Thnh phn ho hc ca ng [3].
Thnh phn ho hc ca ng ht khc nhau tu theo ging ng, phng php
v k thut trng trt, kh hu. Nc chim 14%, protit 10%, cht bo 4,6%, gluxit
67,9%, cellulose 2,2%, tro 1,3%. Phn di cng ca ht l cung c tc dng dnh
ht vi ci. Cung rt giu cellulose, lignin v hemicellulose, cung chim ti 1,5%
trng lng ht.
Ngoi ra cn phi k n vai tr quan trng ca tc nhn vi sinh.

Trang 15

Trong sn xut ru ngi ta s dng hu ht i din ca 3 nhm vi sinh

vt: nm men, nm mc v vi khun.

Nm mc: nu ru t tinh bt th bt but phi qua giai on ng

ho, y l giai on chuyn ho tinh bt thnh ng. Hin nay, ph bin l s

dng nm mc t ngun giu amylaza.

Vi khun: Trong sn xut ru, mt s nh my cn s dng vi khun

lactic to pH thch hp cho qu trnh ln men. C ngha l sau khi ng ho

xong, ngi ta cho vi khun lactic pht trin, vi khun ny to axit nht nh.
axit ny thch hp cho nm men tin hnh ln men. Thng ngi ta s dng
vi khun Themobacterium cereale v Delbuxki.

Nm men: l tc nhn c bn gy ra qu trnh ln men ru. Thng

s dng nm men thuc h Saccharomyces cerevisial, loi S.cerevisiae.

I.2. Cc cng on chnh trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol t tinh bt.

T tinh bt, sn xut ethanol p ng c yu cu lm nhin liu cn
phi tri qua cc cng on sau:

Trang 16
Nguyn liu
tinh bt

Lm sch

Nghin

Nu

ng ha

Men
ging
PTN

Men
ging
sn
xut

Ln men

Gim chn

Chng ct, tinh ch

Cn cng nghip

Tch nc

Cn khan

Thu hi CO2

Trang 17

I.3. Thuyt minh cc cng on sn xut ethanol t tinh bt.

I.3.1. Lm sch.
Ng, sn c lm sch t, ct, bo qun trong kho kh ro chng mi,
mt, su b. Trc khi em nghin, nguyn liu c lm sch bng phng php
sng v sc gi, dng my kh t tch nhng kim loi.
I.3.2. Nghin nguyn liu.

Mc ch:

Cng on nghin ph v cu trc mng t bo thc vt, to iu kin gii

phng cc ht tinh bt ra khi cc m, ni cch khc nghin l qu trnh phn chia
vt rn thnh nhiu phn t nh.

C 3 loi my nghin:

My nghin a

My nghin trc.

My nghin di tc dng va p v va p ma st.

Hin nay nhiu nh my s dng my nghin ba nghin nguyn li

thnh bt v cho vo ni nu s b nh bng ti hoc gu ti.
I.3.3. Nu nguyn liu.

Mc ch:

Nu nguyn liu nhm ph v mng t bo ca tinh bt, to iu kin bin

chng thnh trng thi ho tan trong nc. Nu nguyn liu l qu trnh ban u
nhng rt quan trng trong sn xut ethanol. Cc qu trnh sau tt hay xu u ph
thuc rt nhiu vo kt qu nu nguyn liu.

Cc phng thc nu nguyn liu:

Nu gin on.

c im ca phng php ny l ton b qu trnh nu c thc hin

trong mt ni. Phng php ny c u im l tn t vt liu ch to thit b, thao
tc n gin, nhng c nhc im l tn hi v khng s dng c hi th, nu
lu p sut v nhit cao nn gy tn tht ng nhiu.

Trang 18

Nu bn lin tc.

c im ca phng php l nu c tin hnh trong ba ni khc nhau v

chia thnh nu s b, nu chn v nu chn thm. Phng php c u im l gim
c thi gian nu, p sut, nhit do gim c tn tht v tng hiu sut n
7 lt cn/tn tinh bt. Nh s dng hi th vo nu s b nn tit kim 15 n 30%
lng hi dng cho nu. Nhc im ca phng php ny l tn nhiu kim loi
ch to thit b.

Nu lin tc.

Trong ba phng thc nu trn, nu lin tc ngy cng ph bin v c nhiu

u im hn c nh:
- Tn dng c nhiu hi th do c th un dch cho ti nhit cao m
khng nh hng ti kh nng lm vic ca thit b.
- Cho php nu nhit thp v thi gian nu ngn nn gim c tn tht
ng do chy. Nh hiu sut ru tng 5 lt so vi nu bn lin tc v 12 lt/tn
tinh bt so vi nu gin on.
- Nng sut ring ca 1 m3 thit b tng 7 ln. Tiu hao kim loi ch to
thit b gim 50% so vi bn lin tc [1].
- D c kh ha v t ng ha.
- Tn t din tch t thit b.
Tuy nu lin tc c nhiu u im nhng i hi cc iu kin nghim ngt:
- Nguyn liu phi nghin tht nh, bt nm trn mt ry c ng knh
d=3mm khng vt qu 10%. Bt lt qua ry c ng knh d=1mm ln hn 40%.
- Vic cung cp in nc yu cu phi n nh.
I.3.4. ng ho.

Mc ch :

ng ho l qu trnh chuyn ho tinh bt thnh ng ln men c di

tc dng ca enzyme amylaza. Qu trnh ny ng vai tr quan trng trong cng
ngh sn xut ethanol. N quyt nh phn ln hiu sut thu hi ru v tinh bt st
li sau khi ln men.

Trang 19

Tc nhn ng ha:

Mun t hiu qu cao trong qu trnh thy phn tinh bt th vn quan

trng trc tin l chn tc nhn ng ha. Trc kia ngi ta thng dng HCl
hay H2SO4 thy phn tinh bt, nhng hin nay t dng do c gi thnh cao m
hiu sut thu hi ru li thp. Hin nay phn ln cc nc u dng amylaza nhn
t nui cy vi sinh vt. Hu ht cc nh my ru nc ta u dng amylaza thu
c t nui cy nm mc. Trong my nm gn y c mua thm ch phm
amylaza ca hng Novo dng trong ng ha.

Quy trnh ng ho :

S ng ha:
Thng cha
dd Amylaza

Ni nu chn
thm

B phn phn
phi
70%

30%
Thng ng
ha ln 1

Thng ng
ha ln 2

Thit b lm
lnh
10%

Sx men
ging

90%
Thng ln
men

Trang 20

Thuyt minh s :

Tin hnh ng ha lin tc, tc nhn ng ho l enzyme amylaza t

thng cha qua b phn phn phi, sau khong 30% dung dch amylaza c
a vo thng ng ho ln 1 phi hp vi dung dch cho c nhit 60 0C. Thi
gian ng ho ti y khong 20 pht. Ra khi thng ng ho ln 1 dch ng
c b sung 70% ch phm amylaza cn li, sau nh bm a sang thit b
ng ho ln 2. Tng cng thi gian ng ho ln 1 v 2 khng qu 30 pht.
ng ho xong dch ng c lm lnh v 10% dung dch ng c a
sang phn xng gy men, 90% cn li a sang thng ln men [1].
I.3.5. Ln men.

Mc ch: dch ng ho di tc dng ca nm men s bin thnh

ru v CO2 cng vi nhiu sn phm khc.

Chun b mi trng cy: 2 bc:

Bc 1:Trong phng th nghim:10 lt.

u tin ta tin hnh nhn ging trong phng th nghim m bo iu

kin tt nht cho nm men pht trin. Khi men ging s lng yu cu (khong
10 lt), ta tin hnh sn xut men ging vi s lng ln.

Bc 2: Nhn ging trong sn xut:

Nhn ging n s lng 10% dch ng ln men. Mi trng dng

gy men trong sn xut thng ly trc tip t thng ng ho, nhng cn ng
ho thm m bo lng ng 60g/l tr ln.

Ln men:

Qu trnh ln men ru l qu trnh ym kh, chuyn ho ng thnh ru,

gii phng CO2 v to nhit.
C6H12O6

2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q

Lc u, nm men s dng lng oxy ho tan trong dch men oxy ho

ng thnh CO2 v H2O:
C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O+Q

Trang 21

Lc ny, nm men tip tc pht trin, cn s ln men xy ra cha mnh m.

Sau lng oxy yu dn. Qu trnh h hp ca t bo nm men yu dn, tng
ng vi qu trnh ln men xy ra mnh m, y l giai on ln men chnh. Trong
giai on cui, lng ng trong mi trng ngho i, qu trnh ln men yu dn,
nng ru tng dn n khi qu trnh ln men kt thc c bn thnh phm l
gim chn.

C ch ca ln men ru:

Ln men ru l mt qu trnh sinh hc rt phc tp xy ra di tc dng

ca nhiu enzyme. Trc tin, nm men hp ph cht ng, cht mu v cc hp
cht khc. Cc cht dinh dng c hp ph vo trong t bo, di tc dng ca
h enzyme zymaza bin ng thnh ru tylic v CO2.
Ru tylic hnh thnh khuych tn ra mi trng bn ngoi qua mng t
bo. Ru ho tan trong nc bt k t l no nn khuych tn rt nhanh, CO 2
cng khuych tn vo nc nhng ho tan khng ln. Khi bo ho, CO 2 bao
quanh mng t bo nm men thnh bt kh. Khi bt kh CO 2 to n mc nht
nh th bt kh v t bo nm men cng ni ln b mt dung dch. n b mt do
thay i sc cng b mt nn bt kh v, CO2 thot ra ngoi. Do , nm men lc
ny li chm xung. Qu trnh ny din ra lin tc lm cho t bo nm men t trng
thi khng chuyn ng chuyn sang trng thi chuyn ng, lm tng qu trnh
tip xc gia nm men v cc cht, tng nhanh qu trnh ln men.

Cc yu t ha hc v l hc nh hng ti sinh trng, pht trin ca

nm men [1].

nh hng ca nhit :

Mi vi sinh vt u c nhit ti u cho s pht trin ca chng. V d i

vi nm men saccharomyces, nhit ti u nm trong khong 28 n 32 oC. Nu
c iu kin lm lnh dch ng ti 20 n 220C s hn ch c pht trin ca tp
khun. Sau 8 n 10 gi ln men nhit s tng 2830 0C, tip cn lm lnh
n nh nhit trong gii hn ti u. nhit cao, hot tnh ca nm men gim
nhanh, d b nhim khun lactic v nm men hoang di. Mt khc, khi ln men

Trang 22

nhit cao s to nhiu este aldehyt v tn tht ru theo CO2 cng tng. Vy phi

Cng sinh trng

chn nhit ln men thch hp.

10

20

30

40

50

t0C

Hnh 2.1: nh hng ca nhit n s pht trin ca nm men

tp khun

nh hng ca pH:

Nng ion H+ trong canh trng c nh hng ln n hot ng ca nm

men. Chng c kh nng lm thay i in tch cc cht ca v t bo, lm tng
hot gim mc thm thu cc cht dinh dng cng nh chiu hng ca qu
trnh ln men. Mi vi sinh vt ch c th hot ng tt trong mi trng c pH nht
nh.
Trong iu kin ln men ru, pH ti u to ethanol l 4,5 n 5,5. i
vi dch ng t tinh bt thng khng ch pH 4,8 n 5,2, nhm kt hp gi
cho amylaza chuyn ha tinh bt v dextrin thnh ng ln men c. Nu tng
pH th d b nhim khun, lm gim hiu sut ln men.

Cng sinh trng

Trang 23

Hnh 2.2: nh hng ca pH n s pht trin ca nm men

v tp

khun
Hnh 2.2 cho ta thy pH <= 4,2 nm men pht trin tuy chm hn so vi
pHlc nm men pht
pH = 4,55,0 nhng tp khun hu nh khng pht trin. Ti
trin c nhiu v mnh ta tng pH n ti u cho nm men pht trin nhanh
hn. Lc ny iu kin cng tt cho cc tp khun nhng v nm men nhiu v
mnh ln t nn tp khun cng kh gy tc hi cho nm men.

nh hng ca nng dch ln men:

Nng dch ng cao hay thp u nh hng xu n hiu qu ca qu

trnh ln men. Nu nng dch ng qu cao s dn n lm tng p sut thm
thu v mt cn bng sinh l cho nm men. Kt qu l ru nhiu s c ch khng
nhng cc tp khun m c cc nm men. Mt khc ng nhiu s phi ko di
thi gian ln men, gy tn tht. Nu nng dch ng qu thp s khng kinh t
v s lm gim nng sut thit b ln men, mt khc s tn hi chng ct v tng tn
tht ru trong b ru v nc thi. Bnh thung ngi ta khng ch nng cht
kh cu dch ng t 1618% tng ng 1315% ng sau khi ln men
nhn c ru trong gim chn t 8,59,5%V.
Ngoi ra, qu trnh ln men cn chu nh hng ca cht st trng, qu trnh
sc kh v ngun nit b xung.

Tin hnh ln men:

Ln men c th tin hnh theo s gin on, bn lin tc hay lin tc.
Trong ni bt hn c l phng php ln men lin tc, ph hp cho cc nh my

Trang 24

c nng sut ln cho hiu qu kinh t cao. Tuy nhin khi p dng cn phi tnh ton
cn thn, trnh tnh trng nhim khun hng lot.
S cng ngh ln men lin tc:

Dch nm men nguyn chng cho vo thng ln men u dy 1(a), t l

10-15% so vi th tch thng. Tip bm lin tc, u n dch ng ho vo
thng n y mt khc vn tip tc thng khng kh nn vo thng 1(a) nhm thc
y qu trnh pht trin ca nm men. Do ng tiu hao ln men tng v to
iu kin thun li cho cc loi vi khun hiu kh pht trin.
Khi thng 1(a) y, m van ng chy chuyn sang thng 2(1), thng 2(1)
y, m van chy chuyn sang thng 2(2), c nh vy cho n khi dch ln men y
thng 2(8) th a i ct ru.
Khi thay thng u dy 1(a), tin hnh nh sau: chuyn nm men vo thng
1(b) cng vi khi lng 10-15% th tch thng, tip chuyn lin tc, u n
dch ng ho ng thi cho c 2 thng 1(a) v 1(b). Lc ny nng ln men
thng 1(a) gim xung nhanh v thiu dch ng ho, nn cng c lc iu chnh
dch ng ho vo c 2 thng sao cho iu kin ln men dao ng khng qu ln,
v khi thng u dy dao ng th cc thng ln men cui cng dao ng theo.
Nh vy, mun thay thng 1(a) phi ch cho thng 1(b) t yu cu th m van
ng chy chuyn t thng 1(b) sang thng 2(1), ng thi ngng bm dch ng ho

Trang 25

vo thng 1(a) tp trung bm vo thng 1(b), mt dy chuyn ln men mi bt u t

thng 1(b). Dng bm chuyn dch ln men t thng 1(a) vo thng 2(1).
i vi cc thng ln men 2(1), 2(2),...,2(8) cng tin hnh dch chuyn, v
sinh, st trng s b sau 68-72 h bng cch dng bm chuyn tip qua cc thng k
cn. Thi gian tin hnh phi b tr tht khp khng nh hng n dy chuyn
sn xut. Thng thng khi chun b thng u dy 1(a), 1(b) th ng thi tin
hnh gii phng tun t cc thng 2(1), 2(2),...,2(8). Thi gian ln men tng cng
62-72h [3].

Thng ln men

t0

acide (g/l)

S lng t bo men (triu/ml)

1(a)(b)

3561

1,47-1,96

70-80

2(1)

3561

100-120

2(2)

3561

1,56-1,96

100-120

2(3)

3661

1,66-1,96

100-120

2(4)

3661

1,96-2,05

>100

2(5)

3661

1,96-2,05

2(6)

3461

1,96-2,05

2(7)

3461

1,96-2,05

2(8)

3461

2,05-2,15

Bng 2.1: Tnh hnh ln men cc thng.

I.3.6. Chng ct v tinh ch ru.
Chng ct ru l qu trnh tch ru vi tp cht d bay hi khi gim chn
v cui cng nhn c cn th.
Tinh ch ru l qu trnh tch cc tp cht khi cn th v nng cao nng
, cui cng nhn c cn tinh ch.
V ethanol to hn hp ng ph vi nc c nng ca ru trong pha
lng bng nng ca ru trong pha hi v bng 95,57% khi lng (97,2%V)

Trang 26

tng ng vi nhit si l 78,150C. Do , vi phng php chng ct thng

thng ta khng th thu c nng ru ln hn 95,57% theo khi lng. Tuy
nhin qu trnh chng ct cn ph thuc vo cht khng bay hi, tp cht trong
gim chn.
Gim chn l mt hn hp rt phc tp gm c cht rn l lng khng ha
tan, cht ha tan, ru, nc v cc tp cht bay hi khc. Hm lng ru trong
gim chn dao ng trong mt khong rt ln (610%V) v ph thuc vo nguyn
liu sn xut v quy trnh cng ngh. nng nng ethanol ln 95,57% khi
lng, ta phi tin hnh chng ct v tinh ch ru.
u tin gim chn c a sang thp chng ct th loi b bt tp cht.
Cn th thu c nh, b ru thu y.

B ru: gm ch yu l cc cht kh bay hi, cc cht rn khng tan.

Thnh phn ca b ru cng ph thuc vo nguyn liu sn xut v quy trnh cng
ngh trong nc chim trn 90%, hm lng ru st theo b b hn 0,02%. B
ru c ng dng ch yu sn xut thc n gia sc v dng lm mi trng
nui cy vi sinh vt ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc.

Cn th: Cn th nhn c sau khi chng ct cha rt nhiu tp cht

(trn 50 cht), c cu to v tnh cht khc nhau, gm cc nhm cht nh: aldehyt,
ester, alcol cao phn t v cc acide hu c, nng ru t 3540%V [3].
Aldehyt

Du fusel Acide, mg/lt

% so vi ru
cn khan

Dng nguyn

S mu em

Este, mg/lt

liu

phn tch

cn khan

Khoai ty

18

416,6

0,0047

0,28

78,8

Khoai ty+ht

30

306,7

0,0110

0,21

32,1

Ht

36

242,5

0,0400

0,41

86,4

Mt r

34

376,7

0,1160

0,32

113,9

Bng 2.2: S thay i tp cht ca cn th theo liu khc.

Do cn th c cha mt lng ln nc v cc tp cht c bit l cc
aldehyt v acide gy n mn khi pha vo xng nn ta phi chng luyn tch loi

Trang 27

chng ng thi nng cn ln 95,57%. Nh vy t gim chn, thu c cn

95,57% ta cn thc hin 3 bc chnh:
-

Loi b cc tp cht rn, khng tan (b ru) to cn th c nng

3540%V.

Loi b cc tp cht d bay hi nh cc aldehyt, acide

Loi b nc nng nng ethanol ln 95,57% (nng ti to

hn hp ng ph ethanol-nc).

Trong cng nghip, mun tch cn th ra khi gim chn v sau tinh ch
n nhn c cn c cht lng cao, ngi ta c th thc hin theo phng php
gin on, bn lin tc hay lin tc theo cc s khc nhau, t n gin n phc
tp, ty theo iu kin vn u t v yu cu cht lng ra ca c s sn xut.
Hin nay, ph bin nht l s dng phng php chng ct, tinh ch 3 thp gin
tip mt dng v c nhiu u im:
-

D thao tc.

Cht lng cn tt v n nh.

Tuy nhin n cng c nhc im l tn nhiu hi.

S dy chuyn cng ngh.

Trang 28

Gim chn

Hi t

Gia nhit

Tch bt

Thp th

B ru

Lm lnh cn th

Hi t

Thp trung gian

Cn u

Lm lnh cn tch cn u

Hi t

Thp tinh

Nc thi

Lm lnh cn tinh ch

Cn tinh ch

Kho bo qun

Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh.

Gim chn c bm qua thit b gia nhit nng nhit ln 7080 0C.
Sau khi c tch bt, gim chn c a vo thp tch th ti a tip liu. Thp
th c un bng hi trc tip, hi t di ln, gim chn chy t trn xung
nh qu trnh chuyn khi c thc hin. Sau hi ru ra khi thp c

Trang 29

ngng t lm lnh v a sang thp trung gian a tip liu. Chy dc xung y
thp nng ru trong gim cn khong 0,150,03%V c thi ra ngoi gi l
b ru.
Thp trung gian dng hi trc tip, hi ru bay ln c ngng t v phn
ln c hi lu li thp, ta ch ly khong 35% lng cn u. Mt phn ru
th qua thit b ngng t thp th v a vo nh thp trung gian. Cn u qua
thit b lm lnh c cn u. Cn tch cn u ly ra y thp trung gian c
nng ethanol 3540%V. tng nng ethanol ln 95,57%, ngi ta cho cn
tch cn u lin tc i vo thp tinh. Thp ny cng c cp nhit bng hi
trc tip, hi bay ln ngng t thit b ngng t, ri c hi lu tr li thp tinh.
Cn thnh phm c ly ra trn nh thp. Nc thi ly ra y thp.

II. Sn xut ethanol t r ng.

II.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu.
II.1.1. Gii thiu nguyn liu.
R ng l nguyn liu cha cc loi ng khng tinh khit thu c
trong qu trnh sn xut ng, t l r ng chim 33,5% trng lng nc ma.
R ng cn dng lm thc n gia sc, dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip
khc. Nhng gii quyt lng r ng ca nh my ng th ch yu dng
sn xut ethanol.
Thnh phn ca r ng gm c [1].
- Nc chim 18 - 20% (ty theo phng php sn xut, tu theo iu kin
bo qun r ng v vn chuyn).
- Cht kh chim 8082%. Trong 60% l ng gm: 40% l ng
saccarose, 20% l ng glucose + fructose v 40% l thnh phn khng phi
ng gm: 810% l hp cht v c v 3032% l hp cht hu c .
Trong r ng lng P2O5 chim 0,02 - 0,05%, P2O5 rt cn cho s pht
trin ca nm men.
Ngoi ra trong r ng cn c cc loi vi sinh vt gy nh hng rt ln
n cht lng ca r ng.

Trang 30

Tm li r ng l ngun nguyn liu quan trng sn xut ru, n ph

hp vi 4 iu kin sn xut ru:

Gi r.

Sn lng nhiu.

S dng tin li.

Ngun cung cp ph bin.

Vy vic s dng r ng sn xut ru l ti u, mt mt s dng trit

ph liu, mt khc hn ch vic s dng cc loi lng thc cha tinh bt nh:
sn, ng, khoai sn xut ru.
II.1.2. Bo qun nguyn liu.
i vi nh my sn xut ru, r ng c bo qun trong cc thng st
hnh tr hoc trong cc bn bng btng ct thp, th tch cc thng cha phi bo
m cho nh my sn xut trn 3 thng.
Trong cc thng cha r ng c cc thit b kim tra, phao bo mc, nhit
k ... Di y thng c lp t h thng dn ra bm vn chuyn r ng n
ni sn xut. V ma ng khi r ng b snh li khng th bm c nn phi
thit k h thng hi gia nhit gn ng ng bm. Mt khc qu trnh bo qun r
ng khng ng nht v cht lng trong sut v ma khng ng u nn cn
phi c h thng bm trn r ng trong thng trc khi a ra sn xut.
Theo A.M.Mankp tn tht r ng hng thng khong 0,2% khi lng v
s tn tht ny ch yu l do s bc hi nc. Theo nghin cu ca O.A.BaKuSin
trong qu trnh bo qun r ng c hin tng kt tinh nhng mm tinh th nh,
nu s lng ny khng vt qu 15000 tinh th /1g th hng thng tn tht t
0,020,04% khi lng r ng. Khi trong 1g r ng c ti 100000 tinh th th
coi nh vic bo qun r ng khng tt [1].
Khi hm lng cht kh trong r ng t 75-80% th lng nm men di,
vi khun to thnh acide rt t, bo m cht lng r ng trong sut tri gian bo
qun, s thay i khng ng k. Khi s lng vi khun c 50.000 t bo/1g r
ng th s tn tht ng Sacaroza ln ti 1,3% so vi khi lng r ng. Nu

Trang 31

trong r ng c sn nm men th lng ng tn tht cng nhiu, s tn tht

ng tng ln khi hm lng cht kh trong r ng l 40%.
trnh hin tng vi sinh vt pht trin, trong qu trnh bo qun phi gi
pH > 6,8 v dng cc cht st trng nh Na 2SiO6, fluosilicat natri. Cc thng bo
qun phi y kn, hn ch vic dng nc ra thng v nh vy s lm long r
ng.
Qua ta thy vic bo qun r ng c nhiu nh hng n qu trnh sn
xut sau ny.

II.2. Cc cng on chnh ca vic sn xut ethanol t r ng.

Qu trnh sn xut ethanol t r ng tri qua cc cng on chnh sau:

Trang 32
Mt r
Pha long s b
Acide ha
Dch ng c bn
Dch ln men
Men ging SX

Ln men
Kh CO2

Men ging PTN

Hi t

Gim chn
Gia nhit

Tch bt

Thp tch th

Hm

Cn th
Hi t

Thp trung gian

Cn u (35%)

Cn tch cn u
Hi t

Thp tch tinh

Lm ngui
Cn thnh phm 95,57%

Nc thi

Trang 33

Thuyt minh dy chuyn.

Sn xut ethanol t mt r hay t cc ph liu cha r ng v c bn cng
ging nh sn xut ethanol t tinh bt. N bao gm cc cng on sau:

Chun b dch ng ln men.

Gy men ging.

Ln men.

Chng ct v tinh ch.

Nu nh chun b dch ln men t nguyn liu tinh bt gm nghin, nu,

ng ha dch cho th vic chun b dch ln men t r ng mang tnh c th
ca nguyn liu. N bao gm: pha long s b, x l dch pha long v b xung
ngun dinh dng ri sau mi pha ti nng gy men v ln men.
II.2.1. Chun b dch ln men.
II.2.1.1. Pha long.
R ng nguyn vi hm lng cht kh ha tan 5580% (tng ng
80900Bx). Khi nng qu cao th nht ln, kh nng dit tp khun v loi
tp cht km, kt qu x l khng tt, do cn tin hnh pha long. Ngc li,
pha long qu nhiu, nng thp s tn nhiu thit b v nng lng.
Trong thc t, thng tin hnh pha long r ng n 4550 0Bx. Khi pha
long cn ch n tp khun v khi nng thp th tp khun s hot ng [3].
II.2.1.2. Acide ha.
X l dung dch r ng bng acide nhm:
- St trng.
- To pH ti thch: 4,5 5.
- Chuyn ha mt phn ng Saccarose thnh ng kh gip nm men d
s dng.
acide ha, ngi ta thng dng H2SO4 hoc HCl. Nu dng HCl th ion
Cl- s kt hp vi Ca2+ to thnh CaCl2 ha tan khng to cn nn khng nh hng
n thit b chng ct sau ny. Tuy nhin khi dng HCl s lm thit b d n mn v
tinh khit gim. V th ngi ta thng dng tc nhn acide ha l H 2SO4 va

Trang 34

lm gim n mn thit b, va lm tng tinh khit cho dch ng do to

CaSO4, MgSO4 kt ta.
II.2.1.3. B sung cht st trng.
Trong mt r thng cha t 100.000 500.000/g cc tp khun khng nha
bo v khong t 15.000 50.000/g tp khun c nha bo. Trong iu kin nng
cht kh trong mt r ln hn 75% chng khng sinh trng v pht trin nhng
vn bo v c s sng. Khi pha long n nng thp chng s bt u pht
trin v lm tiu hao ng trong mt r, do phi b sung cht st trng. st
trng dch ng c th dng: Pentaclorophenol, fluosilicat natri, formalin, clorua
vi. y dng fluosilicat natri (Na2SiF6 ) vi hm lng 12kg/1000kg r ng.
II.2.1.4. B sung cht dinh dng.
tng thm dinh dng cho qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm
men, cn thit phi cho thm m v photpho.
Ngun m b sung c th t Amoni sunfat ((NH 4)2SO4), Ur ((NH2)2CO)
vi s lng l 0,236 kg/tn r ng hoc 0,4 0,5 (g) Ur cho 1lt dung dch ln
men. B sung photpho, ta s dng H3PO4 khong 12kg/10000 lt cn 100%V .
Sau khi cho y , ta khuy u v yn hn hp trong 14h theo mc
cn tch cn. Tt nht l nn gia nhit dch ng n 8590 0C. V nhit
ny tp khun s b dit, cho php tng hiu sut ln 1%. Mt khc nhit trn
CaSO4 kt ta nhiu hn, khng cn nhiu thi gian lng.
Sau khi hon thnh cc cng on nh trn, ta tin hnh bm dch trong ln
thng cha, cn c a qua b phn lc loi tp cht, ch yu l CaSO 4,
MgSO4 v cc kt ta keo.
II.2.2. Ln men.
Mun ln men trc ht cn pht trin men ging n cht lng v s lng
cn thit, thng bng 10% th tch thng ln men.
Qui trnh, iu kin gy men ging v ln men v c bn khng khc g my
so vi gy men ging v ln men dch ng t tinh bt v cng gm 2 giai on:
nhn ging trong phng th nghim v ngoi sn xut.

Trang 35

II.2.3. Chng ct v tinh ch.

Quy trnh chng ct v tinh ch ethanol t r ng hon ton tng t qui
trnh chng ct v tinh ch ethanol t tinh bt. N gm cc cng on chnh sau:
-

Loi b cc tp cht rn, khng tan (b ru) to cn th.

Loi b cc tp cht d bay hi nh cc aldehyt, acide

Loi b nc nng nng ethanol ln 95,57% (nng ti to

hn hp ng ph ethanol-nc).

Trang 36

III. Sn xut ethanol t nguyn liu cha cellulose (rm r, mn ca).

III.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu v phng php sn xut.
Vic sn xut ethanol t cc ngun nguyn liu cha cellulose khng cn l
vn mi m ca nhiu nc trn th gii nhng i vi Vit Nam th y l mt
vn rt mi. Hin nay, nc ta cha c mt nh my no sn xut ethanol t cc
ngun nguyn liu cha cellolose nh: rm r, cy c, mn ca, b ma Ethanol
c sn xut Vit Nam ch t cc ngun nguyn liu cha tinh bt (go, ng,
sn) v t r ng. Vic nguyn cu xy dng nh my sn xut ethanol t ngun
nguyn liu cha cellulose l mt vic lm rt cn thit nhm tn dng c cc
ph phm t ngnh nng nghip, tng thu nhp cho nng dn.
Nc ta l mt nc nng nghip nhit i s hu hai ng bng ln l ng
bng Sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. y l vng nguyn liu l tng
cho nh my.
III.1.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu.
V nguyn tc ta c th sn xut ethanol t bt c ngun nguyn liu no c
cha cellulose. Tuy nhin m bo tnh kinh t v ph hp vi iu kin thc t
Vit Nam, ta c th s dng nhng ngun nguyn liu nh: rm r, thn bp, c
di. y l ngun nguyn liu r tin, tp trung ph hp vi vic xy dng nh my
sn xut ethanol cng sut ln.
Nguyn liu khc nhau c thnh phn cu to cht khng ging nhau nhng
v c bn chng c cu to t 3 hp cht (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) v ch
khc nhau v t l gia chng m thi.

Cellulose.

Cng thc phn t: (C6H10O5)n.

C hm lng dao ng trong mt khong rt ln (chim 4060%

khi lng thc vt) v ty thuc vo tng loi thc vt. g l rng, hm lng
cellulose chim 4053%, rm la go l 3438%, rm la m l 3642%. [4]

Trang 37

L thnh phn cu to ch yu ca mng t bo thc vt v l hp

cht chnh ca nguyn liu cha cellulose sn xut ethanol. Nguyn liu cng
giu cellulose th sn xut ethanol cng t hiu qu cao.

L hp cht cao phn t, n v mt xch l anhydro--D-

Glucopyranose (gi ngn gn l D-Glucose). iu ny c xc nhn nh s thy

phn cellulose ta thu c D-Glucose vi hm lng 9698% so vi l thuyt.

Kh nng tham gia phn ng:

Cellulose c th tham gia nhiu phn ng nh phn ng phn hy mch

(thy phn, nhit phn, oxy ha) phn ng to nhnh trn phn t cellulose. y,
ta ch xem xt kh nng tham gia phn ng thy phn ca cellulose to glucose.
Cellulose c th b thy phn vi tc chm trong mi trng nc nhit
cao. Di tc dng ca xc tc acide, qu trnh thy phn xy ra vi tc ln hn.

Phn ng thy phn+ c biu din theo phng trnh tng qut:
H

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O

nC6H12O6

Nhc im khi dng acide lm tc nhn thy phn:

-

Tn km do tn nhiu acide.

Gy n mn thit b.

D to cn.

Hin nay ngi ta dng enzyme cellullase thy phn cellulose va cho
hiu sut cao, va khng gy n mn thit b.
Cellulase

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O

n(C6H12O6)

Hemicellulose.

Hemicellulose thuc nhm polysaccarit phi cellulose. Trong g cng

nh trong nhiu loi thc vt khc, hm lng hemicellulose c th t ti 2030%

so vi g kh tuyt i.

Hemicellulose d b thy phn hn so vi cellulose. Khi thy phn

n cng, hemicellulose to ra cc monosaccarit ch yu l hexose (D-glucose, D-

Trang 38

mannose, D-galactose), pentose (L-arabinose..). Trong hexose c kh nng ln

men to ethanol cn pentose khng c kh nng ny.

Lignin.

L hp cht thm cao phn t.

Hm lng dao ng ty tng loi thc vt c th. rm r: hm

lng lignin chim 1719% khi lng rm la m v 12% rm la go [4].

Trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cellulose th n hon ton khng

b thy phn to cc hp cht c kh nng ln men to ethanol. V vy lignin l

thnh phn khng mong mun trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cellulose.
III.1.2. Tng quan v phng php sn xut.
V nguyn tc, qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cc ngun nguyn liu cha
cellulose cng ging nh t tinh bt hay r ng. N bao gm ba bc c bn:

X l nguyn liu.

ng ho v ln men.

Tinh ch sn phm (chng ct, tch nc, bc hi, tch lng rn).

Ngoi ra cn c thm hai bc ph l:

X l nc thi.

Sn xut hi nc, sn xut in.

S tng quan qu trnh sn xut ethanol t cellulose:

Trang 39

Trang 40

Thuyt minh s :
Nguyn liu t kho cha c a n vng phn phi nguyn liu phn
phi nguyn liu cho nh my. Sau , nguyn liu c bm nghin nhm ph v
cu trc mng t bo thc vt, to iu kin thun li qu trnh thy phn din ra
tt hn, tng hiu sut qu trnh. Sau nguyn liu c a n vng tin x l.
u tin n c x l bng dung dch H 2SO4 long nhit cao trong thi gian
ngn, gii phng ng hemicellulose v cc hn hp khc, to iu kin tt cho
qu trnh ng ho v ln men. Lng acide d c trung ho bng dung dch
Ca(OH)2 loi b kt ta CaSO4. Nguyn liu tip tc c a n giai on ng
ho bng enzyme bin cellulose thnh glucose ri ln men glucose v cc ng
khc thnh ethanol. Men ging l chng men Zymomonas mobils c nui trong
nhng b ln ym kh lin tip nhau n khi t s lng vi sinh vt cho qu
trnh ln men. Qu trnh ny c duy tr mt iu kin thch hp (nhit , p
sut, pH, dinh dng) m bo nm men hot ng tt nht. Sau vi ngy, hu
ht cellulose v xylose chuyn thnh ethanol.
Hn hp sau khi ln men gi l gim chn c a n giai on tinh ch
sn phm bao gm chng ct, tch nc, bc hi, phn tch lng rn. Sn phm l
ethanol 99,5% c a n b cha. Nc thi t giai on ny sau khi x l cho
hi lu li qu trnh. Phn rn t y thp chng ct c phn tch cng vi CH 4
sinh ra t qu trnh x l nc thi lm nguyn liu cho l hi sn xut hi nc
hay sn xut in nng.

III.2. Chun b nguyn liu.

III.2.1. Mc ch.
Ra sch nguyn liu ng thi bm, nghin nh nguyn liu nhm ph v
cu trc mng t bo thc vt, to iu kin thun li qu trnh thy phn din ra
tt hn, tng hiu sut qu trnh.

Trang 41

III.2.2. S khi.
Cn

nh ti

Ra sch
Nc bn

Nc bn
L t

Rn

Nn

III.2.3. Thuyt minh s .

Bm th
Nc sch

NL

Kh t

Nc sch
TB lng

B cha
nc sch

Nghin

Nc bn

Nguyn liu (rm, thn ng, c) t kho cha c a n bn cn ri cho

Tin thu
qua b phn nh ti. Sau , nguyn liu tip tc a n bn ra sch bng ncphn
loi b cc cht bn trc khi i qua b phn bm th. bo v trc my
nghin, mt thit b kh t t sau b phn bm th nhm loi b cc mnh kim
loi. Sau nguyn liu tip tc cho qua my nghin nghin nh nguyn liu
trc khi a i tin thu phn.
Nc bn sau khi ra c bm qua h thng lng. Nc sch c hi lu
li qu trnh. Nc bn y b lng bm qua thit b phn tch lng rn hot ng
nh p lc ca dng kh nn. Phn rn c a i t sn xut hi nc hay
in nng, nc bn cho quay li b lng.

III.3. Tin x l.
III.3.1. Mc ch.
Mc ch ca giai on ny l chuyn hu ht hemicellulose thnh ng
ho tan (ch yu l: xylose, manose, arabinose, galactose). Glucan trong
hemicellulose v mt phn nh cellulose c chuyn thnh glucose.
III.3.2. S khi.

Trang 42

B cha acide

i x l nc
thi

Nguyn liu TBP tin thy

phn
nghin mn

TB phn tch
lng rn

TB gim p t
ngt

Rn

Thng cha

Lng

Lng

TB trung ha

TB tch
CaSO4

CaSO4
i ng ha

Nc hi lu

Vi

TB phn phi
vi

III.3.3. Thuyt minh s .

Nguyn liu sau khi bm nghin k c a vo thit b phn ng tin
thu phn. cho phn ng din ra nhanh chng, ngi ta b xung dung dch
H2SO4 long (1,1%) v duy tr nhit 190 0C bng dng hi nc p sut cao.
Bng 2.3: iu kin trong thit b phn ng tin thu phn [6]:
Nng dung dch H2SO4

1,1%

Thi gian lu

2 pht

Nhit

190 0C

p sut

12,1 atm

Phn rn

30%

Bng 2.4: Cc phn ng xy ra trong thit b phn ng tin thu phn v

chuyn ho [6]:

Trang 43

Phn ng
chuyn ho
(Glucan)n + n H2O n Glucose
0.07
(Glucan)n + m H2O m Glucose Oligomer
0.007
(Glucan)n + n H2O n Cellobiose
0.007
(Xylan)n + n H2O n Xylose
0.90
(Xylan)n + m H2O m Xylose Oligomer
0.025
(Xylan)n + n Furfural + 2n H2O
0.05
Acetate Acetic Acid
1.0
(Lignin)n n Soluble Lignin
0.05
Vy trong thit b phn ng tin thy phn, hu ht hemicellulose chuyn
thnh ng ho tan (ch yu l: xylose, manose, arabinose, galactose). Glucan
trong hemicellulose v mt phn nh cellulose c chuyn thnh glucose. Trong
qu trnh ny, mt phn nh lignin cng c ho tan. Ngoi ra, acide acetic cng
c gii phng t s thu phn hemicellulose. Pentose v hexose cng c hnh
thnh.
Sn phm sau khi ra khi thit b phn ng tin thu phn c gim p t
ngt t 12,1 atm n 1 atm. V p sut gim nhanh nn s bc hi mt lng ln
nc, acide acetic, furfural v HMF (Hydroxymethyl Furfural) vi khong 7.8%
acide acetic v 61%HMF v furfural. Vic tch furfural v HMF ra khi hn hp
sn phm l c li v y l nhng cht c hi ngn cn s pht trin ca cc vi
sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men. Nhit ca hn hp kh trn c tn dng un
nng hn hp gim chn t 410C ln 950C i chng ct trc khi c ngng t
ri a i x l nc thi.
Sau khi lu trong thit b gim p t ngt 15 pht, hn hp lng rn (cha
21% rn) a qua thit b phn tch lng rn hot ng nh p lc ca dng kh nn
vi p sut bng 125 psig. Phn lng s tip tc cho qua b phn trung ho bng
dung dch Ca(OH)2 tch CaSO4. Phn lng sau khi tch CaSO4 cng vi phn rn
cn li cho vo thng cha. Ti y chng s c ho trn v b xung thm mt
lng nc nht nh lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh ng ho.
Kt qu nghin cu ca cc k s Phng th nghim nng lng ti to Hoa
K (National Renewable Energy Laboratory-NREL) ch ra iu kin ti u trong

Trang 44

thit b phn ng tin thy phn nhit cao v mi trng acide. Da vo kt

qu thc nghim iu kin nhit 1900C, nng H2SO4 1,1% th n mn
cu thit b trong 1 nm l 20mils (1mil=1/1000inch). y l h s n mn chp
nhn c. Vy vi nhit 190 0C, nng H2SO4 l 1,1% th kh nng thy phn
ca nguyn liu v n mn ca thit b l ti u.
Hnh 2.3: nh hng ca nng H2SO4 n tc n mn thit b.

20

190

III.4. ng ho v ln men.
III.4.1. Mc ch.
y l cng on chnh ca qu trnh, mc ch ca cng on ny l ng
ho cellulose thnh glucose nh enzyme v ln men glucose v cc ng khc
(sinh ra t qu trnh tin x l bng acide long) thnh ethanol nh vi sinh vt.
III.4.2. S cng ngh qu trnh ng ha v ln men.

Trang 45

Trang 46

III.4.3. Thuyt minh s cng ngh qu trnh ng ha v ln men.

Sau khi tin thy phn, nguyn liu c st trng loi b tp khun ri
pha long n nng 20% tng lng rn bao gm c dng cellulase c ha
trn vo trc khi a vo thng ng ha. Lng enzyme cho vo c xc nh
bng hm lng cellulose c trong nguyn liu v mc tiu ca chuyn ha cn
t c cng vi thi gian lu trong thit b ng ha v men.
Cellulase c dng ng ha cellulose c mua t cc nh sn xut
enzyme. Chng c pha long, thanh trng ri mi s dng. Enzyme ny l tp
hp ca nhiu enzyme bao gm:

Endoglucanases s tn cng ngu nhin dc theo mch phn t

cellulose gim kch thc ca chng.

Exoglucanases s tn cng vo cui mch phn t cellulose, cho php

tng tc thy phn cellulose.

glucose sidase s thy phn cellobiose thnh glucose.

Mt vi vi khun v nm men t nhin sn sinh ra enzyme ny. Hin nay

trn th gii cng c nhiu nh my sn xut loi enzyme ny trong ng k nht
l Genencor International v Novozymes Biotech. y l hai nh my sn xut
enzyme ni ting nht trn th gii vi nhiu chng men chuyn glucose thnh
ethanol cho hiu qu cao.
Nguyn liu trc khi i ng ha c un nng n 65 0C bng dng hi
nc p sut thp. y l nhit tt nht cho qu trnh ng ha. Qu trnh
ng ha din ra trong nhiu thng (thng l 5 thng) c cnh khuy vi thi
gian lu tng cng l 36h. Nhit ca thng ng ha c gi n nh bng
cch s dng bm ly tm 3 v thit b trao i nhit 4 (lu cht lm lnh l nc)
hi lu mt phn dch ng lm lnh v thng ng ha. Hin nay ngi ta
ang tp trung nghin cu tng kh nng chu nhit ca enzyme tng tc
cho qu trnh.

Trang 47

Bng 2.5: iu kin cng ngh ca giai on ng ha [6]:

Nhit
Phn rn trong dch ng
Thi gian lu
Lu lng dng cellulas

65C
20%
1.5 ngy
12 FPU/g cellulose

Bng 2.6: Cc phn ng xy ra v chuyn ha trong qu trnh ng ha.

Phn ng

chuyn ha

(Glucan)n n Glucose Oligomer

(Glucan)n + n H2O n Cellobiose
(Glucan)n + n H2O n Glucose
Cellobiose + H2O 2 Glucose

0.04
0.012
0.90
1.0

Sau khi ng ha, cn ng cha khong 12,6% ng bao gm 7%

glucose v 4% xylose vi cht khc. Qu trnh ng ha din ra cho n khi tp
trung iu kin cho qu trnh ln men. Lc ny dch ng cha khong 1%
CH3COOH v t hn 0,5% furfural v HMF. y l nhng cht c ch hot ng
ca enzyme, lm gim chuyn ha ca qu trnh ng ha.
cho qu trnh ln men din ra tt ta phi chn men ph hp. y,
ngi ta chn men c tn l zymomonas mobils. Trong qu trnh ln men,
zymomonas mobils c dng nh mt xc tc sinh hc, lm tng kh nng ln
men ca glucose v xylose thnh ethanol. Zymomonas mobils c pht trin trong
bnh sn xut men ging. , cn ng, cht dinh dng cng vi men ging
c cho vo bnh nh v qu trnh ny c tip tc din ra cho n khi t c s
lng men ging cn thit cho qu trnh ln men. Cui cng men ging, dinh dng
v cn ng c cho lin tc vo thng ln men. Hn hp sau khi ln men gi l
gim chn c tp trung trong b cha trc khi a i chng ct.
Qu trnh sn xut men ging c sn xut trong h thng cc thng ni
tip nhau c th tch tng dn (thng sau c th tch gp 10 ln thng trc).
Thng th qu trnh ny c tin hnh trong 5 thng c cnh khuy v b phn
lm ngui y thng duy tr nhit ln men tt nht 41 0C (v qu trnh ln
men l ta nhit). Thi gian din ra qu trnh ln men trong mi thng l 24h. Thi

Trang 48

gian chuyn t thng n sang thng kia v lm v sinh, thanh trng l 12h. Vy
tng thi gian ca mt chu k sn xut l (12+24)*5 = 180h. Qu trnh nhn ging
kt thc khi t lng vi sinh vt cho qu trnh ln men (chim 10% tng dch
ng i ln men).
Bng 2.7: Cc phn ng xy ra v chuyn ha trong qu trnh sn xut
men ging.
chuyn

Phn ng
Glucose 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
Glucose + CSL + 0.018 DAP 6 Z. mobilis + 2.4 H2O + 0.3 O2
Glucose + 2 H2O 2 Glycerol + O2
Glucose + 2 CO2 2 Succinic Acid + O2
Glucose 3 Acetic Acid
Glucose 2 Lactic Acid
3 Xylose 5 Ethanol + 5 CO2
Xylose + 0.835 CSL + 0.015 DAP 5 Z. mobilis + 2 H2O + 0.25 O2
3 Xylose + 5 H2O 5 Glycerol + 2.5 O2
Xylose + H2O Xyltol + 9.5 O2
3 Xylose + 5 CO2 5 Succinic Acid + 2.5 O2
2 Xylose 5 Acetic Acid
3 Xylose 5 Lactic Acid

ha
0.90
0.04
0.004
0.006
0.015
0.002
0.80
0.04
0.003
0.046
0.009
0.014
0.002

Qu trnh ln men c thc hin trong 1 thng ln vi thi gian d on

ln men ng thnh ethanol khong 36h. Trong thng ln men, qu trnh ng
ha vn tip tc din ra vi tc chm hn do nhit thp nhng cng c tng
cng do lng glucose gim dn (theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng). Tuy
nhin lng ng to thnh khng nhiu do hu ht cc cht c kh nng chuyn
ha thnh ng phn ln b ng ha trong qu trnh ng ha.
Bng 2.8: iu kin ca qu trnh ln men.
Nm men
Nhit
Phn rn
Thi gian lu
Hm lng men

Zymomonas mobilis
41C
20%
1.5 ngy
10% tng dch ng i ln men

Trang 49

Corn Steep Liquor (CSL)

0.25%
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Level 0.33 g/L gim chn
Men ging t thng sn xut men ging (khong 10% tng dch ng)
c cho vo thng ln men. Trong qu trnh ny ngi ta cng b sung 0,33g
DAP/lt gim chn cung cp dinh dng cho nm men hot ng.
Bng 2.9: Cc phn ng xy ra v chuyn ha ca qu trnh ln men.
Phn ng
Glucose 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
Glucose + CSL + 0.018 DAP 6 Z. mobilis + 2.4 H2O + 0.3 O2

chuyn
ha
0.95
0.02

0.004
0.006
0.015
0.002
0.85
0.019
0.003
3 Xylose + 5 H2O 5 Glycerol + 2.5 O2
0.046
Xylose + H2O Xylistol + 9.5 O2
0.009
3 Xylose + 5 CO2 5 Succinic Acid + 2.5 O2
0.014
2 Xylose 5 Acetic Acid
0.002
3 Xylose 5 Lactic Acid
Trong qu trnh ln men, ngoi vic ln men ng thnh ethanol cn c s
Glucose + 2 H2O 2 Glycerol + O2
Glucose + 2 CO2 2 Succinic Acid + O2
Glucose 3 Acetic Acid
Glucose 2 Lactic Acid
3 Xylose 5 Ethanol + 5 CO2
Xylose + 0.835 CSL + 0.015 DAP 5 Z. mobilis + 2 H2O + 0.25 O2

chuyn ha ng thnh cc sn phm khc do nhng vi khun l. C khong 3%

tng lng ng chuyn ha thnh nhng sn phm khng mong mun. gim
s nhim khun ny cn phi thanh trng v v sinh thit b tht k trc khi tin
hnh ln men. Cc tp khun gy ra cc phn ng ch yu sau:

Phn ng

chuyn ha

Glucose 2 Lactic Acid

3 Xylose 5 Lactic Acid
3 Arabinose 5 Lactic Acid
Galactose 2 Lactic Acid

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

Trang 50

Mannose 2 Lactic Acid

1.0

Bng 2.10: Cc phn ng do tp khun gy ra v chuyn ha.

Do phn ng ln men lun km theo ta nhit nn khng ch nhit
ngi ta dng bm 7 bm tun hon 1 phn gim chn c lm lnh bi thit b
trao i nhit 8 cho hi lu li thng ln men. Vo cui qu trnh ln men, hn hp
gim chn c tp trung thng lu tr gim chn 9 (cha khong 5,7% ethanol)
trc khi a i chng ct. Mt phn nh ethanol cng vi kh CO 2 thot ra ngoi
c a n thit b thu hi ethanol.

III.5. Tinh ch sn phm.

III.5.1. Mc ch.
Gim chn thu c sau qu trnh ln men c nng ethanol rt thp
(khong 5,7% ethanol). V vy ta cn tinh ch sn phm nng nng ethanol
ln 99,5%. Qu trnh ny gm 4 giai on sau:

Chng ct: Chng ct gim chn nng cao nng ethanol ln

95,57% (nng ti to hn hp ng ph ethanol-nc.

Tch nc: Nng nng ethanol t 95,57% ln 99,5%.

Bc hi: Thu hi ethanol cn cha trong b ru.

Phn tch lng rn: Tch trit phn cn i ra t thp bc hi lm

nhin liu cho l hi.

III.5.2. S .

Trang 51

Trang 52

III.5.3. Thuyt minh s .

Qu trnh chng ct c tin hnh trong 2 thp: thp tch s b v thp tch
tinh. Ban u, gim chn c un nng s b bi hi thot ra t thit b gim p
t ngt. Sau chng c un nng thm n 1000C nh nhit ca dng sn
phm y ca thp tch th ri cho vo nh thp chng ct s b. Ti y qu trnh
phn tch xy ra. Kh CO 2 c ln t ethanol thot ra nh thp. Sn phm trung
gian l ethanol c ln nc c ly ra dng trch ngang thn thp. y thp tp
trung cc cu t kh bay hi gi l b ru.
Dng sn phm trch ngang c a sang thp tch tinh nng cao nng
ethanol n 95,57% (nng ti to hn hp ng ph ethanol-nc). Hn
hp ng ph ny tip tc c a n cng on lm khan cn nng nng
ethanol ln 99,5%.
Kh CO2 c ln ethanol thot ra nh ca qu trnh sn xut men ging, ln
men, thp tch s b c thu hi trong thp thu hi ethanol s dng nc chuyn
ng ngc chiu hp th ethanol, CO2 thot ra kh quyn.
Sn phm y ca thp tch s b c dn vo thit b bc hi thu hi
ethanol cn st li. Hi thot ra t thp bc hi sau khi ngng t cho hi lu li
thp tch tinh. Cn c a sang thit b phn tch lng rn nh p lc ca dng
kh nn. Rn thu c lm nhin liu t cho l hi, lng a i x l nc thi.
Bng 2.11: Thnh phn ca gim chn, cn th, cn tinh ch, cn khan [6].
Cu t
Lu lng tng
Phn rn khng tan
Phn rn ha tan
Nhit
p sut
H s hi
Ethanol
Water
Glucose

n
v
kg/hr
%
%
0
C
atm
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr

Cn

Cn tinh

Cn

449353.0

th
62329.00

ch
33232.00

khan
24686.00

0
5.0%
3.6%
41
0.90
0
24825
374828
82

0.0%
0.2%
113
1.91
1
24583
36990
0

0.0%
0.0%
92
1.70
1
30740
2492
0

0.0%
0.0%
38
1.00
0
24564
122
0

Gim chn

Trang 53

Xylose
Arabinose
Other Sugars
Cellobiose
Glucose oligomers
Xylose oligomers
Other oligomers
Corn steep liquor
Others (soluble solids)
Acetic acid
Sulfuric acid
Furfural
HMF
Cacbon dioxide
Methane
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Others
Cellulose
Xylan
Arabinan
Other Sugar Polymers
Cellulase
Biomass
Zymo
Lignin
Gypsum
Canxi hydroxyt
Other (insoluble solids)
Average density

kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
kg/hr
g/ml

909
217
254
360
1853
646
969
1459
9581
5258
154
576
90
440
0
0
0
4276
1365
439
61
73
650
0
1088
14252
28
0
4620
0.9520

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
145
0
259
0
278
43
29
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0014

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0023

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0022

Bng 2.12: Thnh phn cc cu t theo phn trm khi lng.

Cu t
Lu lng tng
Phn rn khng tan
Phn rn ha tan
Nhit

n
v
%
%
%
0
C

Gim chn
100.00%
5.0%
3.6%
41

Cn

Cn tinh

th
100.00%
0.0%
0.2%
113

ch
100.00%
0.0%
0.0%
92

Cn
khan
100.00%
0.0%
0.0%
38

Trang 54

p sut
H s hi
Ethanol
Water
Glucose
Xylose
Arabinose
Other Sugars
Cellobiose
Glucose oligomers
Xylose oligomers
Other oligomers
Corn steep liquor
Others (solublesolids)
Acetic acid
Sulfuric acid
Furfural
HMF
Cacbon dioxide
Methane
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Others
Cellulose
Xylan
Arabinan
Other SugarPolymers
Cellulase
Biomass
Zymo
Lignin
Gypsum
Canxi hydroxyt
Other (insolublesolids)
Enthalpy flow (millions)
Average density

atm

0.90
0
kg/hr 5.52%
kg/hr 83.42%
kg/hr 0.02%
kg/hr 0.20%
kg/hr 0.05%
kg/hr 0.06%
kg/hr 0.08%
kg/hr 0.41%
kg/hr 0.14%
kg/hr 0.22%
kg/hr 0.32%
kg/hr 2.13%
kg/hr 1.17%
kg/hr 0.03%
kg/hr 0.13%
kg/hr 0.02%
kg/hr 0.10%
kg/hr 0.00%
kg/hr 0.00%
kg/hr 0.00%
kg/hr 0.95%
kg/hr 0.30%
kg/hr 0.10%
kg/hr 0.01%
kg/hr 0.02%
kg/hr 0.14%
kg/hr 0.00%
kg/hr 0.24%
kg/hr 3.17%
kg/hr 0.01%
kg/hr 0.00%
kg/hr 1.03%
kcal/hr -15109.9
g/ml
0.9520

1.91
1
39.44%
59.35%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.23%
0.00%
0.42%
0.00%
0.45%
0.07%
0.05%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
-147.3
0.0014

1.70
1
92.50%
7.50%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
-44.6
0.0023

1.00
0
99.51%
0.49%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
-29.7
0.0022

Nhn xt:

Nhn vo bng kt qu trn ta thy gim chn ban u c nng

ethanol rt thp (5,52%) vi lng nc (83,42%) v tp cht rt ln. V th ta phi

Trang 55

tin hnh chng ct, tinh ch loi b phn ln tp cht trc khi cho qua cng
on lm khan cn. Sn phm cui cng l cn khan 99,5% v hu nh khng c
tp cht. y l nguyn liu dng phi trn vo xng.

V nguyn liu l thc vt nn c cha mt lng ln lignin. Lng

lignin ny c phn tch v lm nguyn liu cho l hi sn xut hi nc.

III.6. X l nc thi.
III.6.1. Mc ch.
Trong nh my sn xut ethanol lun cn 1 lng nc kh ln nn lng
nc thi ra cng rt ln. Lng nc ny cn phi x l mt mt hn ch vn
nhim mi trng, mt khc gim lng nc mi b xung vo qu trnh.
III.6.2. S .

Trang 56

Trang 57

III.6.3. Thuyt minh s .

x l nc thi ta c th dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh phng
php ha hc, phng php c hc. Hin nay, phng php x l nc thi c
xem l hin i v hiu qu nht l dng vinh sinh vt phn hy cht bn trong
nc thi. Ngi ta dng vi sinh vt phn gii hiu kh v ym kh lin tip nhau
thu c nc sch. y c xem l s x l nc thi tin tin nht cho cc
nh my sn xut cn.
Ban u, nc thi t tt c cc qu trnh ca nh my c tp trung trong
thng cha 1 ha trn cc dng nc thi li vi nhau. V nc thi t nh my
c nhit tng i ln nn n c lm lnh bi thit b trao i nhit 3 n
nhit 35,50C to iu kin thun li cho cc vi sinh vt hot ng. Nc thi sau
khi c lm lnh cng vi dinh dng v vi sinh vt c nui dng trong thng
4 c bm vo 6. Ti y qu trnh phn hy ym kh xy ra. Sau 1 thi gian,
khong 90% cht hu c chuyn thnh biogas (75% CH 4 v 25% CO2) c dn
n l hi lm nhin liu cho l hi sn xut hi nc. Trong trng hp kh
biogas nhiu gy nguy him cho l hi, ngi ta b tr 1 soupap an ton 7 trn nh
thng 6.
Nc v cc cht bn cn li tip tc c bm vo b phn hy hiu kh 9.
Khng kh lin tc c xc vo thng 9. Ti y cc vi sinh vt hiu kh tip tc
phn hy cc cht bn cn li. CO 2 v mt phn hi nc thot ra ngoi. Nc v
cn m vi sinh vt khng phn hy c bm sang thit b lng 11. Nc sch cng
vi mt lng nc mi b xung c hi lu li qu trnh. Cn bn y thng
11 c a sang thit b phn tch lng rn 11. Lng quay li b phn hy hiu kh
9 tip tc phn hy, rn c a sang l hi t.

IV. Cc phng php thu nhn cn khan.

IV.1. Mc ch.
Cn cng nghip c hm lng nc tng i ln nn khi pha vo xng s
to hin tng tch lp lm cho nhin liu khng ng nht, gim cht lng ca
qu trnh chy v gy n mn ng c. V vy cng on lm khan cn, nng

Trang 58

cn ln 99,5% c xem l cng on then cht quyt nh n s thnh cng ca

qu trnh s dng ethanol lm nhin liu.

IV.2. Cng ngh tch nc to cn khan.

Do ethanol to hn hp ng ph vi nc nn ta khng th tch phn nc
cn li ny khi cn cng nghip bng phng php chng ct thng thng.
thu cn khan t cn cng nghip ngi ta c th dng cc phng php sau:

Chng ct chn khng.

Chng ct ng ph.

Dng Na2SO4, CaSO4, CaCO3, CuSO4 khan hp ph nc.

Bc hi thm thu qua mng lc.

Hp ph ry phn t.

IV.2.1. Chng ct chn khng.

Tin hnh chng ct cn cng nghip p sut chn khng ph v im
ng ph ca hn hp ethanol-nc. Di p sut chn khng, hn hp ru nc
c nhng im ng ph khc nhau. [3]
p sut (mmHg)

Nhit si (0C)

Hm lng ru trong hn hp

ng ph (% khi lng)
70,0
27,97
100,00
100,0
33,35
99,56
129,7
39,20
98,70
198,4
47,60
97,30
404,6
63,04
96,25
760,0
78,15
95,57
1075,4
87,12
95,35
1451,3
95,35
95,25
Bng 2.13: Cc im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol-nc.
Nh vy l p sut thng (760 mmHg) th hn hp ng ph ethanol-nc

c nhit si l 78,150C v hm lng ethanol l 95,57% khi lng. p sut 70

Ethanol 99,56%
mmHg th nhit si ca hn hp ethanol-nc l 27,970C v mt im ng ph.

Hn hp ng ph
ethanol-nc

100
mmHg
33,35
0
C
Nc

Trang 59

Tuy nhin phng php ny khng c tnh kh thi v chi ph lp t v vn

hnh kh ln s y gi cn khan tng cao.
IV.2.2. Dng Na2SO4, CaSO4, CaCO3, CuSO4 khan hp ph nc.
Phng php ny da vo tnh ho nc ca Na 2SO4, CaSO4, CaCO3, CuSO4
khan. Sau khi hp ph nc chng s c un nng ti sinh cht hp ph. Tuy
nhin phng php ny cho hiu sut thu hi ru thp (t 6065% so vi nguyn
liu ru th ban u) ch thch hp cho vic sn xut cn khan c cng sut nh
phng th nghim, khng thch hp trong vic sn xut cn khan vi quy m ln [3]
IV.2.3. Bc hi thm thu qua mng lc.
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc s dng mng composit c kh nng
ht nc cao v kh nng thm thu ngc tch nc khi ethanol. Mng ny
ch cho nc v 1 lng rt t ethanol i qua. Nh vy khi cho cn cng nghip
chy qua mng th ta c 2 dng: dng ethanol khan v dng ethanol c hm
lng thp. Dng ethanol c hm lng thp s c chng ct thu hi ethanol.
Tuy nhin theo cng ngh ny th mng thm thu d b ph hy v phi thay
nhiu ln, chu k lm vic ngn, gi thnh ethanol cao.

Cn khan 99,5%

Cn cng nghip
95,57%

Mng
thm thu
Nc

Trang 60

IV.2.4. Chng ct ng ph.

y l phng php c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip. Nguyn tc
ca phng php ny l ta a vo cn cng nghip mt cht mi lm thay i
bay hi tng i ca cc cu t trong hn hp, to hn hp ng ph mi gm ba
cu t: cu t mi, nc, ethanol c nhit si thp hn hn hp ng ph ban
u. Nh vy c th tch nc khi ethanol.
Yu cu ca cht mi thm vo:

C bay hi ln hn cc cu t trong hn hp.

To hn hp ng ph vi cu t cn tch (hoc to hn hp ng ph

ba cu t) nhit thp hn nhit ca hn hp ng ph ban u.

Khng ha tan cu t cn tch, d dng thu hi.

R tin, d kim.

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cu t th ba l benzen.

Bng 2.14: Tnh cht ca hn hp ng ph ethanol-benzen-nc: [1]
% khi lng trong hn

Nhit si, 0C
Ethanol

Nc

Benzen

78,3

100

80,2

hp ng ph
Hn hp ng
ph mi
64,85

Tinh ch cn khan c thc hin nh sau:

Ethanol

Nc

Benzen

18,5

7,4

74,1

Trang 61

TO ATM

6
2

5
3

Benzen v cn 95,57%
4

Hi

7
Cn 99,5%

Nc
Nc thi

1: Thp chng ng ph.

3: TB phn ly.

2,5,6,7: TB ngng t, lm lnh.

4: Thp thu hi ethanol.

Nc thi

Cn cng nghip c nng 95,57% cng vi benzen c tnh ton trc

i vo thp 1 c un bng hi gin tip y. Hn hp ba cu t bay ln ko
theo lng nc cha trong cn v benzen a vo, sau khi ngng t v lm lnh
2, hn hp i vo bnh phn ly 3. y benzen c phn lp v quay li thp 1,
phn cn li hi lu vo 4 v chy dn xung y thnh nc thi ra ngoi.
Cn thp 1 chy xung y khng cn nc v benzen c lm lnh 7
ta thu c cn khan.
Tiu hao hi cho 1 lt cn khan vo khong 1,52 kg, tiu hao nc khong
2530 lt cn benzen mt mt do bay hi khong 0,0010,002 kg/lt.

u im ca phng php:

Cng ngh tng i n gin.

Trang 62

D vn hnh.

Nhc im:

Tn dung mi.

Tn nhit lm bay hi dung mi trong qu trnh chng ct.

Trong mt s trng hp s dng dung mi c tnh c nn nu tht

thot s gy nhim mi trng.

IV.2.5. Hp ph ry phn t.
y l mt cng ngh mi, hin i gn lin vi s ra i v pht trin ca
cng ngh sn xut Zeolit.
Nguyn tc ca cng ngh ny l da vo kh nng hp ph chn lc ca
Zeolit ch hp ph nc v 1 t ethanol vi kch thc ca l mao qun l 3
Angstrom (loi 3A). Nc c kch thc l mao qun 2,5A 0 nn b hp ph. Ethanol
c kch thc l mao qun 4A0 nn khng b hp ph. Hp ph xong chng s c
ti sinh bng cch gim p, hi nc thot ra ngoi. [10]
IV.2.5.1. S cng ngh.

Trang 63

Trang 64

IV.2.5.2. Thuyt minh s .

Do cc cht hp ph khng th chuyn dch thnh dng lin tc v vn
thit k b mt c kh kh khn. Hn na, cc cht hp ph d b bin dng nn b
tr cc tng hp ph c nh v hot ng theo chu k. y ta dng 2 thp: 1 thp
hp ph, 1 thp gii hp v thay i chc nng lun phin nhau.

Trng hp thp D1 hp ph, thp D2 gii hp.

Van m: V1, V3, V4.

Van ng: V2, V5, V6.

Giai on hp ph:

Cn cng nghip c nng khong 95,57% sau khi c gia nhit bc

hi hon ton E1 c a vo thp D1 thc hin chc nng hp ph. V Zeolit
c nhiu mao qun c kch thc chn lc nn khi hn hp ethanol-nc i qua th
cc phn t nc s in y vo cc mao qun, ethanol khng b gi li v tip tc
i qua. Ethanol sau khi ra khi tng hp ph loi b nc t nng 99,5% tip
tc qua thit b trao i nhit E 3 h nhit nh dng ethanol-nc i ra t y
thng cha T1 ri tip tc c ngng t, lm lnh n nhit bo qun bi thit b
trao i nhit E4, vo thng cha T2 v c bm P3 a n b cha ethanol khan.

Giai on gii hp:

Do to chn khng nn p sut trong D 2 gim mnh n 0,14 atm lm cho

hu ht nc thot ra khi b mt cht hp ph. Hi nc c ln ethanol qua V 4,
c ngng t bi thit b trao i nhit E 2 vo thng cha T1. Do nhit ca
dng ny tng i thp nn n c tn dng nhit bng cch lm lnh dng
ethanol sau khi ra khi thp hp ph D 1 ri c hi lu li thp tch tinh ethanol
thu hi ethanol.

Trng hp thp D2 hp ph, thp D1 gii hp.

Van m: V2, V5, V6..

Van ng: V1, V3, V4.
Qu trnh din ra ngc vi trng hp ban u.

Trang 65

Thi gian ca mt chu k hp ph thng l 8, 12, 16, 24h ty thuc vo

tng nh my c th.
Sau mt thi gian lm vic cht hp ph b lo ha lm gim hiu qu ca
qu trnh hp ph nn cn phi thay mi tng hp ph.

u im:

Ethanol thng phm c cht lng cao v n nh.

Loi b hon ton kh nng gy nhim mi trng.

Tn t nng lng tiu th.

Ethanol mt mt rt t.

Kh nng c kh ha v t ng ha cao.

Thi gian sng ca xc tc di.

Gim tiu th nng lng cho qu trnh chng ct khong 20% [10].

Nhc im:

Nhc im duy nht ca cng ngh ny l vn u t ban u ln do phi

thit k mt dy chuyn hin i vi t ng ha cao.
IV.2.5.3. Tnh hnh lm khan cn Vit Nam bng Zeolit:
Va qua, phng vt liu quc gia du kh thuc Vin Khoa hc Vt liu ng
dng (Tp.HCM) nghin cu v th nghim thnh cng phng php dng cht
xc tc Zeolit 3A loi b nc ln trong cn cng nghip (95,57%) thu c
lng cn tuyt i (99,5%). Cht xc tc Zeolit 3A l sn phm c sn xut t
ngun khong st c trong nc. Zeolit 3A c dng ming nh vi kch thc t 12
mm, nhng l xp trong Zeolit 3A c kch thc ch 3A 0 v cc phn t nc nh
hn cc phn t ethanol nn nc d dng b hp ph ln b mt cht xc tc, cn li
cc phn t ethanol s chy theo cc khe h ca lp Zeolit vo bnh ngng t [12].
Hin nay ti Vit Nam, quy trnh sn xut cn khan t cn cng nghip bng
phng php hp ph nc qua cht xc tc Zeolit 3A ch mi quy m nh trong
phng th nghim. Tuy nhin, cc thnh vin ca phng vt liu du kh khng
nh rng ch cn tnh ton cn i li cc ch s thit k s khng kh khn g vic
thit k mt quy trnh c cng sut ln. iu ny c c th ha bng vic nh

Trang 66

my cn i Tn la chn phng php ny nng cn ln 99,5%. Theo d

kin, u qu I nm 2008, nh my s i vo hot ng [11].

IV.3. Nhn xt.

Vi nhng l do nu trn nn nu em so snh cc phng php tch nc
to cn khan th phng php hp ph nc bng Zeolit 3A thch hp vi iu kin
Vit Nam hn c. l nh vo ngun nguyn liu cht xc tc sn c trong
nc v nhng u im vt tri ca cng ngh ny. Sn phm c Vin Ha
hc - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam ch to vi quy m ln.

IV. nh gi cc phng php sn xut ethanol.

Trong 3 phng php sn xut ethanol nh gii thiu phn trn, phng
php ph hp nht vi iu kin thc t Vit Nam trong thi im hin ti l
phng php i t ngun nguyn liu cha tinh bt (c bit l sn) v t r ng
v cc l do sau:

Ngun nguyn liu rt phong ph.

y l phng php tn ti Vit Nam t rt lu v c tnh

ton, nghin cu rt chi tit.

Hiu sut qu trnh cao, gim gi thnh sn phm.

Chnh v nhng l do nu trn nn hin nay, phong tro sn xut ethanol

nhin liu t ngun nguyn liu tinh bt v r ng pht trin rt mnh m. Vi
sn lng 1,2 triu tn sn lt hng nm, chng ta c th sn xut c t nht 400
triu lt ethanol/nm v vi 10% ethanol pha vo xng th lng ethanol ni trn
p ng 50% nhu cu ethanol sinh hc hin ti ca th trng xng Vit Nam.
Trong tng lai, Petrovietnam s tip tc xy dng t nht 6 nh my sn xut
ethanol vi ngun nguyn liu u vo khng ch l sn lt m cn t ng v t r
ng [2].
i vi phng php sn xut ethanol t cellulose, chng ta cn phi nghin
cu k lng, tin hnh thc nghim, nh gi ton din cc mt thun li v hn
ch ca qu trnh c th p dng chng vo sn xut. Mt thng tin ng mng
l ngy 27/7 va qua, TS. Phan nh Tun v cc cng s thuc Trung tm Nghin

Trang 67

cu cng ngh ha du, Trng i hc Bch khoa Tp. H Ch Minh thnh cng
trong vic sn xut cn ethanol 94% t rm. Ngoi ra, nhm nghin cu cn bo
ch c chng loi enzym s dng trong qu trnh sn xut cn ethanol. Loi
enzym ny bc u cho cht lng tt, c kh nng thay th loi enzym nhp
ngoi ca an Mch. y l mt thng tin ng mng sm a phng php
sn xut ethanol t cellulose i vo sn xut thc tin [13].

Trang 68

TI LIU THAM KHO.

[1] Pgs. TS. Nguyn nh Thng, TS. Nguyn Thanh Hng
Cng ngh sn xut v kim tra cn etylic-Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[2] Petrosetco-khng nh tm nhn khi hp tc sn xut ethanol sinh hc, bo thanh
nin (S 71, ngy 12/03/2007).
[3] KS. Nguyn Vn Phc
K thut sn xut ru etylic-B lng thc v thc phm.
[4] TS. H S Trng
C s ha hc g v xenluloza T1-Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[5] TS. H S Trng
C s ha hc g v xenluloza T2-Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[6] Aden, A., M. Ruth, K. Ibsen, J. Jechura, K. Neeves, J. Sheehan, B. Wallace, L.
Montague, A. Slayton, J. Lukas, Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process
Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and
Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Technical Report NREL/TP-510-32438, (2002).
[7] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Lignin Process Design Confirmation and Capital Cost Evaluation
Report 42002/02: Review of Design
Lynn Montague, Harris Group, Inc.Seattle, Washington
[8] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy.
Feasibility Study for Co-Locating and Integrating
Ethanol Production Plants from Corn Starch and
Lignocellulosic Feedstocks.
[9] NREL Subcontract AXE-8-18020-01, Merrick & company, Aurora, CO,
February 24, 1998.
Wastewater Treatment Option for the Biomass-To-Ethanol.
[10] Novozymes & BBI International
Fuel Ethanol - A Technonogical Evolution.
[11] L khi cng xy dng nh my cn i Tn, tuoitre.com.vn.
[12] Sn xut thnh cng cht hp ph bng nguyn liu trong nc,
monreNet.com.vn.
[13] Sn sut cn ethanol t rm, techmartvietnam.com.vn.

Trang 69

Chng III: NGHIN CU KH NNG PHI TRN ETHANOL VO

CONDENSATE CA VIT NAM.
Pha ch xng thng phm nhm mc ch sn xut c nhng sn phm
va t tiu chun cht lng ca th trng tiu th ng thi c li nhun cao
nht.
Ti cc nh my ch bin du kh, quy trnh pha trn c lp sn theo cc
phn mn in ton. Vic tnh ton, pha trn v kim tra c tin hnh trn my
tnh. Trong , hai ch tiu k thut quan trng nht trong phi trn xng l p sut
hi bo ha v ch s octane ca sn phm.
Quy trnh pha ch ethanol vo xng (Xng pha cn-Gasohol) cng phi m
bo cc tiu chun k thut v tiu chun kinh t. hiu r bn cht ca quy trnh
phi trn ny ta cn im qua mt vi tnh cht ca xng cng nh ethanol.

I. Tng quan v Xng.

Xng l mt hn hp cha nhiu cc hp cht khc nhau. Khi nghin cu v
thnh phn ho hc ca du m, phn on du m ni chung hay ca xng thng
phm ni ring ngi ta thng chia thnh phn ca n thnh hai nhm cht ch
yu l cc hp cht hydrocacbon v cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon.
Xng l mt sn phm quan trng ca nh my lc du, n tr thnh mt
mt hng quen thuc trong i sng sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi cng nh
hot ng sn xut trong cng nghip.
ng c xng ra i sm hn ng c Diesel (c pht minh ra ng thi
Php v c vo khong 1860), n pht trin mnh m t sau nhng nm 50 ca
th k trc. Vi nn cng nghip ch to t hin i nh ngy nay cho ra i
nhiu chng loi vi cng sut khc nhau v c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc ca
i sng, sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi.
Cng vi s gia tng v s lng ng c xng, nhu cu v xng nhin liu
ngy cng tng nhanh. iu ny mang n cho cc nh sn xut nhin liu nhng
c hi v c nhng thch thc mi, bi trong thc t, bn cnh nhng li ch m

Trang 70

ng c ny mang li cho con ngi ng thi n cng thi ra mi trng mt

lng ln cc cht c hi lm nh hng n sc kho v e da mi trng sinh
thi.
V vy xng thng phm bt buc phi bo m c cc yu cu khng
nhng lin quan n qu trnh chy trong ng c, hiu sut nhit m cn phi bo
m cc yu cu v bo v mi trng.
Thng thng xng thng phm cn t c cc yu cu c bn nh sau:

Khi ng tt khi ang nhit thp.

ng c hot ng khng b kch n.

Khng kt ta, to bng trong bnh cha v c trong b ch ho kh.

Khng to nt hi trong h thng cung cp nhin liu.

Du bi trn b pha long bi xng l t nht.

Tr s octane t b thay i khi thay i tc ng c.

Cc cht c hi thi ra mi trng cng t cng tt.

Xng nhin liu thu nhn c trong cc nh my lc du ban u ch t

phn xng chng ct kh quyn, tuy nhin hiu sut thu xng t qu trnh ny rt
thp ch vo khong 15% khi lng du th ban u.
Khi nhu cu v xng tng ln th phn on ny khng cung cp cho
cc nhu cu thc t, v vy bt buc con ngi phi ch bin cc phn thu khc
nhm thu hi xng vi hiu sut cao hn, iu ny lm xut hin cc phn xng
khc nh phn xng crckinh, alkyl ho . . .
Ngoi l do va nu trn th do yu cu v hiu sut ca ng c ngy
cng tng v cht lng xng ngy cng cao nn cc nh sn xut nhin liu phi
a ra nhiu qu trnh sn xut khc nhau nhm m bo cc yu cu ca xng
thng phm.

Trang 71

Thc t trong cc nh my lc du hin nay, xng thng phm c phi

trn t nhng ngun sau:

Xng ca qu trnh FCC.

Xng ca qu trnh RC (Reformate).

Xng chng ct trc tip.

Xng ca qu trnh isomer ho (isomerat).

Xng ca qu trnh Alkyl ha (Alkylat).

Xng ca qu trnh gim nht, cc ho, x l bng hydro.

Xng thu c t cc qu trnh tng hp: Methanol, Ethanol, MBTE...

Ni chung, hai loi u tin l cc ngun chnh phi trn, phn cn li

ph thuc vo yu cu v cht lng ca xng v yu cu ca tng quc gia m
ngun nguyn liu v hm lng ca n c chn khc nhau.

I.1. Cc tnh cht ca xng.

I.1.1. Cc ch tiu v tnh cht vt l.
I.1.1.1. Khi lng ring.
Khi lng ring l khi lng trn mt n v th tch, thng thng khi
lng ring c o 150C. Khi lng ring lin quan mt thit n cc ch tiu
khc nh thnh phn ct, p sut hi bo ho V vy, ch tiu ny thng nm
trong mt gii hn ph bin, i vi xng t l 0,725 0,78 g/cm3 [1].
I.1.1.2. p sut hi bo ha.
p sut hi bo ho l mt trong cc tnh cht vt l quan trng ca cc cht
lng d bay hi. y chnh l p sut hi m ti th hi cn bng vi th lng.
p sut hi bo ho Reid (PVR) l p sut tuyt i nhit 37,8 0C
(1000F) c trng cho kh nng bay hi ca phn nh trong xng. l p sut hi
ca xng o c trong iu kin ca bom Reid 37,8 oC. p sut hi bo ho cao,
ng c d khi ng. Tuy nhin, nu p sut hi bo ha cao qu th s d to nt

Trang 72

hi trong ng c, gy hao ht trong tn cha v nhim mi trng. p sut hi

bo ho qu thp cng nh hng trc tip n tnh khi ng ca ng c, nht l
v ma lnh. V vy, trong ch tiu k thut thng gii hn: 0,43 <PVR <0,75bar.
PVR xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM-D323 [1].
I.1.1.3. Thnh phn ct.
Xng ng c l hn hp ca nhiu loi hydrocacbon khc nhau, cha k
mt lng nh cc cht ph gia khc c trong xng. Mi loi hydrocacbon u c
c tnh ha l ring v nhit si khc nhau. Khi tin hnh gia nhit cho mt mu
xng chng ct, cc hydrocacbon khc nhau s chuyn ring r t dng lng sang
dng kh nhng nhit khc nhau gi l nhit si. V vy tnh cht si v bay
hi ca xng thng c nh gi bng Ts, Tsc v Ts tng ng vi % th tch
chng ct c trong thit b chng ct tiu chun. i vi xng thng phm th
cc gi tr ca cc nhit ny phi c nm trong mt gii hn nht nh.
Phng php xc nh thnh phn ct ca xng c tin hnh theo tiu
chun ASTM-D86.
Thnh phn ct ca xng l phn trm th tch thu c theo nhit trong
mt dng c chun. N l mt ch tiu quan trng nh hng n tnh nng khi
ng, tnh nng to nt hi, kh nng ng bng v kh nng lm long du bi
trn
ngha ca vic xc nh thnh phn ct i vi ng c xng:

nh hng n kh nng khi ng.

Nhit si u (Ts ) l nhit ti thu c git lng u tin trong

ng o. Nhit si u cng vi nhit tng ng vi 10%, 30% th tch nh
hng n tnh khi ng ca ng c, kh nng to nt hi v hao ht nhin liu.
Khi Ts v T10% cng thp th lng nhin liu bay hi cng ln, ng c d khi
ng nhng nu thp qu th d to nt hi lm ng c hot ng khng n nh
ng thi gy hao ht nhin liu ln trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn cha.

nh hng ln kh nng tng tc

Trang 73

Nhit ct 50% (T50% ) l nhit ng vi 50% th tch sn phm

ngng t c. Nhit 50% biu th nh hng ca nhin liu n qu trnh
lm vic ca ng c khi thay i tc . Khi T50% cao tc l nhin liu cha
t hydrocacbon nh nn khi tng tc ng c, mc d lng nhin liu np
vo ln nhng bc hi v chy khng kp lm gim cng sut, my yu v iu
khin kh khn.

nh hng n kh nng chy ht

Nhit 90% (T90%) l nhit tng ng vi 90% th tch thu c, cn

nhit si cui l nhit cc i t c khi chng ct. T90% v Tsc c trng
cho kh nng chy hon ton ca nhin liu. Gi tr T90%, Tsc cng cao chng t
trong xng cha nhiu hydrocacbon nng nn qu trnh bay hi to hn hp chy s
kh khn, phn nhin liu khng bay hi v chy kp s ng li trn thnh xilanh,
ra du bi trn nn tng qu trnh mi mn my v gim nht ca du nhn.
I.1.2. Cc ch tiu v tnh cht s dng.
I.1.2.1. Tr s octane.

nh ngha.

Tr s octane l mt i lng quy c c trng cho kh nng chng

kch n ca xng v gi tr ca n c tnh bng % th tch ca iso-octane (2,2,4trimetyl pentan C8H18) trong hn hp ca n vi n-Heptan, khi m hn hp ny c
kh nng chng kch n tng ng vi kh nng chng kch n ca xng ang
kho st iu kin th nghim. Trong hn hp ny th iso-octane c kh nng
chng kch n tt nn c quy c bng 100, ngc li n-heptan c kh nng
chng kch n km v c quy c bng 0.
V nguyn tc, tr s octane cng cao cng tt, tuy nhin phi ph hp vi
tng loi ng c.

Hin tng chy kch n.

Qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong bung t lun c s cnh tranh gia hai qu
trnh l chy cng bc v t bc chy. Nu vn tc lan trn mng la t 15 n 40 (m/s)

Trang 74

th qu trnh chy bnh thng. Nu vn tc lan trn mng la trn 300 (m/s) th qu trnh
chy khng bnh thng hay chy kch n.

Bn cht ca hin tng chy kch n trong ng c Xng.

Bn cht ca hin tng kch n l s oxy ha cc hydrocacbon km bn

to ra cc hp cht cha oxy nh peroxyt, hydroperoxyt, ru, xeton, axit trong
s cc hp cht ny th ng ch nht l cc hp cht peroxyt, hydroperoxyt y
l nhng hp cht km bn d b phn hy to ra cc gc t do sinh ra cc phn
ng chui dn n s t bc chy.

Cc yu t lin quan n ng c nh hng ln ch s octane.

+ Gc nh la sm. Nu nh la qu sm so vi CT, tn tht cng s

gia tng ngc li nu nh la qu tr, nh ca ng p sut s xut hin trn
ng gin n v p sut cc i cng gim, do cng truyn t mi cht cng
tc cho piston cng gim. Gc nh la sm ti u c la chn sao cho cng chu
trnh ln nht. Thng thng ngi ta xc nh gc nh la sm ti u theo kinh
nghim.
+ Trong iu kin nhit v p sut trong bung t gia tng nhiu c th
l nguyn nhn ca s chy kch n ln v ko di, gy gim cng sut v h hng
ng c.
+ T s nn: Nu tng t s nn th hiu sut ng c tng nhng d xy ra
hin tng kch n.
+ giu: Xu hng chy kch n gim i vi hn hp hoc l ngho hoc
l giu nhin liu.

Cc phng php xc nh tr s octane:

+ Tr s octane nghin cu k hiu l RON theo tiu chun ASTM D2700.

+ Tr s octane ng c k hiu l MON theo tiu chun ASTM D2699.
+ Tr s octane trn ng (Road ON).

Cc phng php lm tng ch s octane:

Trang 75

+ Phng php dng ph gia.

Bn cht ca phng php ny l dng mt s ha cht pha vo xng nhm
hn ch qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hydrocacbon khng gian trc mt mng la
khi chy trong ng c. C 2 loi ph gia:

Ph gia ch: Bao gm cc cht nh tetrametyl ch (TML), tetraetyl ch.

N s tc dng vi cc hp cht trung gian hot ng (peroxyt, hydroperoxyt) v

to thnh cc hp cht mi bn vng hn do lm gim kh nng b chy kch n.
Ph gia ch khi cho vo xng lm tng tr s octane nhiu nht (612 n v
octane). Tuy nhin do tnh c hi ca n nn ngy nay ph gia ch khng c s
dng na.

Ph gia khng ch: S dng cc hp cht cha oxy nh methanol,

ethanol,Do chng c pha vo xng vi mt lng tng i ln nn c xem

l cu t pha trn tng ch s octane ca xng. u, nhc im ca methanol v
ethanol:
Loi ph gia

u im

Nhc im
- D tan trong nc
- Lm tng PVR

Methanol

- D kim

- Lm tng kh nng chy n

- Rt c
- D tan trong nc

Ethanol

- D kim

- Lm tng PVR
- Lm tng kh nng chy n

+ Phng php ha hc.

tng ch s octane cho nhin liu xng ta phi p dng cc cng ngh lc
du tin tin nht chuyn cc hydrocacbon mch thng thnh mch nhnh, hoc
thnh hydrocacbon vng thm c ch s octane cao. l cc qu trnh nh:
reforming xc tc, alkyl ha, isomer ha

Trang 76

I.1.2.2. Nhit chp chy.

Nhit chp chy l nhit ti khi nhin liu c t nng, hi
hydrocacbon s thot ra to vi khng kh xung quanh mt hn hp m nu a
ngn la n gn chng s bng chy ri pht tt nh mt tia chp. Nh vy, nhit
chp chy c lin quan n hm lng cc sn phm nh c trong nhin liu.
Du cng c nhiu cu t nh, nhit chp chy cng thp.
Nhit ny c trng cho mc ho hon, qu trnh vn chuyn bo qun
v s dng an ton phng chng chy n.
I.1.2.3. Tnh n nh ha hc.
L kh nng chng li s oxy ha lm bin cht sn phm i vi mi
trng xung quanh. Khi xng b oxy ha th d to nha v nha sinh ra s ng li
trn thnh ng dn lm gim tit din ng nn lng xng i vo bung chy gim,
lm gim cng sut ca ng c.
I.1.2.4. Cc ch tiu khc.

Hm lng ch.

tng ch s octane ca xng th ngi ta pha thm vo xng nc ch

((C2H5)4Pb + C2H5Br hoc C2H5Cl ). Nc ch rt c, gy tn thng cho h thn
kinh trung ng, do ngy nay ngi ta khng s dng xng pha ch na.

Hm lng lu hunh.

Bt k mt loi du th no cng cha hm lng lu hunh nht nh.

Trong qu trnh ch bin cc hp cht lu hunh c loi ra khi sn phm nhng
vn cn mt phn tn ti trong sn phm cui cng. V vy xng bao gi cng cha
mt hm lng lu hunh nht nh. Lu hunh tn ti trong xng gy n mn
ng c v nhim mi trng do qu trnh chy to ra SO 2 v SO3. Ngoi ra n
cn nh hng xu n hot ng ca b xc tc. Hm lng lu hunh c xc
nh theo tiu chun ASTM D1266.

Trang 77

Hm lng aromatic.

S c mt ca cc hydrocacbon thm trong xng lm tng ch s octane

nhng nu hm lng qu ln lm cho nhin liu kh chy, mt khc chng l cc
hp cht gy tc hi ti sc kho con ngi v gy nhim mi trng. Do , hm
lng benzen c quy nh nh hn 1% th tch v hm lng hydrocacbon thm
nh hn 20% th tch.

Hm lng nc v cc tp cht c hc.

V yu cu k thut, hm lng nc v cc tp cht c hc khng c tn

ti trong xng. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn cha, nc t do c
th ln vo. Bit c hm lng nc trong xng c ngha rt quan trng, gip
cho vic tnh ton khi lng sn phm, kh nng chng n mn... Tng hm lng
nc xc nh theo phng php ASTM D95-83. i vi hm lng tp cht c
hc yu cu k thut khng cho php tn ti trong xng. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh
vn chuyn v tn cha, hm lng tp cht c hc c th tng ln.

I.2. Li ch v tc hi ca xng.
I.2.1. Li ch.
Xng gi mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong cuc sng v trong nn cng
nghip ca bt k mt quc gia no. Chnh v th n lun dnh c s quan tm
c bit ca cc nh cm quyn. Mi s bin ng v xng du dn n s bin
ng ca nn kinh t th gii. C th ni xng l mt phn tt yu ca cuc sng
hin i.
I.2.2. Tc hi.
Hin nay vn nhim mi trng khng kh do vic s dng cc loi
nhin liu ho thch ni chung v xng ni ring ang l vn ng bo ng ca
cc nc trn th gii.Vic gia tng lng kh pht thi v ang dn n cc hu
qu nghim trng i vi mi trng v kh hu ton cu: hiu ng nh knh, s
nng dn ln ca tri t cng nh nng cc kh c hi nh CO x, NOx, SO2 hay
b hng, HAP gia tng e da n sc kho con ngi.

Trang 78

I.2.2.1. i vi sc khe con ngi [2].

CO: Tc hi ca kh CO i vi con ngi xy ra khi n tc dng i

vi hng cu trong mu to thnh mt hp cht bn vng:

HbO2 + CO

HbCO + O2

lm gim lng hng cu trong mu. T lm gim kh nng hp th oxy ca

hng cu nui dng t bo c th. Nn nhn b t vong khi 70% s hng cu b
khng ch (khi nng CO trong khng kh >1000 ppm). nng thp hn, CO
cng c th gy nguy him i vi con ngi: khi 20% hng cu b khng ch, nn
nhn b nhc u, chng mt, bun nn v khi t s ny ln n 50%, no b con
ngi bt u b nh hng nng.

NOx: NOx l h cc oxit nit, trong :

- NO l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng tan trong nc. NO c th

gy nguy him cho c th do tc dng vi hng cu trong mu lm gim kh nng
vn chuyn oxy gy thiu mu. NO hm lng cao rt d b oxy ho thnh NO 2
nh oxy ca khng kh.
- NO2 l cht kh mu nu nht, mi ca n c th bt u c pht hin nng
0,12ppm. NO2 d hp th bc x t ngoi, d ho tan trong nc v tham gia phn
ng quang ho. NO2 l loi kh c tnh kch thch, khi tip xc vi nim mc to thnh
axit qua ng h hp hoc ho tan vo nc bt ri vo ng tiu ho, sau vo
mu. hm lng 15 50ppm NO2 gy nguy him cho tim phi v gan.
- N2O chim mt lng rt t trong khi thi ng c.

Hydrocarbure: Hydrocarbure (HC) c mt trong kh thi do qu

trnh chy khng hon ton khi hn hp giu, hoc do hin tng chy khng bnh
thng. Chng gy tc hi n sc khe con ngi ch yu l do cc hydrocarbure
thm. T lu ngi ta xc nh c vai tr ca benzen trong cn bnh ung th
mu khi nng ca n ln hn 40ppm hoc gy ri lon h thn kinh khi nng
ln hn 1g/m3, i khi n l nguyn nhn gy cc bnh v gan.

SO2: Oxyt lu hunh l mt cht ho nc, v vy n rt d ha tan

Trang 79

vo nc mi, b oxy ha thnh H2SO4 v mui amonium ri i theo ng h

hp vo su trong phi. Mt khc, SO2 lm gim kh nng khng ca c th v
lm tng cng tc hi ca cc cht nhim khc i vi nn nhn.

B hng: B hng l cht nhim c bit quan trng trong kh

x ng c Diesel. N tn ti di dng nhng ht rn c ng knh trung bnh

khong 0,3mm nn rt d xm nhp su vo phi. S nguy him ca b hng,
ngoi vic gy tr ngi cho c quan h hp nh bt k mt tp cht c hc no
khc c mt trong khng kh, n cn l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ung th do cc
hydrocarbure thm mch vng (HAP) hp ph trn b mt ca chng trong qu
trnh hnh thnh.

HAP (hydrocacbon polyaromactic)

Thnh phn HAP c trong kh quyn vi nng 20 g/m3. Chng c to

thnh khi ngng t cc hydrocacbon trong nhin liu. HAP hp ph trong cc ht
hu c nh bi, b hng i vo c th gy ung th.
I.2.2.2. i vi mi trng

Thay i nhit kh quyn.

Trong s nhng cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh, ngi ta quan tm n kh

carbonic CO2 v n l thnh phn chnh trong sn phm chy ca nhin liu c
cha thnh phn carbon. S gia tng nhit bu kh quyn do s hin din ca cc
cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh c gii thch nh sau:

Trang 80

Bc x nhit t mt t
(sng di)

Bc x mt tri
(sng ngn)

Bc x nhit t mt t
(sng di)

Kh quyn

Khi trong kh quyn c nng

kh CO2 bnh thng

Khi trong kh quyn c

nng kh CO2 ln

Hnh 3.1: Hiu ng nh knh ca CO2.

Vi mc thi CO2 ra mi trng nh hin nay, theo d on ca cc nh
kh tng n gia th k 22 th nng kh CO 2 s tng ln gp i. Nh vy s
dn n nhiu tc hi:
- Nhit bu kh quyn tng t 2 30C [2].
- Mt lng ln bng Bc Cc v Nam Cc s tan ra lm tng mc nc bin.
- Nhit tri t tng lm xut hin cc bnh l, lm ri lon qu trnh sng
bnh thng ca cc loi sinh vt trn tri t.
- Nhit tri t tng lm gim kh nng ho tan CO2 trong nc bin. Lng
CO2 trong kh quyn tng lm mt cn bng CO2 gia kh quyn v i dng.
- Lm thay i lng ma gi v sa mc ho thm b mt qu t.

Ma axit.

Cc cht kh c tnh axit nh SO 2, NOx c mt trong thnh phn khng kh

do s pht thi ng c. Cc cht ny d ho tan trong nc, trong qu trnh to
ma, cc oxit ny s phn ng vi hi nc trong kh quyn sinh ra H 2SO3, H2SO4,

Trang 81

HNO3 hoc HNO2 lm cc git ma ny mang tnh axit. Nhng axit ny do tc dng
ca gi cng vi my di chuyn khp ni ri ri xung mt t cng vi cc ht
ma. Ma cha axit c gi l ma axit.
Ma axit lm tng axit ca t, hu dit rng, ma mng, gy nguy hi
i vi sinh vt di nc, nguy hi i vi ngi v ng vt, lm hng nh ca,
cu cng v cc cng trnh.
Do ma axit m t b axit ho, tng kh nng ho tan ca mt s kim loi
nng trong nc, gy nhim ho hc, cy ci hp th kim loi nng nh Cd, Zn i
vo ngun thc phm, gy nhim c cho ngi v gia sc. Ma axit c th gy
nguy him i vi h thn kinh v sn phm axit l cc hn hp rt c hi ho tan
trong nc ung xm nhp vo c th.

Tng ozone v l thng tng ozone.

Do qu trnh hnh thnh v phn hu ozone (O 3) lun din ra nn ozone c

chu k tn ti trong kh quyn rt ngn. Lng ozone tp trung nhiu nht trong tng
bnh lu ( cao 25 km) to thnh tng ozone vi nng 510 ppm.
Tng ozone c xem l ci bo v loi ngi v th gii ng vt trnh
khi tai ho do bc x tia t ngoi ca mt tri gy ra, n gi vai tr quan trng i
vi kh hu v sinh thi tri t. Khi bc x mt tri chiu qua tng ozone, phn ln
lng bc x t ngoi b hp th trc khi chiu xung tri t. Nu cc hot
ng ca con ngi lm suy yu tng ozone trong kh quyn s gy thm ho i
vi h sinh thi trn tri t.
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh khoa hc pht hin nng ozone
trong kh quyn ca tri t mt s ni suy gim (v d Nam cc).
Ngoi cc cht nh freon, Cl 2, HCl th s c mt ca cc kh sinh ra do khi
thi ng c nh CH4, NOx v cc cht hu c cng l nguyn nhn gy suy gim
tng ozone.

Trang 82

I.3. Cc bin php k thut lm gim mc gy nhim ca ng c

xng.
Qua nghin cu, vic lm gim mc pht sinh nhim trong kh thi
ng c xng c thc hin theo cc bin php chnh sau:
+ Ci thin ng c v ti u ha qu trnh chy.
+ X l cht nhim trc khi thi ra mi trng.
+ Ci thin nhin liu bng cch s dng nhin liu sch hay nhin liu thay
th.
I.3.1. Ci thin ng c v ti u qu trnh chy.
i vi ng xng, ba cht nhim chnh cn quan tm l NOx, HC v CO.
lm gim nng cc cht nhim, c bit l HC, ngi ta tng cng s phi
trn ca nhin liu v khng kh nhm gip cho qu trnh chy tt hn, hn ch vic
xut hin nhng vng cht. Gia tng chuyn ng ri c th thc hin bng cch
sau:
- S dng hai soupape np khi ng c lm vic ch ton ti v mt
supape khi lm vic non ti.
- To ra mt tia kh tc cao phun vo ng np ph c kch thc
nh hn ng ng np chnh.
ng c lm vic vi hn hp ngho, vic lm gim nng NOx trong
kh x c th c thc hin ring r hay ng thi hai gii php sau y [3]:
- T chc qu trnh trnh chy vi m c rt thp.
- Hi lu mt b phn kh x (EGR: Exhaust Gas Recirculation).
Ngy nay, h thng hi lu kh x c dng ph bin trn tt c loi
ng c nh la cng bc. N cho php lm bn hn hp mt s ch cng
tc ca ng c nhm lm gim nhit chy v do lm gim c nng
NOx.
I.3.2. X l kh x bng b xc tc.
Vic x l kh x ng c t trong bng b xc tc c nghin cu
v pht trin M cng nh Chu u t nhng nm 1960. u tin, ngi ta

Trang 83

s dng cc b xc tc oxy ha trn nhng ng c hot ng vi hn hp giu.

Sau , h thng xc tc lng tnh c pht trin x l kh x. H thng
ny bao gm b xc tc kh, b cung cp khng kh v b xc tc oxy ha. B
xc tc ba chc nng u tin c a vo s dng t nm 1975 trn ng c
nh la cng bc lm vic vi h s d lng khng kh xp x 1 v tr
thnh b xc tc c ng dng rng ri nht hin nay [3].
I.3.3. Ci thin nhin liu bng cch s dng nhin liu sch hay dng nhin
liu thay th.
Nng cao cht lng ca xng nhin liu c xem l bin php hu hiu
nht gim pht thi ca cc cht nhim thot ra trong qu trnh chy ca ng
c xng. y chnh l phng php ct gim cc cht nhim ngay t ngun.
Bng cch s dng cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc nh: alkyl ha, isomer
ha, cracking xc tc, x l bng hydro, ngi ta sn xut c nhng loi
xng c cht lng cao, p ng c cc tiu chun k thut v tiu chun mi
trng. Hin ti, Vit Nam ang s dng TCVN 6776:2005 xy dng da trn tiu
chun EURO 2 vi hm lng cc cht nhim cn tng i cao. Trong khi ,
chu u s dng tiu chun EURO 4 v ang chun b nng ln tiu chun
EURO 5 vi hm lng cc cht nhim rt thp (hm lng S <=10ppm).
Hnh 3.2: TIU CHUN CHUYN I KH THI

Trang 84

Vi so snh trn cho ta thy c mc nhim Vit Nam. V vy, nu

khng c nhng bc i ng n, n mt lc no chnh t nhin s tr th
chng ta.
Bn cnh vic ci thin cht lng nhin liu th vic nguyn cu s dng
cc ngun nhin liu thay th ngy cng tr nn cp thit c bit trong bi cnh
hin nay khi m du m ngy cng cn kit, gi xng du ngy cng leo thang (c
lc gi du th vt ngng 70$/thng). Trong cc loi nhin liu thay th ni
ln thut ng Gasohol-xng pha cn v y cng chnh l vn dnh c nhiu
s quan tm nht trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng hin nay.
Thc ra tng s dng cn thay th cho nhin liu c ngun gc t du
m c t kh lu. Ngay t nhng nm 20 ca th k trc, cn c nghin
cu lm nhin liu cho ng c t, xe my. in hnh cho hng i tin phong
ny l Braxin v M. Tuy nhin, khi cng ngh ha du ra i vi nhng sn phm
xng du c cht lng cao nhanh chng y li tng s dng cn lm nhin
liu cho ng c t, xe my. Cho n nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, khi th gii bt
u c s khng hong du m th cn v nhin liu sinh hc mi thc s c
khi ng tr li v n nhng nm u ca th k 21 tr thnh mt trong nhng
u tin hng u trong nhng nh hng chin lc nghin cu v nng lng ca
nhiu quc gia pht trin trn th gii m in hnh l M, Ty u (c, Php,
Nauy, Thy in), Nht, Thi lan, Trung Quc
C th im qua qu trnh nghin cu mt vi nc nh sau:

Ti Braxin: nm 1931, Braxin tin hnh pha ch ethanol vi xng.

Ti 1975, khi gi du th gii tng cao th pht ng thnh chng trnh ln v

Brazil l quc gia i u trong vic s dng ethanol pha vo xng vi t l ln
n 20%, dng trong vn ti. Brazil khong 3/4 s xe bt buc phi dng Gasohol
nu ngi s dng xe khng mun dng 100% ethanol. Cc cnh ng ma ng
ti Brazil hin l ni cung cp nguyn liu cho 320 nh my ethanol (d kin c
thm 50 nh my na trong 5 nm ti). Hin c khong 20 triu ti x Brazil vn
chy xe dng xng pha 25% ethanol nhng mt th h xe mi chy hon ton bng

Trang 85

ethanol bt u chun b xut hin, gip gim 1/2 chi ph nhin liu cho giao thng,
vn ti ti khp Brazil. Ngi ta cng sp u t 6 t USD lp n in ma cng
nh nh my chng cn trong 5 nm ti. Chnh v th, Brazil c xem l mt
Saudi Arabia ca ethanol, gp phn quan trng y mnh vic s dng nhin liu
mi biofuel (nhin liu sinh hc) [4].

Ti M: M l quc gia tiu th 25% nng lng trn th gii (trong

khi ch c 6% tr lng du m, hn 60% du m phi nhp t bn ngoi). m

bo an ninh nng lng, mt mt phi tranh ginh quyn kim sot cc khu vc du
m ln trn th gii, mt khc M phi u t ln t ngn sch nghin cu cc
dng nhin liu thay th. T nm 1976 sau t khng hong nng lng nm 1973,
M bt u th nghim xng sinh hc. T 1978, Quc hi M cng nhn nhng
li ch ca ethanol trong nhin liu v dng bin php gim thu i vi xng pha
ethanol khuyn khch pht trin th trng nhin liu ny. Nm 1998, Tng
thng M B.Clinton k sc lnh 13101 v s dng sn phm sinh hc thay th
mt phn du m v Quc hi M theo ui chnh sch cng khai nhm to lp
ngnh cng nghip ethanol cp nhin liu v ban hnh lut min thu mn bi
nhm khuyn khch sn xut ethanol t ngun ti sinh. Nh , nm 2004, M
sn xut trn 13 triu m3 cn sn xut xng sinh hc. Hin nay, ti M, lut php
ca nhiu bang bt buc phi s dng xng pha cn (loi E10-tc l 10% cn) v
vi 10% cn c pha vo xng, mi nm M tit kim rt nhiu ngoi t nhp
khu du. Nm 2005, vi vic s dng xng E10, nc M tit kim c 33,5 t
thng du th nhp khu, tng ng vi vic gim chi ph nhp khu xng ln ti
100 triu USD/ngy.
Hu ht ethanol c sn xut M hin nay u i t tinh bt ng. M tinh
bt v ng ch l mt phn nh sinh khi c th dng sn xut ethanol. Hin
nay, Hoa K ang y mnh chng trnh sn xut ethanol t cellulose nh ph thi
nng nghip v lm nghip, cc vt liu t cht thi rn th, cy, v c rc.
tr gip gim chi ph sn xut nhin liu sinh hc tin tin v sn sng thng mi
ho cc cng ngh ny, ngn sch 2007 ca M chi cho qu nghin cu sinh khi

Trang 86

ca B Nng lng (M) tng thm 65%, vi tng s kinh ph 150 triu USD. Mc
tiu ca nghin cu ny l sn xut ethanol t cellulose c gi cnh tranh c vi
ethanol t tinh bt vo nm 2012, to kh nng s dng nhiu hn na nhin liu
thay th ny gip gim thiu tiu dng du m ca nc M trong tng lai [5].

Ti chu u: EU khuyn khch pha cn vo xng du theo t l t 7%

n 10%. Xng c pha 7% hay 10% cn tinh khit ( cn 99.5%) c gi l

Gasohol E7 hay E10. Ngnh cng nghip du kh ch c bn cc loi nhin liu
(xng hoc diezen) pha cn vi t l ti thiu 5%. Mt vi mu xe nh Saab 9-5 hay
Ford Focus s s dng loi xng E85 (cha 85% cn v 15% xng)

Ti chu : Trung Quc, Thi Lan, n cng l nhng nc y

mnh trin khai s dng cn trong ch phm xng nhin liu v t c hiu qu
kinh t r rt.

Ti Vit Nam: Nc ta tuy nghin cu c t l phi trn cn vo

xng, nhng ri li ny sinh ci kh khi p dng vo thc t. Vit Nam cha c nh

my sn xut cn khan 99,5%. Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia, trong giai on
khi ng cng ng quen dn vi vic s dng xng pha cn, hng nm Vit
Nam cn khong 400 ngn tn xng v 40 ngn tn cn (tng ng khong 400
triu lt cn). Th nhng, hin mt trong nhng nh my cn ln nht ca ta nh
nh my Lam Sn, Thanh Ho cng ch c cng sut 25 triu lt cn /nm [6].
Hin nay Vit Nam ang y mnh sn xut cn khan pha vo xng, c th:

Ngy 09/03/2007 Petrosetco (thuc PetroVietnam) k kt tha thun

hp tc thnh lp lin doanh xy dng nh my sn xut ethanol sinh hc 99,8%

u tin ti Vit Nam vi tp on Itochu ca Nht Bn [7].

Khng lu sau l k lin doanh gia Petrosetco & Itochu, Vit Nam

c thm mt nh my sn xut ethanol khan na. Ngy 12/04/2007 va qua,

cng ty ng Xanh hp tc vi UBNN tnh Qung Nam tin hnh khi cng xy
dng nh my sn xut ethanol 99,5% ti i Tn, i Lc, Qung Nam [8].

Trang 87

II. Nghin cu kh nng phi trn ethanol vo condensate Vit Nam.

II.1. Gii thiu chung v condensate Vit Nam.
II.1.1. Condensate.
Condensate cn gi l kh ngng t, l dng trung gian gia du v kh.
Trong cc m du v kh iu kin nhit thp v p sut cao, chng tn ti
trng thi lng. Trong qu trnh khai thc, condensate b li cun theo kh ng
hnh hay kh thin nhin, c ngng t v thu hi sau khi qua cc bc x l, tch
kh bng cc phng php lm lnh ngng t, chng ct nhit thp, hp ph
hay hp th bng du.
II.1.2. Thnh phn v c tnh ca condensate Vit Nam.
Thnh phn c bn ca condensate l cc hydrocacbon no c phn t lng
v t trng ln hn butane nh pentane, hexane, heptane Ngoi ra cn cha cc
hydrocacbon mch vng, cc nhn thm v mt s tp cht khc nh hm lng rt
nh H2S, mercaptane, Cht lng ca n ph thuc vo m khai thc, cng ngh
ch bin. Thnh phn condensate Vit Nam ca nh my ch bin kh Dinh c [9]:
Cu t

%,mol

Cu t

%mol

Cu t

Propane
0,00
n-hexante
20,09
Cyclopentane
isobutane
0,04
Heptane
10,50
MeC5
n-butane
0,96
Octane
7,27
Cyclohexane
isopentane 19,99
Nonane
3,23
MeC6
n-pentane
26,65
Decane
1,21
Benzen
Bng 3.1: Thnh phn condensate Vit Nam (Dinh C).

%mol
1,94
2,02
1,61
2,02
1,61

Mt s c tnh k thut ca condensate Vit Nam [10]:

+ p sut hi bo ha (psi):

12

+ T trng:

0,7352

+ nht 20 0C (cSt):

0,796

+ 0API:

12

+ Trng lng phn t:

107

+ Ch s Octane:

65

II.1.3. Tnh hnh khai thc v tr lng condensate Vit Nam.

Tr lng du v kh ca Vit Nam c nh gi c tim nng ln khong
0,9 1,2 t m3 du, 2.100 2.800 t m3 kh v 260 triu m3 condensate. Nm trong
cc b trm tch: Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn, Malay-Th Chu, Vng T Chnh-Vng

Trang 88

My, Sng Hng, Ph Khnh v thm lc a Bc B cng pht hin c du vi

tr lng lnHin nay ngnh du kh nc ta ang khai thc du kh ch yu ti 7
khu m bao gm: Bch H, Rng ng, i Hng, Rng, Hng Ngc, Bunga
Kekwa-Ci Nc, Lan Ty-Lan . Cng tc pht trin thm d v khai thc ang
trin khai tch cc nhm m bo duy tr v tng sn lng du kh cho nhng nm
ti. Nm 2004, sn lng khai thc du kh t trn 20 triu tn du th quy i vi
17,6 triu tn du th v 3,7 t m 3 kh thin nhin. D kin n nm 2010, ngnh
du kh nc ta s khai thc t 30 32 triu tn quy i [11].
Hin nay, condensate ch yu thu nhn t hai nh my x l v ch bin kh
Dinh C (150.000 tn /nm) v Nam Cn Sn (90.000 tn /nm). M S T en
vi tr lng 420 thng du (tng ng 60 triu tn, c km theo condensate)
c a vo khai thc. D kin n nm 2005 s a vo khai thc m Rng i
sn lng condensate t 90.000 tn /nm. M S T Trng va c du, va c
condensate v tr lng 16 TCF (3 TCF 100 triu tn du). Nm 2008, m Hi
Thch 730.000 tn condensate/nmNh vy trong 10 nm ti, vi cc m hin c
v cc m sp a vo khai thc, sn lng condensate ca chng ta kh phong ph
khng nhng p ng c nhu cu cho cc nh my ch bin condensate Th Vi,
Ct Li (350.000 tn/nm) m cn lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip ha du
II.1.4. Tnh hnh s dng condensate ti Vit Nam hin nay.
Ngoi mt lng nh condensate c s dng trong vic sn xut xng
dung mi dng trong cng ngh ha hc, condensate c s dng ch yu cho
mc ch sn xut xng nhin liu nh l mt cu t phi trn xng sau khi qua
qu trnh ch bin. Thc cht ca qu trnh ny l x l condensate ri phi trn vi
xng c ch s octane cao v cc cu t ngoi nhp (Reformate, MTBE). Hin
nay ti nh my lc du Ct Li c mt cm chng ct condensate vi nng sut
350000 tn/nm nhm sn xut MOGAS 83 v cc sn phm khc. Trc thc
trng gi du trn th gii ngy cng leo thang th vic phi trn ethanol vo
condensate c xng c ch s octane cao c xem l li gii tt nht cho bi
ton xng du nc ta [12].

Trang 89

II.2. Thun li v kh khn ca vic pha ethanol vo condensate.

II.2.1. Thun li.
Ethanol ngy cng c s dng rng ri pha vo xng v n c cc u
im sau:

Ethanol c ch s octane cao (RON

ethanol

=110120). V vy khi pha

ethanol vo xng n s lm tng ch s octane ca hn hp.

Ethanol c t trng gn vi t trng ca xng, d ha trn vo xng.

Trong phn t ethanol c cha oxy thc y qu trnh chy din ra tt

hn, gim pht thi ng k cc cht gy nhim.

II.2.1. Kh khn.
Khi pha ethanol vo xng gp nhng kh khn ch yu nh sau:

S c mt ca oxy trong phn t ethanol lm gim nhit tr ca hn

hp khi chy. Do s lm tng lng tiu th nhin liu.

Ethanol to vi cc hydrocacbon nh trong xng nh (pentane,

hexane) hn hp ng ph c nhit si thp hn nhit si ca hn hp ban

u. V vy khi pha ethanol vo xng n s lm tng p sut hi bo ha ca hn
hp.

Ethanol c tnh ho nc. N d dng ht nc c trong khng kh

m lm thay i thnh phn ca nhin liu, gy kh khn cho vn tn tr v bo

qun nhin liu.

Ethanol khng tng thch vi cc vt liu cao su, d lm trng n

cc ng dn nhin liu lm bng vt liu ny. Tuy nhin nu dng vi nng

ethanol thp (<15% th tch ethanol) th hon ton khng gy tc hi nh trn.

II.3. Kho st nh hng ca ethanol ln cc tnh cht s dng ca nhin

liu khi phi trn vo condensate .
phi trn ethanol co condensate thnh cng v to ra nhng mu
Gasohol c tnh nng ph hp vi TCVN v xng thng phm, ta cn phi xt cc
tnh cht sau:

Trang 90

nh hng ca ethanol n tr s octane ca xng.

nh hng ca ethanol n p sut hi bo ha.

nh hng ca ethanol n nng pht thi cc cht nhim.

nh hng ca ethanol n s gim PCI ca Gasohol so vi xng.

nh hng ca ethanol n hin tng tch lp ca Gasohol.

II.3.1. nh hng ca ethanol n tr s octane ca xng.

Ethanol tinh khit c ch s octane rt cao (RON=110120). Chnh v vy
khi pha ethanol vo xng gc chng u c tc dng lm tng ch s octane ca
xng gc.
Mc lm tng RON ca ethanol ph thuc vo RON ban u ca hn
hp. Nu gi tr RON ban u thp th kh nng lm tng RON cao v ngc li.
II.3.2. nh hng ca ethanol n p sut hi bo ha ca xng.
p sut hi bo ha ca ethanol 99,5% hay ethanol 95% l gn nh nhau
(2,4 psi) c ngha l thp hn nhiu so vi xng gc. Tuy nhin khi pha trn ethanol
vo xng, ethanol li c tc dng tng p sut hi bo ha ln r rt. iu ny c
gii thch nh sau:

Khi cho ethanol vo xng th ethanol s to hn hp ng ph vi cc

cu t nh c trong xng nh n-pentane, n-hexane... Hn hp ng ph ny c nhit

si thp hn nhiu so vi hn hp ban u do s lm tng p sut hi bo ha
ca Gasohol [13].

Kh nng lm gim nhit si ca hn hp ng ph khi cho ethanol

vo ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cu t nh c trong xng. iu ny c th hin

qua bng tng kt sau [13] :
Hydrocacbon
n-pentan
n-hexan
Benzen
Cyclohexan
Toluen

Nhit si ca

% khi lng ethanol

Nhit si ca hh

hh ban u (oC)
36
69
80
81
111

trong hh ng ph
5
21
32
29.2
68

ng ph (oC)
34
59
68
65
77

Trang 91

n-octane

126

88

77

Bng 3.4: Hn hp ng ph ca ethanol vi cc Hydrocacbon nh.

p sut hi bo ha t cc i khi nng ethanol t 5% th tch trong
Gasohol sau gim dn khi tng nng ethanol. V vy kh nng lm tng p

p sut hi bo ha ca hn hp kPa

sut hi bo ha khi nng ethanol ln hn 10% th tch l rt thp.

Hnh 3.4: nh hng ca ethanol ln ng cong chng ct [14].

% th tch ethanol

Hnh 3.3: Kh nng lm tng p sut hi bo ha ca ethanol, Ngun : IFP

Trang 92

50

Nhn vo hnh trn ta thy khi cho 10% th tch ethanol vo xng c
RVP=9.0 psi th ethanol s lm tng bay hi ca hn hp trong khong T sT50.
Khi nhit ln hn T50 th ethanol hu nh khng lm tng bay hi ca hn
hp.
S liu tham kho kh nng lm tng p sut hi bo ha ca ethanol
khi phi trn vo xng:

Trang 93

Bng s liu:

nh hng ca ethanol n RVP ca Gasohol

STT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

T l ethanol

RVP (bar)

(%tt)

0%
2%
5%
10%
15%
20%
30%
50%
60%
100%

IFP
0.622
0.660
0.713
0.690
0.680
0.675

Ngun tham kho

[16]
Thc nghim
0.309
0.261
0.595
0.385
0.324
0.640
0.404
0.331
0.660
0.405
0.328
0.650
0.396
0.325
0.648
0.395
0.325
0.640
0.610
0.580
0.530
0.165

Bng 3.5: nh hng ca ethanol n RVP ca Gasohol.

Trang 94

th:

IFP v TTNC:
nh hng ca ethanol n RVP khi pha vo xng

0.800

y = -353.96x + 213.23x - 44.091x + 3.4072x + 0.6181

2

R = 0.9435

0.700
0.600
0.500

PVR (bar)

y = -833.25x + 406.84x - 68.484x + 4.5038x + 0.3118

2

R = 0.9795

0.400

Poly.
(IFP)
Poly.
(TTNC1)

0.300
4

y = -861.14x + 400.68x - 62.882x + 3.7429x + 0.2638

0.200

Poly.
(TTNC2)

R = 0.9616

0.100
0.000
0%

5%

Thc nghim:

10%

15%

% th tch ethanol

20%

25%

Trang 95

nh hng ca ethanol n RVP khi pha vo xng

0.700

0.600

0.500

PVR (bar)

Poly. (Thc nghim)

0.400
4

y = -3.5342x + 6.1842x - 3.7815x + 0.6804x + 0.6157

0.300

R = 0.9927

0.200

0.100

0.000
0%

20%

40%

60%

% th tch ethanol

80%

100%

120%

Nhn xt:

Kh nng lm thm thay i p sut hi bo ha (RVP) ca ethanol khi pha

vo xng ph thuc vo bn cht ca xng (ph thuc vo thnh phn cc
hydrocacbon nh c kh nng to hn hp ng ph vi ethanol) v ph thuc vo
nng ethanol pha trn. C th:
-

Khi ta pha ethanol vo xng vi nng b hn 5% th tch th RVP

ca hn hp tng rt nhanh v t cc i ti 5% th tch ethanol pha trn. Tc l

vi 5% th tch ethanol pha vo xng th va to hn hp ng ph vi cc
cu t nh c trong xng.
-

Trong khong t 5 n 10% th tch ethanol pha trn, RVP ca hn hp

thay i rt t ( th gn nh l ng thng vung gc vi trc p sut).

-

Trong khong t 10 n 20% th tch ethanol pha trn, p sut hi bo

ha ca xng bt u gim nh.

-

Trong khong t 20 n 50% th tch ethanol pha trn, RVP ca hn

hp gim nhanh. Ti 50% th tch ethanol pha trn th RVP ca hn hp thp hn

RVP ca xng khi cha pha ethanol. iu ny c ngha l kh nng lm tng RVP

Trang 96

do to hn hp ng ph gia ethanol vi cc cu t nh c trong xng thp hn s

gim p sut do ta pha ethanol-cu t c RVP thp vo xng.
-

Trong khong t 50 n 100% th tch ethanol pha trn, RVP ca hn

hp gim rt nhanh.
II.3.3. nh hng ca ethanol n s gim PCI ca Gasohol so vi xng.
Cc ph gia c cha oxy khi pha vo xng u lm gim PCI ca xng.
Ethanol cng tun theo quy lut ny. Ethanol c PCI=26,8 MJ/kg trong khi PCI
ca xng l 42,5 MJ/kg nn khi pha ethanol vo xng s lm gim PCI ca hn hp.
Ta lm mt php so snh n gin sau y s thy r c iu ny [15]:
PCIxng
42,5MJ / kg
=
= 1,59
PCIethanol
26,8MJ / kg

Nh vy xt v mt nhit lng khi chy hon ton th 1,59 kg ethanol c th

thay th cho 1kg xng. Tuy nhin khi pha ethanol vo xng do trong phn t ethanol
c cha oxy nn n c tc dng lm cho nhin liu chy hon ton hn v iu ny
ng ngha vi vic lm tng PCI ca hn hp. Nhng s tng PCI trong trng
hp ny khng th b li s gim PCI nh trnh by trn. Tm li, khi pha
ethanol vo xng th n s lm gim PCI ca hn hp.
Bng 3.6: So snh s gim PCI ca Gasohol so vi xng nhng nng
ethanol khc nhau [14].
Hm lng

Hm lng

Hm lng

Nhit tr ca

ethanol

xng

Gasohol

(% klng)
0
2.0
2.7

gim PCI (%)

(% th tch)
(% th tch) (BTU/gallon)
0
100.0
114 000
5.7
94.3
111 834
7.7
92.3
111 074
Bng 3.7: So snh PCI ca xng vi mt s cht khc:

1.9
2.6

Trang 97

Nh vy c th thy PCIethanol nh hn so vi PCI ca mt vi ph gia c

cha oxy khc nh ETBE, MTBE Trong trng hp ta ch pha t 1015%
ethanol vo xng nn s gim PCI l khng ng k. Do cng sut ca ng c
c gim nhng nm trong gii hn cho php.
Bng 3.8: Tham kho kt qu o v so snh cng sut ca ng c khi dng
xng A92 v Gasohol c RON=92 ch 50% ti [16].
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

n
(v/ph)
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

P(KW)
P1
7.57
10.17
12.53
14.63
16.17
17.70
19.83
22.77
26.17
29.40

P2
7.50
9.80
12.10
13.90
15.20
17.40
19.10
21.70
25.10
28.60

P(KW)
P21
-0.07
-0.37
-0.43
-0.73
-0.97
-0.30
-0.73
-1.07
-1.07
-0.80

%P
%P21
-0.88
-3.61
-3.46
-5.01
-5.98
-1.69
-3.70
-4.69
-4.08
-2.72

Trang 98

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

3000
31.73
30.70
-1.03
-3.26
3200
34.00
33.20
-0.80
-2.35
3400
36.20
35.50
-0.70
-1.93
3600
38.50
38.00
-0.50
-1.30
3800
40.83
40.50
-0.33
-0.82
4000
42.90
42.70
-0.20
-0.47
4200
43.80
43.80
0.00
0.00
4400
45.30
44.90
-0.40
-0.88
4600
46.43
46.10
-0.33
-0.72
4800
46.43
45.80
-0.63
-1.36
5000
45.37
44.90
-0.47
-1.03
TRUNG BNH (%)
-2.38
Vi : P1, P2 l cng sut ca ng c khi dng xng A92 v Gasohol pha
ethanol 99,50 c RON=92.
P21 =P2-P1
%P21 =(P21/P1)*100%
Vy khi dng Gasohol pha ethanol 99,5 0 c RON=92 th cng sut ca ng
c gim 2.38%. gim cng sut ny tng i b, c th chp nhn c.
II.3.4. nh hng ca ethanol n s tch lp ca Gasohol.
Khi ta dng ethanol khan pha vo xng th khng xy ra hin tng tch
lp ca hn hp Gasohol pha trn. Tuy nhin, nu dng ethanol cng nghip pha
vo xng th Gasohol sau khi pha trn s tch lp (do trong ethanol cng nghip c
cha mt hm lng nc) gy kh khn cho vic tn cha v s dng. Hn na,
khi dng ethanol cng nghip pha trn th ng c d b n mn lm gim tui
th ng c. V vy ch nn dng ethanol khan pha trn vo xng. Nu mun
dng ethanol cng nghip pha trn Gasohol th cn phi nghin cu ph gia
chng n mn, ph gia chng tch lp b xung vo xng.
II.3.5. nh hng n s pht thi ca cc cht gy nhim.
S c mt ca oxy trong ethanol lm cho nhin liu chy tt hn nn gim
pht thi mt lng ng k cc cht gy nhim nh CO, HC. Theo iu tra ca t
chc Manitoba nu ta pha 10% ethanol vo xng s lm gim 515% pht thi CO.

Trang 99

Tuy nhin, vi s c mt ca oxy trong ethanol cng ng ngha vi vic

lm gia tng hm lng oxy trong xng do lm tng pht thi ca aldehyt, NO x
nhng s hm lng ca chng nm trong gii hn cho php.
Bng 3.9: So snh pht thi cc cht gy nhim ca xng so vi E10 [17].
Tn cht nhim
Chnh lch pht thi (%)
HC
-4,9
CO
-13,4
NOx
+1,5
Formaldhyde
+19,3
Actaldhyde
+159
Tm li: Khi pha ethanol vo xng th bn cnh nhng mt thun li cng
tn ti nhng mt hn ch. Tuy nhin, ng trc thc trng tri t ngy cng b
nhim nghim trng, du m ngy cng cn kit th vic s dng ethanol l rt cn
thit. S dng ethanol khng nhng gip cho cc quc gia c th ch ng trong
chnh sch nng lng ca mnh, m bo an ninh nng long quc gia m cn lm
gim nhim mi trng, ci thin bu kh quyn. Hn na, ngun nguyn liu
sn xut ethanol rt phong ph, gi c c th chp nhn c v vy nhin liu
ethanol ngy cng c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii.
Hnh 3.5: Tnh hnh sn xut nhin liu ethanol, biodiesel trn th gii :

Trang 100

Hnh trn cho ta thy c s pht trin mnh m ca vic dng ethanol lm
nhin liu trong nhng nm gn y. Nm 2000 sn lng ethanol s dng lm
nhin liu trn th gii ch khong 15 triu tn. Theo d kin, n nm 2010, sn
lng ethanol s dng lm nhin liu c th t trn 80 triu tn tc l tng n
433,33% so vi nm 2000.

II.4. Xy dng quy trnh pha trn Gasohol.

II.4.1. Nguyn tc pha trn.
V ch tiu quan trng nht ca Gasohol thng phm l ch s octane nn ta
ly RON lm thc o phm cht Gasohol cn pha trn. Sau khi t cc ch tiu v
RON ta mi xt tip cc ch tiu khc nh: p sut hi bo ha Reid, acide,
n mn tm ng
II.4.2. S pha trn.

Trang 101

Trang 102

Da vo nguyn liu ban u l condensate Bch H hay condensate Nam

Cn Sn v reformate, tin hnh tnh ton v pha trn cc mu xng gc c RON
ph hp. T cc xng gc , pha ch Gasohol c RON l 90, 92 v 95.
Phng php: Da vo cng thc tnh RON ca hn hp:
RONHH=Vi*RONi. Sau khi tnh ton v pha ch cc mu theo RON tnh
ton ta tin hnh xc nh RON trn ng c theo tiu chun ASTM 2699. Nhng
mu c RON khng ph hp, ta tin hnh tnh ton v pha ch li. Cn nhng mu
t ch tiu RON ta tin hnh kim tra cc tnh nng s dng khc ca Gasohol
nh: p sut hi bo ha Reid, t trng, thnh phn ct, acide, n mn tm
ng Nhng mu khng t cc tiu chun trn th loi b. Nhng mu c cc
tnh cht gn t cc tiu chun ta tin hnh iu chnh tnh nng s dng t
tiu chun. Nh vy ta c c mu Gasohol t y cc ch tiu ra.

III. Tnh ton phi trn.

III.1. Mc ch.
Da vo ngun nguyn liu l: ethanol 99,5% kl, condensate, reformate,
xng FCC, C4 ta tin hnh phi trn to nhng mu Gasohol tha mn theo tiu
chun TCVN 6776:2005. Cc ch tiu cn t c:

Ch s octane (RON).

T trng (d154).

Hm lng lu hunh (%S).

Hm lng Aromatic (%Ar).

p sut hi bo ha (TVV).

III.2. Nguyn tc phi trn.

III.2.1. Tnh ch s octane (RON).
Ch s octane ca hn hp c tnh ton da vo tnh cng tnh theo th
tch ca cc cu t em phi trn.

Trang 103

RONHH = RONi*Vi
Vi: RONHH: Ch s octane ca hn hp (Gasohol).
RONi : Ch s octane ca cu t th i.
Vi

: % th tch ca cu t th i.

III.2.2. T trng (d154).

T trng ca hn hp c tnh ton da vo tnh cng tnh theo th tch ca
cc cu t em phi trn.
(d154)HH = (d154)i*Vi
Vi: (d154)HH : T trng ca hn hp (Gasohol).
(d154)i : T trng ca cu t th i.
Vi

: % th tch ca cu t th i.

III.2.3. Tnh % khi lng lu hunh (%S).

Phn trm khi lng lu hunh ca hn hp c tnh ton da vo tnh
cng tnh theo khi lng ca cc cu t em phi trn.
%SHH = %Si*mi
Vi: %SHH: % khi lng lu hunh ca hn hp (Gasohol).
%Si : % khi lng lu hunh ca cu t th i.
mi

: % khi lng ca cu t th i.

III.2.4. Tnh hm lng Aromatic (%Ar).

Phn trm th tch Ar trong hn hp c tnh theo cng thc:

(%V Ar )

HH

(V Ar )
V

HH

Vi: (%VAr)HH : % th tch ca Ar trong hn hp.

(VAr)i:

th tch ca Ar c trong cu t th i.

Trang 104

III.2.5. Tnh p sut hi bo ha (TVV).

p sut hi bo ha ca xng gc c tnh ton da vo tnh cng tnh theo
phn mol ca cc cu t em phi trn.
TVVxng gc = TVVi*ni
Vi: TVVxng gc : p sut hi bo ha ca xng gc (Gasohol).
TVVi

: p sut hi bo ha ca cu t th i.

ni

: phn mol ca cu t th i.

Sau khi tnh c p sut hi bo ha ca xng gc, da vo th thc

nghim (mt cch gn ng) ta tnh c p sut hi bo ha ca Gasohol.
th:

nh hng ca ethanol n RVP khi pha vo xng

0.700

0.600
0.500

Poly. (Thc nghim)

RVP (bar)

0.400
4

y = -3.5342x + 6.1842x - 3.7815x + 0.6804x + 0.6157

0.300

R = 0.9927
0.200
0.100

0.000
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

% th tch ethanol

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Trang 105

III.3. Cc tnh cht v ngun phi trn.

III.3.1. Condensate.
Da theo s liu phn tch mu condensate dng phi trn xng ca
PDC-Ph M (Phn tch ti phng ha nghim ca Cng Ty TNHH Dch V Gim
nh Chu ngy 28-30/04/2007) ta xc nh c cc tnh cht:
-

RON=66,1

%S =0,01 (%kl)

D154 = 0,6601

RVP=11,9 psi=0,82 bar

=> TVV=0,869 bar (tra theo trang162, T2,

Ptrole Brut)
-

PM

=80,9 g/mol (theo PROII)

%tt Ar =1.16%.

III.3.2. Ethanol 99,5% khi lng.

Cc tnh cht:
-

RON = 115

%S

= 0 (%kl)

D154

= 0,795 (theo PROII)

TVV = 2,4psi = 0.165 bar (Thc nghim)

PM

%tt Ar = 0

= 45,7 g/mol (theo PROII)

III.3.3. Reformate.
Da vo cc s liu Reformate ca du ARABIAN Light, ta xc nh cc
tnh cht:
-

RON = 97

%S

D154 = 0,7802.

TVV = 0,54 bar

PM

%tt Ar = 65%.

= 0 (%kl)

= 96 g/mol

Trang 106

III.3.4. Xng FCC.

Da vo cc s liu xng FCC ca du ARABIAN Light, ta xc nh cc tnh cht:
-

RON = 92

%S = 0,218 (%kl)

D154 = 0,75

TVV = 0,682 bar

PM

%tt Ar = 18.7%

= 104 g/mol

III.3.5. Butane.
Da vo cc s liu butane ca du ARABIAN Light, ta xc nh cc tnh cht:
-

RON = 102

%S

D154 = 0,5794

TVV = 4 bar

PM

%tt Ar = 0%

= 0 (%kl)

= 58 g/mol

Trang 107

III.4. Tin hnh phi trn.

Dng Solver trong phn mm excel v th thc nghim tnh ton.
Kt qu phi trn vi cc cu t khc nhau:
III.4.1. Condensate v ethanol.
Bng 3.12: Kt qu phi trn condensate v ethanol.

1000 (t/an)
d154
1000 (m3/an)
%S
RON
TVVxng gc (bar)
TVVGasohol (bar)
PM (g/mol)
%Ar
%Th tch
% Khi lng

Condensate
424.41

Ethanol
575.59

A92
Min
Max
1000.00 1000.00 1000.00

0.6601
642.95
0.010
66.1
0.869

0.7950
724.01
0.000
115.0
0.165

0.7316
1366.96
0.004
92.0
0.869

0.7250
0.050
92.0
0.430

80.9
0.0116
48.0%
42.4%

45.7
0.0000
54.1%
57.6%

0.7800

0.01

TVVGasohol = TVVxng gc + TVV.

Vi TVV l thay i TVV khi pha ethanol vo xng (theo th).
TVV=(TVVx%Et-TVV0%Et)
%tt ethanol = 54,1% => Tra th thc nghim:
TVVGasohol = TVVxng gc + TVV=0,869+(0,553-0,595)=0,827>0,75 (loi).

0.750
0.4

Trang 108

III.4.2. Condensate, ethanol v reformate.

Bng 3.13: Kt qu phi trn condensate, reformate v ethanol.
Condensate Reformate Ethanol

A92
1000.0

Min
1000.0

Max

1000 (t/an)

255.71

510.61

233.69

1000.00

d154

0.6601

0.7802

0.7950

0.7486
1335.7

0.7250

0.7800

1000 (m3/an)
%S
RON
TVVxng gc (bar)
TVVGasohol (bar)
PM (g/mol)
% Ar
%Th tch
% Khi lng

387.38
0.010
66.1
0.869

654.46
0.000
97.0
0.540

293.95
0.000
115.0
0.165

8
0.003
92.0
0.663
0.708

80.9
0.0116
28.9%
25.6%

96.0
0.6500
48.9%
51.1%

45.7
0.0000
22.0%
23.4%

0.32

0.050
92.0
0.430

0.750
0.40

%tt ethanol = 22% => Tra th thc nghim:

TVVGasohol = TVVxng gc + TVV=0,663+(0,64-0,595)=0,708<0,75 (tha mn).

Trang 109

III.4.3. Condensate, ethanol v xng FCC.

Bng 3.14: Kt qu phi trn condensate, ethanol v xng FCC.
Condensate Ethanol Xng FCC

A92

1000 (t/an)

288.39

391.12

320.49

1000.00

d154
1000 (m3/an)
%S
RON

0.6601
436.89
0.010
66.1

0.7950
491.97
0.000
115.0

0.7500
427.32
0.218
92.0

0.7374
1356.18
0.073
92.0

TVVxng gc (bar)
TVVGasohol (bar)
PM (g/mol)
%V Ar
%Th tch
% Khi lng

0.869

0.165

0.682

0.782
0.780

80.9
0.0116
32.2%
28.8%

45.7
0.0000
36.3%
39.1%

104.0
0.1870
31.5%
32.0%

Min
1000.0
0

Max
1000.00

0.7250

0.7800

0.050
92.0
0.430

0.750

0.06

0.40

%S=0,073%>0,05% (loi).
III.4.4. Condensate, ethanol, xng FCC, reformate v butane.
Bng 3.15: Kt qu phi trn condensate, ethanol, xng FCC, reformate v butane.

1000 (t/an)

218.20

342.36

220.09

d154

0.6601

0.7802

0.795

1000 (m3/an)
%S
RON

330.56
0.010
66.1

438.81
0.000
97.0

276.84
0.000
115.0

Xng
FCC
219.3
5
0.750
0
292.4
7
0.218
92.0

0.869

0.540

0.165

0.682

Condensate Reformate Ethanol

TVVxng gc
(bar)
TVVGasohol
(bar)

C4

A92

Min

Max

0.00
0.579
4

1000

1000
0.72
5

1000

0.00
0.000
102.0

0.747
1338.6
8
0.050
92.0

4.000

0.682
0.730

PM (g/mol)
%V Ar

80.9
0.0116

96.0
0.65

45.7
0.00

%Th tch

24.7%

32.8%

20.7%

104.0
0.187
21.8
%

58.0
0.00
0.0%

0.26

0.780

0.050
92.0

0.43
0

0.750
0.40

Trang 110

% Kl

21.8%

34.2%

22.0%

21.9%

0.0%

%tt ethanol = 20,7% => Tra th thc nghim:

TVVGasohol = TVVxng gc + TVV=0,682-(0,643-0,595)=0,73<0,75 (tha mn).
Nhn xt:

Khng th ch dng ethanol v condensate phi trn Gasohol v

khng m bo tiu chun v p sut hi bo ha.

Vi cc s liu nh trn ta khng th phi trn Gasohol t ethanol,

condensate v xng ca qu trnh FCC v hm lng lu hunh trong xng FCC cn

kh cao nn khng m bo tiu chun v hm lng lu hunh. V vy ta phi kh
lu hunh cho xng FCC nu mun dng chng phi trn Gasohol.

Tt c cc trng hp cn li u m bo cc ch tiu ra. Tuy

nhin, ta khng nn dng xng ca qu trnh FCC phi trn Gasohol v ch s

octane ca xng FCC =92 tc l tng ng vi ch s octane ca Gasohol phi
trn nn khng kinh t khi dng xng ca qu trnh FCC phi trn Gasohol.

V condensate c p sut hi bo ha rt cao (0,869 bar) nn khng

cn pha thm butane.

Vy ta ch dng Condensate, ethanol, reformate phi trn Gasohol. Trong
trng hp cn thit, ta b xung thm butane m bo cc tiu chun ra.

khng thay i ng c khi dng Gasohol, ta khng ch hm

lng ca ethanol nh hn hoc bng 15% th tch. Kt qu phi trn th hin

bng sau:

Trang 111

Bng 3.16: Kt qu phi trn condensate, ethanol v reformate.

Condensate Reformate Ethanol
A92
Min
Max
218.60
622.93
158.47 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00

1000 (t/an)
d154

0.6601

0.7802

0.7950

0.7525

0.7250

1000 (m /an)
%S
RON

331.15
0.010
66.1

798.43
0.000
97.0

199.34
0.000
115.0

1328.92
0.002
92.0

0.050
92.0

TVVxng gc (bar)

0.869

0.540

0.152

0.637

TVVGasohol (bar)
PM (g/mol)
%V Ar
%Th tch
% Khi lng

0.694
80.9
0.0116
24.9%
21.9%

96.0
0.65
60.1%
62.3%

45.7
0.00
15.0%
15.8%

0.39

0.430

0.7800

0.750
0.40

%tt ethanol = 20,7% => Tra th thc nghim:

TVVGasohol = TVVxng gc + TVV=0,637-(0,652-0,595)=0,694<0,75 (tha mn).
Kt lun:

Vi ethanol 99,5%, reformate, condensate nh trn, ta c th phi liu

c gasohol ph hp vi tiu chun TCVN 6776:2005.

Cc s liu trn ch mang tnh cht nghin cu nhng kh chnh xc.

c th p dng vo thc t cn phi tin hnh kho xc li bng thc nghim,

tin hnh th trc tip trn ng c (kh nng tng thch vi cc vt liu bng cao
su, cng sut, bn ca ng c). c bit nh nc cn phi c chnh sch h
tr thch ng v nhanh chng xy dng tiu chun v xng pha cn sm a
loi nhin liu mi m ny i vo cuc sng.

Trang 112

TI LIU THAM KHO.

[1] TCVN 6776:2005.
[2] t v nhim mi trng Bi Vn Ga, Vn Th Bng, Phm Xun Mai,
Trn Vn Nam, Trn Thanh Hi Tng.
[3] Qu trnh chy trong ng c t trong Bi Vn Ga.
[4] Nhin liu ethanol di cc gc nhn khc nhau, www.moi.gov.vn.
[5] D bo v pht trin v s dng nhin liu sinh hc (Ethanol & Biodiesel) ca
M, www.most.gov.vn.
[6] Nhin liu sinh hc c thay xng du? Vietnamnet.com.vn.
[7] Petrosetco-khng nh tm nhn khi hp tc sn xut ethanol sinh hc, bo thanh
nin (S 71, ngy 12/03/2007).
[8] L khi cng xy dng nh my cn i Tn, tuoitre.com.vn.
[9] Bch H condensate propreties, Tng cc du kh Vit Nam, 2001.
[10] Trng nh Hi, Cht lng v kh nng s dng condensate Bch H, Tp
ch du kh s 4, 1996.
[11] Lch s pht trin du kh Vit Nam, Bo cng nghip Vit Nam.
[12] Nh My lc du Ct Li ku cu, VnExpress.net
[13] Les Biocarburants Etat lieux perspectives enjeux du dveloppement
Ballerini Daniel Alazard Touy Nathanlie.
[14] Utilisation dans les vhicules essence de mlanges thanolessence contenant
plus de 10 p. 100 en volume dthanol
Dr Chandra Prakash Consultant en matire dmissions de vhicules
automobiles et de carburants.
[15] ADEME/DIRME
Rapport technique: Bilans nergtiques et gaz effet de serre des filires de
production de biocarburants.
[16] Ti liu ca trung tm nghin cu v pht trin du kh.
[17] Carburants oxygns, X.Montagne, cole Nationale Sup rieure Du Ptrole
Ethanol De Moteurs.
[18] Le Raffinage Du Ptrole, Tp 3.
[20] Ti liu hng dn n cng ngh II.

Trang 113

KT LUN.
Sau hn hn 15 tun n lc lm vic, ti nghin cu tng quan kh nng
sn xut v s dng ethanol lm nhin liu cho ng c c hon thnh.
n gii quyt c cc vn sau:

Tm hiu c cc phng php sn xut ethanol t cc ngun

nguyn liu sn c Vit Nam c bit l phng php sn xut ethanol t ngun
nguyn liu cha cellulose. y l phng php sn xut mi, rt c trin vng nu
c nghin cu nh gi k lng.

Tm hiu c cc phng php tch nc to cn khan, u nhc

im ca tng phng php.

Nghin cu nh hng n cc tnh nng s dng ca xng khi pha

ethanol.

Tnh ton phi trn c xng pha ethanol c ch s octane bng 92

t cc ngun condensate ca nh my x l condensate Ph M, ethanol 99,5%,

xng ca qu trnh FCC, reformate.
Do nhng hn ch v kin thc v thi gian hn hp nn n cha th tin
hnh thc nghim xc nh chnh xc nh hng ca ethanol n cc tnh cht s
dng ca xng c bit l ch s octane. Tuy nhin qua nghin cu ban u cho thy
kh nng pha ethanol vo condensate Vit Nam cng vi cc nguyn liu ngoi
nhp c ch s octane cao nh reformate l hon ton c kh nng thc hin c.
V vy ti ny rt c tnh kh thi nu c nghin cu tip.