Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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d<.""firuo )1 rnn rr::atJ\ r::;,' t11 1he1.r . md , .:1y hc he-.ard as ,twah
uJg' h'\r 1hrm chau 01 p;uh.lllH'UI b called the Spcal\rt '>i llll
P m thr l !-.. \\,. alsn know !lui dw J'crson \1rho 1s1he "'''"\."'
1. 5ft"t\:h m pJr .1 1ctu, no"' nccc hc. rlH' unc v1rho ha$ ronce1ved
1 r spcC'Ch, ts the c C 1 r man\ lllSLI\"Unnal pol ' feienrtJenu
u rvpt" 'f'<'.tkrn ro , nme .>1 'lfhKh pr pohti<..ll, conuo' for
r r f pnnoum Thus. It 1 -..cU kno-..n rhat "< IS onc of the
.,] f ..U pronoun', .;nd rdlccs rhe ldcnuucauon or rtp
l - '" li he spc.tker u spcalung for hcr ox hi :1> ;tn \ rr rnklng
1 r . MP , a 1 mbc. naoon. anJ "'' t
$ bnlJ tor .\!Ps r<l ol .111 :lll
er \IP , .. nd s.>ch tdenut) "' thtl'.uuopant Rectpunr subcate!;M)'
am { t tuteg:es c. J(Jr<" , p pe.suaSJon tn parha
k But \IPs knou that rhcv -..'III ' o be o>er beard l) 10urnal
d: medu In !le o aod illl\' frt>Up, orgamzauon
t e :>ee re! .In' 1, llle20> rha !h.- rec.tplcnt de
C!' al"i del te ali 1 e<d o kc mto unt such addrt s
< !mk 01 parl:..:m t lndcd, ther, .lte rhct<>r
moe thl' 11!1)"' ' rrn such <! L te t 1< 1 r t< t>thers ti' 111 1ho'c
lm a pHiwnent u ddr.H<', n n th !1'
F 1 u > t' e l't'r) ,tcnon< tltey
ru ares of plrt'i b1<ed
ttl > Uld de:lendmg thc
1 >rnm n$, membcr
\'1; c
llh CJtegone he \\hoD de
t ,,.. 1' attuaUy cnga
uiti e uclurcs, ard nut o111)
d a.re couuolled b1 hc c
1
\li h,
of ruan dffcr tol sori!ll ntrgoritS. J:!OUP'
11 Of rr 111U. Tbn ull sp<JII.; aho asllutrh or [ngll\h, a or
om n. 1 rla te r blaei.., okl or )DUOJ:, and lO on, mod b' 1 \11'>
l'hnc-wculand pohhul raiC'f:"'''"' control aurh char:l< t<1 J\ Jlf un oul!'
ucb a\ ' and 1n lhr brc:td Irul ti!) "'1"'1111\ r
-
aanGfat to
1 lhe"-J thc
k:atli tertL
Pal- lbeocrcM'ooo u,boweva; tbeoolioaof t-I-
lis a.cilldllt YPt ... brJiew 'rirbat tbe cunat of
lfOIM III bn, 10 11111.., 1R able 10 sdect fiom lhcir menlllew:at mod-
1 'J M '- a Ntlllllt110111d bc IDOit r:elennt for the "'IP"'a"
1lil a howewu a 'iUJ c!IA'Ic dt plOGtdwt, beauae IIOIIlCtlllleS
- Ollly put of the iDCOI!IIIauon 111 plO\'ickd, for instante
spe111tm do not keep rnck of the knowledge set
M:te 1 KDIOa, 10 *at pps' COIM 10 extst each of
..._ ..t.n b ars nlell Hleace we ne! a trong componmt in thc:
coa ' M we man f discourse clcpend oa
.upttl (lfMtnoe,QliJpS JtU,
wbich :about onc hour a blt) \\ ou!J rC<jutrc hundr.:d.< oi pages, so
1 C2t1 Ooh SOffiC >m:tiJ w:l) OI UiustrallOO oi thc thcoretlcaJ
framework prescnr.-d ubnrr.
Note thu ;1 fu li rllrllt':<l would nrr,llo >pdl ou1 that becau" rhelr
p.artles are poltw Jlnpr,,ncnts, t,orm:ut :l1h1 le. ;ut. pnlil-
acal opJWnrntS, rh.u rlw fn 11< a wonun 1ud 1lw con<!., man,rh:n 1hc Ml's .ne
f'arTf m=l.x:rs ll!ld j'lt':lkC:S <tbc)[ p3n)',lhati!W J...tbour !S U>01allv a\)1[
m re m 1mmurrattoo thal thc: ( oo<cn.lll\'C l'att\', ami <non. hu:ollv,
e c :.t c dtn c <un olthr conte..'\t as CCJn tr: ucd m thc modds >1 thc
lp31lb tn\ >hc th..- rcspccuvc aun< of the 5pcakers (ro persuadc >lhcr \ll's
r he c;enc-u1 puNte cre . ' \\rn .a rhea opmtons and ;ltlltudcs
Jht. ur J.OUIUj!t;ttl<>n, the f' K, 111d .1 hnst 01 orher rrkvam
mtlu$ ddur..- In ordn Il> undci'Sl:lltd .\!1s. (,otnl>m' ltllel'\'cnlton,
"'" furthtr ne<:'d IIKtl '" that 1he oyrr.tn n Iim 1nrnvcnuon is to dtftnJ
trrnugr non pobc.cs t>t thc l.t>n<trv gm unmem, and to w.HJ .,ff
" b thr 1 !>out pny to th. unnuguuoo l:t\\
Th se mhcr 1b1l <Ontexr propcmes ddine the debate from !he m: ct,
acOHted a won < the} are n, cJcJ al thc locll bd oi model
llthcorcl ca , .. tegone 111 bol,!, ni o those th:lt hJH 11<>1 yrt
cr c ce ther. rt '.1 ulii bc tltk<\ tuthe
l \\ ord a Jl<lkl h1 tbc spe;U.c r w 1 jUoJtc lut runH.ng rext art pnnttd
1
l u th ler 1\'fe, :-1' J ep 1at< u.dmtcd passagcs.
l >IS thc vuhdc (.kootc-
"lO ro rhc autnuoo oi the
dJO boro z . of
1 d .:t.t ur d 11\ t"{lre t ntcd m1hc context rnr>d
ran d r1a,n tn '.thtd e urrc:ol <klalc md <:SSIIlll
1, r.lf' t 21 oi pohucs llus conti?Xtnal JS 't'll
uon .md c mpch n 1011 of d1c to bc
J , ')r 1he r. 'h'
, rtr lthe pr fc 100 '
>r! dur 1 >C:ill wnrr >1
r : l:r p..-cche< lndert
1
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11
, 1 1 n c d<ll.'lg ;,,
(,lohal :'mularh. tbe context model nceds to repros<:o! globill-
,,rlur kmd of o enU acll\11> the currcnr a<:!l\11\" deba1e 1s consurut
lttf., so d!J! 11 ha> a bro1der .1im aod functton:ili!y, namcly ICj;lslauon. One of
the spccJitc wns of .\lrs. Gonlla'l ' ' "' d<'fmd &on,nmcnt polic ar.d a rcstnc
tt' r imnugr:H1110 law lhat ts belng t:ltiCI.i:t'J b, 1 1hour defe-nse of currer.1
kb'lsl.lonn otnd i".:nnque of lO rhauw. th< bw 1s :.\ rounne c.omponC'I''Il
oi th< , "'et.tll pohucal acuou of ( .on rr'<I1JOI knowledge a boul
\vh.ll \\'f ;,tn. dnu1g he.re' ts rhu::> crucial tn nukl: tlw c.tun:nL <lctivtues of the
;\! J' s mcamngful :tnd politicaily relevant. i\!orcowr. usuaUy deals
,\ uh L'1.1rrcnl $ncial prohlen1s, tho1t al"o the refercncc of 1lrs.
(; o>rman ro of boroughs and pr'>bkrm of (rnctred by) asylum seek
er can be lS 1legnurJtc con<ern of .ln rh1t ts, as part ot
the o cuC parbamcnun action ofkgtslauon.
'ti! ing: localion.l rnpliot is .1\50 thc lmowkdge a bour the SertlJlg of tbe
currenr dcbate. n:unch tbe Bnush Housc of <.onmons (as exphculy stgnaled
bv \lrs l>orm!ln - see below). Thts may bc a contcm of tbe Locaoon
otcgorr ui te context models ofMPs, hur we sull necd 10 makc thb exphcn
m order 1< for exJ'hCtt refnenot11 (Iile HollSf!. or
htr J In t..1c Bnt:sh !louse of Cornmons, such cor.tex.ual knowleJge about the
curent loc;HIOO is mtcresungly also pnsupjo td 111 such as 'the
'lhcr pb(<', rt'itrnng w rbe House ot 1 .ord
:'>ttllng: Timc. Note also that rirruug "unport.lill J> <\ tempotalaspcct of
The 1-bnsHd tramcnpt exphcll lv .. sun11 '!' tllne, and rcgularly
docs s> for other moments. rcututdy refer'" thetrlacklllg or run
"> t::ne, or arp1e that tbey iu>t' onlv fe-.v mmutc< leh, and rhar tbey
thcrt re Ul'::: >t Vle!d' to the otber peaker
Kao,.lcdgt. \s .tbvye, nother mcr.tll.:cntn..;:u consrnmt t'i.t
:ro 10 bc h ;!.h!ighted rom t lC. start ts tbc fund3mema: role oi shared knowl
5:: "-it< (Jonn:m needs ro bve ,anous 1\'pcs sh.red
th otht:r \fP5, and mdeed. \\1th ruanv othcr peopk m rhc l'K:
'" cdr,c >f t . - JU2ge a.'ld kno..,.!cdn of asv:= as and rdatcd toptc1
nf lffiffil!"r..UC;O,lllld more >pCCtfic rrofessttonal kn"wlcJgc .lbOUI hll\V (0 prn
rlm K' . a vuhat h<.'r dull<> nr.1d nrlH> atc Il' an \Il'. and even more
pc: ' ' e l;nc.-..kdj,",. c, l >n crv:I'J> r tbom thr La bour Party .md 111
rude out aslum eekcr nd u .nllj' tlllnll tllls knowl
' t lct ne f 1 or. cr bdo"'. would
mall\ pagcs, and tS ouhidt tht ofthi> 'hali further reeanl
rdauon bct"<T11J:tntral or pohllcal 1\no,.l<dge .ltar<tl b} \IPs a' :o
re.dtt10a lor tht mnntaglulaeu aud rutrrprctabtlit) of this lt\t, an.J htnce 3'
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**JieaiS. :\s subcattgorv of the 1:o1e wl'Jclt..
J.e, 4.,."ts 1s ftlled b\ the expression Houn, virhidlas iateaded: lftd
oo the of shared poliocal Knowledge. aboyt) u
llll_,llllil:.lh WJdulg lor the (Bnrish) Housc of Commoas' or
- speafJcd here ali) tts pttSCnt members, as (p1111Wf} .o\dd!IJJ:ta
carual uace here t posstblt other secondaty addresKcs, such a
ilir CI.,Ciblaltts, the medu or the publsc al large Note also lh2t dae definire
* pmupposc lhued lr.nc>wledge of the rC'CipleniS about vidUch Houee
Mt. an"lllh a pan of thc comextu.l lcdge of the (oae and oaly)
tbrv mcmben of
ser the nthcr rmal ntex a C nea s rmall frttmeat
manhsl 1 rather nten J\c theoreocal tmnework. of vidlic:h teftlll
as aU kn tbr paroapsocs IS DOt yet fully
a ordcr t aU ds trueture5 of dlis fnp ""' wclt a
bnbogc:W6cullirsofbola t
bloon
;))ij .... illtl*e: a 11 Ma Goallla.'w IPIIIIOCI '11* ..
III ri "1 oi.,._ pod.IIW! bld bJ 111 "-ied)
WenLv 'fidlic:h CMIIII_.ao.,.. pcopecllti
IP a a, 11 iacllled lbe c:aw dira t-Mn. eo-& a spcecb.
ha ':lf 1 1' raele.MD.c-'s'f*Cbhas-ycommo
Wdlwc:. social, pC'Iili tel 1111111 llltii:Caetioaal faDerions, 10111e of vUbic:h expliady
Iorai 'n led by d!e spcak" benelf. That ConservatiVe MPs support the poli
Cll fa Coasen'lltlft govmunemiS obvious, and as sucb ts a belief thar. needa
to be Coanubled, becawe everyone (atleast in the House of Commons)
lhat In du case. howc-vu, Mn Gorman does than merelv assen
dlc obnocl$. ! expbad1 supporuog Govemment pobcy shc not ooly
rolr as MP S aboYC aod DOI oo1v ber rok as ,,mo is member of a
111 powu. bul aiiO ber mrencoooal role 10 rbe cumnt deha te, namdv as
1 F L'118lg lhe gowcDIIDCJit. Slncc tbe poliq of tbe govemmcnt as iormulatcd
poga,rc temi lwlp lltllnl! a.sy{ua suker he.r suppon Js at the same tune
pruc for 5UCh vc:mmmt po and hcnce tbe expren&on oi an
fe!Ct) spccch act 1\s membc of thc go mmeul pam and as a supportcr
(&ood) ams:llJillab<m poli he 1 et ' unplluth evaluates bersdf
aUy much harsher thn mr'.dv .1 fonn of cllscourab>ement. Jn other word
verb IS an ot thc global ::-lrarc:g} oi po!<all\ e sdf-prescntation
v1there2s carlwr p;lrt as a contnbuuon ta neg:HIH' olht.r pre<>entanon. '
Gorman f\II)(Ulut.s as foUows:
(3) The mamr was :>d<'<Jil.nely dealt \\'llh by thc Son.1l s,curirv Commmee
reporr on hcnc.lit for as\lwn secktrs, v1rh1rh 'vas an pa'rr; documt'nt
that CUt tiut 11 \\'as cosuny, about { 201> mtllion a Y'"'' for tho
0
people. maoy of \ubnm could reasonabh bc callcd econoouc and
some o" bom are IUSt bcndt scekers on h>bda1, o rmum m It
ts wrong that Ut<pa,crs m thc l.ondon are.< should bcar an undue pr,
of burden o expeuclimre that the people are causmg.
1 um!er:st:>nJ that m:my p<oplc want to comt to llntam t.o work, but thw
JS l proctdurr vtrhtrcby pcople canlegmmatdy btcome pan of our com-
:nurury. Pcopk v>rho economtc mwaH H<' suksttpping tlm.
The tlurd and fin1l example !rom this spelch, ommcdiatdv [ollowmg 1hc prc\'1
ous ones . .ag:un btgdv <'Xptesscs :hc huseJ menul Sll'lunon model ;\lrs. Goo
mw h:t. oi current unnugraoon of refugees. only the foDoumg fcatures
bat are a!so under control 01 the comext model c>f !hc speakcr
a. the use ot adfquatel;. stgn.lmg an upinion of the speakcr, 1nJ
bece a propcny of thc COl> text:
h. knowledge of .wd rdCI't'IICC 10 rhe Social ulllY Lommitte:e as a pantfl
p:uu tn the stm.lti<HI, aud lllOle spcnt'iulh :ts
' the rct-ertnce w thc ali patt\' documt'nt c;, thc ">:::! :. stgnaling a pohncal
con,en>u' on lll2ttm of >n, l!'O"c:rlul mo e of pcrsuas10n:
d Lhe use or t:he dcmon<rram c llmse tn rhos< pc ple IS a wcll-k.nown exam
pk of talang ethruc, rac.ll or chs> d:.nnce md to tostcr rhe polarinll)n
hc:tweer. Ls and !bem. \Hhtch ts also sc.meth:'l> r. lennt f<n Lhc context.
r.:uneiy Jn expn 1011 oi the tdtolog) olthc pt <kn
rne exprrss:on IIIJ) be cal/eJ <Cmtomlc rejugees nut onl) has obvt
emanuc dimensto>ns that :'leed bc cut, hut nlw a
ne: afunnauon of rhc reJ<onable dul'llclt't oi thc :l.nd ber rdtr
mce {T>up her part , \'Uluch 1 pan of Lhc matcg) of posllt\'l' sdf
prc>enuoon Th and thc !ater refcrc:ncc to thc: bencfit sceker>' ts also :l
tob , t thr o <T.u! Str.l'eg) of neyame c>ther prescmmon
In (,orm.m ne 1 mi} auck< ,md upports go\'ernment pohq
t he al><> e 10 \1rlut ,be ts ekucd lor rqresenung thr
Tbu , 111 Imri age /trs wl'un;: that Hnmh ralt'{l<(l'i.'n ... shc prrsup
J68 Teun A van Dqk
po<cs tlrst dur Unu h rarepayers do md<ed P"' for refugees, negao,elv
C\'.tlu:acs rht> ;IS bad tnJ a problem th:n to bc ddressed In
words, tot poli ura! l<'rnl<, sht ts thc uncrc.rs ot the BntSh prop
l'rtv owners
Ftn.tll) . rlus diSd<tinwr, namdy rhe dlScl:umcr of \p
puenr 1-' mparlw (/ unJrnl<lt:d. /)1(/ . .. !. "rhtch appc.us to comnbutc w
po,me ' df prescmauon. bul" ;t ffiCI\T tl>at contnbute' to the
pre, enuuon of (hhers. 1\part irom bctng pan 01 a scmanoc stutegv, rlus
mo,.,, >ppumdv lso ha< contexnul dunensrons, namelv v1rhen unphutg
,ors.:gge ung" tth thc a postuvt optntoa >lhe speaker
In rhe;e exampks '"'' <t' l' 1hat the scnunucs and cnnlc't dcscnptton ot drs
course uucrmmgle. l\icy.l{t\'e otht:Hiescripttun '" must d"cOUJ><: hkc rhts" oi
,()mmon dimenston >i liS nwaning. IJO\\'t\Tr, surh a ctrategy of negative othtr
ts usullh coml>tncd a strat<"l')' of posiuve self-prcsentallon,
and such postuve >puuon about or the own l\fl>Up. rs oi courie an unpor-
Wlt pan: .Jf the context model of most spMken \t the <line wne. m tlus ca5e.
the speak<:r